Fundamental Physical Quantities Classification of Waves Sound Intensity (I) Expansion

Physical Quantity
1. Length
SI Unit
m (meter)
Dimension MEASUREMENTS Transverse waves – The particals in the
medium are vibrated perpendicular to the
PROPERTIES
Sound Energy goes through unit area
per second
Linear expansion Area expansion

2. Mass
3. Time
kg (kilogram)
s (seconds) Instruments used to measure mass
wave direction.

OF WAVES
E - Energy
A - Area HEAT Volume expansion Expanded length
4. Absolute temperature K (Kelvin) Triple beam balance Ex : Waves on Water t - Time Initial length
5. Amount of substance mol (mole) Fore beam - 0.1 g parts upto10 g Sound intensity level Final length
6. Luminous Intensity cd (candela) Longitudanal waves - The particles are Thermometry
Middle beam - 100 g parts upto 500 g vibrated parallel to the wave direction. Wave Equation
7. Electric current A (Amphere) Expanded Area
Hind beam - 10 g parts upto 100 g v - Speed Any property, that change with For a
Initial area same
Four beam balance v= f - wave length Io – Threshold of hearing (1 x 10 Wm )
-12 -2 temperature, is called a thermometric
Ex : Sound waves x  Final area material
Vernier Calliper First fore beam - 0.01 g parts upto 1 g f - frequency property. Expanded volume
Mechanical waves - A medium is A
t Initial volume
Second fore beam - 1 g parts upto 10 g Doppler Effect Thermometric Properties
Least count = [Value of a part of the main scale] essential to proporgate the wave. Final volume
Third fore beam - 10 g parts upto 100 g 1. Volume of a liguid
[No of divisions of the vernier calliper] Ex: Sound wave x - Displacement of a partical in the medium (f) observed frequency is vary from the Linear expansion coefficient
Hind beam - 100 g parts upto 200 g 2. Volume of a gas on constant pressure
Electro Magnetic Waves - A medium t - time original (fo) frequency, if there a relative Area expansion coefficient
Or A - Amplitude 3. Pressure of a gas on constant volume Volume expansion coefficient
is not essential to proporgate the wave. motion between the observer and source.
Least count = [Value of one part of the main scale] – [Value of one part of the vernier scale] Errors 4. Electric resistence
Ex : X rays [Apparent = [Real – [Volume expansion
Reading of the calliper = [Reading of the main scale] + [Reading of the vernier scale] The error of an instrument is Special properties of waves 5. Electric Potential difference between expansion] expansion] of the vessel]
Progressive waves - The energy is
Least count of the measuring instrument two metals
= [Reading of the main scale] + [Coincide number x Least count] transfered by the wave.
1. Reflection 6. Intensity of radiations
Fractional error = Least count Ex : Sound waves Correcting length measuring readings
Positive zero Error Negtive zero Error Measurement Standing waves - The energy is not 2. Refraction Thermometric
When jaws are closed When jaws are closed Property Temperature When temperature at meassuring time
Percentage error = Least count x 100 transfered by the wave. is high
0 0 Measurement Ex : Waves in Strings & tubes. 3. Defraction XH Steam 
Main scale Main scale point
H
[Correct reading] =
Seismic Waves [Obtained reading] x (1 +
0 Vernier scale 0 Vernier scale Spherometer 4. Constructive interference X 
[Pitch of the screw] Body waves Surface waves
So, The corrected reading So, The corrected reading Ice When temperature at meassuring time
Least count = 5. Destructive interference 
[Number of divisions of the Primary waves Rayleigh waves XL point L is low
= [reading obtained] – [zero error] = [reading obtained] + [zero error] circular scale] [Correct reading] =
Secondary waves Love waves
Obtained [Reading of the [Reading of the Standing Waves [Obtained reading] x (1
Micro meter Screw Guage Reading = main scale] + circular scale]
The loop structure, made by combination of two waves moving in opposite directions,
Electro Magnetic Waves that each having the same frequency.
The zero error of the spherometer can be Then we can find value relevant Heat Exchange
Least count = [Pitch of the screw] uncounted. Because, in Spherometer, we take two Standing waves in Standing waves in one Standing waves in to X
strings side closed tubes open tubes Removed heat = Absorbed head
[Number of divisions of the circular scale] readings and take the difference of those readings.
l l
Taking readings above to the zero
l Types of Thermometers
Reading = [Reading of the main scale] + [Reading of the circular scale] Decrease wavelength Fundemental
1. Mercury – Glass or m1, m2 - masses
= [Reading of the main scale] + [Coincide number x Least count] Increase frequency (1st harmonic)
[Reading of the = [Coincide 2 4 2
Alcohol – Glass thermometer c1, c2 - Specific heat copacities
x Increase Energy 01 loop 01 Half loop 01 loop
Positive zero Error Negative zero Error circular scale] number] [Least count] 2. Constan volume thermometers. - Temperature differences
l l
When, Anvil and Spindle are closed When, Anvil and Spindle are closed Taking readings below to the zero (The most accurate and sensitive one)
Energy of a Wave st
1 Overtone
l State Change
[Corrected reading] [Corrected reading] Reading of the 3. Platinum – Resistor thermometer
10 5
Energy of a mechanical wave (2nd harmonic) Q = mL
5
= [Reading of the main scale] 0
= [Reading of the main scale] circular scale = 4. Thermo couple
0
– [zero error]
45
Energy of an electromagnetic wave = hf m - mass
4 40
+ [zero error] (coincide least 4 2
5. Constant gas thermometer
number) count h - Plank's constant 02 loop 01 Half loop 02 loop L - Latent heat of melting or evaporation.

