GENERAL CHEMISTRY REVIEWER  Thermal Conductivity

 The ability to transfer thermal energy from one

PROPERTIES OF MATTER
area to another.
 Physical Properties  Examples: Plastic foam is a poor conductor, so a
 A property of matter that can be observed or hot drink won’t burn your hand.
measured without changing the identity of the The inside of the toaster (hot coils)
matter.
 Physical properties identify matter  Chemical Property
 Examples include but are not limited to:  A property of matter that describes a substance
 Density based on its ability to change into a new
 Malleability substance with different properties.
 Ductility  Combustibility
 Solubility  Flammability
 State  Reactivity
 Thermal Conductivity  Acids
 Bases
 Density  Oxidation
 Amount of mass in a given volume  Can be observed with your senses.
 A substance is always the same at a given  Are not as easy to observe as physical properties
pressure and temperature regardless of the size  Example:
of the sample of the substance. ❑ Flammability – Only when wood burns
 The density of one substance is usually different ❑ Combustibility – Only when fireworks
from that of another substance. explode
 Density equals mass divided by volume. ❑ Reactivity – Only when iron Oxidizes (rust)

 Physical Change
 D=m/v  A change that affects one or more physical
properties of a substance.
 Do Not form new substances.
 Can often be Undone
 Example: Butter on counter can be placed
 Malleability
back in refrigerator.
 The ability to be pounded into thin sheets.
 Change of State
 Example: Aluminum can be rolled or pounded
 Solid to Liquid
into sheets to make foil
 Liquid to Gas
 Ductility
 Chemical Change
 The ability to be drawn or pulled into a wire
 A change that occurs when one or more
 Example: Copper in wiring – soldering wires or
substances are changed into entirely new
joint
substances with different properties.
 Can Not change back under normal conditions
 Solubility
(some can be changed back by other chemical
 The ability to dissolve in another substance.
means)
 Example: Sugar or salt dissolve in water
 Common Examples:
 Three ways to increase solubility
 Reactivity – Oxidation (rust) on a
 Heat or make warmer
bicycle
 Grind or smash
 pH (Acid / Base) – Effervescent tablets
 Stir or mix
 Flammability – Burnt wood
 Combustibility – Fireworks
 State of Matter
 The physical form in which a substance exists at
 5 Signs of a Chemical Change
room temperature, such as:
1. Odor Production - this is an odor far
 Solid – matter has a definite shape and
different from what it should smell like
volume
 Ex: Rotting eggs, food in fridge,
 Liquid – matter takes the shape of its
decomposing flesh
container and has a definite volume
 Gas – matter changes in both shape and
volume

2. Change in Temperature
  Exothermic - When energy is released  VOLUME OF A LIQUID
do during the chemical change  To find the volume of a liquid, you simply pour
 ex: wood burning it into a beaker or a graduated cylinder and read
 Endothermic - Energy is absorbed it in ml.
causing a decrease in temperature of the
reactant material  WHAT IS DENSITY?
 ex: cold pack in first aid kit  Amount of matter in a given space.
3. Change in Color  Density is a physical property because it can be
 Ex: fruit changing color when it ripens, observed/measured without changing the object.
leaves changing color in the Autumn, or  Density can be used to identify substances
dying your hair because no two substances have the same
4. Formation of Bubbles density.
 This can indicate the presence of a gas.  Density does not depend on size or shape
Bubbles produced when boiling water is  Density is a measure of how tightly packed and
not a chemical change. how heavy the molecules are in an object.
5. Formation of a Precipitate Density is the amount of matter within a certain
 When two liquids are combined and a volume (or space).
solid is produced
 TO FIND THE DENSITY
MEASURING MATTER 1. Find the mass of the object – balance.
2. Find the volume of the object – Is it a
 LENGTH regular shaped object, an irregular shaped
 Length - the distance from end to end of an object, or a liquid?
object 3. Divide Density = Mass/Volume
 Tools: Meter Stick , Metric Ruler  Formula for density is
 Units: Meter (m), Centimeter (cm) Mass
Density=
Volume
 MEASURING MASS  Units for density
 A balance is used to measure mass.  Solid = g/cm3
 The metric system uses grams (g)  Liquid = g/mL
 If you are measuring a liquid, do not forget to
subtract the mass of the container.  WHAT 2 WAYS WILL INCREASE DENSITY?
 Keep the same mass AND decrease the volume
Mass Vs. Weight
 Keep the same volume AND increase the mass
Mass Weight
Matter Gravitational (affected by
Gravity)  LIQUID LAYERS
Measured Measured  If you pour together liquids that don’t mix and
Does not change Units – Changes Units have different densities, they will form liquid
Solid, Liquid, Gas layers.
 The liquid with the highest density will be on the
bottom.
 MEASURING VOLUME  The liquid with the lowest density will be on the
 Volume is the amount of space that an object top.
takes up.  Objects or substances with MORE density will
 Which has more volume; a popcorn kernel or a sink below objects or substances with LESS
piece of popped corn? density

