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TOPIC 2: COMPUTER
HARDWARE
Unit One: Input Devices

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TOPIC TWO:
Computer Hardware
Categories of hardware
Input Devices
Processing Devices
Storage Devices
Output Devices
Communication devices
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INPUT DEVICES
Input devices are Categories of input devices
used to enter data a) Text input devices
or commands in a b) Pointing input Devices
form that the c) Imaging input Devices
computer can use. d) Gaming input Devices
They send the data e) Audio input Devices
or commands to thef) Biometric input Devices and
processing unit. g) Other Specialized input devices

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a) Text input devices

Text is a general word for Text input devices include:
all characters such as 1. The keyboard,
letters, numerical digits, 2. Voice Recognition
symbols and marks that Equipment
combine to form words, 3. OMR and Barcode readers
sentences, paragraphs
and so on. 4. OCR and Optical readers
There is a variety of 5. MICR readers
devices that help us to
input text into a 6. RFID readers
computer. 7. Magnetic Strip Card
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Readers, etc. 5
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1. The Keyboard
Definition: A keyboard is an input The QWERTY is referred to as the
device, consisting of a set of keys "Universal" keyboard.
(buttons) used to operate a The name "QWERTY" comes from
computer. Each press of a key the first six letters in the top
corresponds to a single written alphabet row (the one just below the
character of text, but to produce numbers).
some symbols, it requires pressing There are other setups also available
and holding several keys such as Dvorak, ABCDE, GKOS,
simultaneously. QWERTZ and AZERTY
Usually a standard keyboard has Keypads, Keyers and chorded
between 80 to 110 keys. keyboards have fewer keys, specially
A keyboard is the main and most designed for devices such a pocket
reliable computer input device sized computers.

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The Keyboard (cont)

Christopher Latham
Sholes was an
American
newspaper
publisher
In 1866, he invented
The
the first practical Sholes
typewriter and the typewriter.
QWERTY keyboard (1866)
still in use today.

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The Keyboard (cont)

Advantages of Keyboard Demerits of Keyboard
Keyboards are very It takes a lot of time to
common (commonly practice in order to
supplied with computers) type quickly
Entering data and Keys can easily become
commands with keyboard is faulty due to dust.
faster as compared to the Some keyboards keys
mouse are very hard to press,
Keyboards are more causing fingers to hurt.
reliable
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2. Voice Recognition Equipment

Voice Recognition Advantages
Equipment (a.k.a Speech No typing of data is
recognition ) converts necessary.
spoken words to text. Voice recognition can be
Computers with Speech used by people whose
recognition do not hands are disabled.
actually understand Dictating text is faster
speech, but they are than typing.
programmed to Voice Recognition
recognize a vocabulary systems are also ideal for
of words, which can the blind .
range from two words to
millions of words.
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HOW SPEECH RECOGNITION WORKS

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2. Voice Recognition Equipment

(cont)
Demerits of text input by speech Recognition
Error rate is high, depending on user’s accent.
Words with the same pronunciations
(Homophones) like see and sea can not be
distinguished
Speech Recognition does cant work in noisy
environment
The Voice Recognition software must be trained to
recognize more words.
It requires the user to speak in a writing style, i.e.
even pronouncing the marks such as comma.

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3. Optical mark recognition

(OMR)
Optical mark recognition (OMR) devices read hand-
drawn marks such as small circles or rectangles
A person places these marks on a form, such as a
test, survey, or questionnaire answer sheet.
The OMR device first reads a master document,
such as an answer key sheet for a test, to record
correct answers based on patterns of light;
the remaining documents then are passed through
the OMR device and their patterns of light are
matched against the master document.

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3. OMR and Barcode readers

OMR test form, with registration

marks and drop-out colors,
designed to be scanned by
dedicated OMR device
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Barcode readers
A bar code reader, is an optical reader that uses
laser beams to read bar codes that are printed
on items usually in super markets.
A bar code is an identification code that
normally consists of a set of vertical lines and
spaces of different widths.
The bar code represents some data that
identifies the item and the manufacturer.

