Amhara National Regional State

Water Resources Development Bureau

(BOWRD)

Detail Design
of
Tirare Pump small-Scale Irrigation Project

Volume IV: Engineering Design Final Report

Bahir Dar

Client: Bureau of Water Resource Development

(BoWRD)
Address:
P. O. Box: 88
Telephone: 0528-200853/855
Fax: 251-08-20-65-68/204676/202040
Consultant: Amhara Design & Supervision Works Enterprise
(ADSWE)
Address:
P. O. Box: 1921
Telephone: +251-582-181023/ 180638/181201/181254
Fax: (058) 2180550/ (058) 2180560
E-mail: amhara design@yahoo.com
Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
FEASIBILITY STUDY & DETAIL DESIGN REPORT STRUCTURE
 Volume I: Watershed Management

 Volume II: Engineering Geology

 Volume III: Irrigation Agronomy

 Volume IV: Engineering Design

 Volume V: Socio Economy

 Volume VI: Environmental Impact Assessment

 Tirare pump Irrigation development project Engineering design draft final report

Table of Contents Page Nr

LIST OF TABLES..........................................................................................................................iv
LIST OF FIGURES.........................................................................................................................v
SAILENT FEATURE.....................................................................................................................vi
1 INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................1
1.1 Background..................................................................................................................................1
1.2 Description of the Project Area....................................................................................................1
1.2.1 Location................................................................................................................................1
1.2.2 Accessibility..........................................................................................................................2
1.3 Major Objective...........................................................................................................................2
1.4 Scope of the Study.......................................................................................................................3
1.5 Methodology...............................................................................................................................3
2 HYDROLOGY.........................................................................................................................6
2.1 Watershed Characteristics...........................................................................................................6
2.2 Hydro-Metrological Data Availability...........................................................................................6
2.2.1 Climate.................................................................................................................................6
2.2.2 Rainfall Data.........................................................................................................................7
2.2.3 River flow data.....................................................................................................................7
2.2.4 Upstream & Downstream utilization...................................................................................7
2.3 Design Flood Analysis..................................................................................................................7
2.3.1 Design Rainfall computation................................................................................................7
2.3.2 Outlier Test..........................................................................................................................8
2.3.3 Check for variance...............................................................................................................9
2.3.4 Peak Discharge Determination...........................................................................................10
2.3.5 Tail Water Depth Computation..........................................................................................14
SECTION-II: HEADWORK DESIGN.........................................................................................18
3 HEADWORK STRUCTURES DESIGN..............................................................................19
3.1 Headwork Site Selection............................................................................................................19
3.1.1 River Geomorphology........................................................................................................19
3.1.2 River Bank condition..........................................................................................................20
3.2 Sources of construction material...............................................................................................20
3.2.1 Rock for Masonry and Crushed Coarse Aggregate.............................................................20
3.2.2 Fine Aggregates.................................................................................................................21

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3.2.3 Water.................................................................................................................................21
3.3 Headwork Type Selection..........................................................................................................21
3.4 Design of pumping stations.......................................................................................................22
3.4.1 Pump irrigation experience & cause of pump failures.......................................................22
3.5 Water intake from the Artificial pond (sump well)....................................................................23
3.5.1 Provision of trash racks......................................................................................................23
3.5.2 Suction pipe and controls..................................................................................................24
3.6 Design of raising main and its ancillary works...........................................................................24
3.6.1 Route selection..................................................................................................................24
3.6.2 Material Selection..............................................................................................................24
3.6.3 Size determination.............................................................................................................25
3.6.4 Trench, Supporting pillars and anchorages........................................................................25
3.7 Pump selection and its hydraulic design....................................................................................25
3.7.1 Selection of pump..............................................................................................................25
3.7.2 Hydraulic design of pump..................................................................................................27
3.8 Pump house...............................................................................................................................30
3.8.1 Operation of pumps...........................................................................................................30
3.9 Collection chamber....................................................................................................................31
3.10 Retaining walls and flood Protection works...............................................................................31
3.11 HEADWORK BILL OF QUANTITY AND COST ESTIMATION...........................................................32
3.11.1 General Items....................................................................................................................32
3.11.2 Head work quantity...........................................................................................................32
SECTION-III: IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE SYSTEMS INFRASTRUCTURE.................36
4 IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE SYSTEMS DESIGN......................................................37
4.1 Irrigable Area Description..........................................................................................................37
4.1.1 Topography........................................................................................................................37
4.1.2 Climate...............................................................................................................................37
4.1.3 Soil characteristics.............................................................................................................38
4.1.4 Existing Irrigation Practices in the Project Area.................................................................38
4.2 Irrigation Water Requirement...................................................................................................38
4.2.1 Crop Water Requirement (CWR)........................................................................................38
4.2.2 Irrigation efficiency (Ep).....................................................................................................39

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4.2.3 Irrigation duty....................................................................................................................39

4.2.4 Irrigation methods.............................................................................................................40
4.3 Irrigation and Drainage System Layout......................................................................................41
4.3.1 Conveyance System...........................................................................................................41
4.4 Design of the Canal System........................................................................................................42
4.4.1 Main Canal.........................................................................................................................42
4.4.2 Tertiary canals....................................................................................................................43
4.4.3 Field Canals........................................................................................................................44
4.5 Drainage Canals.........................................................................................................................44
4.5.1 Catch drainage canals........................................................................................................44
4.5.2 Tertiary canal drainage canals............................................................................................45
4.6 Canal Structures Design.............................................................................................................45
4.6.1 Design of a typical flume....................................................................................................45
4.6.2 Design of Division box........................................................................................................46
4.6.3 Road crossing structure.....................................................................................................49
4.7 Irrigation Infrastructure Bill of Quantities and Cost Estimate....................................................50
5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION.....................................................................57
6 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE.................................................................................58
6.1 General......................................................................................................................................58
6.2 Operation of the Head Works....................................................................................................58
6.3 Irrigation System Operation.......................................................................................................58
6.4 Maintenance Requirement........................................................................................................59
7 REFERENCE.........................................................................................................................61