Gases Characteristics of an Ideal Gas

ADVANCED LEVEL Physic QR Paper Course

Pressure of an ideal gas, is inversely proportional to
it's volume
P P
1. Every gases has large number of moleculas.
2. Inter moleculer forces are not exerted between molecules.

PHYSICS
P
Sinhala & English Medium
3. The collisions between molecule to molecule and molecule
MECHANICS 2023 | 2022 PV = Constant
V 1/V V
to wall are perfect elastic.
4. The true volume of gas molecules can be neglected, related
to gas volume.
The books written by Chales law Kinetic equation of Gases
Vectors Graphs of Motion By: Thushara Samarawickrama Thushara Samarawickrama At constant pressure, the volume of a gas is proportional
to its absolute temperature.
Physical factors, having a magnitude and The velocity of an object can be taken by the
directions  vectors gradient of a displacement time graph. 0776 249 011 Sinhala Medium | English Medium V V
P - Pressure N - No of molecules
Physical factors, having only a The acceleration can be taken by the gradient V - Volume
of a velocity time graph.
V/T = Constant Mean square velocity
magnitude  Scalars T(K) T(C0) m - mass of a molecule
s v a Density
Fsin F
Pressure law
Ressolving At constant volume, pressure of an ideal gas, is
Vectors  Kinetic energy
Towards to t t t proportional to its absolute temperature.
FCos  The displacement of a gas
v P P
can be taken by Distribution of Molecule Speed
the Area of a nyj
q rK újrKh rpkd mY
% k
a újrKh jHy
q .; mY
% k
a újrKh ;dmh hdk;
a % úoHdj P/T = Constant N (No of medicals)
1995-2021 úi÷ .eg¿ 1000
velocity time Displacement 1995-2021 1995-2021 úi÷ .eg¿ 1000 T(K) T(C0) T1
graph.
Vector Triangle t Combined gas law T2 Square root mean
Odrd velocity.
When, two vectors represented by two Essay
úoH;
q h MCQ Structured = Constant
consecutive sides of a triangle, the trird side of Newton's laws Problems C (Speed)
úi÷ Review Review Problems
the triangle represent the resultant vector. .eg¿ Ideal Gas law
1st law – A body continues to be in its rest or 2000-2021 2000-2021
Review
R 1000 2000-2021 PV = nRT
Q of uniform velocity, unless it is acted an Vapours Dew point
Q P - Pressure V - Volume
 unbalanced, external force.
  n - No of moles R - Gas constant The maximum water vapour When, we decreasing the
P P
2nd law – Rate of change of the momentum T - Absolute temperature pressure can be retained in the temperature, space is saturated
Vector Parallelogram equals to external unbalanced force. space is called the saturated by available water vapour.
When two vectors can be represented by two water vapour pressure. That temperature is the dew
adjacent sides of a parallelogram, the diagonal Friction Newton's cooling law Hygrometry
When the object is moved on another If the water vapour pressure is point of the space.
given the Resultant vector. A surface can exerts frictional force on another When, the environment condition is constant, the rate We can get an idea about the water vapour content in lower than the saturated
surface, the ratio between the friction the atmosphere.
Q Q
3rd law – Every action has equal and opposite r surface, when the surface is moved related to of heatloss by a heated object, is proportional to excess pressure at that temperature,
