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HeMantra EduTech
Computer Awareness

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Introduction of Computer

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Functioning of a Computer
A computer operates on the Input-Process-Output model:

●​ Input: Data is entered via input devices (keyboard, mouse).

●​ Processing: CPU processes the data using arithmetic and logical operations.
●​ Storage: Temporary (RAM) and permanent (HDD/SSD) storage.
●​ Output: Processed data is displayed (monitor, printer).
●​ Feedback: The user may provide further input based on the output.

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Features of a Computer

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●​ Speed: Processes millions of instructions per second.
●​ Automation: Performs tasks without manual intervention.
●​ Accuracy: Minimal errors unless input is incorrect.
●​ Versatility: Can perform multiple tasks simultaneously.
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●​ Storage: Large memory for storing vast amounts of data.
●​ Connectivity: Can connect to networks and the internet.

History of Computers
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●​ Ancient Calculators: Abacus, Pascal’s calculator.
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●​ Mechanical Computers: Charles Babbage’s Analytical Engine (1837).

●​ First Electronic Computer: ENIAC (1945).
●​ Modern Computers: Transition from vacuum tubes to microprocessors.

Generations of Computers
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1.​ First Generation (1940-1956): Used vacuum tubes, slow and bulky (e.g., ENIAC).
2.​ Second Generation (1956-1963): Used transistors, smaller and faster.
3.​ Third Generation (1964-1971): Used ICs (Integrated Circuits), improved efficiency.
4.​ Fourth Generation (1971-Present): Microprocessors, personal computers emerged.
5.​ Fifth Generation (Future): AI, quantum computing advancements.

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Classification of Computers
●​ Based on Size: Supercomputer, Mainframe, Minicomputer, Microcomputer.
●​ Based on Purpose: General-purpose (PCs, laptops) & Special-purpose (ATMs, medical devices).
●​ Based on Processing: Analog, Digital, Hybrid computers.

Special-Purpose Computers
Designed for specific tasks such as:

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●​ ATM Machines: Banking transactions.
●​ Embedded Systems: In cars, microwaves, medical devices.

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●​ Supercomputers: Weather forecasting, scientific simulations.

Applications of Computers
●​ Government & Administration: E-governance, record-keeping.
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●​ Education: Online learning, research.
●​ Banking: Digital transactions, ATMs.
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●​ Healthcare: Patient records, diagnostics.
●​ Communication: Emails, social media.
●​ Business: Data management, automation.
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●​ Entertainment: Gaming, streaming.

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Computer Architecture
Input Unit

●​ Devices that send data to the computer for processing.

●​ Examples: Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner, Microphone, Touchscreen.

Output Unit

●​ Displays or delivers processed data to the user.

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●​ Examples: Monitor, Printer, Speakers, Projector.

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

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●​ The brain of the computer that executes instructions.
●​ Consists of:
○​ Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
○​ Control Unit (CU)
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○​ Memory Unit

Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

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●​ Performs arithmetic operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division).
●​ Handles logical operations (comparisons, decision-making).
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Control Unit (CU)

●​ Directs operations of the computer by managing data flow.

●​ Fetches, decodes, and executes instructions.
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PYQ 2022 JCA

The __________ interprets and carries out the basic instructions that operate the computer.​
(a) CPU​
(b) Operating System​
(c) Memory​
(d) Hard Disk​

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Memory Unit

●​ Stores data and instructions temporarily or permanently.

●​ Types:
○​ Primary Memory: RAM (temporary storage), ROM (permanent storage).
○​ Secondary Memory: HDD, SSD, USB.
○​ Cache Memory: High-speed memory for quick access.

PYQ 2022 JCA

Which one of the following options lists all secondary storage devices?​

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(a) RAM, ROM, CD-ROM​
(b) Cache, ROM, CD-ROM​
(c) Hard Disk, Pendrive, CD-ROM​

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(d) Hard Disk, Cache, RAM​

Motherboard
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●​ Main circuit board connecting all components.
●​ Houses CPU, RAM, storage, expansion slots, ports.
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Interconnection of Units

●​ Bus System: Transfers data between components.

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○​ Data Bus: Moves actual data.

○​ Address Bus: Carries location addresses.
○​ Control Bus: Manages signals for operations.
●​ Communication between CPU, memory, and I/O devices ensures smooth functioning.
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Computer Hardware

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PYQ 2022 JCA

Physical parts of a computer are called __________ of the computer system.​
(a) Operating System​ ​ (b) Software​
(c) Hardware​ ​ ​ (d) Files​

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Input Devices

●​ Input devices allow users to enter data and commands into a computer for processing.

Types of Input Devices:

Keyboard-Based Input

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●​ Keyboard: Standard input device with alphanumeric keys, function keys, and control keys.

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Pointing Devices

●​ Mouse: Controls cursor movement, has left & right buttons for selection.
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●​ Touchpad: Used in laptops as a mouse alternative.
●​ Joystick: Used in gaming and simulations.
●​ Trackball: A stationary device with a rolling ball, often used in specialized applications.
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Scanning & Imaging Devices
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●​ Scanner: Converts physical documents into digital format.

●​ Barcode Reader: Reads barcodes to identify products (used in supermarkets).
●​ QR Code Scanner: Scans Quick Response (QR) codes for information access.
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●​ Optical Mark Reader (OMR): Reads marked answers in exams.

●​ Optical Character Recognition (OCR): Converts printed text into digital text.
●​ Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR): Used in banking for processing cheques.

Audio & Video Input Devices

●​ Microphone: Captures audio input for recording or voice commands.

●​ Webcam: Captures video for video calls and streaming.

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E. Touch & Biometric Devices

●​ Touchscreen: Combines input and display (used in smartphones, ATMs).