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LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 2-1: OUTLIER TEST ANALYSIS...........................................................................................................8
TABLE 2-3: DETERMINATION OF TIME OF CONCENTRATION......................................................................11
TABLE 2-4: RUNOFF ANALYSIS..................................................................................................................13
TABLE 2-5: HYDROGRAPH COORDINATES..................................................................................................13
TABLE 2-6: WEIR/INTAKE SITE RIVER CROSS SECTION COORDINATE DATA.............................................14
TABLE 2-7: STAGE DISCHARGE ANALYSIS..................................................................................................15
TABLE 3.1 SUMMARY OF PUMPING SYSTEM FOR STATION.....................................................................................28
TABLE 4-1: HYDRAULIC PARAMETERS OF MAIN CANAL............................................................................44
TABLE 4-3: HYDRAULIC PARAMETERS OF TERTIARY CANALS...................................................................45
TABLE 4-5: HYDRAULIC PARAMETERS OF FLUME.....................................................................................48
TABLE 4-6: HYDRAULIC PARAMETERS OF DIVISION BOXES......................................................................50

LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE 1-1: LOCATION MAP OF THE PROJECT AREA.....................................................................................................1
FIGURE 2-2: COMPLEX HYDROGRAPH........................................................................................................................14
FIGURE 2-3: RATING CURVE......................................................................................................................................16
FIGURE 2-4: RIVER PROFILE.......................................................................................................................................17
FIGURE 3-1: RIVER BED AT THE PROPOSED WEIR/INTAKE SITE...................................................................................20
FIGURE 4-2: TYPICAL CROSS SECTION OF TERTIARY CANALS....................................................................................45
FIGURE 4-3: TYPICAL FIELD CANAL X-SECTION........................................................................................................46
FIGURE 4-4: TYPICAL CROSS SECTION OF CATCH DRAIN CANALS.............................................................................47
FIGURE 4-5: TYPICAL DIVISION BOX PLAN................................................................................................................49

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SAILENT FEATURE

1. Project name: Tsirary pump Irrigation Project

2. Name of the stream: Tsirary river
3. Location of the weir/intake site using
 North:1431997
 South:495627.9
 Zone: waghmra
 Wereda: Abergelie
 Average Altitude:1189 masl
4. Hydrology
 Design rainfall: 124.8mm
 Catchment area: 2885.7Km2
 Longest flow path length: 123.86 Km
 Design flood:2719 m3/sec
 Design base flow: 2168 lit/se.
5. Irrigation and drainage systems Infrastructure
 Command area size: 70 ha
 Type of soil of the command area is dominantly silty gravel.
 Design discharge of the main canal = 150 l/sec
 Irrigation system layout consists of One earthen & lined main canal and Ten tertiary canals
 Main irrigation structures designed are;
 Gully crossing structures
 Foot path
 Drop, Turnouts, Chute and Division Box

Project cost

 General Items cost= 299,266.58 Birr

 Headwork cost = 1,625,619.93 Birr
 Irrigation infrastructure cost = 7,383,975.07 Birr
 Total project cost (with VAT and Contingency) = 11,775,709.89 Birr
 Cost per hectare = 168,224.43 Birr

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1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

In Ethiopia, under the prevalent rain-fed agricultural production system, the progressive degradation of the
natural resource base, especially in highly vulnerable areas of the highlands coupled with climate variability
have aggravated the incidence of poverty and food insecurity. The major source of growth for Ethiopia is still
conceived to be the agriculture sector. Hence, this sector has to be insulated from drought shocks through
enhanced utilization of the water resource potential of the country, (through development of small-scale
irrigation, water harvesting, and on-farm diversification) coupled with strengthened linkages between
agriculture and industry (agro-industry), thereby creating a demand for agricultural output. In line with the
above, efforts have been made by the government to improve the situation in the country in areas of domestic
water supply provision, irrigation, watershed management, etc. The Amhara Water Resources Development
Bureau is playing its role in the development of small scale irrigation projects in the region. Accordingly, as
part of the water sector development program, the office has initiated the study and design of a small scale
irrigation scheme on Tsirary at 03Kebele and signed an agreement with Amhara Design & Supervision
Works Enterprise (ADSWE) for the study and design of the project.

1.2 Description of the Project Area

1.2.1 Location

This irrigation project is located mainly at 03Kebele, AbergelieWereda of Waghimra Zone in the Amhara
Region. The proposed irrigation project is to be undertaken on Tsirary and the headwork structures are
specifically located at an altitude of about 1189masl and geographical coordinates of 1431997N (UTM) and
498627.9E (UTM).

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1.2.2 Accessibility

The project area is accessed through Gravel Surfaced/All weather/Dry Weather road 120Km from Korm to
Tsirary, and 600Km all/dry weather road to from Sekota to Tsirary Project. Previous Irrigation Practices
There are traditional pump on the upstream and downstream of this river using different irrigation practices
but as the hydrology and Hydrogeology study and respondent farmers indicated, the river has capacity of
recharging as it stretches down from the source area of the river. As a result there will not be a marked
reduction or fluctuation of water flows.

1.3 Major Objective

The project area faces variability of rainfall distribution though the overall rainfall generally suffices the
rain-fed agriculture. Accordingly, the rain-fed agriculture needs means of supplementing during distribution
failures and further full irrigation is required to maximize the use of the potential land and water resources.
Hence the objective of this project is to contribute a substantial share in the effort to reduce the risk of
production decrease due to rainfall variability and increase the productivity of the resource in the project
specific area. Specifically, the project is targeted for the following.

 To make sustainable the rain-fed crop production and make extra production in the dry season
possible for 70 ha of land through irrigation.
 There is a general consensus that irrigation investments will achieve broader food security and
poverty reduction impacts and if efforts are also geared towards up-grading existing traditional
farming practices with support to enhance access to input supply, output marketing and extension to
facilitate access to information and innovations.
 This objective is to be realized by constructing Pump irrigation structures. Specific Objectives

Other benefits that can be expected to appear with the launching of the project are:
 Efficiency of water use improvement;
 Improved local nutrition/food security gains;
 Improved management of scarce natural resources (land and water);
 Resilience against drought risk;
 Rationale for erosion control and watershed management;
 Rationale for the intensification and modernization of small-holder agriculture and rural lifestyles.
The engineering study and design enables the realization of the project by the provision of engineering
structures that will allow the appropriate abstraction of the *river water for delivery in to the identified
irrigation fields of the study area. Hence, this engineering design is specifically targeted to:
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 Analyze hydrologic requirements of the project and engineering structures;

 The formulation of sound and stable structure, with necessary provisions that allow safe, easy and
low-maintenance operation in the service life of the project;
 Develop working drawings;
 Estimation of construction costs.