 VOLUME OF A REGULAR SHAPED SOLID  The Density of Water is 1 g/mL

 A regular shaped solid would be one that you
could easily measure the length, width, and  ELEMENTS, COMPOUNDS, & MIXTURES
height using a ruler.  How can you determine whether something is an
 LENGTH X WIDTH X HEIGHT element or not?
 Measures in cm cubed.  They are all listed on the periodic table

 VOLUME OF AN IRREGULAR SHAPED  ELEMENTS

SOLID  Pure substance
 An irregular shaped solid would be a solid 1. Made of only 1 type of particle
object that could not be easily measured by a 2. Ex: copper wire only has copper atoms
ruler.  Can’t be separated into simpler substances by
 Example: a rock or a cap eraser. chemical or physical means
 When this is the case, you look at water
displacement in a graduated cylinder. This is
measured in ml.
 Each has a unique set of properties
 1. Called characteristic properties  Can be heterogeneous (see diff pieces) or
2. Can be physical or chemical homogeneous (uniform appearance)
 Classified by their properties  Homogeneous mixtures are called solutions
1. Metals  Heterogeneous mixtures include suspensions
2. Nonmetals  Colloids are classified as heterogeneous in
3. Metalloids some books and homogeneous in others

Metal Non-metal Metalloids  SIGNIFICANT FIGURES

• Shiny • Dull (no shine) • Characteristics
• Good • Poor of metals and  Every measurement has UNITS.
conductors conductors nonmetals  Every measurement has UNCERTAINTY.
• Malleable • At room temp, • Semiconductor
• Ductile only a few are s
• Ex: gold, silver, solids that are • Ex: silicon,  Accuracy and Precision in Measurements
copper brittle germanium  Accuracy: how close a measurement is to the
• Most are gases accepted value.
• Ex: hydrogen,
oxygen, helium  Precision: how close a series of measurements
are to one another or how far out a measurement
 COMPOUNDS is taken.
 Characteristics
1. Found in nature more often than pure  Significant Figures are used to indicate the
elements precision of a measured number or to express the
2. Have more than one element precision of a calculation with measured numbers.
3. Elements are chemically bonded to each  In any measurement the digit farthest to the right
other is considered to be estimated.
4. Mg + O2 makes MgO
5. Pure substances that occur in fixed ratios by  When to use Significant figures
mass  To a mathematician 21.70, or 21.700 is the
6. 1g H to 8g of O in every water molecule same. But, to a scientist 21.70cm and 21.700cm
7. Can’t be separated by physical means is NOT the same. 21.700cm to a scientist means
8. Have their own unique set of properties the measurement is accurate to within one
thousandth of a cm.
 CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER  How do I know how many Sig Figs?
 Rule: Nonzero integers (1-9) always count as
significant figures.
 3456 has 4 sig figs (significant figures).

How many sig figs?

