VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE OF LUZON

Prepared by Christian T. Ventura BS Architecture 3A

INTRODUCTION:
Philippine architecture has roots in pre-colonial times, with indigenous Filipino
communities using natural materials like bamboo, thatch, and wood. Spanish colonial rule
introduced Western influences, leading to distinctive architectural styles like "bahay kubo" and
"bahay na bato," which combined traditional elements with Spanish techniques, such as capiz
shell windows and wooden latticework.

LOWLAND VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE:

 BAHAY KUBO (NIPA HUT):

Location: Throughout rural Luzon, especially in the Tagalog regions, Central Luzon, and
Southern Luzon.
Description: A traditional Filipino house made of bamboo, nipa palm, and other native
materials. It's elevated on stilts, has a thatched roof, and is designed for natural ventilation and
protection against floods.

 BAHAY NA BATO
Location: Historic towns like Vigan (Ilocos Sur), Taal (Batangas), and urban areas.
Description: A Spanish colonial-era house featuring a stone or brick lower level and a
wooden upper level. These houses often have large windows with capiz shells and wide eaves.

 BUNGALOW
Location: Throughout urban and suburban Luzon.
Description: A one-story house style that became popular in the 20th century, often
influenced by American architecture. Bungalows in Luzon may have wide verandas, large
windows, and are typically made with concrete and wood.
HIGHLAND AND INDIGENOUS VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE:

 IFUGAO HOUSES (BALE)

Location: Ifugao province, Cordillera region.
Description: These traditional houses are elevated on wooden stilts and made of wood and
cogon grass. They have a pyramid-shaped roof and are built without nails, using interlocking
wooden joints.

 KALINGA HOUSES (BINAYON/INALONG)

Location: Kalinga province, Cordillera region.
Description: Octagonal houses made from timber, bamboo, and cogon grass. The unique
shape helps them withstand earthquakes and the mountainous terrain.

 ISNEG HOUSES (BINURON/BALAI)

Location: Apayao and Kalinga provinces, Cordillera region.
Description: Elevated on stilts, these houses are made from bamboo and wood, with a steeply
pitched thatched roof designed for quick water runoff.

 IVATAN HOUSES
Location: Batanes, northernmost Luzon.
Description: Built from limestone, coral, and thick thatch, Ivatan houses are designed to
withstand typhoons with their thick walls and small windows.
  GADDANG HOUSES
Location: Cagayan Valley, particularly in the provinces of Nueva Vizcaya and Isabela.
Description: These stilt houses are made from bamboo and wood, with a steep thatched roof.
The houses are often decorated with intricate carvings and have a central hearth.

 TINGGUIAN HOUSES
Location: Abra province, Cordillera region.
Description: Traditional houses built on stilts with a wooden framework and a thatched roof.
The design reflects the Tingguian people's adaptation to their mountainous environment.

 ILONGOT (BUGKALOT) HOUSES

Location: Eastern side of the Caraballo Mountains, Nueva Vizcaya, Quirino, and Aurora
provinces.
Description: Ilongot houses are made from bamboo and cogon grass, elevated on stilts, and
have a steeply pitched roof. These houses are typically small and are designed for easy
disassembly and relocation.

COASTAL AND ISLAND VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE:

 TAGBANWA HOUSES
Location: Palawan (though culturally part of Luzon).
Description: These houses are elevated on stilts, made from bamboo and thatch, and are often
located near the coast. The design reflects the Tagbanwa people's seafaring lifestyle.
  KAPAMPANGAN HOUSES
Location: Pampanga and other parts of Central Luzon.
Description: Traditional Kapampangan houses are similar to the Bahay Kubo but often
larger and more ornate. They are elevated on stilts, have wide verandas, and are made from wood
and thatch.

HYBRID VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE:

 CHALET-STYLE HOUSES
Location: Throughout urban areas in Luzon.
Description: A blend of Filipino and American influences, these houses often feature wide
eaves, large windows, and an elevated living area. They became popular during the American
colonial period.

 ANTILLAN HOUSES
Location: Historic urban areas like Manila, Cavite, and Bulacan.
Description: A combination of Bahay na Bato and other European influences, these houses
have an elevated lower floor (often with a garage or storage space), with the main living area on
the second floor. They feature wide staircases, large windows, and intricate woodwork.
Introduction
The Visayas is one of the three major geographical divisions of the Philippines, situated in the central part
of the country.

It consists of three Regions:

 Western Visayas (Region VI)

 Central Visayas (Region VII)
 Eastern Visayas (Region VIII)

Historical Context
 Pre-Colonial Era: Indigenous groups such as the Visayans, including the Ati and Cebuano,
constructed homes tailored to their needs. Structures like the barkong bahay (boat houses) and bahay
kubo (nipa huts) were built from locally sourced materials. These homes were generally elevated to
mitigate flooding and provide ventilation, reflecting an adaptation to the tropical climate.

 Spanish Colonization (1565-1898): The arrival of the Spanish introduced European architectural
styles and techniques. The construction of the Bahay na Bato marked the transition to more durable
materials, combining local craftsmanship with European aesthetics. The influence of Catholicism also
led to the proliferation of stone churches, which often featured local architectural styles.

o Miag-ao Church (Iloilo): this church is famous for its intricate façade featuring native flora and
military motifs.
o Panay Church (Capiz): Known for its large bell,

 American Period (1898-1946): This era introduced modern building techniques and materials,
further diversifying architectural styles.

o Jaro Cathedral (Iloilo): While originally built during the Spanish period, it underwent
renovations during the American period, reflecting a blend of styles

Characteristics of Vernacular Architecture in the Visayas

1. Materials Used:
o bamboo and Wood: These are the primary materials used in traditional Visayan
houses, commonly known as "Bahay Kubo" or "Nipa Huts." Bamboo is
lightweight, flexible, and abundant, Bamboo is used for structural supports and
walls, , while hardwoods like narra and narra are used for structural elements.
o Nipa and Cogon Grass: These materials are typically used for roofing, providing
natural insulation and weather resistance.
2. Design Features
o Elevated Structures: Homes are often raised on stilts to prevent flooding and to
facilitate ventilation, crucial in the humid climate of the Visayas. The impact of
typhoons and other natural disasters has also influenced these designs.
o Open Verandas and Balconies: These spaces serve as social areas, promoting
interaction among family members and the communit

PARTS OF BAHAY NA KUBO

 1. Silong ( Basement)
 2. Bubong (Roof)
 3. Dingding (Walls)
 4. Sahig (Floor)
  5. Batalan (Wash Area or CR)
 6. Bulwagan (Living Area)
 7. Silid (Bedroom)
 8. Bintana (Windows)
 9. Haligi (Pillars or column)
 10. Tarangkahan (Door)

Regional Variations

Cultural Significance
Vernacular architecture is deeply intertwined with the cultural identity of the Visayas. It
embodies:

 Cultural Identity: The architectural styles reflect the history, values, and beliefs of the
communities. They serve as physical manifestations of cultural narratives and practices,
often linked to local traditions and folklore.
  Social Structure: Traditional homes often indicate social hierarchy and community
organization, with larger, more elaborate structures signifying higher status within the
community.

Challenges Facing Vernacular Architecture

 Urbanization and Modernization: The shift towards modern building materials and
techniques is threatening the survival of traditional practices. Rapid urban growth leads to
the demolition of traditional homes in favor of modern developments, threatening cultural
heritage.
 Natural Disasters: While vernacular architecture is designed to withstand the local
climate, stronger typhoons and changing weather patterns pose new challenges.

Conclusion
Vernacular architecture in the Visayas region serves as a testament to the rich cultural heritage,
environmental adaptability, and communal values of its people. The preservation of these
traditional practices is vital for maintaining cultural identity and promoting sustainable
development.

MINDANAO VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE

Vernacular Architecture

- Vernacular architecture is an architectural style that is designed based on. local needs,
availability of construction materials and reflecting local. traditions.

Historical Background of Mindanao Architecture

2.1. Indigenous Peoples of Mindanao

LANAO/MARANAO TAUSU
LUMAD
G

Key Features of Vernacular Architecture in Mindanao

3.1. Materials Used AMAKAN

NIPA
RATTA
PALM
N
 ● Bamboo: Widely used for framing, walls, and flooring due to its availability, strength, and
flexibility.

● Wood: Typically sourced from local hardwoods like molave or narra, used for structural
components and detailed carvings.

● Nipa Palm: Leaves used for thatching roofs, providing natural insulation and water resistance.

● Rattan: Used for furniture and decorative elements, valued for its durability and ease of use.

● Amakan: Woven bamboo or palm leaves used for wall panels, allowing natural ventilation.

3.2. Construction Techniques

● Jointing Methods: Traditional joinery techniques that do not rely on nails; often use wooden
pegs or lashings made from plant fibers.

● Roof Construction: Steep, thatched roofs designed to efficiently shed rainwater; frames typically
made from bamboo or wood.

o Wide Eaves: Provides shade and additional protection from rain, enhancing the comfort
of the living space.

● Stilts: Elevated structures to protect against floods, provide ventilation, and avoid pests.

Cultural Significance of Vernacular Architecture in Mindanao

4.1. Symbolism and Social Role

● Okir Carvings: Intricate designs commonly found in Maranao architecture, such as in the
Torogan, representing spiritual beliefs, social status, and cultural identity.

● Torogan House: Symbolizes power and prestige; serves as a status symbol for the Maranao datu
(chieftain).

● Communal Living: Homes are designed to accommodate large, extended families, reflecting the
importance of kinship and community.