1.4 Scope of the Study

 The irrigation design shall ensure reliability, equity and flexibility of water delivery to farmers. It will
aim at reducing conflicts among water users and will lead to lower operation and maintenance costs.
 Updating the existing, if available, computation of the actual evapo-transpiration, crop water
requirement, irrigation demand/duty using the existing and recent agronomic, climatologic and soil data
using more appropriate methodologies.
 Establish design criteria for irrigations structures to be approved by the client and to be used in the final
design stage,
 Design proper irrigation system compatible with local conditions and management capabilities,
 Establish flood protection measures for the command area and canal structures and design the respective
drainage system accordingly,
 Planning and layout of the irrigation system, which include irrigation canals, drainage channels,
inspection roads and alignments, canal spacing, canal length, location of structures, and water profiles
along canal and drains at specified reaches, which is most economical easily manageable and aligned
with topographic feature and geological investigation.
 Determination and estimation of water application conveyance and other losses and irrigation
efficiencies and consideration of those parameters in design steps.
 Check and test hydraulic and structural designs of main canal considering total demand and the required
capacity and the base flow availability,
 Prepare general plans and drawings for all irrigation infrastructure and irrigation systems designs,

1.5 Methodology

In the study and design procedure, Designers used the following steps.
 Specific Site identification:
o Review of the reconnaissance survey conducted by the Client
o 50,000 scale top map and GIS information
o Local farmers interview and discussion

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o Wereda and Zone Agriculture section expertise

o Previous studies
o On foot travel along the river channel and farm areas.
 Topographic survey:
o Surveying the headwork site and the Command area with sufficient radius, using Total
station
 Flow estimation
o Physical observation on flood mark indications and local information about high flood and
critical flow condition of the river
o Analyzing the recorded river flow data and use watershed inputs for further analysis.
o Base flow estimated during the reconnaissance field visit by floating method.
 Irrigable area identification:
o Using local information
o 50,000 Topographic map, and GIS information, GPS to see elevation
The design report is organized in three sections. In Section I the Hydrology study is presented and in
Sections II and III the Headwork and Irrigation and Drainage Systems designs are discussed respectively. In
Section III, planning and design of the irrigation system after Lifting the water using the pump will
be dealt. The following are major areas of concern in this part.
 Study and design of the irrigation method to be adopted,
 Study and design of the irrigation system layout and associated structures,
 Design of the different conveyance canals,
 Planning and design of the different irrigation and drainage structures,
 Preparation of the longitudinal profiles of the different irrigation and drainage canals.

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SECTION-1 HYDROLOGY

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2 HYDROLOGY

2.1 Watershed Characteristics

The Watershed has marked topographic variation. All types of slopes are present. The dominant slope class
is sloping (15-30%) which covers 33.72% of the total area followed steep (30-50%) which is 29.46%. very
steep(>50%), sloping (8-15%), Gently sloping (3-8%) and Flat or almost flat (0-3%) accounts 15.12%, 13.90%,
6.52% and 1.28% respectively. Table 1 shows the slope classes and proportion of the watershed
 Catchment Area = 2885.5km2
 Stream Length = 123.86Km
 CN(II) = 77.04
(Extracted from the Watershed Study Report of the same project)

At the selected reference point, the area of catchment is 2885.5km 2 and consists of a network of tributaries as
shown in Figure 2 below.

Tsirary River at the headwork site is characterized by moderately well-defined channel system and
considerable flows. It looks that the gradient of the river is getting low and hence there exists significant
deposition of sediment mainly cobbles and boulders.

2.2 Hydro-Metrological Data Availability

2.2.1 Climate

Small scale irrigation project designers and planners are faced with lack of good data on the hydrology of the
stream/river system that will be their water source and on local weather and climate conditions. Stream
gauging stations are virtually non-existent in remote rural areas of Ethiopia; meteorological stations are
almost rare. Likewise, Tsirary pump irrigation project is no meteorological station of any level. Moreover,
there are no flow data for the river near the project. Therefore, data for the hydro-meteorological analysis is
taken from the nearby station and similar areas. Rainfall & temperature data are considered from Korm
Meteorological station. In fact, this station is very close to the project area.
As per the data of the station, March – April are identified as high temperature periods whereas December–
January are low temperature periods. The mean annual rainfall amount is more than 1200mm and most of it
occurs from June to August.

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2.2.2 Rainfall Data

In order to compute the design flood for the Pump irrigation structure, the daily maximum rainfall is
collected from Korm Metrological stations with a record of 10 years.

2.2.3 River flow data

The base flow which is measured on March 2014 is 2168 l/s. Since this base flow is measured during the dry
months of the year, this figure is adopted for design.

2.2.4 Upstream & Downstream utilization

Downstream of the proposed site, appreciable need for water is anticipated for locals and cattle
provisions. In this project base flow is very high 2168l/s and no water stress created at
downstream.86% of base flow is released to downstream .At downstream traditionally farmers
practice pump irrigation on small land due to scarcity of suitable irrigable command and finally
after 30km the river join to Tekeze River.

For the sake of planning and design, however, the outlet for the Pump is designed for a discharge of
300l/s for this project and the project is to be developed for 100 ha of land, which is most of the
time achievable as the flow for most of the time is significant to support this size of command area.

2.3 Design Flood Analysis

For the design and analysis of structures to be constructed on the river, estimation of flood
magnitude is an important task. This can be done using different techniques depending on the data
available. For this particular case, there are no river flow data and hence the flood estimation is
done using the rainfall data and applying SCS Curve Method.

2.3.1 Design Rainfall computation

Based on the data of 24hr peak rainfall given in Table 1 the design rainfall, Rf is computed using
Gamble’s Extreme Value Method.

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2.3.2 Outlier Test

Higher Limit, Y H =Ymean+ Kn∗Sy , Kn = 2.03 for 10 Years of data.

Lower Limit, Y H =Ymean−Kn∗Sy , Kn = 2.03 for 10 Years of data.

Table 2-1: Outlier test analysis

Daily max.
RF of Descending Cumulativ
S.NO. year year(X) Order(X) Rank(M) Probability (%) Return period Y=log X e rainfall
1 1998 88 88 1 1.96 51.0 1.94 88
2 1999 85.8 85.8 2 3.92 25.5 1.93 173.8
3 2000 82.5 82.5 3 5.88 17.0 1.92 256.3
4 2001 76.7 76.7 4 7.84 12.8 1.88 333
5 2002 70.4 70.4 5 9.8 10.2 1.85 403.4
6 2003 62.7 62.7 6 11.76 8.5 1.8 466.1
7 2004 59.5 59.5 7 13.73 7.3 1.77 525.6
8 2005 58.5 58.5 8 15.69 6.4 1.77 584.1
9 2006 48.7 48.7 9 17.65 5.7 1.69 632.8
10 2007 40.8 40.8 10 19.61 5.1 1.61 673.6
sum 673.6 18.16
mean/µ/ 67.36 1.82
stdv/αn-1/ 16.01 0.11
skew/g/ -0.242 -0.654

