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Exercise - 5 (Sequences)

The document discusses the concept of subsequences in sequences, defining subsequences and their properties, including convergence and divergence. It presents theorems related to subsequences, such as the Bolzano-Weierstrass theorem, and introduces concepts like subsequential limits and peak points. Additionally, it covers Cauchy sequences and their convergence criteria, providing examples and proofs to illustrate these concepts.

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8 views23 pages

Exercise - 5 (Sequences)

The document discusses the concept of subsequences in sequences, defining subsequences and their properties, including convergence and divergence. It presents theorems related to subsequences, such as the Bolzano-Weierstrass theorem, and introduces concepts like subsequential limits and peak points. Additionally, it covers Cauchy sequences and their convergence criteria, providing examples and proofs to illustrate these concepts.

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jainharshita222005
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7, SUBSEQUENCES Definition, Subsequence. A sequence {b,} is said to be a subsequence of a sequence {a,,} if there exists a strictly monotonically increasing sequence n, of natural numbers such that b= Gy, SEQUENUES 435 eg. if m = 2k, then {a,,} is a subsequence of {a,} ie. (43, 445 4g Mgr oor} 8 a subsequence {a,43.45.44. 45, dg...) Remark. The terms of a subsequence occur in the same order in which they occur in the original sequence. Theorem 21. If a sequence {a,,} converges to / or diverges to © or — ~, then every subsequence of {a,,} also converges to / or diverges to © or —%, Proof. Let {a,, } bea subsequence of {a,}. We have three cases : Case I. {a,,} converges to /. Here, for any given e > 0, there exists m € N such that la,-/| {a, } converges to /. Case II. {a,,} diverges to «, Here, for any given 0A Vnem. (1) Let p © N be such that ny =m. Then Vk>p, ny =n, =m, so that from (1), We have a, >S Wkep > {a,,} diverges to oo, RAPIDSOL ADVANCED CALCULUs,, BF 136 Case III. {a,} diverges to ~ ®- h that Here, for any given 0 m, so that from (1), we have Then Vkz=p, in 20 a, <-AWVk2p "k > fa, } diverges to — 00, Remark 1. Converse of above theorem is not true. Counter Example 1. Let a, = {(-1)"}. Then subsequence {aj,}, where a), = 7" = 1, being a constant sequence, converges to 1. Also the subsequence {ayn}, Where ay,4, = "tt =—1, being a constant sequence, converges to — 1. But the sequence {a,,} is not convergent. Counter Example 2. Let a, = {(-1)" nj. Then subsequence {a),,}, where a, = (-)?".2n=2n diverges to o and subsequence {a,,,,,} = {-(2n+1)} diverges to — 00, But the sequence {a,,} oscillates infinitely. ; Remark 2. If any two subsequences of a given sequence {a,,} converge to two different limits, then the sequence {a,,} is not convergent. Definition. Subsequential Limit (Cluster Point). Let {a,} be a sequence. Then / € R is said to be a subsequential limit or a cluster point of {a,} if there exists a subsequence {a, } which converges to /. e.g. - 1 and 1 are the subsequential limits of the sequence {(-1)"} . Definition. Peak Point. m € N is said to be a peak point of sequence {a,} if a, m. SEQUENCES 437 Examples : ()__ Every natural number is a peak point of a strictly monotonically decreasing sequence. (i) A non-decreasing sequence may also have an infinite number of peak points. — for n>r n sequence but has infinitely many peak points namely r, r+ 1, r +2, (ii) A monotonically increasing sequence has no peak point. (iv) Sequence {(-1)"} has no peak point. 