force and Reaction force is called the Absolute Humidity (AH) then it is unsaturated pressure.
R eaction. other surface or try to move. emperature.
  dynamic friction coefficient. Water vapour content per unit volume (g/m3) AH
 Area of the F – t curve equals to momentum Limited friction force Gas laws cann't be applied for
P P Relative Humidity (RH) saturated vapours.
Vector Polygon change. The maximum friction force acted between - Constant for surface Water vapour content in the atmosphere compared with the
two surfaces. P Unsaturated
maximum water vapour can be stored at that temperature. Temp.
No of vectors, represented by sides of a polygon, F - Temperature of the objet.
closing side of the parallelogram represented Friction force - Enviroment temperature  RH
.When the object is not moved, the ratio
P
the resultant vector of those FS - Cooling area
Momentum Change between the maximum frictional force and FD
V
100
Q R Unsaturated
(Impulse) Reaction is called the static frictional Saturated
 Temperature variation
P  t coefficient

T
Temp.
Applied force of a heated object. 0

Formulae used to find the resultant and direction. Momentum change = Impulse t Saturated

Equilibrium Gravity Point Moment of inertia of a solid sphere (I) = Thermodynamics P–V Curves Heat Conduction 1  2

st
When an object is on Equilibrium, the algebraic addition of moment of The point exerting the gravitational force Moment of inertia of a solid cylinder (I) = 1 law of thermodynamics - Heat energy given to a system is used to increase the Can be taken by the area
forces around any point is zero. on an object is called the gravity point. internal energy and workdone on the environment of a PV curve - Heat energy transferred per second
Moment of inertia of a rod, through midaxis (I) =
When object is on Equilibrium, the forces acted on the object for opposite P P A - Perpendicular area of heat transfer
directions, are equal. In symmetrical objects, the gravity points Moment of inertia of a rod, through one end of the rod (I) Adiabatic processes
are on the symmetrical line. - Temperature difference
- Heat supplied Heat exchange is zero
G m - mass r - radius l - length l - length
Motion Uniform rod - Increased internal energy Therefore V V
 
- Workdone on the environment Constant volume
Constant pressure In cyclic processes
G Sphere / Circular Hydrostatics Isothermic processes processes
Plane processes
Internal energy is not changed. for clockwise processes is (+) l l
Density of a liquid = Mass
Volume
d = m/v Therefore for anticlockwise processes is (–) A well lagged conductor Normal conductor
G
Triangular Hydro – Pressure =
h
G plane h - Depth from the liquid surface
} h/3 Cylinder Elastieity Viscosity Surface Tension
- Density of the liquid
g - Gravitational acceleration Elastic materials When an object move on or in a viscous fluied, The particals on a liquid can exert
When applying a forces the shape of the a viscous force is exerted by the liquid opposite attractive or repulsive forces on
Circular Motion Archemedes law another type of particals.
object is changed and when remove the to the motion.