Outliers are data values which are quite different from the others in the data series. They exist both in
extreme values i.e. there is lowest & largest values out of limits formulated. The Causes of the outliers may
be errors of measurement or recording and etc. Since outliers have a significant effect on the results of the
design rainfall computation, they have been discarded from the data set. As per U.S Water resource council
(1981) recommended, it is possible to check for outliers based on skew value. If value of skew lies between
+0.4& -0.4 the outliers are checked for both lowest & highest values. In case of the particular Korm
metrological station data values shown on table-1, the skew /g/=-0.654.Hence the data series has be checked
for both cases of extremes.

o Higher Limit, YH = Ymean + Kn*Sy,

Yh =1.82+2.036*0.11

=2.03825

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o Lower limit, Yl = 1.82-2.036*0.11= 1.59

Upper limit of rainfall = 10^2.038 = 109.206mm
Lower Limit of rainfall = 10^1.59 = 39.24mm
Lowest & highest value in the given data series is 40.8 and88.So, all of the data values lies between the
lowest & a highest calculated value, Hence, there is no any data that can be rejected. All of them will be
used in the next design processes.

2.3.3 Check for variance

After checking the outliers, the data should be checked for variability. For variability the formula used is

α= (√ δ ∩ −1
N∗Mean )
∗100 %

Where, δn-1 = Standard deviation =16.01

N = Nr of recorded data =10

Mean = 67.36

α = Standard error

α= ( 10∗67.36
16.01
)∗100 %=7.5< 10 % Acceptable
Therefore the data shows no variability.

The design rainfall using Gumble Method is given as

R f =Rmean .+σ n−1∗K

Where Rf = Design rainfall
Rmean = average of all values of annual heaviest fall = 67.36 mm
σn-1 = standard deviation of the series = 16.01mm

T
Y t =−lnln( )
T −1 , T= Return period = 50 years

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50
Y t =−lnln( )=3 .9
50−1
Yn, Sn = constant found from Gumble’s extreme value distribution table for N= 10 Years
 Yn = 0.4952 and Sn = 0.9496
3 . 9−0 . 4952
K ==( )=3 .59
0 . 9496
R f =67.36+16.01∗3.59=124.8mm
 Point Design Rainfall = 124.8 mm
The design rainfall at points for 50 years return period is124.8 mm and the areal design rainfall is calculated
in the following section.

2.3.4 Peak Discharge Determination

2.3.4.1 General

The River is not gauged river. The design flood is calculated by using SCS unit hydrograph method. Thus, it
is preferred to base the flood analysis on rainfall data, which are better both in quantity and quality of data.
In the hydrologic analysis for drainage structures, it must be recognized that there are many variable factors
that affect floods. Some of the factors that need be recognized and considered on an individual site by site
basis are; rainfall amount and storm distribution; catchment area, shape and orientation; ground cover; type
of soil; slopes of terrain and stream(S); antecedent moisture condition; Storage potential (over bank, ponds,
wetlands, reservoirs, channel, etc.)
2.3.4.2 Peak flood analysis by SCS unit hydrograph method

Design flood is calculated SCS (The United States Soil Conservation Service). This method is widely
adopted and more reliable method for flood estimation. The approach considers, watershed parameters, like
Area, Curve number, and time of concentration.
2.3.4.3 Time of concentration (Tc)

Time of concentration has been calculated by taking the stream profile of the longest streamline and dividing
it in to different elevation. Kirpich formula is adopted for computation.

Table 2-2: Determination of Time of Concentration

Elevation
differenc Tc=0.948*(L^3/H)
Class Length km Min Max e meter ^0.385 hr

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1 85.31519 1194 1792.8 598.8 13.73694932

2 27.96284 1792.8 2406.6 613.8 3.751624495
3 7.31306 2406.6 3020.4 613.8 0.796989298
4 2.92279 3020.4 3634.2 613.8 0.276321215
5 0.34887 3634.2 3757 122.8 0.04408019
Sum 123.86275 0 18.60596452

The formula is,

{( ) ( ) ( ) }
3 0.385 3 0.385 3 0.385
L1 L2 Ln
Tc=∑ 0.948 + +…+
H1 H2 Hn

 Tc = 18.6 Since Tc > 3hr., duration of excess rainfall difference, D = 2hr.

 Time to peak,
T D = 11.7hr
p=¿ +0.6∗T c ¿
2

 Base time,
T b=2.67∗T p = 31.1
 Recession time,
T r=1.67∗T p = 51.9hr.
2.3.4.4 Curve number (CN)

Curve number (CN) is achieved based on USSCS method by watershed characterization in terms of land
cover, treatment, hydrologic condition and soil group. From the watershed analysis curve number at
condition II =77.04 Since peak rainfall is found at an antecedent moisture condition III state, this value has
to be changed to antecedent moisture condition III.

 Conversion factor = 1.150

 CN Condition (III) = (Factor from Table x CN condition II) =77.04*1.150 = 89.2. For detail analysis
of the computation, Refer Excel file, attached here with.
2.3.4.5 Area Rainfall

As the area of the catchment gets larger, coincidence of all hydrological incidences becomes less and less.
This can be optimized by changing the calculated point rainfall to aerial rainfall. The conversion factor is
taken from standard table that relate directly with the size of watershed area and type of the gauging station.
(IDD manual)
For the case of Tsirary Pump irrigation project,
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 Total watershed area = 2885.5 Km2

 Type of gauging station = Daily rainfall (24 hr.)
 Aerial Rainfall = (Point Rainfall) x (Conversion factor)
2.3.4.6 Run off Analysis

Input data:
 Design Point Rainfall = 124.8mm
 Curve number at antecedent moisture condition III = 89.2
 Catchment Area, A = 2885.5Km2
 Tc = 18.6hr, D = 2hr., Tp = 11..7 hr; Tb = 31.1hr; Tr = 51.9 hr.
 Direct run-off,
2
(I −0.2∗S)
Q=
(I +0.8∗S)
Where, I = Rearranged cumulative run-off depth (mm
 S = Maximum run off potential difference,

S= ( 25400
CN )
−254

 Peak run-off for incremental;

0.21∗( A∗Q)
Q p=
Tp
Where, A = Catchment area = 2885.5 Km2
Tp = Time to peak (hr)
Q = Incremental run-off (mm)