● Rituals and Ceremonies: Architectural spaces are often the setting for important cultural rituals,
such as weddings, religious ceremonies, and community gatherings.

Regional Variations within Mindanao

5.1. Maranao Torogan (Royal House)

● Cultural Significance: Ancestral house of the Maranao datu (chieftain) or Sultan, symbolizing
power and prestige.

● Architectural Features: Elevated on large wooden pillars with intricate okir carvings and
panolong (ornate beam-end extensions).
 ● Materials: Typically constructed from hardwood, with a steep, thatched roof.

Examples of Maranao Torogan:

Torogan Laguind
of ab
Dayawa Torogan
n of

● Torogan of Dayawan, Marawi City: One of the most well-preserved Torogans, showcasing
intricate okir carvings and symbolic architecture.

● Torogan in Lanao del Sur: Several Torogans can be found in Lanao del Sur, often used for
cultural and ceremonial purposes. One is the Laguindab Torogan of Ganassi, Lanao del Sur

5.2. T'boli Longhouses

● Cultural Significance: Communal homes for extended families, reflecting the T'boli's close-knit
community structure.

● Architectural Features: Elongated structure with separate areas for different family units, often
raised on stilts.

● Materials: Constructed from bamboo, cogon grass, and wood.

Examples of T'boli Longhouses:

● Gono Bong Longhouse, Lake Sebu: A traditional

longhouse used for community gatherings and cultural activities.

● 5.3. Badjao Houseboats

● Cultural Significance: Mobile homes for the Badjao, also known as "Sea Gypsies," who live
primarily on the water.

● Architectural Features: Small, boat-shaped houses designed for life on the sea; equipped for
fishing and travel.

● Materials: Made from lightweight wood and bamboo, with thatched roofs.

Examples of Badjao Houseboats:

● Sama-Badjao Village in Tawi-Tawi: A community where houseboats are still in use, reflecting
Badjao’s seafaring lifestyle.

● Badjao Village, Zamboanga City: An area where the Badjao people live in stilt houses over
water, with some still maintaining houseboats.
5.4. Yakan Houses

● Cultural Significance: Traditional homes of the Yakan people, known for their weaving
traditions.

● Architectural Features: Elevated houses with steep, thatched roofs; often adorned with vibrant
woven textiles.

● Materials: Constructed from bamboo, nipa palm, and wood.

Examples of Yakan Houses:

● Yakan Village, Zamboanga City: A cultural village where traditional Yakan houses are
preserved, showcasing their unique architecture and textiles.

● Lamitan City, Basilan: Traditional Yakan houses can still be found in rural areas, reflecting their
indigenous construction methods.

Other Vernacular Architecture in Mindanao

UYAANAN HOUSE (MANSAKA TRIBE)

o Is typically a single-room structure built on top of a tree,

o elevated some twelve feet above ground supported by sturdy timber

posts.

o The house is usually made of bamboo, while the roof is made of sasal or
bamboo shingles.

o Traditionally, the front of the house is called papaudan faces the morning
sun. The house consists of the pilapil or their resting place, the tambi or
the sleeping area, the pangabwanan where food is prepared and cooked, and the talaga where
the kitchen utensils are stored.

THE GONO TAUG’NA HOUSE (T’BOLI TRIBE)

o is built mostly of bamboo, cogon, and uway.

o The house is made of woven bamboo strips, elevated some three feet above
ground, supported by bamboo poles, while the floor is made of bamboo
lath.

o The roof is made of dried cogon grass intricately tied with bamboo laths.

o Typically, the house is spacious where a raised platform called hoyuw is built alongside the
house’s flanks mainly for sitting and sleeping.

o On the other side is the kohu where food is prepared and cooked.
 o The windows or beng tenbo are wide and provide adequate light and ventilation, and serve as
ledges or extensions to the house.

BINOTOK HOUSE (ATA MANOBO TRIBE):

o is typically constructed on top of hills or

ridges adjacent to the fields and are
usually far apart from each other.

o It is usually square in shape, and is

constructed low, in some instances perched
on top of a stump of a tree, with half-
walls made of lawaan or langilan bark,

o while the roof is made of thick layers

of cogon.

o The floor is made of bamboo laths lashed on round timber joists.

o While the space below is used mainly for storage where an outdoor altar is called, the ankaw can
also be found.

THE BINANWA BALUY HOUSE (ATA PAQUIBATO TRIBE)

o is built perpendicular to the east, or the sidlakan

as it is popularly believed that facing the morning
sun will bring misfortune upon the dwellers.
o The house is usually elevated on stilts made of
sturdy round timber posts and, in some
instances, is perched on top of a stump of a tree
as a defense against pangayaw or raid.
o The roof is a bowed ridge beam of cogon grass
braided on bamboo purlins where carved figures
of a horse usually adorn the gable ends of the
roof.
o Small windows on the side and rear walls serve
as lookouts against potential spear-wielding
attackers.
o Inside the house are elevated platforms known as lantawan which are built along
the sides for sleeping and sitting while the area for cooking, called the abuan, is on
one side.
A fortification, also known as a fort, fortress, or stronghold, is a military construction aimed
at defending territories in warfare and establishing rule during peacetime.

Historical Origin

Derived from Latin 'fortis' (strong) and 'facere' (to make). First small cities to be fortified
were in the Indus Valley Civilization.

Overview of Fortification Architecture

Fortification architecture refers to the design and construction of military structures aimed
at defending territories during warfare. These constructions, often referred to
as forts, fortresses, or strongholds, have evolved significantly from ancient times to the
modern era. The primary purpose of fortifications is to protect against attacks, establish
control over regions, and provide a strategic advantage in military operations.

Types of Fortifications

Fortifications can be categorized into two main types:

1. Permanent Fortifications: Built during peacetime or when a threat is imminent,

these structures include elaborate forts and troop shelters designed for long-term
defense.

2. Field Fortifications: Constructed rapidly during active conflict, these include

trenches and temporary barriers designed to provide immediate protection for troops

Architectural Elements

Key components of fortification architecture include:

Bastions: Projections that reinforce a stronghold.

Curtain Walls: The main defensive walls connecting bastions.

Moats: Trenches surrounding fortifications to impede enemy access.

Ravelins and Demilunes: Freestanding fortifications placed in front of curtain walls to shield
them from direct fire

Fortification Architecture of Luzon

Fort Santiago (Fuerza de Santiago):

 Fort Santiago's architectural character blends Spanish colonial style with military
fortification design, while adaptively reusing the space over time and preserving its
historical significance through restoration efforts.
 The Fort Santiago was built using volcanic tuff, a lightweight, sturdy stone, to
withstand natural disasters. On-site bricks and roof tiles were also used for the
construction of the walls and structures. The fort initially used palisaded logs and
earth, but later transitioned to stone construction, incorporating wood for support
structures and interior fittings
 Located in Intramuros, Manila, this fortress was established in 1571 by Miguel López
de Legazpi. It served as the main defense structure for the walled city of Intramuros
and was built on the site of a former Muslim fort. Fort Santiago played a crucial role
in protecting Manila from invasions and is now a significant historical site.
 It was constructed between 1590 and 1593. The initial construction began after the
establishment of Manila as the capital of the Spanish colony in 1571, with the fort
being built using hard stone to replace an earlier structure made of logs and earth
that had been destroyed in conflicts, including attacks by Chinese pirates in 1574.

Fort San Felipe

 Fort San Felipe's architectural style is defined by its robust defensive features,
strategic layout, and use of durable materials, exhibits a distinctive architectural
 style that reflects its purpose as a military fortification during the Spanish colonial era
in the Philippines.It stands as a testament to the military ingenuity of Spanish
colonial architecture in the Philippines while continuing to serve as a historical
landmark today.
 Fort San Felipe's construction primarily utilized durable granite blocks along with
traditional mortar, ensuring its resilience as a military fortress during the Spanish
colonial era. This choice of materials has allowed it to endure through centuries as a
significant historical landmark in Cavite City.
 Located in Cavite City, this fort was crucial for defending Manila Bay. Originally built
in the late 16th century, it underwent several renovations over the years. The fort's
strategic location made it an essential military base during the Spanish colonial
period. Fort San Felipe's primary purposes included military defense against naval
threats, support for trade operations, serving as a prison for political detainees, and
acting as a symbol of Spanish colonial power in the Philippines. Today, it continues to
serve an educational role as a historical site for tourists.
 Fort San Felipe in Cavite City, Philippines, was constructed by the Spanish military
between 1609 and 1616. It was built as a defensive fortress to protect the first port
town of Cavite, which was strategically important for Spanish naval operations in the
region. The fort's construction was initiated under the governance of Juan de Silva,
reflecting the Spanish efforts to fortify their presence in the Philippines during that
period.

