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Major Internal Security Issues in

India
India faces multiple internal security challenges ranging from armed insurgencies to
cyber threats and social unrest. Each issue is summarized below with its definition,
historical background, impacts, recent trends, and government responses.

Terrorism (Cross-border and Domestic)

Definition: Terrorism refers to violent acts by non-state groups targeting civilians,

security forces or infrastructure to instill fear or further political goals. In India, it
encompasses cross-border terrorism (e.g. militants infiltrating from Pakistan or
Afghanistan) and domestic terrorism (homegrown extremist groups).

Context & Causes: Historically, terrorism in India has roots in the 1947 Partition and
disputed territories (notably Jammu & Kashmir), religious conflicts, and separatist
movements. External support (e.g. Pakistan’s ISI backing groups in Kashmir and
Punjab in the 1980s–90s) and socio-economic grievances (marginalization of
communities, political disputes) have fueled militancy. Ideologies ranging from
Islamist radicalism to left-wing extremism (e.g. ideological support from Maoist
doctrine) also inspire attacks.

Impact: Terrorist attacks have inflicted mass casualties and societal fear, strained
communal relations, and hampered economic growth (tourism and investment).
High-profile incidents (e.g. 2008 Mumbai attacks, 2019 Pulwama convoy bombing)
have led to international tensions. Counterterrorism operations often require heavy
deployment of security forces, diverting resources from development. The threat of
terrorism also causes travel disruptions (no-fly zones, border closures) and can
polarize communities along religious or ideological lines.

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Recent Trends: India maintains tight surveillance against terrorism. In Jammu &
Kashmir, incidents have declined in recent years, but cross-border infiltration persists.
For example, security reports noted about 61 terrorist incidents in Kashmir in 2024, a
sharp fall from previous years, yet several attacks and arrests still occur annually. On
the Pakistan border, smuggling via drones is rising – the BSF intercepted 183 drones
from Pakistan in 2024 delivering drugs and weapons​ tribuneindia.com , highlighting
evolving tactics. Domestically, cell networks (like Indian Mujahideen or local extremist
cells) remain a concern. Analysts note that election cycles and communal tensions
sometimes trigger sporadic terror plots.

Government Response: India’s approach combines military, intelligence, and legal

measures. It created bodies like the National Investigation Agency (NIA, 2008) and
plans for the National Counter Terrorism Centre (NCTC) to improve coordination.
Specialized forces (NSG, anti-terrorism squads) and modern equipment bolster
readiness. Border fencing, electronic surveillance, and intelligence-sharing aim to
block infiltrations. The government also uses legal tools (Unlawful Activities
Prevention Act, bans on terrorist organizations) and engages in international
cooperation (e.g. extraditions, diplomatic pressure on state sponsors). Experts
emphasize that addressing underlying drivers – poverty, alienation, political inclusion
– alongside security operations is critical for long-term stability.

Left-Wing Extremism (Naxalism)

Definition: Left-Wing Extremism (LWE), commonly known as Naxalism, refers to

Maoist-inspired insurgency by groups like the CPI (Maoist). These armed rebels claim
to fight for the rights of marginalized tribal and rural poor through violent struggle
against the state.

Context & Causes: Naxalism originated in 1967 in Naxalbari, West Bengal, amid
landlessness and poverty. It gained momentum in tribal areas (Central and Eastern
India) where economic inequality and weak governance prevail. In 2004, two major
groups (People’s War and MCCI) merged into CPI(Maoist)​ economictimes.indiatimes.com . Their
ideology blends Marxist–Leninist beliefs with local grievances (land rights, anti-
mining, anti-caste discrimination). Underdevelopment, poor infrastructure, and state
neglect in these regions create a fertile ground for Naxal recruitment.

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Impact: The Maoist insurgency has been one of India’s deadliest internal security
threats. Between 2004 and 2024, LWE violence claimed 8,851 lives​ economictimes.indiatimes.com

(nearly half civilians, the rest security forces and militants). It disrupts rural economies,
scares away investment, and leads to the burning of schools, hospitals, and
communications. Security forces and vigilante groups have also inflicted casualties,
creating local fear and instability. Large areas of several states (Chhattisgarh,
Jharkhand, Odisha, etc.) remain “red zones” where normal administration is impaired.

Recent Trends: The insurgency has waned significantly in the last decade.
Government reviews reported that LWE-affected districts fell from 38 in 2010s to just
18 by 2025​ economictimes.indiatimes.com . Major Maoist cadres are killed or surrendering under
surrender policies. For example, coordinated operations have neutralized top leaders
and thousands of lower-level cadres. According to official data, by 2024, 8,851
persons were killed by Naxals since 2004​ economictimes.indiatimes.com . Many tribal
communities, once sympathizers, are increasingly turning against Naxalism as state
services improve.

Government Response: India’s counter-insurgency strategy is multi-pronged. Security

forces (Central Armed Police Forces and state police) launched “Area Domination”
campaigns to clear rebel strongholds. The government offers surrender-cum-
rehabilitation packages (proposed amnesty for Maoist fighters who disarm). Special
development funds (Security-Related Expenditure) are given to affected states to
build roads, schools and healthcare in rural interiors. Notably, states like Bihar and
West Bengal were recently removed from the list of Naxal-hit states due to
improvements. Experts argue that governance reforms and local empowerment
(panchayats, forest rights) have been as crucial as force in weakening the Maoists. The
Home Ministry continually monitors and declares most LWE groups banned, and
works on psychological operations to dissuade villagers from Maoist influence​
economictimes.indiatimes.com .

North-East Insurgency

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Definition: This refers to multiple insurgent movements in India’s Northeastern states

(Assam, Nagaland, Manipur, etc.), often demanding ethnic autonomy or separate
statehood. Distinct groups (e.g. NSCN in Nagaland, ULFA in Assam) have historically
waged guerrilla warfare against Indian authorities, citing cultural and ethnic identity
issues.

Context & Causes: Many insurgencies here trace back to British colonial policies that
merged disparate tribes into arbitrary states. Post-independence, ethnic groups
(Nagas, Mizos, Bodos, etc.) felt their identities and resources threatened by migration
and central rule. For example, Naga nationalists declared independence even before
1947. Others (Assamese, Manipuri, etc.) feared losing jobs and land to settlers.
Decades of neglect, competition over land, and ethnic divisions fueled numerous
armed uprisings.