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Barcode readers

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Optical character recognition

(OCR)
Optical character recognition (OCR) is a
technology that involves reading typewritten,
computer-printed, or handwritten characters
from ordinary documents and translating the
images into a form that the computer can
understand.
OCR devices include a small optical scanner for
reading characters and sophisticated software
(OCR software) for analyzing what is read.

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Optical
character
recognition
(OCR)

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5. MICR readers
A magnetic-ink character recognition (MICR)
reader is used to read text printed with
magnetized ink.
MICR readers are mainly used by the banking
industry for processing checks
Each check is inserted into an MICR reader,
which sends the check information to a
computer for processing.

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5. MICR readers

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6. RFID readers
Radio-frequency identification (RFID) is a
technology that uses radio waves to transfer
data from an electronic tag, attached to an
object, through a reader for the purpose of
identifying and tracking the object.
RFID can work over a long distance.
An RFID tag can be affixed to cars, computer
equipment, books, mobile phones, etc

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7. Magnetic Strip Card Readers

A magnetic stripe card reader reads the
magnetic stripe on the back of credit cards, bank
ATM cards, and other similar cards.
Exposure to a magnet or magnetic field can
erase the information and contents of a card's
magnetic stripe.

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7. Magnetic Strip Card Readers

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b) Pointing Devices
A pointing device is an EXAMPLES OF POINTING DEVICES
input device, which 1. Mouse
allows users to move a 2. Stylus pen & digitizing
pointer and make tablet
selections on the 3. Cordless Mouse
computer screen. 4. Trackball
5. Touchpad
6. Light pen
7. Touch Screen
8. A Track Point
◦ Etc.
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The Mouse
A mouse is a pointing device which allows users to
move the cursor and make selections on the
computer screen. A pointing device is any piece of
hardware that is used to allow a user to input
spatial data to a computer.
Just as you would use your hands to interact with
objects in the physical world, you can use your
mouse to interact with items on your computer
screen.
You can move objects, open them, change them,
throw them away, and perform other actions.
You can do all that by Pointing, clicking, and
dragging Clicking (single-clicking) Double-clicking
Right-clicking and dragging with your mouse.

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Basic parts of a Mouse

A mouse typically has two buttons: a
primary button (usually the left button) and
a secondary button (usually the right
button). You will use the primary button
most often. Most mice also include a scroll
wheel between the two buttons.

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Holding and moving the mouse

Place your mouse beside your keyboard on a clean,
smooth surface, such as a mouse pad.
Hold the mouse gently, with your index finger resting
on the primary button and your thumb resting on the
side.
To move the mouse, slide it slowly in any direction.
Don't twist it—keep the front of the mouse aimed away
from you. As you move the mouse, a pointer on your
screen moves in the same direction.
If you run out of room to move your mouse on your
desk or mouse pad, just pick up the mouse and bring it
back closer to you.
Hold the mouse lightly, keeping your wrist straight.

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Mouse Pad
A mousepad or mouse mat A secondary benefit
is a surface for placing and
moving a computer mouse.
was keeping the desk
A mousepad improves the or table surface from
usability of the mouse being scratched, and
It enables higher speed, reducing debris under
more precision, and the mouse
comfort for the user,
compared to using a mouse
directly on a table.

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Pointing
Pointing to an item on the screen means moving your
mouse so the pointer appears to be touching the item.
When you point to something, a screen tip often appears
that describes the item.
For example, when you point to the Recycle Bin on the
desktop, a screen tip appears with this information:
"Contains the files and folders that you have deleted."
The pointer can change depending on what you're
pointing to. For example, when you point to a link in
your web browser, the pointer changes from an arrow to
a hand with a pointing finger
HYPERLINK

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Clicking (single-clicking)
To click an item, point to the item on the screen, and
then press and release the primary button (usually the
left button).
Clicking is most often used to select (mark) an item or
to execute a command with a command button.
Clicking is also called single-clicking or left-clicking.