Table 2-3: Runoff analysis

RF Duration/D/ DR increment Qp for 1mm Qp for begin time peak time end time
runoff /m3/s/ incremental run
off m3/s/
0-2.0 0.00 51.97 0.0 0 11.7 31.1
2.0-4.0 0.57 51.97 29.6 2 13.7 33.1
4.0-6.0 4.95 51.97 257.4 4 15.7 35.1
6.0-8.0 30.55 51.97 1587.8 6 17.7 37.1
8.0-10 16.67 51.97 866.5 8 19.7 39.1
10.0-12.0 4.64 51.97 241.1 10 21.7 41.1
12.0-24.0 17.901 51.97 930.4 12 23.7 43.1

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Table 2-4: Hydrograph coordinates

Time,(hr) Ordinate of Hydrograph (m3/s) Total
H1 H2 H3 H4 H5 H6
0 0.000 0
2.00 0.000 0.00 0
4.00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0
6.00 0.000 0.00 44.16 0.00 44
8.00 0.000 0.00 88.32 272.34 0.00 361
10.00 0.000 0.00 132.48 544.68 148.63 826
11.66 0.000 0.00 169.13 770.73 271.99 34.32 1246
13.66 0.000 29.62 213.29 1043.07 420.62 75.67 1782
15.66 0.000 26.58 257.44 1315.41 569.24 117.01 2286
17.66 0.000 23.53 231.00 1587.75 717.87 158.36 2719
19.66 0.000 20.49 204.56 1424.67 866.50 199.71 2716
21.66 0.000 17.45 178.1 1261.6 777.50 241.06 2476
31.13 0.000 3.04 52.9 489.2 355.99 102.08 1003
33.13 0.0 26.4 326.2 267.00 72.74 692
35.13 0.0 163.1 178.00 43.39 384
37.13 0.0 89.00 14.05 103
39.13 0.00 0.00 0
38.09 0.00 0

3000.000

2500.000

2000.000

1500.000

1000.000

500.000

0.000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

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Figure 2-1: Complex Hydrograph

From the analysis, the 50 year return period design run off is 2719m 3/s

2.3.5 Tail Water Depth Computation

Table 2-5: Weir/intake Site River Cross section Coordinate Data

Pt North East Elevation Par.dis Com.dis
1431997 495487.9 1194.13 0.00 0.0
1431997 495497.9 1193.75 10.00 10.00
1431997 495507.9 1193.37 10.00 20.00
1431997 495517.9 1192.99 10.00 30.00
1431997 495527.9 1192.61 10.00 40.00
1431997 495537.9 1192.23 10.00 50.00
1431997 495547.9 1191.85 10.00 60.00
1431997 495557.9 1191.47 10.00 70.00
1431997 495567.9 1191.09 10.00 80.00
1431997 495577.9 1190.71 10.00 90.00
1431997 495587.9 1190.33 10.00 100.00
1431997 495597.9 1189.95 10.00 110.00
1431997 495607.9 1189.62 10.00 120.00
1431997 495617.9 1189.32 10.00 130.00
1431997 495627.9 1189.01 10.00 140.00
1431997 495637.9 1188.71 10.00 150.00
1431997 495647.9 1188.48 10.00 160.00
1431997 495657.9 1188.28 10.00 170.00
1431997 495667.9 1188.39 10.00 180.00
1431997 495677.9 1188.63 10.00 190.00
1431997 495687.9 1188.87 10.00 200.00
1431997 495697.9 1190.71 10.00 210.00
1431997 495707.9 1195.53 10.00 220.00

Table 2-6: Stage discharge analysis

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Water Wetted Hydraulic slope velocity / Discharge/m^3/s/

Elivation(m) depth(m) area(m2) Perimeter(m) radius/R/ m/s
1188.28 0.00 0 0 0 0
1188.53 0.25 12.4 46.49 0.27 0.0085 0.955132 11.84
1188.78 0.50 26.23 60.79 0.43 0.0085 1.316233 34.52
1189.03 0.75 42.44 70.08 0.61 0.0085 1.649971 70.02
1189.28 1.00 61.149 79.73 0.77 0.0085 1.931378 118.10
1189.53 1.25 82.24 89.04 0.92 0.0085 2.186188 179.79
1189.78 1.50 105.59 97.78 1.08 0.0085 2.42626 256.19
1190.03 1.75 130.99 105.74 1.24 0.0085 2.658814 348.28
1190.28 2.00 158.36 113.7 1.39 0.0085 2.87483 455.26
1190.53 2.25 187.75 121.53 1.54 0.0085 3.08049 578.36
1190.78 2.50 218.97 128.69 1.70 0.0085 3.285353 719.39
1191.03 2.75 251.95 135.85 1.85 0.0085 3.479567 876.68
1191.28 3.00 286.72 143 2.01 0.0085 3.665248 1050.90
1191.53 3.25 323.25 150.16 2.15 0.0085 3.84307 1242.27
1191.78 3.50 361.57 157.32 2.30 0.0085 4.014466 1451.51
1192.03 3.75 401.65 164.48 2.441938 0.0085 4.180022 1678.91
1192.28 4.00 443.51 171.64 2.583955 0.0085 4.340556 1925.08
1192.53 4.25 487.15 178.8 2.724553 0.0085 4.496614 2190.53
1192.78 4.50 532.56 185.96 2.863842 0.0085 4.648592 2475.65
1193.25 4.75 597.74 193.12 3.095174 0.0085 4.89567 2926.34

1194
1193
1192
1191
1190
1189
1188
1187
1186
1185
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500

Figure 2-2: Rating Curve

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From the above stage discharge table and curve the maximum flood level corresponding to the computed
design peak discharge is 1192.85(4.75 m from the river bed) and it is considered as the d/s high flood level
i.e. expected at the intake axis before construction of the intake.
⇒ D/S HFL = 1192.5 masl.

a) Average river bed slope

Average river bed slope of River is estimated by two different techniques. One is by end area method and the
other is by using best fit line method. Designers have adopted the end area method output for further
analysis.
The water level of the river is taken at different points along the river channel around the head work site.
Surveying work done for 280m length. And then, average water surface slope is considered as the river bed
slope. For comparison of the two procedures, refer the attached Excel file.
1194

1193

1192

1191

1190

1189

1188

1187

1186

1185

1184
0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Figure 2-3: River profile

b) Manning’s Roughness coefficient

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The Manning’s roughness coefficient is taken from standard table based on the river nature. The river at the
headwork site has got braded feature and curving nature. The river banks are defined and relatively smooth.
Manning’s roughness coefficient (n = 0.04) is adopted.

c) Discharge of the river

Input data:
 Manning's roughness coefficient, n = 0.04
 Average river bed slope, S = 0.0085
1
V = ×R 2/ 3× √ S
 n , Where, R = Hydraulic radius = (Area/Perimeter)
 Q=V ∗A