Impact: The region saw decades of violence (kidnappings, bombings, clashes) and
heavy militarization (Armed Forces Special Powers Act is enforced in several states).
Commerce and development were hampered by blocks, strikes and uncertainty. Many
civilians suffered (killings, displacements). The diversity of languages and identities
made lasting peace challenging.

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Recent Developments: In the past few years, the government achieved notable
breakthroughs through negotiations. Major peace accords include the 2020 Bodo
Peace Accord (Assam) – which led 1,615 Bodo militants to surrender​ mha.gov.in – and
similar settlements with Karbi, Adivasi, Dimasa and other groups​ mha.gov.in . In 2023,
historic agreements were reached with Manipur’s oldest valley insurgent UNLF​
mha.gov.in and Assam’s ULFA​ mha.gov.in , leading to disbanding of armed outfits. Tripura
saw accords with NLFT/ATTF and an agreement with TIPRA for indigenous rights.
These agreements have reduced violence and brought thousands of guerrillas back to
civilian life. Nonetheless, new flare-ups (like ethnic clashes in Manipur in 2023)
indicate underlying tensions.

Government Response: New Delhi has combined peace talks with development.
Alongside accords, it set up regional autonomy (Nagalim Framework in Nagaland),
and granted financial packages (e.g. for education, infrastructure). Central forces like
the Assam Rifles actively patrol porous borders. The police and Army also conduct
operations against remaining militants. For example, curfews and internet restrictions
were imposed during Manipur unrest (September 2024)​ hrw.org . Security officials
emphasize cross-border intelligence (Myanmar and Bangladesh borders), and political
dialogue – recently extending ceasefire agreements with Nagaland’s factions. Experts
note that lasting peace in the Northeast requires inclusive governance and addressing
youth unemployment, in addition to law-and-order measures​ mha.gov.in ​ hrw.org .

Communalism and Religious Violence

Definition: Communalism in India refers to strong allegiance to one’s own religious

community (Hindu, Muslim, Sikh, etc.) often coupled with hostility towards others. It
manifests in communal violence – riots or clashes between religious groups.

Context & Causes: India's history has seen periodic communal violence, often linked
to politics or social tensions. Key flashpoints included the 1947 Partition, the 1984
anti-Sikh riots, the 1992 Babri Masjid demolition (leading to nationwide Hindu–
Muslim riots), and the 2002 Gujarat riots, among others. Causes range from political
scapegoating of minorities, provocative speeches or publications, rumors about
religious insults, economic competition, or revenge cycles from earlier violence. Social
media and WhatsApp have recently accelerated rumor spread, igniting tensions (as
seen in Manipur in 2023).

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Impact: Communal riots tear at the social fabric, breed mistrust, and displace people.
They also have severe economic costs (property damage, loss of livelihoods) and can
invite international criticism (concerns over minority rights). Politically, communal
violence is often exploitative, eroding secular institutions. For instance, in 2024
communal clashes (some linked to festival celebrations) killed at least 13 people​
scroll.in and left hundreds injured and property destroyed. Disproportionate targeting
and punitive measures (e.g. bulldozing of homes) can further alienate communities​
scroll.in .

Recent Trends: Civil society monitoring indicates a rise in communal incidents in

recent years. A 2024 report documented 59 communal riots nationwide (an 84%
jump from 2023)​ scroll.in . Election periods and the aftermath of national events (e.g.
Ayodhya temple consecration) saw spikes in incidents. Traditional urban riots are now
supplemented by rural lynch mobs fueled by online rumors. According to human-
rights activists, enforcement often appears uneven: they note instances where
government actions (like demolition drives) disproportionately impacted Muslim
victims in riot cases​ scroll.in , raising concerns about bias.

Government Response: India uses a mix of law enforcement and welfare measures.
Riot control by police and speedy convictions under relevant IPC sections (153A, 505,
etc.) are standard tactics. Special investigation teams are sometimes constituted (e.g.
after large riots). The government also attempts reconciliation: for example,
Commissions (like the Sachar Committee) study minority issues to suggest inclusive
policies. In 2022, authorities arrested many for hate speeches and booked groups
spreading rumors. Recently, Information Technology rules require social platforms to
address misinformation. However, critics argue that preventive action against hate
campaigns is inconsistent. The state also emphasizes secular education and interfaith
dialogue to build resilience. Enforcement of communal harmony laws and community
policing (e.g. “Sherifers” in Assam to maintain peace) are among current efforts.

Ethnic Violence

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Definition: Ethnic violence involves clashes between distinct ethnic or tribal

communities within India. Unlike purely religious riots, these conflicts are often driven
by ethnic identity, land rights, or political representation.

Context & Causes: India’s diversity means that in some regions different ethnic
groups live in proximity with historical rivalries. Resource competition, migration, and
perceived discrimination ignite tensions. A recent example is the 2023 Manipur
conflict between the majority Meitei (predominantly Hindu) and minority Kuki-Zo
(predominantly Christian) communities, rooted partly in disputes over land, tribal
status and jobs. Similar clashes have occurred elsewhere, such as tribal versus settler
conflicts in Assam (e.g. Bodo–Muslim clashes in 2012) or attacks on tribal populations
in Odisha.

Impact: Ethnic clashes can be very deadly and destabilizing. In Manipur 2023 alone,
over 200 people were killed, several women were raped, and 60,000 were displaced
from their homes​ hrw.org . Villages have burned, and fears are deep. Such violence also
cripples education (schools shut) and healthcare (hospitals unsafe). The sense of
security among minority groups plummets, and rehabilitation needs (shelters, aid)
burden the state. Long-term impacts include generational mistrust and migration of
persecuted groups to other states.

Recent Trends: Ethnic violence has drawn national attention recently. The Manipur
clashes forced a week-long internet shutdown and curfews in several districts​ hrw.org .
Security agencies flagged fake news and drug trafficking rumors as triggers, and the
situation risked internationalizing (with diaspora involvement). Analysts note that
neglect of underlying grievances – such as unemployment and illegal immigration –
can cause such violence to erupt unpredictably.

Government Response: The immediate response is law-and-order: imposing curfews,

deploying additional paramilitary forces, and imposing communication blackouts to
halt rumors. In Manipur (2023–24), the state imposed curfew in three districts and
suspended internet in five districts​ hrw.org . Officials also commenced security sweeps
to arrest mobsters. For the long term, the government has promised economic
packages and talks. For instance, Manipur’s crisis prompted the announcement of a
Rs. 50,000-crore development plan for the state. Security experts emphasize enforcing
equal justice (no impunity for any mob) and engaging local leadership to defuse
hatreds.