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Double-clicking
To double-click an item, point to the item on the
screen, and then click twice quickly. If the two clicks
are spaced too far apart, they might be interpreted
as two individual clicks rather than as one double-
click.
Double-clicking is most often used to open items on
your desktop. For example, you can start a program
or open a folder by double-clicking its icon on the
desktop.

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Right-clicking
To right-click an item, point to the item on the
screen, and then press and release the secondary
button (usually the right button).
Right-clicking an item usually displays a pop up
menu with a list of things you can do with the
item.
For example, when you right-click the Recycle Bin
on your desktop, Windows displays a menu
allowing you to open it, empty it, delete it, or see
its properties.
If you're ever unsure of what to do with
something, right-click it.

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Dragging
You can move items around your screen by dragging
them.
To drag an object, point to the object on the screen,
press and hold the primary button, move the object
to a new location, and then release the primary
button.
Dragging (sometimes called dragging and dropping) is
most often used to move files and folders to a
different location and to move windows and icons
around on your screen.

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Scrolling
If your mouse has a scroll wheel, you can use it to
scroll through documents and windows instead of
using scroll bars.
To scroll down, roll the wheel backward (toward you).
To scroll up, roll the wheel forward (away from you).
The scroll wheel helps you move up or down through
documents, windows and webpages more easily.
On some mice, the scroll wheel can be pressed to act
as a third button. Advanced mice might have
additional buttons that can perform other functions.

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Tips for using your mouse safely

Always ensure a clean, smooth surface, such as a mouse
pad
Place your mouse at elbow level. Your upper arms
should fall relaxed at your sides.
Don't squeeze or grip your mouse tightly. Hold it lightly.
Move the mouse by pivoting your arm at your elbow.
Avoid bending your wrist up, down, or to the sides.
Use a light touch when clicking a mouse button.
Keep your fingers relaxed. Don't allow them to hover
above the buttons.
When you don't need to use the mouse, don't hold it.
Take short breaks from computer use every 15 to 20
minutes.
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1. Mouse actions
Pointing means moving your mouse so the pointer appears to be touching the
item. When you point to something, a screen tip often appears that describes the
item.
Clicking ie Single Clicking or left clicking .This means pointing to the item on the
screen, and then press and release the primary button (usually the left button) in
order to select an item or to execute a command
Double Clicking means to point to the item on the screen, and then click twice
quickly or rapidly often used to open files and folders on your screen
Right Clicking means to point to the item on the screen, and then press and
release the secondary button (usually the right button).Right-clicking an item
usually displays a popup menu with a list of command options you can chose
from.
Dragging means to point to the object on the screen, press and hold the primary
button, move the object to a new location, and then release the primary button.
Most often used to move files and folders to a different location and to move
windows and icons around on your screen

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3. Types of mice
Mechanical mouse: Has a rubber or metal ball on its
underside that can roll in all directions to move the
cursor accordingly.
Optical mouse: Uses a laser to detect the mouse's
movement. They respond more quickly and
precisely than mechanical, but they are also more
expensive.
Cordless Mouse. This is a mouse with no connector that
uses Bluetooth technology to remotely connect with the
system unit. It works in conjunction with a Bluetooth dongle
connected on the system unit.

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3. Types of mice
The cordless mouse is a lot better than a normal
mouse. It reduces the amount of work space
needed to move the mouse around.
This mouse runs on a battery. When you move
the mouse it sends an infrared beam to a sensor
which interprets it causing the pointer to move.

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Cordless Mouse

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Stylus pen & digitizing tablet

(illustration)

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2. Stylus pen & digitizing tablet

Stylus pen- The pen lets you draw on what is called a
digitizing tablet that mirrors the surface area of the
computer screen.
The pen is useful for drawing since drawing graphics
with a mouse tends to be somewhat difficult.

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4. Trackball
Trackball - The trackball is an upside-down
mouse that remains stationary on your desk. It is
the same principle as the mouse.