Fort San Antonio de Abad

 Fort San Antonio Abad, built in 1584 during the Spanish colonial period in the
Philippines, features a triangular fortification design typical of Spanish colonial
architecture. The fort evolved over time, incorporating elements popularized
by French military architect Sebastien Le Prestre. Key architectural features
include sturdy stone walls and structures, ramparts on the second floor, and
bright terra cotta tiles on the roofs. The main entrance faces north and
features a bas-relief of the traditional Spanish coat of arms. The south
entrance features a semicircular arch niche with an antique wooden statue of
St. Anthony Abbot, framed by decorative moldings. The fort's architectural
style, combining Spanish colonial elements with military influences, reflects its
evolution over centuries of occupation by various colonial powers. Despite
damage, the fort's well-preserved stone structures and unique architectural
features continue to captivate visitors today.
 The fort's use of durable stone materials, combined with decorative elements
like terra cotta tiles and wooden statues, reflects the architectural style
popular during the Spanish colonial era. Despite damages over the centuries,
Fort San Antonio Abad's well-preserved stone structures continue to showcase
the craftsmanship and materials employed in its original construction.
 Throughout its history, the fort changed hands multiple times, serving various
military functions under British, American, and Japanese control. It also played
a role during the Philippine–American War and World War II, further solidifying
its significance as a military installation. Today, Fort San Antonio Abad stands
as a historical site, reflecting its rich past and architectural heritage
 Fort San Antonio Abad was built in 1584 during the Spanish colonial period in
the Philippines. It was completed that year in what was then a separate
hamlet of Malate in Manila

Fortification Architecture of Visayas

Fuerte de San Pedro

 Fort San Pedro's architectural style reflects its historical significance as a military
stronghold during the Spanish colonization of the Philippines, blending functionality
with the aesthetics of colonial architecture.The fort, the oldest triangular bastion fort
 in the Philippines, features three sides facing the sea and land, providing strategic
defense against potential attacks. Its three bastions, La Concepción, Ignacio de
Loyola, and San Miguel, equipped with cannons, are built with thick coral stone outer
walls. The interior layout features remnants of the fort's military past, historical
artifacts, and gardens for aesthetic appeal.

 Fort San Pedro, built in 1565, was initially made of wood. It was later rebuilt in coral
stone in the 17th century for durability. Key materials used were local timber, coral
stone, and limestone. These materials provided structural integrity and defense
against threats. Today, it serves as a historical monument and museum.

 Fort San Pedro, the oldest triangular bastion fort in the Philippines, was built by
Spanish conquistador Miguel López de Legazpi to protect the first Spanish
settlement. It served as a military garrison, housing troops and a stronghold during
conflicts like the Philippine Revolution. Today, it serves as a historical park and
museum, showcasing artifacts from the Spanish colonial era and offering visitors a
glimpse into Cebu's rich history.

 Fort San Pedro's construction began on May 8, 1565, shortly after the arrival of
Spanish conquistador Miguel López de Legazpi in Cebu. Initially built as a wooden
fortification, it was later reconstructed with coral stone in 1738 to enhance its
defensive capabilities. This makes Fort San Pedro not only the oldest fort in the
Philippines but also a significant historical landmark reflecting the early Spanish
colonial presence in the region.

FUERZA DELA NUESTRA SEÑORA DEL ROSARIO

 The architectural style of Fuerza de la Nuestra Señora del Rosario exemplifies

Spanish Colonial architecture, characterized by its robust defensive features and
religious significance. This style not only highlights the military needs of the time but
also reflects the cultural and spiritual values brought by Spanish colonization.

 Materials: The fort is constructed using local materials, including stone and coral,
which were commonly used in the construction of military structures during the
Spanish period.

 The Fuerza de la Nuestra Señora del Rosario, also known as Fort San Pedro, was built
in 1617. This fortification was constructed as a defense against pirate attacks and to
protect the city of Iloilo during the Spanish colonial period. It featured a square shape
with four bastions and was made of mortar and stone, reflecting the military
architectural styles of the time. The fort played a significant role in safeguarding the
area from threats, particularly from Moro pirates, and has historical importance in the
region's colonial history

Fuerza de Capul

 Its architectural style reflects a blend of functionality and simplicity, designed to

serve both religious and defensive purposes. Fuerza de Capul's architectural style
combines elements of Spanish colonial design with practical fortification features,
making it not only a place of worship but also a historical refuge for the local
community during times of conflict.

 The Capul Church, also known as Fuerza de Capul, is built using a variety of materials
to reflect its historical context and the need for durability against external threats.
The main material is stone, used for its robust walls and protection against Moro raids
during the Spanish colonial period. The second church, built after the original wooden
structure, is made of limestone, providing greater resilience than earlier materials
like nipa and hardwood. The bell tower is capped with metal sheets, ensuring
weather resistance and longevity.

 This fortification was built to guard the entrance to San Bernardino Strait. It is now in
ruins but is an important historical site reflecting Spanish military architecture.
  while the original mission church was established in 1596, the current stone fortress
church structure dates back to the late 18th century, completed in 1781 under Father
Valero's direction. It remains an active parish church and a prominent historical
landmark in Northern Samar.

Fortification Architecture of Mindanao

Fort Pilar

 Fort Pilar's architectural style is characterized by its bastioned design, use of coral
stone, and a rich blend of cultural influences that reflect its historical significance as
a military fortress in Zamboanga City.

 The walls of Fort Pilar are constructed from coral blocks, which were locally sourced
and provided durability against the elements and enemy assaults. The walls are
approximately 2 meters thick and 6 meters high, ensuring robust fortification.

 This quadrilateral stone fort was constructed under the orders of Governor-General
Fernando Bustamante. It served as a military defense against pirate attacks and is
now a prominent historical site.

 Fort Pilar was constructed starting on June 23, 1635, under the direction of Fr.
Melchor de Vera, a Jesuit missionary engineer. The fort was built to defend
Zamboanga City from various threats, including attacks from Dutch pirates and Moro
forces. It was later abandoned in 1663 and subsequently rebuilt in 1718

Fort San Francisco Javier

 Fort San Francisco Javier exemplifies Spanish colonial military architecture through its
strategic design, robust construction materials, and historical context as a defensive
stronghold in Mindanao.

 Fort San Francisco Javier was constructed mainly from volcanic tuff and mortar, with
wood possibly used in auxiliary structures, reflecting the military architectural
practices of the Spanish colonial era.

 Fort San Francisco Javier was constructed to provide military defense against
invasions, serve as a logistical hub for supplies, and reinforce Spanish colonial
authority in Mindanao. This star-shaped fort was built to protect the area from Moro
raids. It is one of the few remaining examples of Spanish military architecture in
Mindanao.

 Fort San Francisco Javier was built in 1642. This fortification was constructed by the
Jesuits in Iligan City, Philippines, primarily to defend against invasions from local
tribes and the Cotabato Sultanate.

Fort San Jose

 Fort San Jose's architectural style is characterized by robust defensive structures,

with thick stone walls and geometric shapes. Walls are often made from
mampostería, a mix of stone and mortar. Defensive elements include watchtowers
for surveillance, cannons on parapets for naval defense, and barracks for soldiers
stationed there.
 The fort was constructed using abundant coral stone blocks, known for their
durability and availability. Lime mortar was used to bind the blocks together,
providing structural integrity and ensuring the fort's longevity and resistance to
elements and attacks.
 This triangular fort was constructed to prevent Moro incursions and control the local
population. It played a crucial role in Spanish military strategies in the region.
 Fort San Jose in the Philippines, specifically located in Surigao Del Sur, was
constructed in the 17th century. It was part of a series of fortifications built to protect
against Moro incursions and to defend Spanish interests in the region. The
 fortification was commissioned under the command of Agustín de San Pedro during a
time when Spanish settlers were establishing their presence in the archipelago.The
exact year of its construction is not definitively recorded, but it is generally
recognized as being built around the early 1600s, coinciding with the establishment
of Spanish settlements in the area

LUZON
By; Crizha Mae A. Clarito
The saint dominic de guzman parish church
Location: Sitio Marucdoc, Brgy. Nagbalayong, Morong, Bataan
 also known as abucay church, is a 17th century baroque church located at brgy. Laon
abucay bataan Philippines. It was build in 1587 and was administrated in 1588 by
the Dominicans
 On the 16th day of September in 1852, the church suffered a horrible damage during the
earthquake but it survived. It was destroyed by fire in 1870 but was revived and
reconstructed under Father Jose Diego Pelaez.
 The building is more than 400 years old. It is one of the oldest churches in the
Philippines, built during the Spanish period. The construction was headed by Father
Geronimo se Belen in the 1600s. The church was established and designed in Spanish
architectural style.
 The management of Abucay was handed over to the Dominicans in 1588. It is the silent
witness of the ruthless massacre that happened during the Dutch invasion of the
Philippines. On June 23, 1647, a ferocious battle among the Dutch invaders and the
Filipino defenders was fought in the church courtyard; there were more than two
hundred casualties.

San Agustin Church (Manila)

 Historical Significance: San Agustin Church, located in Intramuros, Manila, is the

oldest stone church in the Philippines. Initially constructed in 1571, it was originally made
of nipa and bamboo, and was known as Iglesia y Convento de San Pablo. Due to natural
disasters, invasions, and earthquakes, it was rebuilt several times (1571, 1575, 1586),
with its final stone structure completed in 1607.
 Cultural Importance: The church was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site as part
of the "Baroque Churches of the Philippines." It symbolizes the introduction of
Christianity by the Spanish during their colonization, witnessing significant historical
events like earthquakes, wars, and the destruction of Intramuros during World War II.
 Architectural Features:
o Facade: A simple Baroque design with minimal ornamentation, reflecting a
combination of European Baroque and Asian influences. The facade is
symmetrical with two doors and a central window.
o Bell Tower: Unlike many Baroque churches, its bell tower is integrated into the
main structure rather than being standalone.
o Interior: The interiors are elaborate with trompe-l'œil paintings by Italian artists,
featuring architectural illusions on the ceilings and walls. Inside, there are carved
molave wood choir stalls with ivory inlays, a baroque pulpit with pineapple motifs,
and a grand pipe organ. The 16th-century crucifix and massive chandeliers from
Paris also add to its grandeur.
Tumauini Church (Isabela)

 Historical Significance: Built as an independent parish in 1707 and completed in 1805

by Dominican friar Domingo Forto, the Church of Tumauini is one of the historical gems
of Isabela.
 Architectural Features:
o Facade: Built with red bricks, the church is notable for its Rococo-Baroque
facade, adorned with intricate carvings of flowers, leaves, and sunbursts.
o Bell Tower: The cylindrical bell tower, often compared to a wedding cake, is the
only one of its kind in the Philippines. Despite bullet marks from past conflicts,
the bell has never been recast, maintaining its historical integrity.
o Pediment: The church has a unique circular pediment, a rarity in Spanish-era
churches, adding to its visual distinction.
 Recognition: Tumauini Church was declared a National Historical Landmark in 1989.