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SECTION-II: HEAD WORK DESIG

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3 HEADWORK STRUCTURES DESIGN

3.1 Headwork Site Selection
At this site the river course is well defined, matured with fixed width and forms depsition. At this specific
site, covered by recent alluvial deposit sediment at the river bed where as the left bank is also made from silt
clay soil but the right bank is covered by silt clay soil at the top for few centimeter thickness below this soil
there is highly to moderately weathered aphanitic rock exposure which extend in upstream direction. The
river is flowing through a defined channel and its scouring effect on the river course is significant as its bed
covered by loose, alluvial deposit which is easily erodible and transported by running water. The different
sections of the stream at the proposed headwork site are described separately below:-

3.1.1 River Geomorphology

3.1.1.1 River Bed condition

At the proposed headwork site the stream bed or course is well defined, nearly straight, and shows rough
surface due to recent sediment accumulations .Along the intake Axis and stream channel the stream bed is
made up of basically one geologic materials, as seen from surface observation. These are recently deposited
alluvial coarse grained sediments.

The central areas of the bed (lower elevation portions) are totally covered with the alluvial deposits, while to
the right bank the bed are clearly exposed which continuous in downstream direction. From test pit taken at
the border (near to left bank TrFoTp-1) the thickness of the alluvial deposit of sand and gravel with some
boulder is grater that 1.4m. Due to excessive subsurface water inflow to the pit, the excavation has been
interrupted before encountering the required bedrock. From surface geological understanding of the area that
is clearly exposed bed rock near to the right bank has some inclination, which makes the thickness of deposit
reach up to 3m in the left bank , after that the expected bed rock might encounter.

As described above, the foundation area of the headwork structure is characterized by non-uniform
geologic materials of the stream bed; the sediments and bedrock. The former is loose and pervious,
while the bedrock is strong and impervious. It is therefore better to incorporate a positive cut-off
masonry wall at the central portion of the bed that anchored to the bedrock after intercepting 4.5 to
5m thick layer of sediment. This will help for both seepage barrier and also stability conditions

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3.1.2 River Bank condition

3.1.2.1 Right Bank

At the headwork site/axis, the right bank is characterized by different geological unit from other
portion. Geologically it is slightly weathered and highly fractured dark gray color basaltic
agglomerate with linearly aligned narrow spaced quartz filled vein. It has relatively moderate to
steep slope, having about variable height from stream bed. Due to its inclination, at the center of the
stream it is completely covered with recently deposited thick alluvial sediment. The rocky nature of
the right bank have extension both in upstream and downstream direction

3.1.2.2 Left Bank

At the proposed headwork axis and immediate vicinities, the left bank forms relatively steep slope
topography vertically defined boundary having 1.8m height. From surface observation, the bank is made up
of one basic geological units. For geotechnical purpose, there are two distinct layers observed at the bank.
These are top old flood plain deposit (brown color fine grained low plastic silt(ML)having around 1.8m hight
from OGL. under this unit recently deposited fine sand and gravel had taken place.

3.2 Sources of construction material

During site investigation, natural construction materials required for the construction of the various proposed
engineering structures at the headwork and within the farmland have been assessed, and possible quarry sites
and borrow areas have been identified within the vicinity of the study area as close to the project site as
possible. In addition to identifying the quality, quantity and accessibility conditions of the construction
materials, ownerships of each proposed production sites have also been studied and described in this report,
on separate sub-sections below. The materials needed for the construction of the structures include rock for
masonry stones, aggregates (both coarse and fine), and water.

3.2.1 Rock for Masonry and Crushed Coarse Aggregate

Quarry site that can be used for production of rock for masonry stone and crushed coarse aggregates
has been assessed during the field work session within the vicinity of the project area at economic
distance for hauling. One possible quarry site has been identified within right side/bank of the
headwork starting150m downstream following a continuous ridge bordering the right side of Tirar
stream and in the form of field boulder on the surrounding area. The rock is located in the same
Kebele, and Gahra locality or “Got” . At this quarry site, the available rock type is aphanitic basalt

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which is magmatic in origin and occurs in the form of angular fragments of suitable sizes. It is dark
gray and fine grained volcanic rock. Naturally, this rock is strong as it is generally fresh except very
thin cover of weathered zones, which need to be removed during rock dressing and before crushing.
At the quarry site, fresh basalt rock units are found in large quantity that suffices the requirement of
the project. From this site, rock of different sizes can be produced; ranging from large boulders to
coarse gravels that masonry stone and coarse aggregate can be produced easily.

3.2.2 Fine Aggregates

Borrow areas for fine aggregate or natural sand have been assessed starting from the project stream itself.
Natural deposits of such materials couldn’t be found when assessed within the beds of the stream in the
project area; rather very coarser sediments and rock exposures are found covering almost the entire bed of
the Tirar stream. Seeing to this nature of the stream, other distant streams have been explored to identify the
best source areas for fine aggregate or natural sand that can be used for this particular project. During
exploration of this natural sand, at a distant one stream was identified as a possible source of fine sand. The
stream is known as ‘Benzone’. It is located at about 28km from the project site, in Region one (Tigray
Region) at Fenaro Kebele on Humer Locality or 'Got'. In the area good quantity, which suffices the need of
this project, is available. The deposit is dominated by sand sized transported alluvial sediments,
though some amount of fines without any over sizes are also observed. The individual grains of
sand are mainly originated from basalt rock and reveals high crushing resistant that the sand has
good quality in this respect.
The samples have been analyzed at Amhara Design and Supervision material testing laboratory to
characterize the gradation of the sand deposit

3.2.3 Water

Water for construction purposes can be found from the project stream, of Tsirary River, itself. The stream is
perennial throughout the year that there is some amount of flow along its course. During this field time the
stream flow was more than 2168L/second.

3.3 Headwork Type Selection

The u/s pump site is made up of rock formation at the foot and centre of the ridge but at the top part it is
agglomerate, transported silt and loose soil. The rock is basaltic having some joints with widely spaced. The

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degree of weathering of the rock is low (it may extend about 1meter thick from the surface.) It decreases
from outside to inside. So the weathered part should be excavated until the fresh rock is exposed. .

For the foundation of the proposed pump house, the underlying fresh portion of the rock is more suitable that
the top weathered rock should be removed during preparing of the area in time of construction.

At the d/s pump site, there is transported and deposited silt extending up 0.5meter thickness. The next
0.5meter is brownish clay soil which has low plastic and high permeability. The bed rock may be extending
up to 1.5meter from the surface.