●​ Biometric Devices: Fingerprint scanner, iris scanner, face recognition for security authentication.

Output Devices

Output devices display or produce the processed data from a computer.

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Types of Output Devices:

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Visual Output Devices

●​ Monitor (Display Screen): Displays visual information.

○​ CRT (Cathode Ray Tube): Older bulky monitors.
ra ○​ LCD (Liquid Crystal Display): Thin, energy-efficient screens.
○​ LED (Light Emitting Diode): Improved version of LCD with better clarity.
○​ OLED (Organic LED): High-quality display used in premium devices.
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●​ Projector: Displays content on a large screen for presentations.

Print Output Devices

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●​ Printer: Converts digital documents into physical form.

○​ Impact Printers: Dot Matrix Printer (slow, used for receipts).
○​ Non-Impact Printers: Inkjet Printer (for home use), Laser Printer (fast, for offices).
●​ Plotter: Prints large-scale images like engineering drawings.
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Audio Output Devices

●​ Speakers: Produce sound output from the computer.

●​ Headphones: Personal audio output.

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Tactile & Other Output Devices

●​ Braille Display: Converts text to Braille for visually impaired users.

●​ Haptic Devices: Provide vibration feedback (used in gaming controllers, VR devices).

PYQ 2022 JCA

Which of the following devices is NOT an Input device?​
(a) Keyboard​
(b) Scanner​
(c) Printer​

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(d) Joystick​

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Computer Memory

Memory Hierarchy

Computer memory is organized in a hierarchy based on speed, cost, and capacity:

1.​ Registers – Fastest, inside CPU, stores temporary data.

2.​ Cache Memory – Stores frequently used data for quick access.It is a storage buffer that stores the data which is
used more often, temporarily and makes, them available to CPU at a fast rate. Cache memory is a very high speed

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memory placed in between RAM and CPU. It increases the speed of processing. Cache memory is very expensive,
so it is smaller in size. Generally, computers have cache memory of sizes 256 KB to 2 MB.

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3.​ Primary Memory (RAM, ROM) – Main working memory for processing.
4.​ Secondary Storage (HDD, SSD, CD) – Stores data permanently.
5.​ Tertiary Storage (CD, DVD, Tape) – Used for backup and archival.

PYQ 2022 JCA

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Which of the following statements is correct?
1. Cache memory is used for storing data and instructions used during program execution.
2. Program and data files are not required immediately by the computer system which are stored on the hard disk.
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3. Program and data files rarely required are stored in RAM.
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
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(a) Only (a) is true

(b) Only (b) is true
(c) Only (b) and (c) are true
(d) Only (a) and (b) are true
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Parameters of Memory

●​ Speed: Access time (lower is better).

●​ Capacity: Amount of data it can store.
●​ Cost: Higher speed = more expensive.
●​ Volatility: Determines if data is retained after power loss.

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Types of Memory

Primary Memory (Volatile Memory)

●​ RAM (Random Access Memory): Temporary memory, loses data on power loss.
○​ SRAM (Static RAM): Faster but expensive, used in cache.
○​ DRAM (Dynamic RAM): Slower but cheaper, used as main memory.
●​ ROM (Read-Only Memory): Permanent memory storing system firmware.
○​ PROM, EPROM, EEPROM – Programmable ROM types.

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Secondary Memory (Non-Volatile Storage)

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●​ Hard Disk Drive (HDD): Mechanical storage, large capacity.
●​ Solid State Drive (SSD): Faster, no moving parts, used in modern computers.
●​ USB Flash Drive: Portable storage.
●​ Memory Card (SD Card): Used in phones, cameras.
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Tertiary & External Storage
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●​ CD/DVD/Blu-ray: Optical storage for media and backup.
●​ Magnetic Tape: Used for large-scale backups.
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Basic Units of Memory Measurement

1.​ Bit – Smallest unit (0 or 1).

2.​ Nibble – 4 bits.
3.​ Byte – 8 bits (stores one character).
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4.​ Kilobyte (KB) – 1024 Bytes.

5.​ Megabyte (MB) – 1024 KB.
6.​ Gigabyte (GB) – 1024 MB.
7.​ Terabyte (TB) – 1024 GB.
8.​ Petabyte (PB) – 1024 TB.

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Data Representation

Number System

●​ A number system represents numerical values using a set of symbols (digits). It is the foundation of computer
operations.

Types of Number Systems:

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1.​ Decimal (Base 10) – Uses digits 0-9 (e.g., 123, 456).
2.​ Binary (Base 2) – Uses digits 0 & 1, fundamental for computers (e.g., 1010₂).
3.​ Octal (Base 8) – Uses digits 0-7, often used in computing (e.g., 25₈).

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4.​ Hexadecimal (Base 16) – Uses digits 0-9 and letters A-F (e.g., 3F₁₆).

Definition of Binary Number System

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●​ The Binary System (Base-2) consists of only two digits: 0 and 1.
●​ Computers store and process all data in binary form.
●​ Example:
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○​ Decimal 10 = 1010₂ in Binary.
○​ Binary 1101₂ = 13₁₀ in Decimal.
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Conversions:

●​ Decimal to Binary: Divide by 2 and write remainders in reverse.

●​ Binary to Decimal: Multiply each digit by 2ⁿ (position value).
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Computer Code (Data Representation)

Computers use codes to store and process data:

1.​ ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) – 7-bit code, represents characters (e.g., 'A' =
65).
2.​ Unicode – Supports multiple languages, 16-bit or more.
3.​ BCD (Binary-Coded Decimal) – Stores decimal numbers in binary.
4.​ EBCDIC (Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code) – Used in IBM systems.

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Logic Gates

Logic gates are electronic circuits that perform Boolean operations (AND, OR, NOT).