Paoay Church (Ilocos Norte)

 Historical Significance: Known officially as San Agustin Church, Paoay Church is

famous for its resilience against earthquakes, a trait of its Earthquake Baroque
architecture. Its construction began in 1694 and was completed in 1710 under the
supervision of Father Antonio Estavillo.
 Architectural Features:
o Structure: Built with coral stone and bricks, the church has 24 massive buttresses
on its sides and rear to support its structure against seismic activities.
o Design: The facade integrates Gothic, Baroque, and Oriental influences, while
inside, a gold-plated altar holds a figure of Saint Augustine.
o Bell Tower: The separate, three-story bell tower played a significant role in
Philippine history, serving as an observation post during the revolution against
Spain.
 Cultural Importance: The church is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, part of the
"Baroque Churches of the Philippines."

Taal Basilica (Batangas)

 Historical Significance: Officially known as the Minor Basilica of Saint Martin of Tours,
the Taal Basilica is the largest Catholic church in Asia. The original church was
established by Augustinian missionaries in 1575 but was destroyed in the 1754 eruption
of Taal Volcano. Reconstructed over several decades, it was severely damaged again
by an earthquake in 1852.
 Architectural Features:
o Facade: The grand Neo-Classical facade features massive Doric columns and a
triangular pediment, giving the structure an imposing appearance.
o Interior: The basilica's interior is equally monumental, with a high ceiling
supported by barrel vaults, creating an expansive, awe-inspiring space.
o Bell Tower: The octagonal bell tower, standing separately from the main church,
enhances its fortress-like design.

Nuestra Señora de la Asuncion Church (Sta. Maria, Ilocos Sur)

 Historical Significance: This church, known as the Church of the Lady of Assumption,
is another UNESCO World Heritage Site in the Philippines. Originally a chapel for the
town of Narvacan, it was relocated to Santa Maria in 1769 by Augustinian friars.
 Architectural Features:
o Structure: The church was built atop a hill with massive fortress-like walls and
buttresses, providing a strategic vantage point.
o Bell Tower: The bell tower was added in 1810 and features a slightly leaning
structure, which gives the church a unique appearance.
o Materials: Initially built with bamboo, it was later replaced with bricks and mortar
for greater durability.
  Cultural Significance: The church is recognized for its defensive design, reflecting its
role not just as a place of worship but also as a refuge for the local community during
conflicts.

Daraga Church (Albay)

 Historical Significance: The Church of Nuestra Señora de la Porteria, or Daraga

Church, was built in 1773 by Franciscan missionaries and became a refuge for survivors
of the 1814 eruption of Mayon Volcano.
 Architectural Features:
o Facade: The church’s facade is constructed from volcanic stones and displays a
combination of Baroque, Mexican Baroque, and Renaissance Gothic
architectural styles. It features columns with medallions of the Evangelists and
the coat of arms of the Franciscan Order.
o Bell Tower: The octagonal bell tower is carved with images of the 12 Apostles.
o Materials: The volcanic stones used in its construction reflect the local
craftsmanship and natural resources available in the region.
 Cultural Importance: Daraga Church symbolizes the resilience of the local people
following the destruction of Cagsawa by the Mayon Volcano eruption. It remains a
testament to their faith and cultural identity.

VISAYAS
Miag-ao Church (Iloilo)

 UNESCO World Heritage Site: Recognized for its significant cultural value and its
distinct architectural style, Miag-ao Church is one of the four Baroque Churches of the
Philippines included in the UNESCO World Heritage List.
 Location & Background: Situated in Miagao, Iloilo, the Sto. Tomas de Villanueva
Church was built between 1787 and 1797 by the Augustinian friars. It was established to
serve as a fortress against pirate incursions that plagued the area during the Spanish
period.
 Architectural Design: The church showcases a blend of Baroque-Romanesque
architecture, deeply rooted in Filipino cultural elements. It features an intricate facade
decorated with bas-reliefs of local flora and fauna such as coconut, papaya, and guava
shrubs. The centerpiece depicts St. Christopher carrying the Christ child. The facade
also includes life-size statues of the Pope, St. Henry, and the church's patron, St.
Thomas of Villanova.
 Structural Features: The church's foundations sink six meters into the ground, with
walls over 1.5 meters thick, reinforced by massive buttresses three times thicker. Twin
belfries, one two stories high and the other three stories, add to the fortress-like
appearance.
 Interior: The interior boasts thick coral stone walls, a high wooden ceiling, and an
intricately carved retablo at the altar. Natural light filters through small windows,
enhancing the solemn and serene atmosphere.

Sto. Niño Basilica (Cebu)

 Historical Background: The Basilica Minore Del Sto. Niño in Cebu is the oldest
Catholic Church in the Philippines, dating back to 1565. It was built on the same spot
where the image of the Sto. Niño (believed to be gifted by Ferdinand Magellan to Queen
Juana in 1521) was rediscovered by Spanish soldiers.
 Repeated Reconstruction: The original wooden church was built in 1566, but several
fires over the centuries led to the construction of the current stone structure in 1735.
 Religious and Cultural Significance: The basilica houses the Sto. Niño, the oldest
Christian relic in the country, and is a major pilgrimage site. The image of the Holy Child
survived multiple fires, deepening its miraculous significance. Pope Paul VI elevated the
church to a basilica in 1965.
  Architectural Features: Built with hewn stones, the basilica has a simple yet grand
Baroque design, incorporating European influences. The structure has witnessed
numerous religious festivals, including the famous Sinulog Festival held annually in
honor of the Sto. Niño.

Bantayan Church (Cebu)

 History & Patronage: Officially the Saints Peter and Paul Church, Bantayan Church is
the oldest parish in Cebu, founded in 1580 by Augustinian priests. The church was
originally offered to Nuestra Señora de la Asuncion, though St. Peter became its patron
saint.
 Architectural Elements: Built in 1839, the church has a unique facade with arched
doors and ornate niches. It features twin pilasters and a pediment adorned with reliefs of
the Holy Trinity and saints. The four-level bell tower, added later, showcases open
arches, enhancing its monumental appearance.
 Artistic Ceiling: In 2018, the Dibuho Kisame Project involved 12 artists who painted an
intricate design covering 1,130 square meters of the ceiling. The artworks were unveiled
in 2019, adding a contemporary touch to the church's historic interior.

Jaro Cathedral (Iloilo City)

 Historical Importance: Built in 1864, the Jaro Cathedral is the seat of the Archdiocese
of Jaro and home to the miraculous image of the Lady of Candles, crowned by Pope
John Paul II during his visit in 1981.
 Architectural Style: The cathedral features a Romanesque Revival style, evident in its
arched windows, triangular facade, and bell tower located across Jaro Park.
 "Male Church": Inside, statues of male saints line the pillars, with the Lady of Candles
being the sole female figure. The image of the Lady of Candles, over 400 years old, is
enshrined above the main entrance and is a focal point of pilgrimage and devotion.
 Earthquake Damage & Restoration: The church was severely damaged by an
earthquake in 1948 but was fully restored by 1956.

Baclayon Church (Bohol)

 UNESCO World Heritage Site: Baclayon Church, also known as the Church of
Immaculada Concepcion, is one of the oldest stone churches in the Philippines, built in
1717 by Spanish missionaries.
 Construction & Materials: Made from coral stones and egg whites used as binding
material, the church is a remarkable example of colonial engineering. It has survived
multiple disasters, including earthquakes and invasions.
 Interior Design: The church's interior is adorned with an intricate retablo, frescoed
ceilings, and several chapels. Its minimalist yet solemn cross-shaped layout emphasizes
spiritual tranquility, making it a popular pilgrimage site in Bohol.

Santa Monica Church (Panay, Capiz)

 Home of Asia's Largest Church Bell: The Santa Monica Church houses the “Dakong
Lingganay,” a massive bell weighing 10.4 tons, cast from 70 sacks of coins donated by
local residents.
 Baroque Architecture: Built in 1884, the church is a fine example of Baroque
architecture with Neoclassical touches. It features coral stone walls, European-style
columns, and ornate carvings.
 Decorative Elements: The facade boasts a niche of St. Monica, Corinthian pilasters,
and a decorative bas relief. The bell tower is five stories high, containing the Dakong
Lingganay, a significant attraction for both religious and historical visitors.
Immaculate Conception Church (Ozamiz, Misamis Occidental)

 The Immaculate Conception Cathedral Parish, commonly known as "Ozamiz

Metropolitan Cathedral," is one of the most notable churches in Northern Mindanao.
Established in 1811, it serves as the seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Ozamis.
 Architectural Design: Designed by the renowned Filipino architect Leandro Locsin, the
cathedral was completed in 1960. A significant renovation took place from 1997 to 1998,
during which a new façade was installed, receiving both praise and criticism.
 Interior Features: The interior is illuminated by blue and pink stained glass window
panels, creating a bright and serene atmosphere. The north transept is dedicated to the
Immaculate Conception, while the south transept honors Saint Joseph.
 Unique Elements: The cathedral houses a pipe organ, installed in 1967 and restored in
2011, making it the only existing pipe organ in Mindanao. Additionally, it features
memorials for the Augustinian Recollect and Jesuit missionaries.