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Cybersecurity Threats

Definition: Cybersecurity threats encompass all malicious activities targeting India’s

digital networks and information systems. This includes hacking of
government/commercial databases, ransomware attacks, phishing, state-sponsored
cyber espionage, and misinformation spread via cyberspace.

Context & Causes: India’s rapid digitalization (digital payments, e-governance) has
expanded the attack surface. High internet penetration and reliance on IT have made
Indian targets attractive for cybercriminals and hostile states. Threats range from
common criminals deploying ransomware for profit, to advanced persistent threats
(APTs) from foreign actors aiming to steal military or industrial secrets. The growth of
mobile networks and IoT devices adds vulnerabilities.

Impact: Breaches can disrupt critical functions (power grids, banking systems), leading
to economic loss and public panic. Data breaches compromise personal privacy and
national security. For example, 2024 saw high-profile leaks (e.g. 850 million customer
records from Health insurers, 2+ terabytes from a telecom firm​ sundayguardianlive.com ).
Ransomware incidents (over 108 major cases in 2024​ sundayguardianlive.com ) have halted
hospital services and educational institutions. Cyberattacks on critical infrastructure
could potentially disable utilities or defense communications. In sum, widespread
cyber threats undermine trust in digital systems and pose a hidden but growing
menace to national security.

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Recent Developments: Intelligence reports name India as the world’s second-most

targeted nation for cyberattacks (after the USA)​ sundayguardianlive.com . Attackers
increasingly use AI-powered malware and exploit weak links (e.g. public cloud
misconfigurations by groups like ‘KillSec’​ cert-in.org.in ). Ransomware gangs (LockBit,
RansomHub, etc.) have escalated operations in India​ cert-in.org.in . On the defense side,
authorities regularly report thwarted breaches and issue alerts. For instance, CERT-In
(Indian Computer Emergency Response Team) publishes yearly threat reports and
guidelines. India is also aligning with global cyber norms and sharing intel with allies,
as part of broader information security diplomacy.

Government Response: India has mobilized a robust institutional framework. CERT-In

(mandated by the IT Act) monitors cyber incidents and advises on remediation​
pib.gov.in . Under the National Cyber Security Coordinator (NCSC) at the NSA’s office,
the National Cyber Coordination Centre (NCCC) was set up to scan the cyber domain
and share threat data with agencies​ pib.gov.in . For citizens, the Cyber Swachhta Kendra
(botnet cleaning centre) provides free tools to remove malware​ pib.gov.in . MHA created
the Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C) to tackle cybercrime. A Cyber Crisis
Management Plan coordinates responses to large-scale attacks. Over 1,400
organizations have joined government cyber drills​ pib.gov.in to test preparedness.
Legally, the Information Technology Act was strengthened and rules issued (e.g. social
media intermediaries must remove flagged disinformation). Experts stress continued
upgrades (e.g. quantum-safe cryptography) and public–private partnerships for real-
time defense as the way forward.

Border Security Challenges

Definition: These involve threats arising from India’s land and maritime borders with
neighboring countries. Challenges include infiltration by terrorists/smugglers, illegal
migration, arms/drug smuggling, and cross-border firing.

Context & Causes: India has some of the world’s longest and most sensitive borders
(total ~15,000 km with Pakistan, China, Bangladesh, etc.)​ mha.gov.in . History (Partition,
wars) and geography (porous rivers, dense jungles) complicate boundary
management. Adversarial neighbors (Pakistan and China) and insurgencies in border
regions add strategic risk. Border areas are also used for transnational crimes – for
example, Bangladeshi smugglers or Rakhine militants crossing from Myanmar.

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Impact: Insecurity at borders affects national defense and local societies. Cross-
border infiltration has enabled terrorist attacks (e.g. 2016 Uri attack). Smuggling
undermines economy and law (e.g. drugs via the Pakistan border, cattle smuggling at
Bangladesh border). Disputes over borders (like with China in Ladakh or Arunachal)
can escalate into armed standoffs (e.g. Galwan 2020). On the frontier population,
ceaseless guarding imposes a heavy burden. Frequent firing exchanges (LoC with
Pakistan) threaten border communities.

Recent Developments: India has made considerable progress in securing borders. It

has constructed tens of thousands of kilometers of fences, floodlights, and Border
Out Posts under the Border Infrastructure and Management (BIM) Scheme
(Rs.13,020 crore allocated for 2021–26)​ mha.gov.in . To integrate surveillance, a
Comprehensive Integrated Border Management System (CIBMS) is being deployed​
mha.gov.in . These combine sensors, radars and data networks along the India–Pakistan
and India–Bangladesh borders. On specific fronts, successes include the 2015 India–
China Border Defence Cooperation Agreement (reducing face-offs) and robust
counter-infiltration measures on the western border. Yet challenges persist: for
example, BSF reported a record 183 drones infiltrating from Pakistan in 2024 (up from
107 in 2023) to smuggle drugs and arms​ tribuneindia.com . Similarly, conflicts at the
Bangladesh frontier continue: human rights groups report over 330 Bangladeshis
killed by the BSF (2013–23)​ thediplomat.com , fueling bilateral concerns.

Government Response: The government uses a layered strategy. Primary

responsibility falls on border forces: BSF (Pakistan/Bangladesh), ITBP (China), SSB
(Nepal/Bhutan), and Assam Rifles (Myanmar) are deployed along each frontier.
Technology (drones, night vision) augments patrols. India also strengthens legal
measures: new fencing and fast-track courts for border crimes. Bilateral talks address
irregularities (e.g. “Iron Fence” protocol with Pakistan to coordinate ceasefire
violations). Cross-border water agreements and migration pacts (e.g. the Land
Boundary Agreement with Bangladesh) have improved stability. Domestically, the BIM
and CIBMS projects (MHA’s Border Management-I Division) enhance real-time
monitoring​ mha.gov.in ​ mha.gov.in . Additionally, trade and security pacts (e.g. with Nepal
and Bhutan) help manage those borders peacefully. Experts note that while physical
barriers reduce infiltration, long-term success also depends on regional development
to reduce cross-border incentives.

Kashmir Conflict
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Definition: The Kashmir conflict is the long-running insurgency and political dispute
over Jammu & Kashmir (and now Ladakh). It involves secessionist militants (seeking
independence or merger with Pakistan) engaging Indian security forces, as well as
cross-border terrorism from Pakistan.