Basic Logic Gates:

1.​ AND Gate – Outputs 1 only if both inputs are 1.

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○​ Truth Table:

A B Output (A AND B)

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0 0 0

0 1 0

1 0 0
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1 1 1
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2.​ ​
OR Gate – Outputs 1 if at least one input is 1.
○​ Truth Table:
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A B Output (A OR B)

0 0 0

0 1 1
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1 0 1

1 1 1

3.​ ​
NOT Gate – Inverts the input (0 → 1, 1 → 0).
○​ Truth Table:

A Output (NOT A)

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 0 1

1 0

Universal Gates:

●​ NAND Gate – Combination of AND + NOT (output is opposite of AND).

●​ NOR Gate – Combination of OR + NOT (output is opposite of OR).

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Computer Software

Computer Software

●​ A set of instructions that tells a computer how to perform tasks.

●​ Software is intangible and works with hardware to execute programs.

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Types of Software

System Software

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●​ Controls and manages computer hardware.
●​ Examples: Operating System, Utility Software, Firmware.

Application Software
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●​ Designed for specific user tasks.
●​ Examples: MS Office, Web Browsers, Media Players.
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Specific Purpose Software

●​ Designed for specialized tasks.

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●​ Examples:
○​ Banking Software (Core Banking Solutions).
○​ Payroll Software (Salary Processing).
○​ Inventory Management Software (Stock Control).
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Application Software

●​ General-Purpose Software: Used by multiple users for different tasks (MS Word, Excel).
●​ Customized Software: Designed for a specific user or organization (ERP, HRMS).
●​ Mobile Applications: Apps for smartphones (WhatsApp, Google Maps).

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System Utilities (Utility Software)

●​ Enhances computer performance and ensures smooth functioning.

●​ Examples:
○​ Antivirus Software – Protects from malware (Windows Defender, Quick Heal).
○​ Disk Cleanup – Frees up storage space.
○​ File Compression – Reduces file size (WinRAR, 7-Zip).
○​ Backup Software – Creates data backups (Google Drive, OneDrive).

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Operating System

Operating System (OS)

●​ A system software that manages hardware and software resources.

●​ Acts as an interface between the user and computer.

Functions of Operating System

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1.​ Process Management – Controls execution of programs.
2.​ Memory Management – Allocates and deallocates memory.

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3.​ File System Management – Organizes and manages files.
4.​ Device Management – Controls hardware devices (printers, keyboards).
5.​ Security & Access Control – Protects data using authentication.
6.​ User Interface – Provides interaction methods (GUI/CLI).
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Types of Operating System

1.​ Single-User OS – Used on personal computers (Windows, macOS).

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2.​ Multi-User OS – Allows multiple users to access the system (Unix, Linux).
3.​ Real-Time OS (RTOS) – Used in critical applications (aircraft, medical devices).
4.​ Distributed OS – Manages multiple computers as one system.
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5.​ Embedded OS – Used in dedicated devices (ATMs, Smart TVs).

6.​ Network OS – Manages network resources (Windows Server, Linux Server).

User Interface
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●​ Graphical User Interface (GUI) – Uses icons and windows (Windows, macOS).
●​ Command-Line Interface (CLI) – Uses text commands (MS-DOS, Linux Terminal).

Mobile Operating System

●​ Designed for smartphones and tablets.

●​ Examples: Android, iOS, Windows Mobile.
●​ Provides touch-based interface and app support.

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Microsoft Disk Operating System (MS-DOS)

●​ CLI-based OS developed by Microsoft (1981).

●​ Used in early computers before Windows.
●​ Commands:
○​ DIR – Displays files and folders.
○​ COPY – Copies files.
○​ DEL – Deletes files.

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Programming concepts

Programming Concepts

●​ A program is a set of instructions given to a computer to perform a task.

●​ Programming follows logic and syntax to develop applications.
●​ Involves concepts like variables, loops, conditions, functions, and data structures.

Programming Languages

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Languages used to write computer programs are categorized as:

Low-Level Language

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●​ Machine Language (1st Gen) – Binary code (0s and 1s), difficult to write.
●​ Assembly Language (2nd Gen) – Uses mnemonics (MOV, ADD), requires an assembler.
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Medium-Level Language

●​ Also called "Middle-Level Language", combines features of low and high-level languages.
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●​ Example: C language (used in system programming).

High-Level Language (HLL)

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●​ User-friendly with English-like syntax (Python, Java, C++).

●​ Requires a compiler/interpreter for execution.
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Terms Related to Programming

●​ Variable – Stores data (e.g., int age = 25;).

●​ Loop – Repeats instructions (for, while).
●​ Condition – Executes code based on a condition (if-else).
●​ Function – A reusable block of code.
●​ Array – Stores multiple values in a single variable.

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Language Translator

Converts high-level code into machine language:

●​ Compiler – Translates entire code at once (C, Java).

●​ Interpreter – Translates and executes line-by-line (Python).
●​ Assembler – Converts assembly language to machine code.

Generation of Languages

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1.​ 1st Generation (Machine Language) – Binary code (0s & 1s).
2.​ 2nd Generation (Assembly Language) – Uses mnemonics.
3.​ 3rd Generation (High-Level Language) – Human-readable (C, Java).

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4.​ 4th Generation (4GLs) – Used in databases (SQL).
5.​ 5th Generation (5GLs) – AI-based languages (Prolog, LISP).

Types of Errors in Programming

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●​ Syntax Error – Due to incorrect grammar (e.g., missing semicolon).
●​ Logical Error – Incorrect logic, produces wrong output.
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●​ Runtime Error – Occurs during execution (e.g., division by zero).

Algorithm
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●​ Step-by-step procedure to solve a problem.