w
r
v
m
When, an object is completely or partially immersed
in a fluid, the upthrust force exerted by the fluid equals
to the displaced fluid weight by the object.
force, the object is taken its initial shape.
Hookes Law
PROPERTIES Newton's law of Viscosity
v
F = Tl
F - Surface Tension force
OF MATTER
The stress (F/A) applied on an elastic F
V - displaced volume d T - Coefficient of surface tension
object is proportional to strain (e/l) l - length
Tangential acceleration (a) = r Density of the liquid F - Viscous force d - Thickness of the liquid
g - Gravitational acceleration Capillary rise
Centripetal Acceleration A - Area - Coefficient of Viscosity
(Radial acceleration) Floating object Pressure difference of a meniscus Stoke's law
F - Force A - Cross-section area
Centripetal Force
u u = mg V
e - Extended length l - Initial length When, a sphere, that radius F
m - mass r P2 P2 h
P1 is “a” travelled in a liquid, 
g - Gravitational acceleration (F/A) P1
mg
A
B
r
with “v” velocity, then the h
C viscous force (F).
Workdone, Energy & Power D “Liquid drop” “Liquid bubble” 
Hydro – Dynamics When releasing a sphere (density is d1) in a
Workdone = Force x Distance moved toward liquid (density is d2). Terminal velocity VT.
to the force A1, A2 – Cross – sectional area
A 1 V 1 = A 2V 2 (e/l)
V1, V2 – Velocity T – Co-efficient of surface tension
kinetic Energy A – Proportional limit Surface Energy
Bernoulli's Equation r – radius of the capillary tube
Gravitational potential energy B – Elastic limit Work done against the surface tension force, When releasing a sphere (density is d1) in liquid R – radius of the meniscus
steady, uncompressible, fluid flow, the addition of C – Ultimate strength when we increases liquid surface area is called
Elastic Potential energy bottom (density is d2). Terminal velocity (VT). d – density of the liquid
kinetic energy of unit mass, Gravitational potential D – Fracture point the surface energy (E). It is stored as an energy.
g – Gravitational acceleration
m - mass energy of unit mass and pressure is constant. [Elastic Potential Energy] - Contact angle
Moment of Inertia (I) Moment of inertia of “m” mass g - Gravitational acceleration
= Constant [Elastic Potential energy Contact angle ^&
that “r” distance from the axis h - height Poiseulle's Equation
The opposition of the body exhibits to in an unit volume] E – Energy / or work done The angle formed by a liquid at the
(I)= mr
2
k - Spring constant P - Pressure - Density V - Velocity T – Co-efficient of surface tension Rate of liquid flow
having its speed of rotation about an through a capillary tube three plase boundary where a liquid,
x - Extended length h - Height g - gravitational acceleration x Stress x Strain – Surface area difference
axis altered by the application of a torque. gas and glass.

Electric Current and Resistance Reflection of light Eye Defects Short Sightness
Output power of an e.m.f.
source Can see short distances
Electric current (I) = Electric charge (Q) Laws of Reflection Long sightness
1. Incidence ray reflected ray and the normal drawn Can see long distance Can't see long distances
Time (t) Can recover using concave lenses