3.4 Design of pumping stations

Pumping station here is used to mean the total pumping and water handling facility including the building for
pumping equipment, inflow facilities, discharge facilities, gate structures, gravity flow conduits, headwalls,
retaining walls, and other appurtenant structures and facilities.

3.4.1 Pump irrigation experience & cause of pump failures

Irrigation experiences using pumps are common in Ethiopia. The experience ranges from big projects
irrigating hundreds of hectares to small individual plot irrigations. However, there are many cases of failures
of pump irrigation projects. Causes of pump failure are diverse. There can be mechanical or hydraulic or
some other. The following can be some of the causes of pump failure.

 Suction and/or discharge valves closed or clogged

 Insufficient NPSH available

 Air leak in suction line

 Inadequate lubrication

 Piping not properly anchored

 Pump assembled incorrectly

 Impeller clogged

 Overheating of seal faces

 Excessive shaft deflection

 Human error and lack of knowledge of proper operation

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 Not been able to cover operation and maintenance (O&M) costs

This section deals with the planning and design of the pumping station for Tsirary project. The following are
the main types of structures provided in these pumping stations.

 The sump well (water intake)

 Suction pipes & accessories

 Pump house and equipment in the house

 Delivery pipe and accessories

 Retaining walls and flood protection works

 Earth works and accessibility to the pump house

3.5 Water intake from the Artificial pond (sump well)

A sump well, with trash racks to prevent entry of large debris into the sump well and not interfere during
pumping, has been provided in the river. The sump wall for pumping station is placed about 31meters into
the river from the inferred right side pool boundary to accommodate possible retreat of the boundary of the
water level and enable pumping of water during critical dry periods. The minimum water surface elevation in
the sump is determined by considering the estimated possible depth of pond during dry time and requirement
for cavitation and siltation of the river bed. Accordingly, the minimum water level is fixed to be at 1189m.
a.s

Minimum horizontal sump area will be that required to permit adequate spacing of pumps and intake systems
to provide adequate space for installation of discharge and suction lines and associated equipment and flows
to the pump. A well with depth 3m, width 4m and length 6m is provided.

3.5.1 Provision of trash racks

Except for stations of minor importance and sewage type pumping stations, all flows in to pumping stations
should be screened before reaching the pumps. Conventional bar screens (trash racks) are the preferred
method of screening. Trash racks should be located to allow incoming flows to pass through the rack before
reaching the pump intake.

The clear spacing between the bars should approximately be Diameter of 24mm at spacing of 60mm, but
may be greater if justified by the size and type of pumps to be protected, but should not exceed 75mm in any
case according to USBR recommendation.
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Therefore, trash racks of 2m by 2m opening are provided.

3.5.2 Suction pipe and controls

From the sump well, two suction pipes suck water to the pumps for each station. The suction pipes have a
length of 16m and 360mm size and velocity of 1.5m/s. The general arrangement of the pipes is shown in the
detail drawing.

The suction lift height (max.) is fixed to be 5 meter in both cases. The material of the suction pipe is selected
to be Ductile Iron Pipe (DIP). Details of selection and size determination have been discussed below.

3.6 Design of raising main and its ancillary works

3.6.1 Route selection

The first step in designing a raising main is to select the route and prepare a contour map that shows
elevation, surface configurations and distance from the source. The route for the raising mains has been
selected by considering the shortest possible distance with minimal obstacle (also consideration of good site
for cross-drainage structure) and less social and environmental disturbance. Fortunately, the area between
the source and the delivery point along the selected routes has no residence and it will not make any social
and environmental complexity. The total length of the conveyance from the pump house up to the exit
structure is around 65m and 360mm size and velocity of 1.5m/s.The pipes are supposed to be buried.

3.6.2 Material Selection

In selecting the type of material and pipe size to be used one should consider carrying capacity, durability,
maintenance cost, first cost, availability of the pipe material, ease of construction and repair. The character of
the water and its potential effect upon pipe of different materials is an important consideration as well.
Buried piping for water transmission must resist internal pressure, external loads, differential settlements and
corrosive action of both soils and potentially the water it carries. The pipe materials most often used for
water conveyance include plastic, galvanized iron pipe, cast iron and asbestos cement. Among these pipes
cast iron is used in most large transmission lines because of its size availability. However, nowadays-ductile
iron pipe, which has a better strength, toughness, and ductility than iron pipe, is largely replacing cast iron.
Therefore, ductile iron pipe is selected to convey the water from the source to the farm in this case.

3.6.3 Size determination

In designing the size of the raising main the hydraulic gradient should be maintained to generate velocities
which are neither so small as to require large size diameter pipe, nor so large as to cause excessive loss of
pressure head. The velocity should be non-silting and non-scouring.

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Therefore, from economic considerations the flow velocities through raising mains are normally kept
between 0.9m/s to 2.0m/s. Hence taking a flow velocity of 1.5m/s a pipe size of 360mm diameter is required
to accommodate the required flow rate of 0.15m3/s.

3.6.4 Trench, Supporting pillars and anchorages

The trench width must be greater enough to provide room to join the pipe sections and install required
fittings. Clearance of 70mm on either side is normally adequate. This requires a trench width of about
500mm for 360mm pipe. The trench width must be increased at joints and fittings. An extra width of 140mm
on either side should be provided.

Covers (backfill) provide protection against traffic loads and other environmental factor and it varies
depending on the local condition. Here the raising main is laid on agricultural areas and a minimum cover of
20cm should be provided. An extra depth of 150mm should be provided at joints and fittings. In rock
formation the trench should be cut to a level at least 150mm below the final grade of the pipe and a cushion
of sand or clean bedding material should be placed between the rock and the pipe. Back material should be
free of cinders, refuse, and large stones. Careful backfilling decrease the load on the pipe and will decrease
the probability of failure. Fortunately, the selected pipe route has no significant up and downs that demand
the provision of supporting pillars and anchorages.

3.7 Pump selection and its hydraulic design

3.7.1 Selection of pump

The key requirement in pump selection and design of pump systems for typical irrigation installation is that
there is a correspondence between the requirements of the irrigation system and the maximum operating
efficiency of the pump. The requirements of the irrigation system are the flow rates and pressure output. The
maximum operating efficiency of the pump can be obtained from the performance characteristics curve of
the pump. But before matching the system requirement and the performance characteristics curve of the
pump, selection has to be done on the type of pump since pumps used in irrigation system are available in a
wide variety of pressure and discharge configurations and with different operating principles and
requirements. A first stage of selection of pump can be made based on the specific speed (type number) of
the pump that is given by:

Q0. 5
N s=0 . 2108∗N
H 0 .75

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Where N is the rotation of the impeller in rev/min,

Q is the flow rate in l/min

H is the pump head (total operating head) in m

Taking the impeller speed of 1800rpm.The project requires a total discharge of 18000l/min. From proper
operation, management and maintenance considerations two pumps each with a discharge capacity of
9000l/min should be provided. The pumps operate alternately. Thus, a pump may work for 7 hours.