●​ Example: Algorithm to add two numbers:
1.​ Start
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2.​ Input two numbers

3.​ Add the numbers
4.​ Display the sum
5.​ Stop

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Microsoft Windows

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Microsoft Windows

●​ Microsoft Windows is a Graphical User Interface (GUI)-based Operating System developed by Microsoft
Corporation.
●​ It provides multi-tasking, security, and user-friendly interface for personal and business use.
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●​ The first version, Windows 1.0, was released in 1985.

Versions of Microsoft Windows

Early Versions:

●​ Windows 1.0 (1985) – First GUI-based OS.

●​ Windows 3.0 (1990) – Introduced icons and better graphics.
●​ Windows 95 (1995) – First with the Start Menu and Taskbar.

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Modern Versions:

●​ Windows XP (2001) – User-friendly, stable, and widely used.

●​ Windows 7 (2009) – Improved performance, new taskbar.
●​ Windows 8 (2012) – Introduced Start Screen with tiles.
●​ Windows 10 (2015) – Unified OS with Cortana, virtual desktops.
●​ Windows 11 (2021) – Redesigned UI, better multitasking, new Start Menu.

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Desktop in Windows

●​ The desktop is the main screen that appears after logging in.

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●​ It contains icons, taskbar, start menu, and other graphical elements.

Icons of Desktop
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●​ Icons are small graphical representations of programs, files, or functions.
●​ Common Desktop Icons:
○​ My Computer (This PC) – Access to storage drives and system files.
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○​ Recycle Bin – Stores deleted files temporarily.
○​ Network – Displays connected networks.
○​ Shortcut Icons – Quick access to software (e.g., MS Word).
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Taskbar

●​ The taskbar is a horizontal bar at the bottom of the screen.

●​ Components of Taskbar:
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○​ Start Button – Opens the Start Menu.

○​ Search Bar – Helps find files, apps, and settings.
○​ Quick Launch Icons – Shortcuts to pinned programs.
○​ System Tray – Shows date, time, volume, and notifications.

Start Menu

●​ Provides access to installed programs, settings, and power options.

●​ Includes:

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 ○​ All Programs – List of installed applications.
○​ Search Bar – Quick search for apps and files.
○​ Power Options – Sleep, restart, shutdown.

Title Bar

●​ Found at the top of every open window.

●​ Displays the name of the open application or file.
●​ Has Minimize, Maximize, and Close buttons.

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Scroll Bar

●​ Used to navigate vertically or horizontally in a window.

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●​ Found in browsers, documents, and file explorers.

Menu Bar
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●​ Located below the title bar in some applications.
●​ Contains drop-down menus like File, Edit, View, Tools, Help.
●​ Common in programs like Notepad, MS Word.
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Dialog Box

●​ A pop-up window that appears when the system requires input or displays information.
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●​ Examples:
○​ Save As / Open File Dialog
○​ Print Dialog Box
○​ Error/Warning Messages
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Main Programs Inside Windows

●​ Microsoft Paint – Basic image editing tool.

●​ Notepad – Simple text editor.
●​ WordPad – Advanced text editor with formatting options.
●​ Windows Explorer (File Explorer) – Manages files and folders.
●​ Control Panel – Manages system settings.
●​ Command Prompt – Text-based interface for system commands.

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Extension Names of Files

File extensions indicate file type and associated programs.

File Type Extension Associated Program

Text File .txt Notepad, WordPad

Document .docx, .pdf MS Word, Adobe Reader

Image .jpg, .png MS Paint, Photoshop

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Video .mp4, .avi VLC Media Player

Audio .mp3, .wav Windows Media Player

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Spreadsheet .xls, .xlsx MS Excel

Executable File .exe Runs programs

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Compressed File .zip, .rar WinRAR, 7-Zip
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General Windows Shortcuts

Shortcut Key Function

Ctrl + C Copy selected item/text

Ctrl + X Cut selected item/text

Ctrl + V Paste copied/cut item

Ctrl + Z Undo last action

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Ctrl + Y Redo last action

Ctrl + A Select all items in a window/document

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Ctrl + P Print the current document

Alt + Tab Switch between open applications

Alt + F4 Close the active window or program

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Windows + D Show desktop (Minimize all windows)
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Windows + L Lock the computer
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File Explorer Shortcuts

Shortcut Key Function

Windows + E Open File Explorer

Ctrl + N Open a new File Explorer window

Ctrl + Shift + N Create a new folder

Alt + Enter Open Properties of selected file/folder

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F2 Rename selected file/folder

F5 Refresh the current window

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Delete Move file to Recycle Bin

Shift + Delete Permanently delete file (bypasses Recycle

Bin)
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Taskbar and Window Management
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Shortcut Key Function

Windows + Tab Open Task View (show all open windows)

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Windows + ↑ Maximize active window

Windows + ↓ Minimize active window

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Windows + ← Snap window to the left

Windows + → Snap window to the right

Windows + Shift + ←/→ Move window between multiple monitors

Windows + Number (1-9) Open app pinned on the taskbar (position-wise)

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Run Command & System Shortcuts

Shortcut Key Function

Windows + R Open Run dialog box

Windows + S Open Search bar

Windows + I Open Settings

Windows + Open System Properties

Pause

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Windows + U Open Ease of Access Center

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Windows + P Open Project (Display options for external screen)

Windows + X
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Text Editing and Document Shortcuts

Shortcut Key Function

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Ctrl + B Bold text (in Word, Notepad, etc.)

Ctrl + I Italicize text

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Ctrl + U Underline text

Ctrl + S Save document

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Ctrl + O Open document

Ctrl + F Find text in document/browser

Ctrl + H Replace text in document

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Browser Shortcuts (Chrome, Edge, Firefox, etc.)

