~ektio1t.

A relation i~ defined as a set of o~dered pairs that

obeys a particular rule.

Example / /
If x 3x + 5 and {x: -2 x +2}, then we
have the following table of values for the relation
y = 3x + 5.
. Table 7.1 Table of values
.
X -2 -1 0 +1 +2
-

3x -6 -3 0 +3 +6
+5 +5. +5 I +5 +5 - +5
tjj -1
-- --f---
2 l 5 8 11

The notation x 3x + 5 means '~ is mapped onto·3x

+ 5'. And we can write the set of ordered pairs as:
{(-2, -1), (-1, 2), (0, 5), (1, 8), (2, 11)}.
The set of first values in the set of ordered pairs, ·
we call the domain elements, i.e. {-2, -. 1, 0, 1, 2}.
These are the x values (or set of x-coordinates).
The set of second values in the set of ordered pairs,
we call the range elements, i.e. {-1, 2, 5, 8, 11 }.

Matl.emalics: A Complete Course •

 values ·(or set of y-coordinates).
These are_ tbe Y x + 5 (i.e. y = 3x + 5) can be
The relation x 3
raph as seen below.
shown on a g
y

Fig. 7.21 One-to-one relation

The relation x 3x + 5 can also be shown on an
arrow_ diagram (or relation diagram or mapping
diagram) as seen in the following diagram.
X y
-2 . - - - - - ---I~
-1
0 1---------l- ....
1
2 1--------'--...-t

Domain Range

Fig. 7.22 One-to-one relation

This is an example of a one-to-one relation.

Exercise 7h -
1. (a) Draw a relation diagram for the relation
defined as follows:
Relation Domain
{-3,-2,-1,0,l,3}
(b) State the type o~ relation diagram obtained.
p Witb a domain I -3, -2, - I, 0, I, 2 ; : , ,
would be the rang~ corresponding to' 3}, %
~/t
1,.
the following relations: each
(a) x 3x
2
(b)
(c) x - x?
3, Determine the ran_ge y of each of the f
0
relations for the given domain X: llowing
(a) x x + 3, X - {0, 1, 2, 3}
(b) x x, X = {-2, - 1' 0, 1, 2, 3}
(c) X= {-2, -1,0, 1,2} .

4• Copy and complete the diagram below ·

of the following relations: , 'for each
(a) X 2x +3
(b) x 5x
(c) 3x - 1
X y

Fig. 7.23 Relation diagram

y
5. X

Fig. 7.24 Relation diagram . diat

., the relauon
State the relation that gives
shown above.
~
JI. a, relation from X to Y is d e fi•nect :"111111111111
(,. (z - 2x + I , complete lh by
A . e rel
\ an, shown below. ation
diag r
,'( y

0 0

2 4

J 9

4 16

Relation diagram
5
Fi~- 7.2
- X y
7.
0

2
3

. 7 26 Relation diagram
fig. ' .
. the relation x 2x, complete the
Given
tion diagram above.
re Ia •
y
X
8.
7
2
4 *

6 *

8 31

IO *

Fig. 7.27 Relation diagram

The diagram above shows a linear relation
between the domain X and the range Y.
Detennine: ·
(a) the relation between an element x in X and
the corresponding element in Y
(b) the numbers marked*.
9, For th ere Iat1on
. x x3:
(a) Wh .
{b) at ~s 2 mapped onto?
What 15 3 maooed onto?
 10. For the relati _ ,r
(a) What is 7 mapped · ·
(b onto'>
) What is 9 mapped onto?·
11. Given the relation: .
{ (F, S): S = 0.5F + 3 F
where N = {natural , EN}.
· numbers fro
list the set of ordered pai. · m 1 to IO}.
rs.
12. Given the relation:
{(x. y): y = 3x + 0.5. X E W}.
where W = {whole nu be I
l_ist the set of ordered p:rs _rs ess than 7}.

~ttiott,

A funcri~n is defined as a relation in which h

element m the
. domain is mapped t d eac
On o one an only
one element m the range.

Example /2
CASE 1: ONE-TO-ONE RELATION

Now x 3x + 5 is a one-to-one relation as shown

in Fig. 7.21 and Fig. 7.22.
Further, the one-to-one relation is a function. We
write the linear function as:
f: +5
3x
or J(x) = 3x + 5
. f Range
Domain
or
X 3x + 5
and y =fix).
All one-to-one relations are functions.
Note thatf. x 3x + 5 means 'the function of xis
3x + 5'.

CASE 2: MANY-TO-ONE RELATION

Consider X 3x2 + 2x - 5 and {x: -2 X 2}.