Context & Causes: When princely Jammu & Kashmir acceded to India in 1947, a
promise of autonomy under Article 370 was made. However, widespread
dissatisfaction, rigged elections (especially 1987), and heavy-handed policing led to
armed rebellion from 1989. Pakistani support (training and arming militants)
exacerbated the insurgency. The movement combined local nationalist ambitions with
foreign jihadist influences. Over the years, fighting between militants, Indian forces
and once-militant Kashmiri groups led to one of India’s largest civilian/military
casualty tolls. The conflict also saw tragic civilian tragedies (e.g. mass exodus of
Kashmiri Pandits in 1990).

Impact: The toll of the Kashmir conflict has been immense. From 2000–2024, official
figures note around 3,590 security personnel killed and over 13,300 militants killed
in Jammu & Kashmir, with 20,000+ civilian deaths​ en.wikipedia.org . The region is heavily
militarized (hundreds of thousands of troops), curfews and communication blackouts
are common, and normal life is often disrupted. Cross-border shelling on the Line of
Control causes military and civilian casualties yearly. Tourism and investment suffer
due to instability, and communal tensions can flare up (e.g. exodus of Kashmiri
Pandits). The conflict also heavily influences India–Pakistan relations, keeping these
nuclear neighbors in frequent confrontation.

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Recent Developments: In August 2019 the Indian government abrogated Article 370,
revoking J&K’s special status​ aljazeera.com . This major constitutional change split the
state into two Union Territories (J&K and Ladakh) under direct federal rule. The move
aimed to integrate the region more closely with India, but drew international
attention and local unease. Since then, major militant attacks have been relatively
fewer, though low-level insurgency continues. Security forces frequently conduct
counter-terror operations and mass surrenders have been encouraged (with militants
taking up government jobs or aid). Pakistan’s role persists: Islamabad continues to
abet infiltration attempts across the Line of Control, despite occasional ceasefire
agreements.

Government Response: India maintains a robust counter-insurgency posture in

Kashmir. It enforces AFSPA (Armed Forces Special Powers Act) in disturbed zones,
enabling swift action against militants. Local security policy also includes “Operation
Sadhbhavana” (hearts-and-minds projects), promoting development, education, and
political engagement of Kashmiri youth. The government has taken political steps too:
besides the 2019 reorganization, it introduced domicile laws to encourage non-
resident investment in the region. Special forces (CRPF, Army) routinely patrol and
conduct anti-terror sweeps, while intelligence agencies try to preempt plots. Laws like
UAPA are used to prosecute militants and their sympathizers. Analysts note that
addressing Kashmiri grievances (unemployment, political autonomy desires) is as
critical as the security clampdown. The Supreme Court is currently hearing petitions
on the 2019 decision, reflecting ongoing debate. Overall, Delhi’s strategy remains to
tightly control security in J&K while promoting economic integration, even as it
pressures Pakistan diplomatically to stop supporting terrorism in Kashmir.

Drug Trafficking and Narco-terrorism

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Definition: Drug trafficking refers to the illegal cultivation, manufacture, distribution,

and sale of narcotics. Narco-terrorism describes the nexus where terrorist groups use
drug trade to finance operations, or traffickers use terror tactics to protect their trade.

Context & Causes: India lies between two of the world’s largest opium-producing
regions – the Golden Crescent (Afghanistan/Pakistan) and the Golden Triangle
(Myanmar/Laos/Thailand). Heroin and opium from these zones frequently transit
through India’s porous borders (especially the northwest and northeast). India’s long
coastlines also enable maritime smuggling to and from countries like Sri Lanka​
indiatoday.in ​ indiatoday.in . Demand within India (for heroin, pharmaceuticals, & increasingly
synthetic drugs) provides a market, while corrupt officials and weak enforcement in
some border areas facilitate trafficking. In some northeastern insurgencies (e.g.
Manipur, Nagaland), local militant groups tax or traffic narcotics, intertwining drugs
with regional conflicts.

Impact: Drug smuggling has serious social and security impacts. Addiction and
overdose deaths rise, public health worsens, and families break apart. For security,
narcotics sales fund organized crime and sometimes terrorism, as noted by experts:
“The influx of [heroin] is a major problem… It undermines the rule of law, fuels
organized crime and funds terrorism”​ indiatoday.in . Seizures of large shipments (for
example, major heroin busts off the coasts of Tamil Nadu and Kerala) underline the
scale of the issue. Synthetic drug use (like methamphetamine) is also surging. Drug-
related corruption (e.g. bribery of border guards) weakens institutions. The
phenomenon of narco-terrorism – where terror groups use drug money – is an added
threat: Indian authorities allege, for instance, that Naxal rebels and foreign insurgents
in the northeast get revenue from drug proceeds.

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Recent Trends: Trafficking patterns are evolving. Terror groups have started using
drones and small boats to move narcotics across borders. India’s eastern states have
seen rising opioid seizures, prompting emergency interventions. There is also concern
about global syndicates (from Iran–Pakistan) seeking new routes through India. On
the demand side, use of synthetic psychotropic substances is increasingly detected in
cities and towns.

Government Response: India’s primary drug-enforcement agency is the Narcotics

Control Bureau (NCB). It operates raids, coordinates with states, and works with
international agencies like the UNODC. The government enforces the NDPS Act
(Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985) with heavy penalties. Border
fencing and patrols have been increased at key smuggling points (e.g. along
Pakistan’s Punjab border and Myanmar border). Crop substitution programs
incentivize farmers away from opium/ganja cultivation. India also participates in
regional mechanisms (SAARC drug-control treaty) for cooperation. In recent years
NCB has reported record seizures (heroin, meth, cocaine) and arrested major
syndicates. For instance, after uncovering that drug cartels use fishing networks and
sea routes, coastal surveillance and maritime patrols were strengthened. Experts
argue that tackling this issue requires not just crackdown but also demand reduction
(rehabilitation for addicts) and curb on money-laundering. Thus, India has also sought
to tighten financial regulations to cut off funds to traffickers and related terror
groups.

Radicalization of Youth

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Definition: Radicalization of youth refers to young people adopting extremist

ideologies (political, religious or ideological) that justify the use of violence. Such
youth may become supporters or operatives of terrorist or militant groups.

Context & Causes: Globally and in India, factors such as unemployment, educational
gaps, identity crises, and online propaganda contribute to radicalization. The digital
era has made it easier for extremist content to reach impressionable minds. In India,
disenfranchised youths from both majority and minority communities have
occasionally been drawn into radical causes – for example, joining Islamist militant
cells or left-wing guerrilla groups. Sometimes foreign-sponsored narratives (e.g. ISIS
propaganda) can resonate with a small subset of disaffected youth. Social networks
can create echo chambers (e.g. radical chat groups), and charismatic leaders (or even
conspiratorial myths) can lure young people.