San Isidro Labrador Church (Bukidnon)

 Known as the "Malaybalay Cathedral," this church reflects the agricultural heritage of
Bukidnon, dedicated to San Isidro Labrador, the patron saint of farmers. The diocese
was established as a territorial prelature in 1969 and elevated to a diocese in 1982.
 Architectural Style: The church showcases a blend of Spanish colonial and local
Filipino influences, characterized by a simple yet enduring design suited to its rural
setting.
 Exterior Characteristics: Features a symmetrical layout with a plain stucco finish, often
in white or earth tones. Large wooden or metal doors, possibly adorned with decorative
carvings, welcome visitors. A prominent bell tower typically accompanies many Filipino
churches, enhancing the community connection.
 Interior Layout: Designed to accommodate a large congregation, the interior is
spacious with wooden pews and high ceilings for ventilation. The altar, often decorated
with statues or paintings, serves as a focal point. The walls may feature religious murals,
reflecting local decorative elements and the church's spiritual significance.

St. James the Apostle Parish Church (Dapitan City, Zamboanga del Norte)

 Historical Significance: Established in 1631 by Jesuit Fr. Pedro Gutierres, this church
is notable for being where national hero Dr. Jose Rizal worshipped during his exile
(1892-1896).
 Architectural Evolution: The original structure, built in 1871 with galvanized iron walls
and wooden floors, underwent several renovations. Notable changes were made from
1904 to 1909, and a major reconstruction occurred in 1964, culminating in the
inauguration of the new church on July 23, 1967.
 Architectural Features: The church features a simple Gothic-style façade,
characterized by twin square bell towers with pyramidal roofs and semicircular arched
openings. The main entrance has a Gothic arch, flanked by rounded pilasters and
topped with a triangular pediment.
 Interior Design: The interior boasts a uniquely designed ceiling of interlocking orange
and white rectangles, creating an optical illusion of depth. A German-made manual pipe
organ from 1827, brought by the Augustinian Recollect fathers, enhances the church's
historical ambiance.

Fort Pilar Shrine (Zamboanga City)

 Historical Context: Originally built as a military fortress in the 17th century, Fort Pilar
was constructed to protect Zamboanga City from pirates and foreign invaders. Founded
on June 23, 1635, it was designed by Jesuit missionary engineer Melchor de Vera.
 Architectural Features: The fort's robust stone structure reflects its military purpose,
with significant renovations over the years, including a reconstruction in 1718. The site
serves as a Marian shrine dedicated to Our Lady of the Pillar, the city’s patroness.
 Current Role: Recognized as a National Cultural Treasure and a Cultural Heritage Site,
Fort Pilar now hosts modern Philippine contemporary art exhibitions and functions as a
regional museum, preserving the rich history and culture of the area.
  Significant Events: Throughout its history, Fort Pilar has witnessed various military
engagements and significant incidents, including the mutiny of Zamboanga in 1662 and
the tsunami that hit in 1976.

MINDANAO

Immaculate Conception Cathedral (Ozamiz, Misamis Occidental)

 Historical Background: Established in 1811, the Immaculate Conception Cathedral Parish is also
known as the Ozamiz Metropolitan Cathedral under the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Ozamis.
The present cathedral was designed by renowned Filipino architect Leandro Locsin and
completed in 1960, with renovations in 1997–1998 that updated the façade, attracting both
praise and criticism.
 Architecture and Features:
o The interior features blue and pink window panels that give the space a serene, calming
atmosphere. The north transept is dedicated to the Immaculate Conception, and the
south transept is dedicated to Saint Joseph.
o One of its unique features is its German-built pipe organ, installed in 1967 and restored
in 2011 by organ makers from Las Piñas City. It is reportedly the only existing pipe organ
in Mindanao.
 Other Dedications: The cathedral honors missionaries, with specific dedications to San Agustin
(Recollect missionaries) and San Ignacio (Jesuit missionaries).

San Isidro Labrador Cathedral (Malaybalay, Bukidnon)

 Historical Background: Located in the heart of Bukidnon, San Isidro Labrador Cathedral Parish is
known for its association with the Roman Catholic Diocese of Malaybalay, which was
established in 1969 and became a diocese in 1982. A chapel originally stood in Sumilao in the
1870s before Jesuit missionaries expanded it. The church is dedicated to San Isidro Labrador,
the patron saint of farmers, fitting the region's strong agricultural identity.
 Architectural Style:
o The church’s design likely reflects a blend of Spanish colonial and local Filipino
influences, with a symmetrical façade that includes large wooden or metal doors, bell
towers, and a simple, functional structure that fits the rural setting.
o Stucco exterior: The walls are probably finished with stucco and feature minimal
decoration, such as statues or niches.
o Interior: Designed to accommodate large congregations, the church has a spacious
nave, wooden pews, and an altar dedicated to San Isidro Labrador. Religious murals or
statues may adorn the interior.

St. James the Apostle Parish Church (Dapitan City)

Historical Significance:

 St. James the Apostle Parish Church is renowned for being the place where national hero Dr.
Jose Rizal worshipped during his exile in Dapitan from July 17, 1892 to July 31, 1896. Despite his
excommunication, Rizal regularly attended Mass, often standing near the entrance. During this
time, he contributed to the church by painting a backdrop for the altar, inspired by a church in
Barcelona, although it was later destroyed by fire.
 The parish itself was established in 1631 by Jesuit Fr. Pedro Gutierres, but the present structure
underwent significant changes in the 19th and 20th centuries.

Architectural History:

 The current church was built in 1871 under Fr. Juan Gelabert, S.J., with galvanized iron walls
and wooden floors. Over the years, the structure saw multiple renovations:
o From 1904 to 1909, under Fr. Antonio Obach, S.J., the walls were rebuilt using solid
masonry, and the floors were replaced with mortar.
 o In 1915, the floor was concreted, and the sanctuary was remodeled in 1921 by Fr. Eliseo
Gil, S.J..
o A major reconstruction occurred in 1964 when the entire church was almost completely
rebuilt using reinforced concrete under Fr. Antonio Hamak. The new structure was
inaugurated in 1967.

Exterior Features:

 The church’s Gothic-style façade is simple and understated, reflecting a focus on structural
elements rather than heavy decoration.
 Twin square bell towers with pyramidal roofs stand on either side of the building. Each tower
has semicircular arched openings for the belfries, a typical feature of Gothic architecture.
 The main entrance is framed by a Gothic arch, a signature of the style, and is topped by a lancet
window. Rounded pilasters flank the entrance, leading to a triangular pediment with a central
oculus, which adds a decorative yet restrained touch.
 The lancet windows on either side of the entrance emphasize the verticality of the façade,
another hallmark of Gothic design.

Interior Features:

 Ceiling Design: The interior features a beautifully designed ceiling that creates an optical illusion
of swirling depth and motion. Interlocking orange and white rectangles swirl around the dome
and arches, drawing the eye upward in a dynamic display that contrasts with the simplicity of
the exterior.
 Altar and Sanctuary: Though much of the original decoration was lost, including Rizal's painted
backdrop, the altar has been remodeled over time, with the sanctuary updated in 1921.
 Choir Loft and Pipe Organ: At the choir loft stands an 1827 German-made pipe organ, notable
for its European pipes and manual pump. This organ, brought to Dapitan in 1864 by the
Augustinian Recollect fathers, adds both historical and musical significance to the church.

Fort Pilar Shrine (Zamboanga City)

Historical Significance:

 Fort Pilar Shrine, also known as Fortaleza del Pilar or Real Fuerte de Nuestra Señora del Pilar
de Zaragoza, is a 17th-century Spanish military fort in Zamboanga City. Originally constructed in
1635 by Jesuit missionary engineer Melchor de Vera, it was designed to defend the city from
pirates, the Dutch, the British, and Moro raiders.
 The fort has a storied military history, playing a role in events such as the 1662 Zamboanga
Mutiny, the tsunami of 1976, and World War II. Abandoned in 1663, it was rebuilt in 1718 and
declared a National Cultural Treasure in 1973.
 Today, Fort Pilar is a prominent Marian Shrine dedicated to Our Lady of the Pillar, the patroness
of Zamboanga, and remains a major pilgrimage site.

Exterior Features:

 The fort was built with thick stone walls designed to withstand heavy assaults from pirates and
invaders. Its original layout includes bastions at strategic corners, enhancing its defensive
capabilities.
 The main gate opens into a central courtyard, with watchtowers and sentry posts positioned
along the walls, offering vantage points for guards to survey the surrounding area.
 The shrine’s exterior remains largely utilitarian, reflecting its military origins, though the walls
now bear the marks of time and history, standing as silent witnesses to various historical events.
Interior Features:

 Marian Shrine: The central religious feature within the fort is the open-air Marian Shrine
dedicated to Our Lady of the Pillar, a beloved figure for the local community. The shrine is
located in a quiet, open area within the fort’s grounds, drawing pilgrims for prayer and
reflection. The image of Our Lady, set against the historical backdrop of the fortress, symbolizes
both protection and faith.
 Museum and Exhibits: Inside the fort is a regional museum managed by the National Museum
of the Philippines, showcasing artifacts from the Spanish colonial era and other historical items
relevant to the fort and Zamboanga’s history. The museum also features contemporary art
exhibits, blending modern culture with the historical significance of the site.
 Courtyard: The central courtyard is an open space that has been used for both military and
civilian purposes throughout history. Today, it serves as a venue for cultural exhibitions and
gatherings, maintaining its role as a communal and historical space

SPANISH DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE

Reporter: Sundie S. Alcayaga, BS ARCH 3A

INTRODUCTION

Spanish domestic architecture in the Philippines, originating during the late 16th to 19th century, is a
significant cultural and historical development that combines indigenous Filipino traditions with Spanish colonial
influences, creating unique, functional, and aesthetically rich structures.