Then we have the foll~wing table of values for the
relation y = 3x2 + 2x - 5.
Table 7.2 Table of values
+l +2
X -2 -1 0
0 4
x2 4 1
Table continued
 Table 7.2 Contin!'e_d
,- - 3x; - 12
3
0 3 12
I +2x -4 -2 0 +2 +4
I - 5 - 5 - 5 -5 -5 -s
I y -4 -s o
The relatiottx 2
3x + 2x - 5, for -2
x ~-2 c-
11
be
shown on a' graph as seen in the diagram that follan
. ows.
y J~
t 14 f!°:J:TT"TF'ttfmTf!"n-1TTT-,
! l,
.,1
l
1£
I
J1 _;_I CJ~pjt~ I m
f
l

1ii l •tb ••11

7
, -, ! tt'.l' l t i"
1
1
II
th
1
~rr ~
-
' lfrf t"-t -HTi}x2 + 2x -
l t
u 5
J
, l n 1Q t t!H 1 fl Ji':,\
n lllt
,t t-J
WI! 11
ill j H lh UP (±1 ¼H,
j_[
rr ili 1 ,111 l:l!.' 1-::n if', 1 ,1
1
t
8 H
H •th] ml lli lli l1 ' t}
6 bnJ H It ht

4 t.l~rt;~
Y- 3 f+!1 t . , ·
L.:S r mn~rr11:tttttntt1~~ t.i
D'
" •2
1
ari Bw
Y "'"' a· :.1• I~'
::(1,0). tl'_
-3 f[ I+
·2 l oI= Ut l½ :b'.J t:t~ 3 .
.- X
m
rnt1
2 Domain r
.y 4. = "~
H

. ! U tt =->It fi j
Fig. 7.28 Many-to-one relation

When y == 3, then x == -2 9r 1 ½. Similarly, for

each value of y, we get two corresponding values
for x. Therefore, x 3x2 + 2.x - 5 is a many-to-
one relation as seen in the diagram below.
X y

-2

-1

Domain Range
 ped onto one and OnJ.
0
~'
s Jlla~nny-to-one relation ne
n)lle O
., v.. r1e11
ce the ,,..,. - IS a
p9CI' of Y, fl- ,
~Ile tic function as:
v ctioTI · uadfa
ftJTI ..itC t)le q , + ? t - 5
- eW" Ji:· -
w I _( .2 + 2x - ) -: :; 3.,
s
or fl-' ·• J. Range
vorna' 3x2 + 2x - s
or
i y == fix) .
•r1d . ,r2 + 2x - 5 means, 'thefu
.v·
that_1·: -', · · 5, ncr·10
Note. h ·, + 2t - · · 11

of X 15 • · ne relations are functions .

All ,nany-to-o .

t! ~eWiok ~t 4
~ioti
-many relation is afunction.
No one· to

Consider the relation x ± ,rx, x 0, and the

following table of values:

t
Table 7.3 Table of values ·

I' X I 0_ _ I J 4
1
1- 9-= -16 251 f
1Y 0 I ±1 ±2 ±3 ~4 I±~ I:!:6 !

We can represent this relation on a graph and

mapping diagram as seen below.
YJl
X = 16
Vertical line
II) 8 ~-
-- . -
a
1)1)
j

- ..\ ,-, 1
1Z 6
., 1ci y -.J ±-rx
J,>1 1
' '

" -·
y =4 ..,,. V ,
,,

,.V - . 1•· ~'

' ,:r

2 ,,
L( lh
- .,, r t
[ ,_
r
- _..
;:,- . 4"
_,
. ,! _I .a
0 - '10. 20 · 30 - --40 t
50
.l .a!:-
60 • X
...'
"

-2 \. 4
,_ - '•Domain

-
"
' ~:
~ -

--
'
-
,· lJ

'
r
y = -4 1

.., ..."
" .......-
,,' ~
l -t- '
' 1

, ·1 _; ,:--H
-~ ,...,__ -
-6

-8
1

--
.....
--
~ h1

Fig 7 30 0
· · ne-to-many relation .
 X

-6
I -s
-4
4 -3
-2
9 -1
0
16 +I
+2
25 +3
+4
·36 +5
+6
Domain I~.ange

Fig. 7.31 One-to.many relation

The relation is a one-to-many relation. This is an
example of a relation th':1t is not a function, since one
domain element is pair~d with more than one range
element.
If we draw a vertical line through the graph; then
for each X value we get two corresponding y values.
This implies that the relation is not a function. No .
one-(o-many relation is a function. ·

For a function f and any element x in the domain

off, the image of xis denoted by ftx), where x and
Y = .f{x) are variables. We can use the function
notation to determine the image of x (i.e. the value of
fix)) for a given value of x: . .

