Version 2 HS Physics

By Mr Mac

Thermodynamics is a study of heat and work. From this

study, a number of physical laws have been established.
The laws of thermodynamics can be observed in everyday
applications such as heat engines, refrigerators and many
others.
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Thermodynamics jokes

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 Lesson Objectives
By the end of the lesson, students should be
able to
Understand the first law of thermodynamics
as a general statement of the conservation of
energy
Apply the first law of thermodynamics as an
equation, ΔU = Q – W
Use the P-V diagram to solve problems
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 Thermodynamics
Law of the conservation of energy states that
the energy of the universe is constant. Energy
can be neither created nor destroyed, so while
energy can be converted to another form, the
total energy remains constant.

Any Closed
Energy In Energy Out
System

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 For a long time, people tried to design and build
Perpetual Motion Machines

Electric Electric Mechanical

Generator Motor Work Out

Cool. I’m going to be rich!

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 Thermodynamics
The First Law of Thermodynamics is a general
statement of the conservation of energy which
states that the energy of the universe is
constant. It relates internal energy, heat
transfers and work done in a mathematical
equation.
ΔU is the change in internal energy of
the system

ΔU = Q - W Q is the heat added to the system

W is the work done by the system

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 Thermodynamics
What is a system?

SURROUNDINGS

SYSTEM
BOUNDARY

• A system is defined as a region in space chosen for study.

• Everything external to the system is surrounding.
• Thermodynamic system and surrounding is always separated by
the boundary such as a wall.
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 Thermodynamics
What is a system?

surroundings
system

An insulated container filled with ideal gas is resting on a heat reservoir (heat
source). The container is fitted with a snug, but frictionless, weighted piston
that can be raised or lowered. The confined gas is the system, and the piston
and heat reservoir are the surroundings. 8
 Thermodynamics
Suppose that a system gains heat Q and that is the
only effect occurring.
Consistent with the law of conservation of energy,
the internal energy of the system changes:

U = U f − U i = Q

Heat is positive when the system gains heat (+Q) and

negative when the system loses heat (-Q).

Copyright ©2018 John Wiley &

Sons, Inc. 9
 Thermodynamics
If a system does work W on its surroundings and
there is no heat flow, conservation of energy
indicates that the internal energy of the system will
decrease:

U = U f − U i = −W

Work is positive when it is done by the system (+W)

and negative when it is done on the system (-W).

Copyright ©2018 John Wiley &

Sons, Inc. 10
 Thermodynamics
The First Law of Thermodynamics
The internal energy of a system changes due to heat
and work:
U = U f − U i = Q − W

Heat is positive when the system gains heat (+Q) and

negative when the system loses heat (-Q).
Work is positive when it is done by the system (+W)
and negative when it is done on the system(-W).
Copyright ©2018 John Wiley &
Sons, Inc. 11
 Thermodynamics
Example 1 Positive and Negative
Work
In part (a) of figure, the system gains
1500J of heat and 2200J of work is
done by the system on its surroundings.
In part (b), the system also gains 1500J
of heat, but 2200J of work is done on
the system.
In each case, determine the change in
internal energy of the system.

Copyright ©2018 John Wiley &

Sons, Inc. 12
 Thermodynamics
(a) U = Q −W
= ( +1500 J ) − ( +2200 J ) = −700 J

(b) U = Q −W
= ( +1500 J ) − ( −2200 J ) = +3700 J

Copyright ©2018 John Wiley &

Sons, Inc. 13
 Thermodynamics
Piston

ΔU = Q - W moved
upwards

ΔU is the change in internal energy of the system

Q is the heat added to the system
W is the work done by the system

Imagine
• heat is supplied to the gas (+Q). Heat
supplied
• The gas particles gain energy and
collide with the piston with greater
force and frequency.
• It pushes the piston upwards,
causing an increase in volume (+W).
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 Thermodynamics
Piston

ΔU = Q - W moved
upwards

ΔU is the change in internal energy of the system

Q is the heat added to the system
W is the work done by the system

Solve this Heat

supplied
If 530J of heat is supplied to the
system and the work done by the
system is 330J. Calculate the change in
internal energy of a sample of confined
gas.
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 Thermodynamics
Solve this Piston
moved
upwards
If 530J of heat is supplied to the
system and the work done by the
system is 330J. Calculate the change in
internal energy of a sample of confined
gas.
Heat
supplied
ΔU = Q – (+W)
ΔU = 530 – (+330)
ΔU = 200 J
The change in internal energy of the system is 200J
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 Thermodynamics
What is the 1st law of thermodynamics?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xb05CaG7TsQ

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1OFlW8OXN64

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O7HwhkYt6YU

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jNPUCmkKiE4

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 Thermodynamics
Piston
moved P
upwards
by
distance s
Pa
Particles
exert a
force of
F on the V
piston Heat
Va Vb
supplied

W = FΔs
Since Pressure = Force/Area, therefore F = PA
W = PAΔs
Since AΔs = ΔV
W = PΔV
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Thermodynamics
W = PV = P (V f − Vi )

Copyright ©2018 John Wiley &

Sons, Inc. 19
 Thermodynamics
Calculate the work done by the system
for the process ab (a to b)
P (x105 Pa)
W = PΔV
a b = 1.5 x 105 x (30-10) x 10-3
1.5
=+3000J

V (x10-3 m3)
10 30

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 Thermodynamics
Example 4 Work and the Area
Under a Pressure-Volume Graph
Determine the work for the
process in which the pressure,
volume, and temperature of a gas
are changed along the straight line
in the figure.
The area under a pressure-volume
graph is the work for any kind of
process.
Copyright ©2018 John Wiley &
Sons, Inc. 21
 Thermodynamics
Since the volume increases, the
work is positive.
Estimate that there are 8.9
colored squares in the drawing.

W = 8.9 ( 2.0  105 Pa )(1.0  10−4 m3 )

= +180 J

Copyright ©2018 John Wiley &

Sons, Inc. 22
 Thermodynamics
If pressure changes, work done is equal to the area under
graph in the P-V diagram; moving left to right gives positive
work (work done by the system), while moving right to left
gives negative work (work done on the system).

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 Thermodynamics
Calculate the work done by the system for
the process ab (a to b)
P (x105 Pa) W = Area under graph
= ½ [(1.5 + 0.7) x 105] x [(30-10) x 10-3]
= 2200J
1.5

0.7

V (x10-3 m3)
10 30
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 Thermodynamics
Calculate the work done by the system for
the path abda From the previous slides,
work done for
1) ab = +3000J (positive as
work done by the system)
2) da = -2200J (negative as the
direction is moving from right
to left)

• From path b to d, there is no change in volume.

Hence no work is done. 25
 Thermodynamics
Calculate the work done by the system for
the path abda

Wabda = +3000 - 2200

= +800J

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 Thermodynamics
Calculate the heat absorbed by the
system for the path abda
For any closed path on P-V diagram, ΔU = 0
ΔU = Q – W
Since ΔU = 0
0 = Q – (+800)
Therefore Q = 800J
800J of heat is absorbed

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 Thermodynamics
Using PV diagrams to solve problems

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b-4U_s4e50o&t=543s

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TnDCxw0y6YM

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