LIGHT
Can't see short distances
CURRENT ELECTRICITY
I = Q/t through incidence point, lay on a same plane.
2. Incidence angle = Reflected angle Can recover using convex lenses
[Drift velocity of electrons]
r – Internal resistance i=r
I – Electric current
R – External resistance r
A – Cross – sectional area
E – Electro motive force
i
n – Number of electrons per unit volume Systems of cells Electric Energy and Power Refractive index of a medium Before wearing After wearing Before wearing After wearing
convex lenses concave lenses concave lenses
Ohm's law Kirchoff Laws Electric energy generated by electric n = Light velocity in the vaccum convex lenses
The potential difference Sum of currents directed towards a point in a circuit is current (E) Light velocity in the medium
of a conductor is equal to the sum of all currents directed away from the
E = VIt Pmax When, R = r n= Real depth Refraction through Lenses Optical Instruments
proportional to Electric point. Apparent depth (h)
E = I2Rt Refraction of Light Refraction through convex lenses The angular magnification of a simple
current.
R – Electric resistence of the conductor
The algebraic sum of all the potential differences along E = (V2/R)
Pmin
P
Laws of Refraction
H } I
0 I
microscope at the normal adjustment
a closed loop in a circuit is zero. 1. Incidence ray refracted ray and the normal drawn Apparent displacement in o The angular magnification of a compound
l – length Electric power generated by electric R to the incidence point lay on a same plane. a glass cube (d) f f
r d = t (1 – 1/n) microscope at the normal adjustment
– Resistivity current (Power – P)
(formal adjustment)
A – Cross – section area Current flows outside from r 2. The ratio between sin values of incidence angle
> (E/t) = VI Galvanometers [magnification of the eye piece]
the positive terminal. V = E – Ir I E and refracted angle is constant. Refraction through prisms
Equivalent Resistance (Ro) (E/t) = I2R
2
EI = I R + I r
2
v [Current through coil] r x [Magnification of the objective]
The single resistor can be replaced for 2 nt n1Sin I = n2 Sin r Object kept inside of the focal point
Current flows inside to I (E/t) = V /R
several resistors is called the Equivalent > > A Image - Real The angular magnification of a Telescope at the
resistance. the positive terminal V = E + Ir ni Snell's law i1 d
i2 - Magnification > 1 normal adjustment (formal adjustment)
v
E, r Full scale deflection i n1, n2 – Refractive indices
Series Resistors E – Electromotive force I – Electric current - Upward
The maximum current transferred = focal length of the objective
V – Potential difference i1 – Incidence angle o
R1 R2 without a damage focal length of the eyepiece
Total internal Refraction and critical angle i2 – Emergent angle f
Ro = R1 + R2 ………….. R Converting a galvanometer in to r1, r2 – Angles in the prism Angular Magnifications
an Ammeter When light passes from a dense medium to rare
Parallel resistors Potentiometer E – Electro motive force (e.m.f.) G medium, if the refracted ray is on the interface, A – Prism angle
I = [Angle formed on eye by the image]
E0 Eo – e.m.f. of the drive cell R – Internal resistance then the incidence angle is called the critical angle. A + d = i1 + i2 A = r1 + r2
R1 Object kept outside of the focal [Angle formed on eye by the object]
E – e.m.f. of the unknown cell r – External resistance G r
l0 I – Electric current c – Critical angle At the Minimum deviation (dmin) point
l l – length of the wire n2 Image - Virtual
R2
E
G
lo – Balanced length Efficiency of an e.m.f. source R n1 i
A
r i d
- Magnification > 1 or < 1 Matter & Radiation
“R” resister, that lower than the Radioactivity
Galvanometer is connected
C Refraction frough concave lenses
Wheatstone Bridge Potential gradient If the balanced length is Decaying rate / Reactivity
parallely. A=r+r
R2 If the incidence angle is higher than the critical dmin - Decaying constant
R1 Meter Bridge Converting a Galvanometer in to angle, total internal refraction can see. A+d=i+i i
a Voltmeter N - Number of Radioactive
R1 R2 f N
R5 G
atoms
G
P Sign convention f
l Lense formula Half time (T1/2)
R3 R4 G All distances should be measured from the optical centre.
50% Distances measured towards to light rays are negative, and other distances
If R1 : R2 = R3 : R4 then R5 can be removed. “R” resister, that higher than the t (time)
Balanced length - l R1 : R2 = l : (100 – l) are positive.
Because, potential difference of R5 is zero. r R galvanometer is connected series All images are real, upward, small Time taken to decay half
wise. Focal length is minus for convex and Plus for concave lenses. of atoms in the sample