§!_ample [4~- -· - - - - - - - - - - ~
(a) lf.ftx) == 2x2 - 3x + 1, determine the va~ue
. o1e. ach Oif the following:
(z) f(-3)
(ii) f(O)
Oii) !(2)

C, I _. •
 (i) Given
Then ft..x) ==
ft.. -3) ==
2x2 - 3x + 1
2(-3)2 -
+ 9 3( - 3)
== 2(9) + 1
== 18
+ 10+l
Hence ft.. == 28
.. ) - 3)is28
(11 Now ·
ft..O) == 2(0)2
== 0 - 3(0) + l
-0+1
== l
Hence ft..O) is
(iii) Now 1.
ft.2) - .
=
2(2)2 - 3(2) + l
- 2(4) - 6 + 1
== 8 - 5
== 3
Henceft.2) is 3.
(b) If g: X 3X - 1 al
of .th~ following: ' c culate the value of each
(1) g(2) . ..
(ii) g(-3):

(i) Given g: X 3x :_ 1
Then g(2) = 3(2) - 1
=6-1
= 5
Hence g(2) is s.

(ii) Now g(-3) = 3(-3) - 1

= -9-1
=- 10
Hence g( - 3) is -10.
(c) If h(x) = x2 - 1, fo~' what values of xis
h(x) = 8? .

h(x) = x - 1
2
Given
and that h(x) = 8
Then x2 - 1 = 8
So x2 = 1 + 8 == 9
1.e. = :±:V9 == :±:3
X
Hence h(x) = 8 when x == :±:3.

(d) If k(x) 2x +
= 3x _ 5 , state the real value of x
1
which cannot be in the domain of k(x).
3x + 5
Given k(x) = 2x -1
Then 2x - I 'F O(division by zero is
meaningless)

So 2xi 1
 I 7. lbe functi . ,,.,
i.e. x-=l=z Where x E::0 n1·ts d
Hence x = is the real value of x which Do You l l, 2, 3enllCQ
agree , 4\ .J i
t
State th that · · ,
cannot be in the domain of k(x) . e "alu ./lJ) '
(a) JO) eof each"' l;i '
For Wh (b) or¾ '
at vai11 A2) 1 1--

Exercise 7i 8E
• Valuate eof . ft ·1
.t IS
g: X x, if 8(.t) ~k
-) 3(x ::: 2 '
1. (a) Draw a relation diagram for the relation · -1)-1- 2 () ~
defined as follows: 9- If k· ... 1
"-"-)-
·
Relation Domain x -3eva1
{-3, -2,-1,0, 1,2} (a) J.!.) llatt:
''\2 (b) w
(b) Name the type of relation diagram . ~1-1
) (-
lo • GlVen th \i ,
obtained. FE. N} e relation \(F
2. (a) Draw a relation diagram for the function 10 'Where N ,Sq
}, State the ::: \llatJit
f x 2(3x - 1) where x E {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}. set of o ~-
(b) Name the type of relation diagram
11. Given the r la . r~ ,
e lion ~
obtained. (a) DrawareJ . --, 1l .
ation d·
Q X S. 1agrla'j
3. (a) The function g is defined by: g(x) = x2 + 1
(b) Draw a gra h
wherex E {-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4}. P of the
(c) State whether the
Write the value of each of the following: rcli;.
not. Give afPo"""VIlf~
,,
(i) g(-3) (ii) g(-1)
(iii) g(O) (iv) g(2) 12. If f x ~4x - l), calc__
(b) For what values of xis g(x) = 5?
(a) ft._3) (b) ~-21
(c) For what values of xis g(x) = 17?
13. State which of the folk
4. (a) Draw a relation diagram for the relation represents afunction.
defined as follows:
(a)
Relation Domain
{-3,-2,-l,O,l,2,3}
(b) State the type of relation diagram
obtained.
(c) Is the relation also a function?

5. (a) Draw a relation diagram for the function!

over the given domain if: (c) X
l)wherexE {1,3,6,9}. p
(b) State the type of relation diagram q
obtained.
r
6. The function g is defined by g: x 5x + 2, s
where x E {whole numbers less than 8}.
(a) What number in the image set is 2 . 7 32 Relations
map to? Fig. · J·
function .
(b) What is the image of 4? Giventhe
14• te·
(c) What number in the domain is mapped (a) E,valua . (iil f
(i) fO)
to 17?
(d) What number has 37 as its image?