7 1
40 1
0.5 1
0.00003 1
5
7 ×10 1
7,000,000 1
 There are three classes of zeros.
a. Leading zeros are zeros that precede all the
nonzero digits.
 MIXTURES  These do not count as significant figures. ▪ 0.048
 2 or more substances that are not chemically has 2 sig figs
bonded b. Captive or sandwhiched zeros are zeros
 So diff parts keep their own properties between nonzero digits. These always count
 Ex: as significant figures.
 pizza  16.07 has 4 sig figs.
 granite c. Trailing zeros are zeros at the right end of
 Kool-aid the number. They are significant only if the
 Brass number contains a decimal point.
 Jello  9.300 has 4 sig figs.
 Parts do not occur in a definite ratio  150 has 2 sig figs.
 Can be physically separated by  300. Contains three significant figures.
1. Distillation
2. Magnet
3. Centrifuge
4. Filtration
5. Evaporation
  Notice the decimal made the 2 zeros significant.
If the number was written as 300 without the  ATOMS, ELEMENTS, COMPOUNDS, AND
decimal, then it would only have one sig fig. IONS

How many sig figs?  Atom

3401 4
 Basic building block of all matter
2100 2
 Element
2100.0 5
 Substance that consists of only one type
5.00 3
of atom.
0.00412 3
 The molecule has two different atoms.
8,000,050,000 6
1.2 2
2000 1  Compound
56.76 4  Substance that consists of more than one type of
4.00 3 element.
0.0792 3  Ion
7,083,000,000 4  Substance that has a positive or negative charge

 ATOMS
 Exponential Notation Atoms have:
 Rule for numbers written in exponential form. If  A nucleus
your value is expressed in proper exponential  small, heavy part of the atom
notation, all of the figures in the pre-exponential  An electron cloud
value (prior to the x 10) are significant.  large, lightweight part of the atom
 “7 ×10−3grams” contains 4 significant figures
(SF)

 What about calculations with sig figs?

 Rule: When adding or subtracting measured
numbers, the answer can have no more places
after the decimal than the LEAST of the
measured numbers.
Nucleus Electron Cloud
 Add/Subtract examples
 2.45 cm + 1.2 cm = 3.65 cm  Nucleus of an Atom
 Round off to = 3.7 cm  Protons
 7.432 cm + 2 cm = 9.432 cm  Have a positive
 Round off to = 9 cm charge
 All atoms are
 Multiplication and Division distinguished by the
 Rule: When multiplying or dividing, the result number of protons it
can have no more significant figures than the has (atomic number)
least reliable measurement.  Neutrons
 56.78 cm x 2.45 cm = 139.111 cm2  Have no charge
 Round to → 139cm2  Have same mass as
 75.8 cm x 9.6 cm = 728 cm2 protons

 Electron Cloud of an Atom

 Rules for Rounding:
 An electron cloud contains:
1. In a series of calculations carry the extra
Electrons
digits through to the final result, then round
 have a negative charge
2. If the digit to be removed is less than 5, the
 are contained within
preceding digit stays the same. For example,
shells of the electron
2.34 rounds to 2.3
cloud
3. If the digit to be removed is equal or greater
 orbit the nucleus of
than 5, then the preceding digit is increased
the atom
by 1. For example, 2.36 rounds to 2.4.
 have a very small
mass compared to
protons and neutrons
 determine bonding properties of substance
 Elements
 Elements contain one or more of the same types
of atom!
 Examples include:


 Element Guide
Proton Number-tells what
 Compounds element it is. (also the
 Compounds contain more than one type of atom! atomic number)
 Example of organic compound (a compound
with carbon atoms): Explains name of the element.
 Carbon Dioxide – CO2 (1 atom of
carbon and two atoms of oxygen) Explains the total atomic
 Example of inorganic compound (a weight-The number of
compound with no carbon atoms): protons PLUS the number of
 Water – H2O (2 atoms of hydrogen neutrons.
and one atom of oxygen)

 IONS
 An ion is an atom or group of atoms with a
positive or negative charge!
 A particle with a neutral charge has the same
number of protons and electrons.
 An ion does not have the same number of
electrons and protons.
 Examples of ions:
 He+ - A helium atom that is missing one
electron. The atom has one more proton
than electron and must have a positive
charge.
 CO32- - Carbonate has two more
electrons than protons