Shortcut Key Function

Ctrl + T Open new tab

Ctrl + W Close current tab

Ctrl + Shift + T Reopen last closed tab

Ctrl + L Select address bar

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Ctrl + D Bookmark current page

Ctrl + J Open downloads page

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Ctrl + H
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Command Prompt Shortcuts

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Shortcut Key Function

Ctrl + C Copy selected text

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Ctrl + V Paste text

Up Arrow Recall previous command

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Ctrl + A Select all text in command prompt

Alt + Enter Toggle full-screen mode

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Microsoft Office

●​ A suite of productivity software developed by Microsoft.

●​ Includes Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Access, Outlook, and more.
●​ Used for document creation, data management, presentations, and emails.

Microsoft Word

●​ A word processing application used for creating, editing, formatting, and printing documents.

Features of Microsoft Word

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●​ Text Formatting – Font, size, color, bold, italics, underline.
●​ Page Layout – Margins, orientation, columns, borders.

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●​ Table Creation – Insert, modify, and format tables.
●​ Spell Check & Grammar – Auto-correction feature.
●​ Mail Merge – For mass mailings.
●​ Header & Footer – Add document titles and page numbers.
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Shortcut Keys in Microsoft Word
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Shortcut Key Function

Ctrl + N Create a new document

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Ctrl + O Open an existing document

Ctrl + S Save document

Ctrl + P Print document

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Ctrl + C Copy text

Ctrl + X Cut text

Ctrl + V Paste text

Ctrl + B Bold text

Ctrl + I Italicize text

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 Ctrl + U Underline text

Ctrl + Z Undo last action

Ctrl + Y Redo last action

Ctrl + A Select all text

Microsoft Excel

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●​ A spreadsheet program used for data analysis, calculations, and chart creation.

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Components of Microsoft Excel

●​ Workbook – A file containing multiple sheets.

●​ Worksheet – A grid of rows and columns for data entry.
●​ Cell – An intersection of a row and a column (e.g., A1).
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●​ Formula Bar – Displays the formula used in a selected cell.
●​ Ribbon – Contains commands grouped under different tabs.
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Functions of Microsoft Excel

●​ Mathematical Functions – SUM(), AVERAGE(), ROUND().

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●​ Logical Functions – IF(), AND(), OR().

●​ Lookup Functions – VLOOKUP(), HLOOKUP().
●​ Text Functions – LEFT(), RIGHT(), CONCATENATE().
●​ Date & Time Functions – TODAY(), NOW().
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Basics of Spreadsheet

●​ Rows – Horizontal lines (1, 2, 3…).

●​ Columns – Vertical lines (A, B, C…).
●​ Cell Address – Defined by column and row (e.g., B2).
●​ Formulas – Begin with = (e.g., =A1+B1).

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Types of Charts in Excel

●​ Column Chart – Compare data across categories.

●​ Line Chart – Show trends over time.
●​ Pie Chart – Represent proportions.
●​ Bar Chart – Horizontal bars for comparisons.
●​ Scatter Chart – Display relationships between values.

Shortcut Keys in Microsoft Excel

Shortcut Key Function

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Ctrl + N Create a new workbook

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Ctrl + O Open an existing workbook

Ctrl + S Save workbook

Ctrl + P Print workbook

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Ctrl + C Copy selected data

Ctrl + X Cut selected data

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Ctrl + V Paste copied/cut data

Ctrl + Z Undo last action

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Ctrl + Y Redo last action

Ctrl + A Select all data

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Ctrl + F Find data

F2 Edit selected cell

Alt + = AutoSum function

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Microsoft PowerPoint

●​ A presentation software used to create slideshows with text, images, animations, and videos.

Shortcut Keys in Microsoft PowerPoint

Shortcut Key Function

Ctrl + N Create a new presentation

Ctrl + O Open an existing presentation

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Ctrl + S Save presentation

Ctrl + P Print presentation

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Ctrl + M Insert a new slide

Ctrl + C Copy slide/text/object

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Ctrl + X Cut slide/text/object

Ctrl + V Paste copied/cut item

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Ctrl + Z Undo last action

Ctrl + Y Redo last action

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F5 Start slide show from the beginning

Shift + F5 Start slide show from the current slide

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Microsoft Access

●​ A database management system (DBMS) used to store, manage, and retrieve structured data.

Shortcut Keys in Microsoft Access

Shortcut Key Function

Ctrl + N Create a new database

Ctrl + O Open an existing database

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Ctrl + S Save database object

Ctrl + P Print database object

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Ctrl + C Copy record

Ctrl + X Cut record

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Ctrl + V Paste record

Ctrl + Z Undo last action

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Ctrl + A Select all records

F2 Edit the selected field

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Microsoft Outlook

●​ A personal information manager used for emails, calendars, contacts, and tasks.
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Features of Microsoft Outlook

●​ Email Management – Send, receive, and organize emails.

●​ Calendar – Schedule and manage appointments.
●​ Contacts – Store and manage contact details.
●​ Task Manager – Set and track tasks.
●​ Integration – Sync with Microsoft Teams and SharePoint.

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Database Concept

Database Concept

●​ A database is a structured collection of data stored electronically.

●​ Used to store, retrieve, manage, and manipulate data efficiently.
●​ Example: Bank records, student data, inventory management.

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Fundamentals of Database

●​ Data: Raw facts and figures (e.g., Name, Age).

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●​ Information: Processed data that makes sense.
●​ Database System: Combination of data and software to manage it.
●​ Database Management System (DBMS): Software used to create and manage databases.
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Types of Database

●​ Hierarchical Database: Data stored in a tree-like structure.