Spanish colonization in the Philippines significantly impacted architecture, with Spanish architects and
builders introducing new techniques, materials, and design principles adapted to local climates and customs,
leading to the development of unique forms that defined Philippine architecture.

BAHAY NA BATO

The Realm of Aristocratic Domesticity

 Casa mestiza or Bahay na bato is evolved from Bahay Kubo

 Became the inspiration in developing a simialr house having the same feature but on graderscale

 A type of domestic architecture emerged from two centuries of gestation combined the elements of the
indigenous and Hispanic building traditions

 Prevent the danger sposed by fires,earthquakes, and cyclones

BAHAY NA BATO ESSENTIAL FEATURES

 Two Storeys, at times, Three

 Ground floor is made of cutstoneor bricks, Upper floor is made of wood

 Grillwork that protect the ground floor windows

 Second-storey windows are broad with sliding shutters whose lattice work frames either
capizshells (placunaplacenta) or glass panels.

 Beneath the pasamano(window sill), auxillary windows called ventanilla (small windows),reach to the floor.
Protected with either iron grilles or wooden barandillas(baluster) and sliding wooden shutters

BAHAY NA BATO Architectural Analysis

 Zaguan (vestibule), vestibule and lower part as storage area

 Entresuelo (mezzanine area) – raised a meter above ground. Used as offices for servants quarter

 Escalera (wooden staircase) – with two landings led to the upper floor and directly onto the interior hanging
veranda (caida).

 Caida (antesala)– Waiting area before being received. This is the most immediate room from the stairs and
was an all purpose room for entertaining, sewing, dancing, or even dining.

 Sala (Living Room)– dances and balls were held during fiestas and special occasions. European influence was
evident in the furniture, draperies, paintings, porcelain jars, or piano adorning the sala.

 Comedor (dining room) – well-furnished with silverware, displayed in “plateras” or glasspaneled cabinets or
mesa platera.

 Cocina (kitchen) – With its distinctive “banguerra”

 Banyo or paliguan (bathroom) - Adjacent to the kitchen. It was often built separately from the toilet. • Latrina
(toilet)

 Batalan – metamorphosed into the azotea, an outdoor terrace where the residentsand their guests usually
relaxed.

 Volada, cantilevered gallery extending from the exterior of a building

 Cuarto - Bedrooms

Floor Plan of Bahay na Bato:

Spanish-Filipino House.
Transverse Section
A. Continuous post
B. Brick or stone wall
C. Floor girder
D. Floor joist
E. Wooden flooring
F. Roof girder
G. Roof truss
H. Roof purlins
I. Window
J. Ventanilla
Transverse Elevation of Bahay na Bato

The style of bahay na bato may also vary by area. Each region evolved its own building style, which was in many
cases dependent on the materials available. As construction techniques were developed, various parts of the
country began to show a preference for specific building materials.[ As a result, bahay na bato have several
variations along ethnic lines.

DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE IN LUZON

Metro Manila

Manila, the Philippines' capital, boasts diverse bahay na bato styles and materials, dating back to Spanish
colonization and the American era. Despite World War II's destruction, Metro Manila still has a high concentration
of these houses, primarily made from adobe.

Manila's Escolta district became the most important commercial district in the 19th century, with prestigious
companies and bahay na bato buildings established by British, German, and French immigrants.

EXAMPLES:

Casa Manila, Intramuros

Built in 1981 to 1983

Casa Manila in Intramuros, Manila, A reconstruction of an 1850s Spanish colonial house, Casa Manila represents
the typical urban domestic architecture of the era. It includes furniture, decor, and other artifacts from the period.

Materials used:

The materials used in Casa Manila's construction are a mix of traditional and imported materials. These include
Philippine hardwoods such as narra, kamagong, and lasong, as well as European materials like bricks, tiles, and
ironwork.

Kapitan Moy ancestral house, Marikina

Built in 1861

Kapitan Moy Ancestral House is a historical landmark located in Marikina, Metro Manila, Philippines. The house
was built in the 1800s and is one of the oldest remaining Spanish-era houses in the country.

Materials used:

The structure is made of stone, brick, and wood, with ornate tiles and solid doors.
Northern Luzon

Northern Luzon has some of the best preserved bahay na bato in the Philippines. The unique style of the north,
commonly in the Ilocos Region, usually bases its design on brick materials. This material is commonly used in bahay
na bato, churches and other constructed buildings, walls, monuments and fortification of the region.

EXAMPLES:

Syquia Mansion in Vigan, Ilocos Sur

Built in 1830

Is a 19th-century Spanish colonial architecture masterpiece. Built by the wealthy Syquia family, it features intricate
woodwork, capiz shell windows, and a courtyard, showcasing the Ilocano elite's lifestyle during the Spanish
colonial period.

Materials used: stone, brick, and mortar for the ground floor and wood for the upper floor.

Father Burgos ancestral house, Vigan

built in 1788

The house showcases the city's unique blend of Spanish and Chinese architectural styles and features ornate wood
carvings, intricate tile work, and other historical artifacts. Today, the house serves as a museum and a popular
tourist destination, offering visitors a glimpse into the life and legacy of Father Burgos and the rich cultural heritage
of Vigan.

Materials used:

The house's foundation is made of stone, while its walls are constructed from combination of wood and nipa palm
fronds (anahaw) with mud mortar.

Calabarzon

Calabarzon has some of the most thoroughly preserved heritage houses, built mostly using adobe stones. Towns
along the coasts of Luzon, especially in Batangas, used roughly hewn blocks of coral and adobe stone.

Luz-Katigbak House in Lipa, Batangas

Built in 1880
- The Luz-Katigbak House, a historic 18th-century house museum in Lipa, Batangas, Philippines, is the ancestral
home of the Katigbak family, showcasing Filipino architecture and cultural herita

Materials used: Structure : wood ( combination of hard wood and kapok wood), The exterior walls are made of
kamagong,

Casa Villavicencio, Taal Batangas

Built in 1850

The ancestral house in Taal, Batangas, a blend of Spanish colonial and local architectural elements, showcases
traditional Filipino residential design, serving as a family residence and accommodating social gatherings, reflecting
the domestic lifestyle of the time.

Materials:

Stone and Brick

Wood

Capiz Shells

Clay Tiles
Cement

Central Luzon

The bahay na bato in Bulacan and many in Central Luzon are famous for their carvings. The most notable ones are
in the Malolos, in its heritage core, where ancestral houses are located.[2] Since adobe lends itself to sculpture,
houses in Bulacan had façades decorated with carved flowers, leaves, and religious symbols.

Conrado Garcia Mercado Ancestral house, Bustos bulacan

Built in 1858

- used as a fort by the Katipuneros, unique architectural designs of stone carvings on facade and walls, unique type
of 18th century house, its all stone exterior, carved stone corner pillars and carved stone garland and crucifix
motifs at the entrance

Materials used:

Baroque-style carved stone corner pilasters, carved stone garland and crucifix motifs in the entrance,
chrysanthemum designs, decorative reliefs, molave planks with narra sidings, capiz windows, moveable panels,
graceful grilles.

DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE IN VISAYAS

Bahay na bato in Visayas are primarily made of coral stone, with some remaining adobe and bricks. Famous
locations include Cebu, Bohol, Negros, and Iloilo. The craft of cutting coral stones was a fine art, with blocks fitting
precisely and durable enough to be protected without a layer of paletada. Visayan noble settlements also feature
mansion-type payag, using wooden walls instead of stone walls. These arts were brought by Visayan settlers to
Mindanao coastal towns.

Yap-Sandiego Ancestral House (Cebu City, Cebu)

Built in 1680

- This is one of the oldest residential houses in the Philippines, built in the late 16th century. The house is a fine
example of Bahay na Bato, with its coral stone walls, wooden upper floor, and capiz shell windows. It has been
preserved and now serves as a museum.

Materials used: coral stones and molave wood.

Balay Negrense (Silay City, Negros Occidental)

Built in 1897

This ancestral house was built in the 1890s by Victor Gaston, a prominent sugar baron. It exemplifies the grandeur
of Antillean architecture in the Visayas, with its expansive layout, high ceilings, wide wooden staircases, and
intricate woodwork.

Materials used: pressed earth or adobe (mixture of soil, sand, and water.), coconut trees , narra wood, bamboo

Camiña Balay nga Bato (Arevalo, Iloilo City)

Built in 1865

- Camiña Balay nga Bato is one of the best-preserved examples of a Spanish colonial house in Iloilo. Originally
owned by the Avanceña family, this house showcases the typical features of the *Bahay na Bato*, with its stone
ground floor and wooden upper floor, large capiz windows, and wide eaves.
Materials used:

The materials used to construct this type of house typically include:

Natural stone, such as limestone or granite, for the foundation and walls

Bamboo or coconut wood for the frame and roof

Thatch or cogon grass for the roofing

Coconut leaves or basi leaves for roofing and insulation

Earth and mud for mortar and plastering

Handmade tiles or stones for flooring and other decorative elements

Natural materials like rattan, vines, and coconut husks for decoration and furniture.