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5. Touchpad
Touchpad - The touchpad has sensors that sense
your touch. Common on laptop computers

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Light pen (Illustration)

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7. Light pen
Light pen- is a form of a light-sensitive stick used
in conjunction with a computer's CRT TV set or
monitor. It allows the user to point to displayed
objects, or draw on the screen, in a similar way
to a touch screen but with greater positional
accuracy.

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8. Touch Screens
A touch screen is a touch-sensitive input and display
device. Users can interact with these devices by
touching areas of the screen.
.

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9. Track Point
A Track Point, also called a pointing stick, is a
cursor control device located in the middle of
the keyboard between the G, H, and B keys of
old fashion keyboards.

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c) Imaging Devices
Imaging input DevicesCommon Imaging devices include:
are devices that input 1.Image scanner
images such as still 2.Digital Camera
photos, motion 3.Digital video (DV) camera
pictures, graphics, 4.Camcorder
video etc. into the 5.Web cam
computer for
processing.
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Image scanner ILLUSTRATIONS

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Digital video (DV) camera

(Illustration)
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Camcorder
This is a light weight video camera that records
data in digital form onto a storage device such as
a videotape.

OPEN CLOSED
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Web cam
A Web cam, also Webcams enable users to:
called a PC video capture video and still images,
camera, is a send e-mail messages with video
type of digital video attachments,
camera that usually add live images to instant
sits on top of the messages,
monitor. Some laptop broadcast live images over the
computers have Internet,
built-in Web cams. and make video telephone calls

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Illustration: Web cams enable video conferencing

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Gaming input Devices

Gaming input Examples Include:
devices are 1.Gaming keyboard
devices 2.Gaming wheels
specifically 3.Joysticks
designed to be 4.Game pad
used for playing 5.Light guns
computer 6.Dance pad
games. 7.Motion sensing game
controllers
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Gaming Keyboards
(Illustration)
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Joystick

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Game pad
(Illustration)
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Light Guns
(Illustration)
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Motion Sensing
Game Controllers
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e) Audio input Devices

Audio input is the process of Examples of audio
entering any sound into the input devices
computer such as speech, music, include
and sound effects. Microphones,
MIDI devices,
To enter sound into a computer, Dictaphone,E.t.c
it must have a sound card.
Audio input devices are plugged
into a port on the sound card.

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Microphones

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MIDI devices
MIDI (musical instrument digital interface) is the
standard that defines how digital musical devices
represent sound electronically.
MIDI devices such as electronic pianos allow
users to record and edit music
For example, you can set the beat speed, and add
notes, to produce sound.

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Dictaphone
This the earliest device
most commonly used to
record speech for later
playback or to be typed
into print.
It was established by
Alexander Graham Bell in
Washington, D.C. in 1881.

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Biometric input Devices

A biometric device translates a biological
personal characteristic into a digital code that is
stored or compared with a digital code stored in
the computer.

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Examples of biometrics
Fingerprint scanner. A fingerprint scanner captures curves and indentations of a
fingerprint.
Face Recognition systems. Captures a live face image and compares it with a pre
stored image to determine if the person is the expected user. Some big organisations
use face recognition systems to secure access to rooms
Hand geometry systems. Measures the shape and size of a person's hand using a hand
geometry system.
Signature verification systems. A signature verification system recognizes the shape of
your handwritten signature, as well as measures the pressure exerted and the motion
used to write the signature.
Iris Recognition systems. These are devices that use iris recognition technology to
read patterns in the iris of the eye. These patterns are as unique as a fingerprint.

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Fingerprint scanner

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g) Other Specialized input devices

There are many other special input
devices that are used for doing special
customized tasks. Some of them include:
Remote Control
Sensors
Etc.

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Remote Control
Remote control devices emit a beam of infrared
light, which carries data signals.
Remote control is commonly used with TVs but
many laptop computers being produced come
with remotes and a form of input device, which
allow you to operate the laptop from a distance.

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Remote Control
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END OF UNIT

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