●​ Network Database: Data has multiple parent-child relationships.
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●​ Relational Database (RDBMS): Data stored in tables with relationships.
●​ Object-Oriented Database: Stores data in the form of objects.
●​ Distributed Database: Data stored across multiple locations.
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Components of Database

●​ Data – The actual information stored.

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●​ Hardware – Physical devices (servers, storage).

●​ Software – DBMS, operating system.
●​ Users – Database administrators, developers, end-users.
●​ Procedures – Rules for database operation.

Database Management System (DBMS)

●​ A software that manages and controls access to databases.

●​ Examples: MySQL, Oracle, SQL Server, PostgreSQL.

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Architecture of DBMS

●​ 1-Tier Architecture: User interacts directly with the database.

●​ 2-Tier Architecture: Client-Server model (User ↔ Server).
●​ 3-Tier Architecture: Client ↔ Application Server ↔ Database Server.

Advantages of DBMS

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✔ Data Consistency – Reduces redundancy.​
✔ Data Security – Controlled access.​
✔ Backup & Recovery – Prevents data loss.​

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✔ Multi-user Access – Multiple users can access data.​
✔ Data Integrity – Ensures accuracy of data.

Disadvantages of DBMS
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●​ Complex Setup – Requires technical expertise.
●​ High Cost – Expensive software and maintenance.
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●​ Performance Issues – Large databases require powerful hardware.
●​ Security Risks – If hacked, data can be lost or misused.
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Applications of DBMS

●​ Banking – Customer accounts, transactions.

●​ E-commerce – Product catalogs, orders.
●​ Healthcare – Patient records, hospital management.
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●​ Education – Student records, results.

●​ Government – Aadhaar, tax records.

PYQ 2022 JCA

Unauthorized access to a bank account for carrying online transactions is an example of __________.​
(a) Phishing​ ​ ​ (b) Intellectual property theft​
(c) Virus attack​ ​ ​ (d) Hacking​

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Relational Database (RDBMS)

●​ Stores data in tables (relations).

●​ Uses SQL (Structured Query Language) for querying data.
●​ Example: MySQL, Oracle, SQL Server.

Terms Related to Database

●​ Table – Collection of rows and columns.

●​ Row (Tuple) – Single record in a table.

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●​ Column (Attribute) – Single field in a table.
●​ Schema – Structure of a database.
●​ Index – Speeds up search operations.

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Keys in Database

●​ Primary Key – Uniquely identifies a record (e.g., Student ID).

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●​ Foreign Key – Establishes relationships between tables.
●​ Candidate Key – Potential primary key.
●​ Super Key – Any key that uniquely identifies a record.
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●​ Composite Key – Two or more fields combined as a key.

Database Languages
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●​ Data Definition Language (DDL) – Defines structure (CREATE, ALTER).

●​ Data Manipulation Language (DML) – Modifies data (INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE).
●​ Data Control Language (DCL) – Controls access (GRANT, REVOKE).
●​ Transaction Control Language (TCL) – Manages transactions (COMMIT, ROLLBACK).
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Entity-Relationship (E-R) Model

●​ Entity – Object in the database (e.g., Student, Employee).

●​ Attributes – Characteristics of an entity (e.g., Name, Age).
●​ Relationships – Connections between entities (e.g., Student enrolls in Course).

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Data communication and networking

Data Communication

●​ Definition: The process of transmitting data between devices using a communication medium.
●​ Components:
○​ Sender – The device that sends data.

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○​ Topology

Topology in computer networks refers to the arrangement of devices, nodes, and connections in

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a network that defines how data flows between them.

Types of Network Topology:

1.​ Bus Topology – A single central cable connects all devices.
2.​ Star Topology – All devices connect to a central hub or switch.
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3.​ Ring Topology – Devices are connected in a circular path.
4.​ Mesh Topology – Every device connects to every other device.
5.​ Tree Topology – A hierarchical structure combining bus and star topology.
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6.​ Hybrid Topology – A combination of two or more topologies.
○​ Receiver – The device that receives data.
○​ Transmission Medium – The pathway for data.
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○​ Protocol – Rules for data transfer.

○​ Message – The actual data being transmitted.

PYQ 2022 JCA

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The arrangement of computers and other peripherals in a network is called its:​

(a) Host​​ ​ ​ (b) Topology​
(c) Structure​ ​ ​ (d) Protocol​
PYQ 2022 JCA
A __________ is a set of rules that governs the communication between computers on a network.​
(a) Webpage​ ​ ​ (b) Protocol​
(c) Server​ ​ ​ (d) Blog​

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Communication Channel

●​ Definition: The pathway through which data is transferred between sender and receiver.
●​ Types:
○​ Simplex – One-way communication (e.g., TV broadcast).
○​ Half-Duplex – Two-way but one at a time (e.g., Walkie-Talkie).
○​ Full-Duplex – Two-way simultaneously (e.g., Telephone).

Communication Media

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●​ Definition: The physical or wireless means used to transfer data.
●​ Categories:
○​ Guided Media (Wired) – Uses cables.

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○​ Unguided Media (Wireless) – Uses radio waves.

Guided Media (Wired Technologies)

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●​ Twisted Pair Cable – Used in telephone lines, LANs.
●​ Coaxial Cable – Used in cable TV, high-speed networks.
●​ Fiber Optic Cable – High-speed, used in internet backbone.
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Unguided Media (Wireless Technologies)
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●​ Radio Waves – Used in mobile networks.

●​ Microwaves – Used in satellite communication.
●​ Infrared – Used in remote controls.
●​ Bluetooth – Used for short-range communication.
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Computer Network

●​ Definition: A system of interconnected computers for data sharing.

●​ Uses: File sharing, communication, internet access.