Casa Gorordo (Cebu City, Cebu)

Built in 1850s

- is a fine example of the fusion between traditional Filipino *Bahay na Bato* and Spanish colonial architecture.
The house served as the residence of Juan Gorordo, the first Filipino bishop of Cebu. The architecture features a
mix of stone, wood, and Spanish tile roofing, typical of the period.

Materials used: pure Philippine hardwood and coral stone.

Casa Mariquit (Jaro, Iloilo City)

Built in 1803

- Casa Mariquit, a Spanish domestic architecture in Visayas, was the residence of Mariquit Lopez, wife of Philippine
Vice President Fernando Lopez, featuring traditional Filipino and Spanish elements, including thick stone walls,
wooden upper floors, and a tiled roof.

Materials used:

Stone

- providing durability and stability.

2. Wood

- known for their strength and beauty.

3. Capiz Shells

- allow light to filter through while maintaining privacy and adding a traditional aesthetic.

4. Clay Tiles

- effective for shedding rainwater and suitable for the tropical climate.

5. Ironwork

- add both security and aesthetic appeal, showcasing skilled craftsmanship.

6. Cement

- for added strength and stability.

DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE IN MINDANAO

Spanish domestic architecture in Mindanao, like in other parts of the Philippines, combines local indigenous
traditions with Spanish colonial influences. However, due to its unique cultural context and less pervasive Spanish
control, it is more prevalent in regions with stronger Spanish influence.

RODRIGUEZ ANCESTRAL HOUSE (Ozamiz City, Misamis Occidental)

Built in 1930s

a two-storey classic bahay na bato in Barangay Aguada with coral stone walls and large capiz shell windows. The
first floor is now occupied by hardware stores, but the interiors still exude the musty atmosphere of a bygone area
with wooden floors, family memorabilia, and four-poster beds.

Materials:

Concrete and Stone: using concrete and stone, providing a solid base for the house, designed to withstand natural
elements and provide security.

Wood: These durable woods are used for the floors, walls, ceilings, and intricate carvings, showcasing fine
craftsmanship.

Capiz Shells:allowing natural light to filter in while providing ventilation. Capiz windows are a distinctive feature of
Filipino-Spanish architecture.

Clay Tiles: which are characteristic of Spanish colonial homes. These tiles are both functional and decorative.

Metal: Wrought iron is often used for decorative elements such as grilles on windows, balconies, and railings.
These metalwork pieces add an ornate touch to the house's exterior and interior design.

Casa del Chino de Ygua, Cagayan de Oro

Built in 1930s

- this house reflects the blend of Spanish colonial influences and local styles. It features traditional elements such
as thick walls, large windows with capiz shells, and wooden beams, all characteristic of Spanish colonial homes.
The structure also represents the cultural synthesis that occurred in Mindanao, showcasing how Spanish
architectural styles were adapted to suit local climates and materials. Its historical significance and architectural
style make it a notable example of Spanish domestic architecture in the region.

Material Use: The house typically utilizes local materials like bamboo, wood, and stone, reflecting the adaptation
to the regional environment.

CONCLUSION:

Spanish domestic architecture in the Philippines is a blend of European and local influences, influenced by
the country's cultural and environmental context. It features elements like elevated Bahay na Bato, indigenous
materials, and intricate craftsmanship, highlighting climate and social interaction in design.

The style of bahay na bato may also vary by area. Each region evolved its own building style, which was in
many cases dependent on the materials available

CIVIC ARCHITECTURE
By: RHEA MAE B. PRECIOSA
⮚ Civic architecture, a multifaceted discipline that combines art, functionality, and
community engagement, plays a pivotal role in shaping the identity of cities and towns. It
goes beyond mere construction to create spaces that foster a sense of belonging and pride.
 CIVIC ARCHITECTURE IN LUZON
COLEGIO DE SAN IGNACIO (1580)
⮚ The Universidad de San Ignacio was a university in the city of Manila which existed
during the Spanish colonial era in the Philippines. It was founded in 1590 and is one of
the earliest educational institutions built by Europeans in East Asia when it was
established by Spanish Jesuits headed by Fr. Antonio Sedeño, S.J. The school ceased
its existence following the expulsion of the Jesuits in the archipelago in 1768.
⮚ The Colegio de San Ignacio showcased a blend of Baroque and Renaissance
architectural styles, typical of Jesuit buildings. Key elements included ornate facades,
arched windows, and intricate detailing, reflecting both religious and educational
significance. The structure often featured a central courtyard, highlighting open spaces
for learning and contemplation, while decorative motifs symbolized Jesuit ideals. Its
design emphasized functionality and spirituality, creating an inviting environment for
students and faculty alike.
UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS (1611)
⮚ ·The University of Santo Tomas officially the Pontifical and Royal University of Santo
Tomas, Manila or colloquially as Ustê, Founded on April 28, 1611, by Spanish friar
Miguel de Benavides, third Archbishop of Manila, it has the oldest extant university
charter in Asia After the Jesuits, the Dominicans also claimed their reputation as they
established one of the best universities in the Philippines, the University of Santo Tomas
which was opened in 1611.
⮚ The University of Santo Tomas features a blend of Gothic, Baroque, and Neoclassical
architectural styles, characterized by an ornate facade with religious motifs, iconic
towers, pointed arches, spacious courtyards, and richly detailed interiors, all of which
create an inspiring environment for learning and reflect its Catholic heritage.
ATENEO DE MUNICIPAL(ATENEO DE MANILA UNIVERSITY) (1589)
⮚ ·Ateneo de Manila began in 1859 when Spanish Jesuits established the Escuela
Municipal de Manila, a public primary school established in Intramuros for the city of
Manila. It was in 1589 when the government entrusted the “Escuela Pia” to the Jesuits,
later this was called “Ateneo de Municipal” which is now the famous Ateneo de Manila
University.
⮚ During the Spanish period, Ateneo de Manila University was characterized by its colonial
architecture, including stone buildings with baroque details, wide corridors, and
courtyards that facilitated a communal atmosphere. The campus layout emphasized
religious and educational purposes, integrating chapels and classrooms that reflected
Spanish architectural influences while serving the Jesuit mission of education and moral
formation.
AYUTAMIENTO DE MANILA
⮚ The Ayuntamiento de Manila (Manila City Hall) is a building located at the corner of
Andrés Soriano Avenue (formerly, Calle Aduana) and Cabildo Street, fronting Plaza de
Roma in Intramuros, Manila, Philippines. Also known as the Casas Consistoriales and
also nicknamed as the Marble Palace, the Ayuntamiento was the seat of the Manila
City Council, which consisted of two alcaldes (city leaders), eight oidores (judges), a
clerk, and a chief constable. Destroyed in World War II and reconstructed thereafter,
the building now houses the offices of the Bureau of the Treasury.
⮚ Built between 1599 and 1607.
⮚ Construction of the Ayuntamiento began in 1599, opening in 1607 but was severely
damaged by an earthquake and demolished. It was rebuilt in 1738 in Baroque style,
 featuring ornate balconies and a central clock tower, which lasted until the 1863 Manila
earthquake. From 1879 to 1884, a new building was constructed by military engineer
Eduardo López Navarro, based on designs by architect Felipe Roxas.

PLAZA DE ARMAS
⮚ The Plaza de Armas is a public square in Intramuros, Manila. The central plaza of
Fort Santiago, it is one of three major plazas in Intramuros, the others being the
central Plaza de Roma (also called "Plaza de Armas" at one point in its history) outside
the fort grounds, and Plaza Moriones (not to be confused with Plaza Moriones in Tondo),
a larger plaza outside Fort Santiago which was once a military promenade before it was
closed in the 1863 earthquake that devastated Manila.
⮚ Built in 1571.
⮚ Plaza de Armas in Intramuros, Manila features a blend of colonial and neoclassical
architectural elements. Key characteristics include stone walls, arched entryways, and
intricate detailing reflecting Spanish influence. The plaza is framed by historical
structures, with greenery enhancing its ambiance. Notable elements include fountains,
statues, and pathways that create a harmonious space for both historical reflection and
public gatherings.
PLAZA MORIONES
⮚ Plaza Moriones is a public square in Intramuros, Manila. Located in front of the
entrance to Fort Santiago, it is one of three major plazas in Intramuros, the others
being Plaza de Roma located beyond the fort's grounds, and the Plaza de Armas located
inside the fort, to which it is often misconstrued for.
⮚ Plaza Moriones in Intramuros has evolved significantly since its origins as a bare open
space noted for its grass in 1875. By 1903, it had a few trees, and aerial photos from the
1930s show more greenery, particularly on the northern side. After World War II, it
returned to being primarily grassy, with some shrubbery added in 1983, alongside
concrete paths and a fountain.
⮚ In 1973, plans for its redevelopment emerged as part of a broader initiative by the
Spanish government, aiming to create a “cultural-recreational area.” Landscape architect
Dolly Perez was commissioned in the early 1990s to redesign the plaza, completing her
work in 1993. This transformation introduced a garden with 19th-century flora, natural
adobe and brick walkways, and low walls, enhancing its historical character. For nearly
25 years, Plaza Moriones became a favored spot for picnics, weddings, and leisurely
strolls.
MALAGONLONG BRIDGE (1840-1850)
⮚ The Malagonlong Bridge (Spanish: Puente de Malagonlong) and (Filipino: Tulay ng
Malagonlong) is a five-span 445 ft (136 m) long stone arch bridge built during the
Spanish colonial period in Tayabas, Quezon, Philippines. The bridge is known as one
of the oldest bridges as well as the longest bridge made during the Spanish era. It
was declared a National Cultural Treasure under the Historic Bridges of Tayabas on
August 12, 2011.
⮚ Malagonlong Bridge is characterized by its elegant arch design, constructed from
reinforced concrete for strength and longevity. Spanning a considerable distance, it
showcases a graceful curve that harmonizes with the landscape. The bridge includes
decorative railings that reflect local culture and incorporates pedestrian walkways
alongside vehicle lanes, ensuring safety and accessibility. Its combination of functional
elements and visual appeal makes it a notable structure in the region.
RIO PASIG
 ⮚ Located on the north side of the Pasig River entrance in Manila, this is the oldest light
station in the Philippines, founded in 1642. A 15 m gray stone lighthouse was built
here in 1846. This tower was demolished in 1992 and replaced by a new stone lighthouse,
which is much inferior architecturally to its predecessor.
⮚ The 49-foot (15 m) cylindrical first tower was a five-story stone tower including the
gallery-lantern room. The unique feature about this lighthouse was the placement of the
first four levels, which were in tangent circles if seen from above (meaning the four
circles are sharing one point of their sides or in tangent). except for the gallery-lantern
room, which is centered above the fourth level. Behind the tower was the lighthouse
keepers house that was detached from the tower also made of masonry. The white tower
had an effective focal point height of 52 feet (16 m) above sea level and sat at the end of
the north jetty at the Pasig River mouth. Its original light was a fixed white light visible
for 10 miles (16 km).