Magnetic Fields Semi Conductor V – I curve for a diode Configurations of a npn

V2 I transistors
Semi conductors can release more
electrons, when the temperature is Reverse Common Base Common Collector Common Emmitor
S N
baised Forward baised
increased.
FIELDS
V

Bio – svart law

I

If the magnetic field
intensity at A is “B”
Bond electrons are released and
become free electrons.
Ex : Si, Ge
V1 - Barrier potential
V1

V2 - Break down voltage

ELECTRONICS Current
gain
Current
gain
Current
gain

l r A
Capacitors Zener diodes are always connect in reverse
biased. Basic Logic Gates Characterstics of npn transistor at
Si Si Si
Common emmitor configuration
I - Current GATE SYMBOL BOOLEAN EXPRESSION TRUTH TABLE
q Operational Amplifiers (V+)in +VS
r - Distance between and “A” point V0 1. Input characteristic
(V-)in A C
Si Si Si IB
- Permittivity Right hand Thumb rule (V+) in - Non Inverting input VCE value doesn't
-VS affect to curve.
A - Common area When we toutch a conductor by right hand, if (V-) in - Inverting input A
d - distance between two plates thumb indicate the direction of current, the rest Si Si Si B C
Vo - Output
Q - Charge fingers indicate the induced magnetic field VBE
Vs - Supply voltage
V - Potential difference
Magnetic field induced by infinite length 2. Transfer characteristic
Series capacitors P ­ Type Semiconductors
C1 C2 conductor Open loop Vo = A {(V+)in – (V-)in} A IC
Active Saturated region
from (+) charges Doping with III group elements. B
Cut off region
I A ­ Open loop gain region
If equivalent capacitence is Co They have more holes. 1
+Q -Q B V0 Saturated
r n ­ Type Semiconductors +VS A IB
m C =
B
Parallel capacitors Magnetic field induced by a circular Doping with V group elements.
Saturated {(V+)in - (V-)in}
C1 conductor loop They have more free electrons. VCE is not changed.
-VS
C2 C o = C1 + C2 I P – n Junctions (Diodes) 3. Output characteristic
r A =
Closed loop non C IC
Forward biased – Current can flow Closed loop inverting B
inverting IB= 4mA
Q Active region
r P n (V+) +
V0 (V-) R +
Cut off IB= 3mA
(V-) V0 region
Flemings left hand rule Flemings right hand rule P n - (V+) - A + IB= 2mA
B C
Ri Rf IB= 1mA
q Force (F) (Thumb) Moving direction (Thumb) VCE
Reverse biased – Current cann't flow Voltage gain Voltage gain
IB is Kept on several constant values
Magneticfield B Magnetic field V\i V0 A
(First finger) P n V0 V\i C
If Net “Q” charge is inside the Gaussian surface, Electric field (First finger) B
Gauss law Biasing a transistor by a
intensity at the surface (E.) Current I single supply
Electric flux through a closed Induced
(Mid finger)
Gaussian surface is proportional Q For any transistor Base Resistor method Voltage divider method
to net electric charge F = BIl E = BlV Transistors npn transistors pnp transistors
C C C C IE = IC + IB IE >> IB VCC VCC
B - Magnetic field intensity B - Magnetic field intensity There have two P – n junctions n
B
C B n
B
C B
If net charge inside the gauss surface, is (+) the flux is outward from B P B P VCE = VCB + VBE
l - length of the conductor l - length of the conductor (B – E junction) – Forward Biased n n
the surface. If net charge inside the gauss surface is (-) the flux is E E
E E E - Emmitor C - Collector B - Base
inside to the surface. (B – C junction) – Reverse Biased E E