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Benefits of Computer Networks

✔ Resource Sharing – Printers, storage, etc.​

✔ File Sharing – Easy access to files across devices.​
✔ Communication – Email, messaging, video calls.​
✔ Cost Efficiency – Reduces hardware and software costs.​
✔ Security & Backup – Centralized control and data recovery.

Types of Computer Networks

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Type Coverage Area Example

Personal Area Network (PAN) Few meters Bluetooth, Smartwatch

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Local Area Network (LAN) Within a building Office, School

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) City-wide Cable TV, ISP

Wide Area Network (WAN) Country/Global Internet

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Network Devices

●​ Modem – Converts digital signals to analog and vice versa.

●​ Router – Connects multiple networks (e.g., internet).
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●​ Switch – Directs data between devices in a LAN.

●​ Hub – Broadcasts data to all devices in a network.
●​ Repeater – Boosts weak signals over long distances.
●​ Gateway – Connects different network protocols.
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Network Topology

●​ Definition: The arrangement of devices in a network.

●​ Types:
○​ Bus Topology – Single cable for all devices.
○​ Star Topology – Devices connected to a central hub.
○​ Ring Topology – Devices connected in a circular path.
○​ Mesh Topology – Every device connects to every other device.

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 ○​ Hybrid Topology – Combination of two or more topologies.

Models of Computer Networking

●​ OSI Model – 7-layer theoretical framework for communication.

●​ TCP/IP Model – 4-layer practical model for internet communication.

OSI Model (7 Layers)

Layer Function

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1. Physical Transmits raw bits over a medium.

2. Data Link Error detection, MAC address handling.

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3. Network IP addressing, routing.

4. Transport Ensures complete data transfer (TCP/UDP).

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5. Session Manages sessions between devices.

6. Presentation Data encryption and compression.

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7. Application User interaction (email, web browsing).
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Terms Related to Networks

●​ IP Address – Unique address for devices on a network.

●​ MAC Address – Physical address of a network device.
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●​ Subnet Mask – Used to divide networks.

●​ Firewall – Security system to filter network traffic.
●​ Bandwidth – The data transfer capacity of a network.

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Internet and its service

Internet

Definition:

The Internet is a global network that connects millions of computers worldwide, enabling communication,
information sharing, and data exchange.

Key Characteristics:

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✔ Decentralized Network – No single authority controls the entire internet.​
✔ Uses TCP/IP Protocol – Ensures seamless data transmission.​

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✔ Supports Multiple Services – Web browsing, email, cloud computing, etc.

History of the Internet

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Year Development

1969 ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network) was created by the US Department of
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Defense.

1973 First international ARPANET connection (UK & Norway).

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1983 TCP/IP became the standard protocol for communication.

1991 The World Wide Web (WWW) was invented by Tim Berners-Lee.

1995 The Internet became commercialized, and companies started using it widely.
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2000s Growth of social media, cloud computing, e-commerce.

2020s Advancement in AI, IoT, and 5G technology.

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Advantages of the Internet

✔ Global Connectivity – Communication from any part of the world.​

✔ Fast Information Access – Search engines provide instant information.​
✔ Online Education & E-learning – Remote education through platforms like Coursera, Udemy, and BYJU’S.​
✔ E-commerce & Online Banking – Secure transactions via UPI, PayPal, Net Banking.​
✔ Work from Home & Remote Jobs – Companies offer freelancing & remote jobs globally.​
✔ Social Networking – Platforms like Facebook, Twitter, Instagram connect people.​
✔ Cloud Computing – Access and store data on cloud servers like Google Drive & Dropbox.

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Disadvantages of the Internet

✖ Cybersecurity Threats – Hacking, viruses, phishing attacks.​

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✖ Misinformation & Fake News – False information spreads quickly.​
✖ Privacy Issues – Personal data leaks and surveillance risks.​
✖ Health Issues – Internet addiction, screen time strain.​
✖ Dark Web & Illegal Activities – Cybercrime, identity theft.
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Internet Connections
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Type Description Speed

Dial-Up Connection Uses telephone lines, slow & outdated. 56 Kbps

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DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) High-speed internet using phone lines. 1 Mbps – 100 Mbps

Fiber-Optic Connection Uses optical fibers for ultra-fast speed. 100 Mbps – 10 Gbps
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Satellite Connection Used in remote areas, weather-dependent. 25 Mbps – 100 Mbps

Mobile Networks (3G, 4G, 5G) Internet via SIM cards, used in smartphones. 10 Mbps – 10 Gbps

Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) Wireless internet access in homes/offices. 100 Mbps – 1 Gbps

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 Interconnecting Protocols

Protocol Function

TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) Ensures reliable data transmission.

HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol) Transfers web pages.

HTTPS (Secure HTTP) Secure version of HTTP with encryption.

FTP (File Transfer Protocol) Used for uploading/downloading files.

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SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) Send emails.

POP3/IMAP Retrieves emails from a mail server.

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PYQ 2022 JCA
HTTP is the acronym for __________.​
(a) HyperText Transfer Promise​ ​ (b) Hyper Transfer Text Promise​
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(c) HyperText Transfer Protocol​ (d) Hyper Transfer Text Protocol

Terms Related to the Internet

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Term Definition

Webpage A single document on the internet (e.g., homepage).

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Website A collection of web pages under one domain.

Web Browser Software to access the internet (e.g., Chrome, Firefox, Edge).
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Web Server A computer that stores and delivers websites.

Web Address (URL) A unique address for a webpage (e.g., https://www.google.com).

Domain Name A human-readable website address (e.g., google.com).