2 for n=1,2,.. eg. a,=41 is not monotonically decreasing for n=1,2,.. 1 (») The sequence {a,}, where a, =} y -1 for n>r has a finite number of peak point namely 1, 2, 3, ...., 7. Theorem 22. Every sequence contains a monotonic. subsequence, ° (P.U. 2008) Proof. Let {a,,} be a'sequence. We have three cases : Case I. {a,} has an infinite number of peak points. Since the peak points are natural numbers, let these be arranged in ascending order as MS My Ss Soe Sy < Ney Soe Then by definition of a peak point, Gy, > Ay > Ay >on? GA, >a, > . nm nm M3 ™ "hel Hence we get a strictly monotonically. decreasing subsequence fa, 3 of {a,}. Case II. {a,,} has a finite number of peak points, Let P be the set containing all peak points of {a,,}. Then P isa finite Set. and hence haundad aknun e 138 RAPIDSOL ADVANCED CALCULUS.I| There exists ”, © N such that , is greater than all peak Points, Then n, is nota peak point of {a,,}. There exists nm, ©Nsuch that n, > mand ay, > ay, - Now, 1, is also not a peak point of {a,,}. There exists m3 ©Nsuch that ny >, and In, = ay, . Continuing so on, We get a-monotonically increasing subsequence ta, } of {a,,}. Case II. {a,,} has no Peak point. In this case 1 € Nis not a peak point, “+ There exists positive integer n, > 1 such that a, = a. Again n is not a peak Point, therefore there exists Positive integer 13 > Ny such that 4,2 Gp,» . Continuing so on, we get 4, 4, $ ny S sony Where n Hence {a, dis @ monotonically increasing subsequence of {a,}. Theorem 23, (Bolzano-Weierstrass Theorem) Every bounded sequence contains a convergent subsequence, (P.U. 2011) Proof. Let {a,} be a bounded sequence, Since every sequence contains a monotonic subsequence, therefore Tet {a,, } bea monotonic subsequence of {a,,}. Now, {a,,} is bounded, therefore {a,,} is bounded, Thus {a,,} is bounded monotonic, and hence convergent subsequence of {a,}. Theorem 24, A sequence {a,,} converges to / iff {a,,} is bounded and / is the only subsequential limit of {a,}. SEQUENCES Proof. Let {a,,} converges to /. Then {a,,} is bounded. Also every subsequence of {a,,} converges to/. [By Theorem 21} Tis the only subsequential limit of {a,,} . Conversely, let / be the only subsequential limit of a bounded sequence {a,}- If possible, let {a,,} does not converge to /. Then for any given € > 0 and m EN, there exists m, > ™ such that 4p, eé(l-& I+). similarly for given € > Oand », EN, there exists 2 > 7, such that 4, ¢(I-e,/ +e). Continuing so on, we get a subsequence {2,3 of {a,} such that Gy, € (I-e,/ +8) for all k EN and for any given € > 0. {4n, } does not converge to 1 Now {4,35 being subsequence of a bounded sequence {q, nt 3S bounded. By Bolzano-Weierstrass theorem, there exists a subsequence of {a,,} and hence of {a,,} which converges to /' # /. I' (# Disa subsequential limit of {a,,}, Which is contrary to the given that / is the only subsequential limit of {a, }. Hence {a,,} converges to L 8, CAUCHY’S CONVERGENCE CRITERION Definition, Cauchy Sequence. A sequence {a,,} is said to be a Cauchy sequence if for given e > 0, there exists my €N such that \a,-a,,| 0 there eNXists m EN such th hat lan. ~a,1<0 V n= m, pen, Theorem 25, (Cauchy* sequence is convergent iff it is eral Principle of Convergence) a Cauchy sequence. (P.U. 2013) Proof. Let {a,} bea Convergent sequence that converges to /. Then for given e > 0, there exists 