Impact: Radicalized individuals pose a serious threat as they may carry out or facilitate
terror attacks, or recruit others. Even isolated “lone wolf” attacks, inspired by extremist
content (e.g. individuals attempting to join ISIS or committing hate crimes), are a
security concern. Radicalization can also fragment communities: if young people from
particular backgrounds join extremist politics, it breeds fear and mistrust in society.
Moreover, angry youth movements can disturb peace (through riots or violent
protests).

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Recent Trends: While India has not seen mass radicalization comparable to some
other countries, there have been notable cases. Agencies report that a few dozen
Indian youths have traveled to conflict zones or attempted to conduct terror acts
domestically in recent years. Conversely, radical right-wing content has sometimes
been cited in inciting communal clashes. The COVID-19 pandemic and economic
downturn have raised worries that alienated youth might be vulnerable to extremist
recruitment. However, most radicalization in India happens offline (prison
conversions, local networks) as well as online (social media).

Government Response: The government’s strategy is preventive and interventionist. It

has intensified online surveillance and banned extremist outfits (making recruitment
illegal). Specialist agencies (like the NIA and state anti-terror cells) monitor known
radicals. De-radicalization programs exist in prisons and sometimes via community
leaders. Initiatives like education campaigns, vocational training and youth clubs aim
to engage at-risk youth positively. Critics argue that more needs to be done –
including dialogue and better employment opportunities – to address the roots of
radicalization. Nonetheless, authorities regularly disrupt recruitment rings and have
schemes to rehabilitate former militants (e.g. job offers for surrendered Kashmiri
militants or Maoists).

Fake News and Misinformation

Definition: Fake news and misinformation involve the deliberate or careless spread of
false or misleading information through social media, messaging apps, and even
traditional outlets. In India, such content often targets sensitive issues (religion, caste,
politics) and can incite violence or panic.

Context & Causes: The surge of smartphones and social networks in India has created
a fertile ground for rumors. Viral WhatsApp messages or doctored videos can reach
millions instantly. Factors fueling misinformation include low media literacy, viral
politics, sensationalist media, and polarized communities ready to believe negative
news about “the other side.” During crises (COVID-19, political upheavals, religious
festivals), fake news often proliferates unchecked.

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Impact: Fake news has directly fueled violence and social discord. Security agencies
have highlighted cases where misleading videos and fabricated images sparked
deadly riots. For instance, during the 2023 Manipur ethnic clashes, authorities found
that viral fake pictures (e.g. a false claim of a tribal murder) helped trigger a cycle of
retaliatory violence​ m.economictimes.com . Similarly, communal rumors on social media have
led to mob lynchings in various states. Besides violence, misinformation undermines
trust in institutions (e.g. fake epidemic cures can hamper health measures) and even
affects elections (spread of communal hatred or doctored political reports).

Recent Trends: Fake news cases are on the rise. In mid-2023, more than 160 people
were killed in Manipur’s unrest, with security experts explicitly blaming “rampant
spread of false news and rumours” for intensifying the conflict​ m.economictimes.com . In
Tripura in 2021, police even filed cases under the stringent UAPA against over 100
individuals (including journalists) for allegedly posting “false news” about riots​
aljazeera.com . Election periods and law-and-order incidents see spikes in viral
disinformation. India’s fact-checking networks and independent media frequently
debunk viral myths, but not always quickly enough to prevent flare-ups.

Government Response: The government has tightened regulations on digital

platforms. The 2021 IT Rules compel social media companies to act against flagged
misinformation and disclose sources of viral messages to authorities. At the same
time, law enforcement has prosecuted those spreading communal rumors under
sections of the IPC and IT Act (and occasionally UAPA, as seen in Tripura​ aljazeera.com ).
Fact-check units have been set up by state and central agencies to quickly verify and
announce corrections. The National Media Policy (draft) and Press Council also
propose measures to curb fake news. However, critics caution against overbroad laws
infringing on free speech. Overall, tackling fake news is seen as an ongoing battle of
technological tools (AI content filters, digital watermarking) and public education
(campaigns to spot hoaxes) along with legal action against perpetrators​ aljazeera.com .

Organized Crime

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Definition: Organized crime in India involves structured criminal syndicates engaging

in activities like extortion, smuggling, human trafficking, kidnapping, and contract
killing. These groups are distinct from insurgent or terrorist outfits and often operate
in urban and border areas with mafia-like networks.

Context & Causes: After Independence, metropolitan areas saw the rise of
underworld gangs (notoriously in Mumbai and Kolkata) involved in bootlegging,
gambling, and extortion. Over time, organized crime expanded into financial crimes,
drug trafficking, and territorial rackets. Contributing factors include political
patronage (corruption), rapid urbanization (slum networks), and lucrative black
markets (drug and gun trade). Often, blurred lines exist between crime syndicates,
corrupt officials, and even insurgents – for instance, some northeastern insurgent
groups profit from drug smuggling, linking to the organized trade​ ocindex.net .

Impact: Organized crime breeds violence and corruption. Extortion rackets (collecting
“hafta” from businesses) undermine legitimate enterprise. Kidnapping for ransom
terrorizes families. Human trafficking gangs profit from exploiting women, children
and migrant laborers​ ocindex.net . High-profile gangland wars (firing in public places)
have terrorized cities in the past. Counterfeiting (currency, goods) endangers the
economy and health (fake medicines). The criminal underworld can also provide arms
for communal or communal unrest. Overall, organized crime erodes law and order
and public trust in justice.

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Recent Trends: The mafia-style extortion persists in many cities. For example, a recent
police bust in Mumbai uncovered a gang boss who had been illegally collecting
protection money from bars and shops​ ocindex.net . Human trafficking remains a major
problem: reports highlight India’s role as a source, transit, and destination for
trafficking (e.g. poor women trafficked for sexual slavery; men from Nepal/Bangladesh
for forced labor)​ ocindex.net . Illicit arms markets have grown – partly in tandem with
drug flows in the northeast​ ocindex.net . Technology has changed some aspects:
cybercrime syndicates target businesses and banks. However, traditional crime
syndicates still exploit weak enforcement and complex jurisdictions.