COREGIDOR
⮚ Located on an island in Manila Bay. The original 1835 lighthouse was the oldest in
the colony when the Americans arrived. It had an unusual design, a circular stone tower
rising from the center of an octagonal stone dwelling. The lighthouse was nearly
destroyed during World War II, when American forces held out for months on
Corregidor. It was demolished in 1950 and its stones were used in the construction of a
new lighthouse. The new building has the general form of the old one, with the tower
rising from the center of a building, but it is not a replica. The new tower is octagonal
rather than round, and the building at the base appears to be 12-sided.
⮚ The Corregidor Lighthouse features a robust, cylindrical tower design with a distinctive
white exterior, designed to withstand harsh coastal conditions, and is topped with a
powerful light source to guide ships in Manila Bay, while its historical character is
enhanced by an observation deck that offers panoramic views of the surrounding
landscape and the intricate stonework at its base, reflecting both its functional purpose
and its significance as a landmark in Philippine maritime history.

CIVIC ARCHITECTURE IN VISAYAS

COLEGIO DE SAN ILDEFONSO (1595)
⮚ The Colegio de San Ildefonso was an educational institution run by the Society of Jesus
in Cebu City, Philippines in the then Spanish Captaincy General of the Philippines. It
was established by the Jesuits in 1595 thus making it the first European-founded
educational institution in Asia. In Mexico City, the Jesuits had founded a college with
the same name in 1588. The Cebu City college was established by Fr. Antonio Sedeño,
Fr. Pedro Chirino, and Antonio Pereira of the Society of Jesus in August 1595. After
the expulsion of the Jesuits from Spanish territories in 1767, the buildings and facilities
were taken over by the Diocese of Cebu, then by the Congregation of the Mission, and
later by the Society of the Divine Word.
⮚ Colegio de San Ildefonso showcases a blend of Spanish colonial and neoclassical
architectural styles, featuring an ornate facade with arches and large windows,
symmetrical design, and courtyards that promote ventilation, while its stone and brick
construction, wrought iron details, and religious iconography highlight its historical and
ecclesiastical significance.
COLEGIO DE SAN JOSE (1600s)
 ⮚ The Colegio de San José is an educational institution with a rich history, particularly in
the Philippines. Founded in 1601 by the Jesuits in the Philippines, it aimed to provide
quality education rooted in Christian values. The school has undergone various
transformations over the centuries, adapting to the changing educational landscape and
societal needs.
⮚ Located at Jaro Iloilo City
⮚ Colegio de San Jose features a Spanish colonial architectural style with a symmetrical
layout, sturdy stone construction, and an elegant facade adorned with arched windows
and decorative moldings, while interior courtyards provide natural light and ventilation,
and intricate wrought iron details and religious motifs highlight its historical and cultural
significance.
CASA REAL DE ILOILO
⮚ The Casa Real de Iloilo, also known as the Old Iloilo Provincial Capitol, served as the
provincial government seat of Iloilo from the Spanish colonial period until 2006. Built in
1869, it is recognized as the first provincial capitol in the Philippines and was the
residence of the highest Spanish official in the region. Located at the intersection of
General Luna and Muelle Loney Streets, it stands next to the new Iloilo Provincial
Capitol. The National Historical Institute designated it a historical landmark in 2010, and
in 2022, it was declared an Important Cultural Property by the National Museum of the
Philippines.
⮚ The building's architecture initially adhered to the traditional Filipino bahay na bato
style, characterized by a concrete ground floor and a wooden upper floor. This design
included intricate interior details, a grand staircase, and spacious halls.

PLAZA LIBERTAD ( PLAZA ALFONSO XII)

⮚ Plaza Libertad, formerly known as Plaza Alfonso XII, is a historic plaza or town square
in Iloilo City, Philippines. It is considered the site where the flag of the first Philippine
Republic was raised in triumph after Spain surrendered Iloilo, the last Spanish
capital in the Philippines, to the revolutionary forces led by Gen. Martin Delgado on
December 25, 1898. Plaza Libertad is located in front of Iloilo City Hall in Iloilo City
Proper and is one of the six district plazas in Iloilo City.Plaza Alfonso XII, named after a
king of Spain, was constructed in the 1800s and is one of the oldest plazas in the
Philippines. It was surrounded by most of the government offices in Iloilo.
⮚ Plaza Libertad in Iloilo features a blend of colonial and modern architectural elements,
anchored by the Liberty Monument, surrounded by landscaped gardens and expansive
open spaces for public gatherings, with paved walkways connecting various focal points
and bordered by both historic and contemporary buildings that reflect the city's rich
heritage and modern identity.

PUENTE DELA RIENA – LEYTE, VISAYAS

⮚ Puente de la Reina, an old Spanish colonial bridge located in Ormoc, Leyte,

Philippines, is one of the few remaining examples of Spanish colonial era bridges in the
Visayas that still exist today. Unlike many of the country’s colonial heritage, Puente de
la Reina still serves its original purpose – as a bridge – for the beautiful people of
Ormoc.
⮚ Puente de Reina, or the Queen’s Bridge, features a robust arch design typical of Spanish
colonial architecture, constructed from durable stone and concrete, with ornate wrought
iron railings, a wide span for both vehicular and pedestrian traffic, and historical
significance that highlights the engineering ingenuity of its time, all while offering
picturesque views of the river and surrounding landscapes.
PUENTE DE ROMBLON

⮚ Located along Bagong Lipunan Street in Barangay I, beside Romblon West Central
School and near the town plaza. Built during the 1860s, the bridge has two arches
standing on three abutments. Its parapets are differ significantly from Puente de Belen
and Puente de Rio Casalogan as it features curved parapets supported by two small
columns on either end and a taller decorated column in the middle.
⮚ Puente de Romblon features a classic arch design typical of colonial-era bridges,
constructed from local stone and concrete, with prominent stone archways that provide
structural support and aesthetic appeal, decorative details reflecting its historical
significance, a wide roadway for vehicles and pedestrians, and a picturesque setting that
enhances its visual impact while symbolizing the region's cultural heritage.

PUNTA LUZARAN

⮚ This station is on Guimaras Island marking the southern entrance to Iloilo, Panay. The
lighthouse, a 17.5 m (58 ft) octagonal cylindrical tower, was completed in 1894. It
appears similar to the Cabo Bojeador and Cabo Engaño lights. The entire light station is
in ruins; the lantern is gone from the tower and the roof is gone from the keeper's house. I
am not aware of any restoration plans. At some time after 1920 the light was replaced by
a modern tower.
⮚ Punta Luzaran Lighthouse features a tall, cylindrical structure designed for maximum
visibility from the sea, equipped with a powerful rotating light source to guide ships, and
often adorned with bright colors or patterns for identification, along with a viewing
platform for panoramic views of the surrounding landscape, all set against a scenic
coastal backdrop that highlights its significance as both a navigational aid and a cultural
landmark.

ISLOTE DE MANIGONIGO

⮚ The island of Manigonigo is just off the northeastern corner of Panay. The Spanish
built a light here in 1894, described on the 1895 light list as a "gray iron tower, 34 ft
high" having a focal plane of 68 ft (21 m). The description is the same on the 1904 list;
the 1920 list says the tower is white but retains the 1894 date. I believe this was the first
of the tourelles, 10 m cylindrical cast iron towers prefabricated in France. The lighthouse
does not survive and has been replaced by a modern tower; ruins of the keeper's house are
standing.

CIVIC ARCHITECTURE IN MINDANO

CASA REAL

⮚ Casa Real served as the administration building and official residence of the politico-
military governor in Dapitan during the Spanish colonial period in the Philippines. Dr.
Jose Rizal stayed there from July 17, 1892, to March 1893. It faced the Dapitan City
Plaza and was located near key landmarks, including the Relief Map of Mindanao and St.
James Church. The building resembled the City Hall but featured three balconies on its
front, left, and right sides. Casa Real was demolished in the 1920s to make way for a
dormitory for the old Rizal Memorial Hospital, leaving only a historical marker to
commemorate its significance.
⮚ Casa Real's architectural character reflects Spanish colonial style, featuring a
symmetrical facade with decorative elements, three prominent balconies for outdoor
space, and large windows for natural light and ventilation, all constructed from local
materials, likely topped with a pitched roof and adorned with traditional motifs that
highlight local craftsmanship and heritage.