1 © N such that s la, -7| Ss Vn2n. wl) If m= ny, then la,,-1| < ee +-(2) 14n 4m 1 = Ma, -) (a, | Sa, -|+\a,, =1| & €& = N => {a,,} is a Cauchy sequence, Conversely, let {a,,} bea Cauchy sequence, Then for given > 0, there exists Nq &N such that la, -a,,| 0, there exists m, © N such that la, “<5 VRE m, Also {a,,} is a Cauchy sequence, therefore for given « > 0, there exists 72 € N such that [ay — 4,1 <= V mm= n m 2 , Im = Mz- Let 1= MAX { Mp,» M2}: é Then | a, -/| < and \a, -a,1< = Vnet =| (a, -— 4,) + (4, - 1 fia ja, -! s|a,-9 |+la, -/] < SF Vnet 2.2 ie. Ja, -!| <é WVn2t > {a,} converges tol. Cor. A Cauchy sequence is bounded. Proof. Let {a,, } be a Cauchy sequence. Then by above theorem { 4, } is convergent > {a,,} is bounded. [By Theorem 3] > = cb Sau taneaienealliaelas Example 1. Using the concept of subsequences, show that {(—1)") j. ‘not convergent. Sol. Let a, = (-)", 2 EN. Then the subsequence {a,,}, where a7, = (-1)""=1Vney being a constant sequence converges to 1. Similarly the subsequence {a,,,,,} converges to—1. Thus 1 and —1-are two subsegential limits of {a,,} . But we know that a sequence is convergent iff it has only one subsequential limit. Hence, {a,,} is not convergent. Example 2. Prove that the following,sequences are Cauchy sequences : 1 . n off «tah 4 1 (iit) 48+}. 7 _ @.U. 2009) n Sol. (i) Let a, = —, nEN. sie Let ¢ > 0 be given. 1 Then l@nep —a,,| <€ whenever 1 ie. whenever n? +n p+ i.e. whenever n+" > ie. whenever "> - P. Taki = - +1, we have aking m= | +" 9 a,| <€ Vnem, pEN intp la, = {a,} is a Cauchy sequence. n ii) Let =——,nENn. w on ntl " Let e > 0 be given. Let n,m EN such that n> m. 1 1 Then |a,,- 4,1 <® if —--— <é | ~ 4 | mt+1 ntl ie if —<—t+e m+1 n+l ie. if 1 ice m+1 ‘i a 1 he if m>—-l. & “If ~ [etfs la, —4m | <é Vn,m= Ng & > {a,} isa Cauchy sequence. 144 RAPIDSOL ADVANCED CALCULUS-I 1 84 ne N. ne Lete>0be given, C) Let a, Let ™nEN such that > m. a )(3)] la, -a,,| = la, -a,,| he. he, *. Taking ny = (2) +1, we have la,-a,,| No > {a,} is a Cauchy sequence, gEQUENCES 145 ple 3. Show that the following are Cauchy sequences : Example 3- co" i oa 7) { 7" } wo fs 3 +1 . n Gi {24} () teal 1)" (P.U. 2008, 2014) sol. (i) Let 4, ~ Let € > 0 be given. Let m,n © N such that n>m. — |p" _ cp" Then |a,-4,,| = So | n m < ||| n atytet tb c n>m => tet] nmm im nom 2 a Rave a: 2 Thus |a,-a,,|=. m é If ny = [2] hen la, -,| <€ Vnme No > {a,} isa Cauchy sequence. @Let a=), nen. n : Let ¢>0be given. Let ‘m,n © N such that n> m. 146 RAPIDSOL ADVANCED CALCULUS.1 Then la,-a, | “Taking N= [VE]. ve get that & ld —aq| {a,} isa Cauchy sequence, a ntl (iit) Let a, = 7 n Let e > 0 be given. Let m, m & N such that n> m: ntl m+ Then a, ~a,, | a 1 . (+3)-(+3) n m =|Met{ oat [i 0 be given. Let m,n €N such that n> m. Then |4y - in p= = 1 w+ mi +1 — 1 m+ n+l 1 1 a,-a,| 2, we have laapay ~ay, |= 1p?! =(-1)?"| =2>eVnEN {a,,} is nota Cauchy sequence. Gi) Let a, = n?, Then for given ¢ = 1, we have |4ipey ~ dy | = 12+? ~22 =[2n+1| =2n+1>1VnEN {a,,} is not a Cauchy sequence. (iif) Let a, = (-)"n. Then for given ¢ = 1, we have [@ong1 ~ an! =[-(2n+1)-2n|=4n+1>1¥ nEN {a,,} is not a Cauchy sequence. Example 5. Using Cauchy’s general principle of convergence, show that 1 1 1 sequence {a,} converges, where a, = 1+ 4+ He 22 gen? (@.U. 2010, 2013) _ geQueNCES 149 a, ~ 1+ gol. We haves Let e > 0 be given. then [psp ~ An! 1 -—L.+——+ (ntl? (n +2)? 