Government Response: Enforcement agencies like the CBI, NIA (against terror-linked
groups), state police crime branches, and the newly formed Special Task Force (in
some states) tackle organized gangs. The Indian Parliament passed laws like the
Maharashtra Control of Organised Crime Act (MCOCA) to prosecute gangsters.
Witness protection schemes are used to break the “omerta” in cases. Police
periodically crack down on extortion networks and fixers. The use of financial probes
(PMLA cases) and transnational cooperation has helped disrupt some syndicates.
Social interventions (community policing, slum redevelopment) aim to cut off
recruitment to gangs. Experts argue that disrupting the crime–politics nexus is
essential – India has seen success when tough action is taken irrespective of a
criminal’s connections. The Organized Crime Index ranks India as “extremely high”
threat, stressing the need for continued vigilance and legal reforms to counter
evolving syndicates.

Economic Offenses

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Definition: Economic offenses include white-collar crimes such as fraud,

embezzlement, money laundering, insider trading, bribery and corruption, tax evasion,
and scams against banks or government (like pyramid schemes). These non-violent
crimes undermine the financial system and governance.

Context & Causes: With liberalization of India’s economy, opportunities for financial
crimes expanded. Causes include inadequate regulatory oversight, complex tax codes,
corruption, and sophisticated criminal networks exploiting loopholes. Notorious cases
(Nirav Modi’s bank fraud, Kingfisher Airlines loan defaults, Saradha/PNB scams)
revealed high-level collusion and systemic risks. Globally, the rapid flow of money,
shell companies and digital transactions have made tracing illicit funds harder,
enabling large-scale scams.

Impact: The impact is profound on India’s economy and society. Banking frauds erode
public savings and investor confidence. For example, large-scale frauds at cooperative
banks or NBFCs have wiped out poor depositors’ life savings. Money laundering skims
tax revenue and finances other crimes. Economic crimes also fuel terrorism financing
(hawala networks). In the corporate sphere, scams can wipe out companies overnight,
causing job losses and market panic. A recent report shows bank fraud losses jumped
eightfold (to ₹21,367 crore) in the first half of 2024​ precisa.in , reflecting how rapidly
such crimes can escalate.

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Recent Trends: Authorities report a surge in fraud detection. In H1 FY2024, India

recorded 18,461 bank fraud cases – with many large corporate frauds contributing to
the record loss figures​ precisa.in . Cyber-based financial crimes (like phishing attacks on
online banking) are increasing. India’s listing on international watch-lists (FATF) led to
stricter enforcement: by end-2024, the Enforcement Directorate under the PMLA had
attached assets worth ₹1.45 lakh crore suspected of being proceeds of crime​ precisa.in .
Financial Intelligence Unit data showed undisclosed income of roughly ₹11,000 crore
in 2024 alone​ precisa.in .

Government Response: Multiple agencies crack down on economic crimes. The

Enforcement Directorate (ED) investigates money laundering and attaches illicit
assets (as above). The Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) and anti-corruption
bureaus prosecute fraud and graft. Strengthened legal tools include the Prevention of
Corruption Act (2018 amendments) and Special Court trials for economic offenses.
The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC) allows quicker action against wilful
defaulters. Regulators (RBI, SEBI) impose heavy penalties on banks and corporate
offenders. India also tightened corporate laws (stringent auditing norms) after scams
like Satyam. However, international experts note India is “moderately effective”
against money laundering​ precisa.in , suggesting more effort is needed. Initiatives like
digitization of transactions (to curb cash) and strengthening forensic capabilities are
underway. Some experts advocate cultural changes: promoting transparency and
financial literacy to deter small-scale bribery and tax evasion.

Communal and Regional Separatism

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Definition: This refers to political movements seeking separate homelands or

autonomy, based on communal (religious/ethnic) or regional identities. Unlike broad
insurgencies, these are focused on secession or statehood demands.

Context & Causes: India has witnessed several separatist agitations. Communal
separatism often refers to demands like a Sikh-majority Khalistan (for an independent
Sikh state) or Muslim separatism (though the latter has minimal mainstream presence
today). Regional separatism involves ethnic/regional groups wanting new states
within India (e.g., Gorkhaland in West Bengal, Vidarbha in Maharashtra). Drivers
include perceived cultural discrimination, economic neglect of particular areas, or
historic grievances. For instance, in the 1980s–90s, the Khalistan movement emerged
in Punjab due to alienation felt by some Sikhs. On the regional side, the creation of
Telangana in 2014 (from Andhra Pradesh) reflects a successful recent demand.

Impact: Historically, armed separatist movements have caused significant violence.

The Khalistan insurgency resulted in tens of thousands of deaths in the 1980s-90s​
reuters.com and set back Punjab’s development. Regional demands often led to strikes
and protests (occasionally violent) disrupting the economy. Even non-violent
movements strain political and administrative systems, requiring careful negotiation.
Such movements also sometimes intersect with terrorism (e.g. militant Khalistan
factions) or with other threats (naxal groups have exploited some separate-state
agitations).

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Recent Developments: Most separatist insurgencies have been contained or resolved.

The traditional Sikh insurgency is largely dormant domestically; Delhi’s focus on Sikh
separatist leaders abroad (as highlighted by tensions with Canada over the 2023
murder of a Khalistani leader) shows its continued strategic importance​ reuters.com .
Indian security agencies claim many Sikh separatist leaders in the West are involved in
crimes like drug trafficking to fund their cause​ reuters.com . On the regional front,
demands for new states have seen mixed outcomes: Bodoland insurgents accepted a
territory arrangement (Bodoland Territorial Region), Gorkhaland remains unresolved
but largely peaceful, and the Telangana issue was settled by state reorganization.
Notably, accords like the 2020 Bodo Peace Agreement effectively ended a militant
separatist struggle by bringing 1,615 cadres back into society​ mha.gov.in .

Government Response: The Indian approach has been to use constitutional and
political tools. The constitution allows creation of new states (as with Telangana).
Dialogues and promises of greater devolution of power are offered. Separatist outfits
are often banned and leaders arrested if they turn violent. The government also seeks
international cooperation: in late 2023 it formally asked allied nations to designate
extremist Khalistani groups as terrorist organizations. At home, developing remote
regions economically and granting political rights (e.g. special status for certain tribes)
aim to undercut separatist sentiment. Analysts stress a balanced approach: while
enforcing the law against any violence, the state also addresses genuine regional
aspirations through peaceful means, thereby undercutting the appeal of separatist
ideologies.