Domain
Abbreviations

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 ●​ .com – Commercial
●​ .org – Organization
●​ .edu – Educational
●​ .gov – Government​
| Blogs | Personal or professional online journals. |​
| Newsgroups | Online discussion forums. |​
| Search Engine | A tool to find information online. |

Popular Search Engines

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✔ Google (Most widely used)​
✔ Bing (Microsoft’s search engine)​
✔ Yahoo (Oldest search engine)​

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✔ DuckDuckGo (Privacy-focused search engine)

Internet Services
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Service Description Example

Chatting Real-time text communication. WhatsApp, Telegram

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E-Mail Sending and receiving messages. Gmail, Yahoo Mail

Video Conferencing Online meetings via video. Zoom, Skype, Google Meet
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E-Learning Online education platforms. Udemy, Coursera, BYJU’S

E-Banking Online financial transactions. PayPal, Net Banking

E-Shopping Buying goods/services online. Amazon, Flipkart

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E-Reservation Booking tickets online. IRCTC, MakeMyTrip

Social Networking Platforms for communication. Facebook, Twitter

E-Commerce Online business transactions. Amazon, eBay

M-Commerce Mobile-based commerce. Paytm, Google Pay

Key Differences Between E-Commerce & M-Commerce

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 Feature E-Commerce M-Commerce

Definition Buying/selling via internet. Buying/selling via mobile devices.

Devices Used Desktop, laptop. Smartphones, tablets.

Example Amazon, Flipkart. Paytm, Google Pay.

Security Issues in Internet Usage

✔ Phishing – Fraud emails trick users into sharing passwords.​

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✔ Hacking – Unauthorized access to data.​
✔ Malware – Viruses, spyware, trojans.​

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✔ Data Privacy – Tracking of user activity.​
✔ Cyberbullying – Online harassment.
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He

Computer Security

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Definition:

Computer security refers to protecting computer systems, networks, and data from unauthorized access,
cyberattacks, and data breaches.

Objectives of Computer Security:

✔ Confidentiality – Prevent unauthorized access to data.​

✔ Integrity – Protect data from modification or corruption.​

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✔ Availability – Ensure resources are accessible when needed.

Methods to Provide Protection

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✔ Authentication – Verifying user identity (e.g., passwords, biometrics).​
✔ Encryption – Securing data through coding.​
✔ Firewalls – Blocking unauthorized access.​
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✔ Antivirus Software – Detecting and removing malware.​
✔ Backup & Recovery – Storing duplicate copies of data.​
✔ Access Control – Restricting data access based on user roles.
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Components of Computer Security
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Component Description

Hardware Security Protection of physical devices (e.g., biometric locks).

Software Security Protection of applications (e.g., antivirus, updates).

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Network Security Prevents unauthorized access to networks (e.g., firewalls).

Data Security Ensures data privacy & encryption.

Sources of Cyber Attacks

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✔ Hackers – Unauthorized individuals breaking into systems.​
✔ Insiders – Employees misusing access privileges.​
✔ Phishing – Fraudulent emails tricking users into sharing credentials.​
✔ Denial of Service (DoS) Attacks – Overloading a system to make it unavailable.​
✔ Malware – Software designed to harm computers.

Malware: Threats to Computer Security

Malware (Malicious Software) is any software designed to harm, exploit, or steal data.

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Malware Type Description

Virus Attaches to files and spreads.

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Worms Self-replicating programs that slow down systems.

Trojan Horse Disguised as legitimate software but harms the system.

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Spyware Secretly collects user data.

Ransomware Encrypts files and demands ransom for access.

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Adware Displays unwanted ads to generate revenue.

Types of Viruses
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✔ Boot Sector Virus – Infects the boot sector of storage devices.​

✔ File Infector Virus – Attaches to executable files.​
✔ Macro Virus – Targets applications like MS Word & Excel.​
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✔ Polymorphic Virus – Changes its code to avoid detection.​

✔ Resident Virus – Hides in system memory.

Effects of Viruses

✖ Slow Performance – System lags due to excessive processing.​

✖ Data Corruption – Files become unreadable.​
✖ Unauthorized Access – Hackers steal personal information.​
✖ Frequent Crashes – System repeatedly restarts.

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Symptoms of Malware Attack

✔ Slow computer performance.​

✔ Frequent system crashes.​
✔ Unwanted pop-up ads.​
✔ Automatic redirection to unknown websites.​
✔ Unauthorized data access.

Solutions to Computer Security Threats

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✔ Install Antivirus Software – Regularly scan for threats.​
✔ Keep Software Updated – Apply security patches.​
✔ Use Strong Passwords – Avoid common passwords.​

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✔ Enable Firewalls – Block unauthorized access.​
✔ Avoid Clicking Suspicious Links – Prevent phishing attacks.​
✔ Regular Backups – Prevent data loss.
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Security Measures & Tools
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Anti-Malware Software
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✔ Detects & removes malware (e.g., Windows Defender, McAfee).

Digital Certificate

✔ Issued by a Certificate Authority (CA) to verify the authenticity of websites & software.
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Digital Signature

✔ Electronic signature that ensures the authenticity of a document.

Firewall

✔ Filters incoming and outgoing network traffic to block threats.

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Password Protection

✔ Uses strong, unique passwords for account security.

File Access Permissions

✔ Restricts access to files based on user roles (Read, Write, Execute).

Terms Related to Security

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Term Definition

Encryption Converting data into unreadable format.

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Decryption Converting encrypted data back to normal form.

Hacking Unauthorized access to a system.

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Phishing Cybercriminals trick users into revealing credentials.

Two-Factor Authentication (2FA) Extra layer of security beyond passwords.

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Cybercrime Illegal activities using computers.

Computer security is essential to protect systems from malware, hacking, and cyber threats. Using strong passwords,
Ma

antivirus software, firewalls, and encryption can prevent security breaches.

-Thanks-
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