1 1 1 < + — + seeee + ——— eF;, n(nt+1) (n+1)(n+2) (n+ p-1)(n+ p) [oe ntl >a nt2>nt lung nt p> nt pal] 1 1 1 1 1 1 =/-—- +|/—-— Feet] ——— - n n+l n+l n+2 n+p-1 n+p tt cl vnen no n+p on pean A 1 a,.,-a,|—. layup 74nl SEI = = Taking m= [:] +1, we have é 14nep ~ nl SE Vn2zm, pEN » {a,} is a Cauchy sequence. U Hence {a,,} is convergent. Example 6. Show that the sequence {a,,} converges, where _ 1,101 a, =l-zt+s-7te 23 4 in nel oe. n Sol. Let e > 0 be given. 150 RAPIDSOL ADVANCED CALCULUS. For p & N, we have ep com ep, epet ma Gal | ert aad eS n+p 1 1 (? +t, wh is odd (n+ p=2)(n+p-1l) nap) PS? » when p is odd » When p is even >0 From (1), we have ~¢, {= 1 (Pt lene oe nad ne ne yencéS se 1 ro 154 eat lar? ava" . a (positive real number) ne {As above] 1 “aa ceif tie, ; \ [apap 7 An <8 i wat <6 fe itn> Ly, é 1 Taking m= Ane + Ly we get [anap In| <6 Yn =m = {a,} isa Cauchy sequence i \ = {a,} is convergent, | gxample 7. Show that the sequence {a,,}, where 4 1 a, = V4 rtotige in 2 5 does not converge, by showing that it is not a Cauchy sequence. (P.U. 2015, 2018) { 11 So. We have, a, = 1+—+—+ . B23 Lete = + > 0 be given. | Then Jay, a, | i j | i oe 2n 2n [- nt+1<2n, n+252n,. 2ns2nj 1 52 RAPIDSOL ADVANCED CALCULUg, m1 ” Qn N= >eVnen [: | {a,} isnota Cauchy sequence, Hence {a,,} does not converge, Example 8. Show that the sequence {a,,}, where 1otoa 1 = Sto tot. = on aE tea, does not converge, by showing that it is not a Cauchy sequence, Prove that {a,,} diverges to 00, (P.U, 2013) 1,1 1 1 Sol. Wehave, a, =—+—4+=4...4 "24 6 2n Then |a,,,-a,| = ! pee a on Une ned aR ~ te! treet 2n+2 2nt4 7 °"" 2n42n >t ae 4n 4n 4n n 1 =—-=-—VAnEN 4n 4 >eWnEN ife< a s+ {a,,} is not a Cauchy sequence => {a,,} is not convergent. 1 1 2n 2n+2 Also, Frat QueNcES sé 153 Fay ~ 4, = 2hed -OVnNEN Anu > 4, Vnen {a,} is monotonically increasing. Thus {a,} is monotonically increasing but not convergent, Hence {4,,} diverges to 00, mple 9, Show that the sequence {a,,}, where Exal iii +>—— is not a, le3t 5 Heese 2n-1 convergent. prove that {a,,} diverges to oo, (P.U. 2017) 11 1 Sol. We have, @,, = Veg t gto Inal’ Let e= fl >0 be given. 4 : jv 1 +—I -a.|= — Then Ian 40! DT Daag >a! — + esentt—t 4n+1 4n4+1 4n4+1 = ntl 4n+1 1 =—)14+ 2 4 4nt1 > qgYnen ie, lana ~a, | >eVnen {a RAPIDSOL ADVANCED CALCULUS-II 154 - 8 nol converge! (a,,} is not convergent. Now, any San ~ Fn * EG Ay > a, VnEN *> — {a,,} is monotonically increasing. Thus {a,,} is monotonically increasing and not convergent. Hence {a,,} diverges to , Example 10. If {a,} and {b,} are convergent sequence, then show by ‘auchy’s general principle of convergence that {a, +6,} and {a, ~6,} are also convergent. Sol. Since {a,,} and {b,,} are convergent, therefore {a,,} and {b,} are Cauchy sequences. For given e > 0, there exists m,, Mz € N such that £ ynzm,pEN lanep ~4nl <2 VP= é EN. = Vnz=m,P and [8yup — Sn! <> ; Let mi = max. {1,2 }- Then 1dpap 7 4n! 2 )<= vnzm, peEN. -b,1 <5 and [8nsp | ~a,| t+ lOnep ~ +5, )- (a, +n) S l4gsp Gq! * VPnep Pn @) 1Gnep Ton? sEQUENCES 155 < nin ip rio =e Vnem = {a,+6,} isa Cauchy sequence = {a, +,) is convergent: (id MOnap ~ Pnap) = En P| “UAnep — 0) Onan = Prd layup ~ Ant * lonep ~ On| & < f+ 2 2 =eVn2zm > {a,+6,} isa Cauchy sequence => {a,+ b,} is convergent. Example 11. If {a,} and. {b,,} are conyergent sequences, then show by Cauchy’s general principle of convergence that {a,,b,} is convergent. (P.U. 2016) Sol. Since {a,,} and {b,} are convergent sequences, therefore {a,,} and {b,} are Cauchy sequences. For given ¢ > 0, there exist m,,m © N such that -a,| {a,b} is a Cauchy sequence => {a,b,} is convergent.

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