Security of Critical Infrastructure

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Definition: Critical infrastructure refers to systems and assets vital for the nation’s
security, economy, public health or safety. In India, this includes power grids,
telecommunication networks, financial systems, oil pipelines, transportation hubs, and
government installations.

Context & Causes: Such infrastructure is attractive targets for terrorists, saboteurs,
and cyber-attackers. Disabling a power grid or communication network can cause
chaos and economic losses. India’s growth has led to a complex network of critical
systems (e.g. integrated rail networks, national telecom backbone). Modern
infrastructures are increasingly digitized (smart grids, internet-based control),
introducing cyber vulnerabilities. Additionally, insider threats or espionage (from state
or non-state actors) are a concern, given that critical systems are often networked and
open to global supply chains.

Impact: Attacks on critical infrastructure can be catastrophic. Past incidents (such as

coordinated bombings of power substations or hacking of banking networks) have
caused widespread outages and panic. For example, nationwide power grid failures
(even if accidental) highlighted how a single failure cascades. Although no major
terror attacks on India’s grids have occurred recently, the risk remains: intelligence
agencies warn that a future attack could paralyze cities or defense capabilities. The
disruption to services (electricity, fuel, telecom) can stall daily life and emergency
responses, compounding the human cost of any attack.

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Recent Trends: India has become conscious of these vulnerabilities. The Information
Technology Act legally defines Critical Information Infrastructure (like power,
telecom, banking) and designates the NCIIPC (National Critical Information
Infrastructure Protection Centre) as the nodal body for their security​ pib.gov.in . While
major sabotage incidents are not reported every year, authorities regularly uncover
espionage attempts (like malware infiltration of SCADA systems) and insider threats.
On the physical side, there have been occasional incidents: e.g. sabotage attempts on
oil pipelines in Punjab (though often thwarted) and theft of transformer equipment.
Awareness of cyber threats has grown after global incidents (like the SolarWinds hack)
demonstrated risks to utilities.

Government Response: India has instituted specialized measures. In cyberspace,

NCIIPC (under the IT Act) works to secure vital networks; it mandates security audits
and testing for critical system providers​ pib.gov.in . Sectoral regulations (by RBI for
finance, by ISRO and C-DOT for space/telecom) enforce strict security norms. Regular
mock drills test the resilience of infrastructures to attacks​ pib.gov.in . Physically, security
at key sites (power stations, dams, airports) has been beefed up with fencing,
surveillance and armed guards. The government has also updated inter-departmental
contingency plans: for example, the Cyber Crisis Management Plan instructs all
ministries on countering cyber attacks on critical infrastructure​ pib.gov.in . Collaboration
with private industry (which often owns the infrastructure) is being strengthened
through Public–Private Partnerships and information-sharing networks. In sum,
protecting India’s critical infrastructure is now treated as a national priority,
combining technological safeguards (cybersecurity) with conventional security
measures.

Conclusion

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India’s internal security challenges, though varied in form, share some common roots
and dynamics. Common causes include socio-economic disparities and governance
deficits (fueling insurgencies and discontent), historical grievances (partition, ethnic
divisions), and the exploitation of technological and legal loopholes by malicious
actors. Global factors – such as terrorism ideologies, drug trade routes and cyber
proliferation – also influence many threats.

The major challenges ahead include evolving threats: terrorism and insurgencies
adapt to new tactics (e.g. drone smuggling, cyber-terror), communal and ethnic
tensions are magnified by misinformation, and cyber threats grow with India’s
digitization. Resource allocation is a perennial issue; balancing hard security
(deploying forces) with soft measures (development, education, dialogue) is complex.
Coordination across dozens of agencies and between central/state governments is
necessary but difficult. Moreover, ensuring civil liberties while enforcing laws against
extremism or fake news remains a delicate task.

Way Forward: Experts agree that a multi-pronged strategy is essential. First, holistic
development of vulnerable regions (tribal hinterlands, border areas, neglected states)
can remove fertile ground for extremism and separatism. Integrating local
populations through job creation, education, and political inclusion reduces
alienation. Second, technology and intelligence must stay ahead: investing in cyber
defenses, smarter surveillance (with privacy safeguards), and better socio-political
threat monitoring. Third, legal and institutional reforms (strengthening prosecution
of economic crimes, reforming counter-terror laws for better justice, upgrading
policing) are needed to close loopholes. Fourth, community engagement and
counter-radicalization initiatives – countering hate narratives and building communal
harmony through dialogue – can prevent violence before it happens. Finally,
cooperative diplomacy with neighbors (to control cross-border threats) and
international partnerships (for cyber and narcotics issues) will remain crucial.

In summary, India’s internal security is challenged by a complex web of traditional and

modern threats. Responding effectively will require sustained political will, inter-
agency synergy, and addressing the socio-economic underpinnings that many of
these issues share.

Government
ue Explanation Key Reasons Impacts Response

Violent attacks Cross-border Civilian & security NIA, NSG, CAP

by non-state support casualties, fear, conduct operat

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Government
ue Explanation Key Reasons Impacts Response

groups (e.g. (Pakistan/China), economic loss, border fencing

jihadists, radical communal tension patrolling; coun
separatists) ideologies, radicalization; l
historical (UAPA); interna
disputes pressure.
(Kashmir, etc.)

xtremism Maoist Poverty, land Killings of villagers “Area Dominat

insurgency in alienation, and soldiers, ops by forces;
tribal/rural inequality, weak disruption of local surrender/reha
India governance economies schemes; tribal
acts; developm
funds (SRE); sp
laws (UAPA).

Ethnic Tribal identity, Casualties, Peace accords

separatist ethnic autonomy displacement, NSCN, Bodo, e
movements in demands, underdevelopment, leading to surre
Northeast historic neglect arms proliferation mha.gov.in ;
states infrastructure p
social welfare
packages.

Religious Riots and Communal Deaths and Riot control by

clashes politics, injuries, social commissions/in
between provocation, polarization, hate speech law
religious rumors, social property damage rules on social
communities prejudice police FIRs und
IPC/IT Act.

nce Clashes Ethnic identity, Loss of life, mass Curfews and

between land rights, displacement (e.g. blockades (Imp
distinct migration 60,000 displaced in Manipur); spec
ethnic/tribal disputes Manipur), social economic aid;
groups rifts dialogues; AFS
disturbed areas
hrw.org .

