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Ame Structure

The document discusses frame structures in civil engineering, focusing on design principles, types of frames, and their analysis. It highlights the importance of load-bearing capabilities, the use of trusses, and the benefits of space frames for large spans. Additionally, it covers factors affecting tall buildings, construction materials, and the evolution of structural design influenced by technology and creativity.

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9 views44 pages

Ame Structure

The document discusses frame structures in civil engineering, focusing on design principles, types of frames, and their analysis. It highlights the importance of load-bearing capabilities, the use of trusses, and the benefits of space frames for large spans. Additionally, it covers factors affecting tall buildings, construction materials, and the evolution of structural design influenced by technology and creativity.

Uploaded by

BẢO NGUYỄN DUY
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY - HCMC

HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY


FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Frame Structures

Course Leader : Dr Huynh Nhat Minh


Visiting Professor : Ir Dr Patrick Quek
E-Mail : patrickquek119@gmail.com
The Rule of Thumb !

Every building must be designed and constructed in such a way


that the loadings that are liable to act on it, taking into account
the nature of the ground, will not lead to:

(a) the collapse of the whole or part of the building;

(b) deformations which would make the building unfit for its
intended use, unsafe, or cause damage to other parts of the
building or to fittings or to installed equipment; or

(c) impairment of the stability of any part of another building.


Why we extend building…?

1. Laterally to enclose more (uninterrupted) space

2. Vertically to maximise the use of available land


Larger span Structures - trusses
Load

Simply supported truss span


Some members are ties which act in tension – may be thin wires
Others are struts which act in compression – their strength is limited
by their buckling capacity.

How do we know which is which?


Identify them by what happens if they are cut…
( use your imagination )
Truss analysis 1
Load

Cut AB, truss opens. Therefore AB in tension.


Truss analysis 2
Load
C
A

Cut BC, truss closes. Therefore BC in compression.


Truss analysis 3
Load
C
A

Cut AC, truss closes. Therefore AC in compression.


Truss analysis 4
Load
C
A

B
D

Cut CD, truss opens. Therefore CD in tension.


Truss analysis 5
Load

c C c E c G I K L
A
t c t c t c
B t D t F H J
… and so on for all members.
Size of forces in members can be calculated by resolving them
at each joint, using triangle /polygon of forces.
e.g. forces at B (lengths of arrows give size of force in
member)
AB Triangle/polygon closes at equilibrium
CB At point F 5 forces make a pentagon.
BD
Frame Design Softwares
Examples of truss components
Stocky compression struts
Thin wire ties
Triangulation

Stanstead Airport
terminal building

Pin-jointed connection
allows rotation
Space frames
What is a space frame ?

A three-dimensional structural framework which is designed to


behave as an integral unit and to withstand loads applied at any point

Benefits : It is a rigid, lightweight, truss-like structure constructed from


interlocking struts in a geometric pattern.
Space frames can be used to span large areas with few interior supports.

For example :
1- the space frame of a car absorbed most of the collision forces for safety of users
2- space frame could be easily designed ( by software) to form fanciful shapes

Additional Reading :
https://levstal.com/blog/space-frame-structures/
https://housing.com/news/space-frame/
Space frames

Long Thanh International Airport


Space frames

KL International Airport
Malaysia

Kuala Lumpur Railway Station


Portal frames
Hinged portals – feet and ridge
are free to rotate

Detail of a structural hinge –


Sheffield, Winter Garden
Tall buildings
Tall buildings receive wind forces
wind

cantilever

encastré at ground level

Sway or deflection can cause failure


Also earthquakes – the ground vibrates
Buildings
1. What are the factors affecting the design of tall buildings ?
2. What are the factors affecting the design of underwater
structures ?
3. What are the components that support tall buildings ?
4. What main material are used for tall buildings ?
5. Why do we use Concrete and why use steel in buildings ?
6. What are the available type of building frames in the Built
Environment ?
Pause….
Allowable sway example
KLCC sway up to a radius of 2metres (1500feet twin)

Burj Khalifa sways approx. 2m at top


& creaks in a storm (2717 feet )
Deep-water/sea Structure
Possible solutions - frames
Steel or reinforced concrete

Beams supporting floor slabs

Columns supporting beams

Central stiff “core”

Lightweight cladding

Basement and foundations


take loads to firm ground
Frame construction – wind resistance
Examples of r.c. cores in multi-
storey construction
core

steel frame

precast
concrete
frame
World’s Tallest Buildings

Back-up Slides
Concrete or steel?
Speed of erection and light weight favour steel
Very high strength concretes are now available and extend its
range
Fire resistance crucial:
compare Empire State Building 1947 with World Trade Centre
2001
Windsor Tower, Madrid 2005
Steel promoters vs concrete promoters – each one is “best”
Frame stiffness - 1

Provide stiff joints to prevent frame from racking


- reinforcement is carried through joint.
Frame stiffness - 2

Shear walls Spandrel walls


May be masonry or precast concrete panels
External wind bracing on sports hall
Frame stiffness - 3

Diagonal wind bracing –


only needed in tension so
can be thin ties
Frame stiffness - 4

Panels would need to be reinforced concrete, but consider


Ronan Point 1968: what would happen in a gas explosion or
terrorist action? Needs to be robust.
Tension structures
Suspension bridge
Support towers in compression, cables in tension, anchored to
banks. Long uninterrupted span.

Tension Tension
anchorage anchorage
Millennium (now O2) Dome
Pylons and wires
support the ribs
over which the
membrane is
stretched.
Renault Building, Swindon

Support towers, wires,


lightweight beams
and thin sheet panels.
Guy wires fastened
down to weights at
ground level.
Short life auditorium, Chichester

Triangular lattice
portal frame
Guy wires to maintain
racking stability
Membrane is
suspended from
portal to give
uninterrupted views
inside.
Grandstands Goodwood, 1973

Stiffness of ribbed
cantilever shell
obviates need for
supports which block
views of the action.
Made possible by
concrete’s versatility
of form but could
replicate in steel too.

Structural model
Surface structures
Gain strength and
stiffness through
their shape
“Northlight” roofs – avoid glare
Shells are stiff

St Pancras
International 2006
The gherkin (Swiss )
Modern steel surface shapes
Another example of a building inspired by nature

Leaf House, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil


Structural forms in nature

Eden project, Cornwall

A structure inspired by nature


Modern “natural” shapes
Made possible by advanced computer analysis and steel
production.

The only flat


planes are
the floors.

Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao


Surface structures with stiffness
Buckminster Fuller, geodesic dome,
Montreal, 1967
Edward Cullinan, gridshell roof, Weald &
Downland Museum, Sussex 2001

Detail of node
Modern steel fabrication
Our ability to curve steel tubes extends options further.
Here, the shape of the rib resists both vertical and horizontal
loads

Footbridge, Leeds
Conclusion

Designers and engineers have always tried to be creative and push


out the boundaries of structural form.
Fashion, computation skills, materials availability and ability of the
construction team all contribute to the structural forms we see
around us.
Imaginative structural design enhances the built environment.
What did we learn last lecture ?
Recap of Last Lecture

Learning from international construction industry :

• Frame Structures – Truss Analysis concept

• Types of Frame

• Frame sway – tall buildings

• Frame stiffness concept

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