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Government
ue Explanation Key Reasons Impacts Response

ty Threats Attacks on IT Digitalization, Data breaches, CERT-In and NC

systems, data, inadequate service outages, monitor threat
networks (e.g. security, global financial loss (21k pib.gov.in ; Cybe
hacking, cyber actors cr frauds FY24)​ Swachhta Kend
ransomware) precisa.in cleans malware
pib.gov.in ; cybe
laws/IT Act
enforcement.

rity Infiltration, Porous borders, Terrorist BSF/ITBP/SSB

smuggling, hostile infiltrations, deployments; b
border clashes neighbors, illegal smuggled fence and flood
with neighbors migration drugs/weapons, projects (₹13,0
cross-border firing BIM scheme)​
; CIBMS tech
monitoring​ mh

nflict Insurgency and 1947 accession High casualties Heavy CAPF pr

terrorism in dispute, rigged (20,000+ deaths)​ AFSPA; counter
J&K, dispute politics, Pakistani en.wikipedia.org , insurgency ops
over territory backing military 370 abrogation
deployment, aljazeera.com ; po
civilian suffering rehab and
development
schemes.

Illegal narcotics Golden Addiction, Narcotics Cont

Narco- trade; terror Crescent/Triangle organized crime Bureau seizure
funding via geography, growth, funds for border checks;
drugs demand, weak terrorists​ indiatoday.in Act enforceme
borders substitution pr
international
cooperation.

on of Young people Unemployment, New recruits for Surveillance of

drawn to identity issues, extremist groups, extremist conte
extremist social media lone-wolf attacks, deradicalization
ideologies propaganda social alienation programs; skill
development a
outreach; strict

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Government
ue Explanation Key Reasons Impacts Response

enforcement (U
Act).

Spread of false Viral social Incitement of riots IT rules for plat

formation rumors/pictures media, (e.g. Manipur to curb disinfo;
(often on social communal 2023), mob check units; arr
media) polarization, low violence, panic under IPC/IT Ac
literacy (UAPA in seriou
cases)​ aljazeera.com

Crime Mafia-style Socio-economic Human trafficking, Specialized pol

gangs in gaps, corruption, extortion (hafta), forces; anti-ma
trafficking, porous borders arms flow, (MCOCA); finan
extortion, undermine law​ investigations (
smuggling ocindex.net witness protect
anti-trafficking
agencies.

ffenses White-collar Regulatory Massive financial ED/CIC money-

crimes: fraud, loopholes, losses (banks lost laundering pro
embezzlement, banking gaps, ₹21,367cr in H1 (₹1.45 lakh cr a
money corruption 2024)​ precisa.in , attached)​ precis

laundering eroded trust stricter banking

(RBI fraud repo
CBI/FEMA actio

Regional Movements for Ethnic identity, Past violence Constitutional

separate states historic (Khalistan: tens of measures (state
based on grievances, thousands dead)​ reorganization)
religion/region perceived reuters.com ; regional dialogues and
injustice protests/disruption (e.g. Bodoland
mha.gov.in ); anti
bans on extrem
groups.

astructure Protection of Terror/Cyber Potential blackouts, NCIIPC oversee

power grids, threats, insider economic paralysis, protection of
telecom, risks, outdated public safety crises infrastructure​
transportation, tech mandatory sec
etc. audits; drills (Cy
Crisis Plan)​ pib.

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Government
ue Explanation Key Reasons Impacts Response

on-site security
facilities.

Sources: Official reports and media from Ministry of Home Affairs, think tanks, and
press have been used throughout (citations given inline). These include government
press releases and divisions (e.g., MHA LWE and Border Management divisions​
economictimes.indiatimes.com ​ mha.gov.in ), national news outlets (ET, Scroll) and international
analyses (Human Rights Watch, Reuters) to ensure a comprehensive and up-to-date
picture.

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Centre cuts Naxal-hit districts to 18, halts funds for four states - The Economi…
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funds-for-four-states/articleshow/119915239.cms

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https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/centre-cuts-naxal-hit-districts-to-18-halts-
funds-for-four-states/articleshow/119915239.cms

https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/2024-
09/NE_MajorInitiativesPeaceProcess_10092024.pdf

https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/2024-
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https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/2024-
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India: Renewed Ethnic Violence in Manipur State | Human Rights Watch

https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/09/14/india-renewed-ethnic-violence-manipur-state

India saw 84% rise in communal riots in 2024: Report

https://scroll.in/latest/1078383/india-saw-84-rise-in-communal-riots-in-2024-report

India saw 84% rise in communal riots in 2024: Report

https://scroll.in/latest/1078383/india-saw-84-rise-in-communal-riots-in-2024-report

India saw 84% rise in communal riots in 2024: Report

https://scroll.in/latest/1078383/india-saw-84-rise-in-communal-riots-in-2024-report

India: Renewed Ethnic Violence in Manipur State | Human Rights Watch

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India’s cyber security landscape in 2025: Emerging threats and road to resilie…
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Press Release:Press Information Bureau

https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2115416

Press Release:Press Information Bureau

https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2115416

Press Release:Press Information Bureau

https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2115416

Press Release:Press Information Bureau

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https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2115416

Ministry of Home Affairs | Government of India

https://www.mha.gov.in/en/divisionofmha/border-management-i-division

Ministry of Home Affairs | Government of India

https://www.mha.gov.in/en/divisionofmha/border-management-i-division

Ministry of Home Affairs | Government of India

https://www.mha.gov.in/en/divisionofmha/border-management-i-division

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India’s Kashmir clampdown continues four years after Article 370 abrogated …
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How India is caught in narcotics web of Golden Crescent and Death Triangle …
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Criminality in India - The Organized Crime Index

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Criminality in India - The Organized Crime Index

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4/27/25, 12:50 PM ChatGPT - Shared Content

Why Is Money Trail Detection Important in Preventing Economic Offences? - …

https://precisa.in/blog/importance-of-money-trail-detection-in-economic-offences/

Why Is Money Trail Detection Important in Preventing Economic Offences? - …

https://precisa.in/blog/importance-of-money-trail-detection-in-economic-offences/

Why Is Money Trail Detection Important in Preventing Economic Offences? - …

https://precisa.in/blog/importance-of-money-trail-detection-in-economic-offences/

Why Is Money Trail Detection Important in Preventing Economic Offences? - …

https://precisa.in/blog/importance-of-money-trail-detection-in-economic-offences/

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India PM Modi's Sikh separatist fight driven by security, politics | Reuters

https://www.reuters.com/world/india/india-pm-modis-sikh-separatist-fight-driven-by-security-
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India PM Modi's Sikh separatist fight driven by security, politics | Reuters

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Press Release:Press Information Bureau

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