The total operating head includes the static head, the suction head and the head losses. The static and suction
head can be obtaining from the pipe profile. Whereas the head losses that include the frictional head loss and
minor losses may be estimated by using appropriate models. To estimate the frictional head loss the Hazen-
William’s equation has been used. The equation has the form:

V =0. 85 CR 0 . 63 S 0. 54
f

Where C is roughness coefficient,

R hydraulic radius of pipe

Sf = hf/L slope of hydraulic grade line (slope of the hydraulic gradient)

In order to estimate the frictional head loss through the raising (supply) main based on the above equations,
parameters like the pipe roughness coefficient C, the hydraulic radius of the pipe R, the flow velocity V, and
the length of the supply main are required. For the selected ductile iron pipe (DIP), the roughness coefficient
C is taken to be 100 (from tables for Hazen-Williams Coefficients).

Using the capacity of the supply main determined above the hydraulic radius, R is calculated by dividing the
diameter by four. From the topographic survey, the length of the supply main has been estimated as 65m.
Substituting all the known values the head loss due friction is calculated as 0.9m.

The common values for impeller speed of pumps are 1800 and 3500rpm. Considering critical time water
levels at the intake and topographic conditions (suction water level at 1189m a.s.l.Total Static heads of 20m
required. The total operating head of the pump including the friction losses at the delivery and suction pipes,
minor losses and velocity head is estimated as 30.2m. Taking an impeller speed of 1800rpm and using the
discharge and total operating heads leads to the calculation of the specific speed. A specific speed value
equal to 2608.51 is calculated for this station. These values indicate that a centrifugal pump is found to be the
appropriate type of pump for the system. Indeed centrifugal pumps are used in applications requiring high
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heads but limited discharge. The discharge limitation can be easily managed by providing pumps working in
parallel.

3.7.2 Hydraulic design of pump

This involves the determination of the power, operating requirements, and the type of model that satisfy the
system requirement. Within the same type of pumps like centrifugal there is also high variability among
them in operating discharge, head and efficiency i.e. among the various centrifugal pumps few of them may
satisfy the system requirement at the desired efficiency. Therefore, before estimating the power of the pump,
the pump type should be selected. This selection is entire depend on the system requirement and the pump
performance characteristic curve. The responsibility of the design engineer is to match the system and pump
performance curves so the system can be operated at its designed capacity and pressure. The performance
curve for the pump chosen must then be inspected to check that the pump is able to operate at high level of
efficiency relative to the design requirements of the irrigation system. The system head in the system curve is
a function of the elevation - the static head in the system, the major and minor losses and the velocity head
and can be expressed as

H= static head + major friction loss + Minor friction loss + Velocity head

Major friction loss is calculated from the Hazen-William’s equation and minor head loss in pipe systems is
usually given as

hminor_loss = kv2/ 2 g , where hminor_loss = minor head loss (m), k = minor loss coefficient

v = flow velocity (m/s) and g = acceleration of gravity (m/s2)

hminor_loss = 0.5 v2/ 2 g

Finally the power of the pump can be estimated using the following equation:

γ QH
Pi =
η
Where P = power KW

γ = unit weight of liquid, KN/m3

Q = capacity (flow rate or discharge) m3/s

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H = Total dynamic head (m)

η = Pump efficiency

However, due to the limitation in getting characteristics curves for different pumps an efficiency of 75% is
assumed and the power of the pump has been calculated. The result is shown in the summary Table below.
Pump efficiency usually range from 60 to 85% (H.S.Peavy, 1985).

Besides, the determination of power the pump operating requirements has to be also determined. One of such
requirements is the suction lift. Every pump has its own minimum net positive suction head requirement
(NPSHr). This requirement is described by the pump manufacturer in the characteristics curve of the pump.
In the absence of such characteristic curve the suction lift is determined based on the general considerations.

The depth from which water may be raised by an ordinary suction pump is limited to the ability of the
pressure of the atmosphere to support a column of water in a vacuum. In the project area the atmospheric
pressure is estimated to be more than 9m (let’s consider 9.8 m) since the elevation is high. Therefore, to
minimize the cavitation problem and making the pump operating conditions safer the suction lift shall be
limited to a maximum of 5m. Thus a pump that needs a maximum net positive suction head of 2.7m shall be
provided.

This will tell us that the centerline of the pump should be set at an altitude of 1194masl.

Table 3.2 Summary of pumping system for Station

Parameter Station

Altitude (masl) 1189

Mean Temperature (0c) 27

Atmospheric pressure (m) 9.8

Vapor Pressure (m) 0.42

Total Discharge (l/s) 150

Diameter of supply line(mm) 360

Flow Velocity (m/s) 1.5

Length of supply line(m) 65

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Parameter Station

Head loss including suction (m) 0.9

Total Static Head (m) 19

Total Dynamic head (m) 30.2

Number of pumps provided 2

Discharge of one unit (l/s) 150

Pump impeller speed (rpm) 1800

Specific speed 2608.5

Recommended type of pump Centrifugal

NPSHA 2.7

NPSHr(m) 2.5

Maximum static suction lift (m) 5

Power (KW) 87

Table3.3 Parameter of raisin main and suction head

Deman Suctio Total
d V(m/ Øp(m Delivery n Suctio Delivery pipe
A(m2) suction head Q
Q(m3/s s) ) Pipe No Pipe n pipe pipe L(m) type
) No L(m)
0.1500 1.5 0.10 0.36 1.00 2 5 16 49 DIP 0.150

3.8 Pump house

Pumps are used in irrigation systems to impart a head to the water so it may be distributed to different
locations on the farm and used effectively in application systems. The source of water for the project is at a

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lower elevation than the points of delivery. This requires the provision of proper pumping stations with the
necessary pumping facilities.

The following points should be considered in selecting site for pumping stations.

 It should be free from flooding

 Is should be accessible

 There should be sufficient space for the provision of the required units and for future expansions

 It should satisfy the operating conditions of the pumps

Considering the above-mentioned points, sites nearer to the intake has been selected.

A pump house provided with proper vitiation facilities and house that can accommodate the required units
has been design. Details of the pump house can be seen from the standard pumping house drawing attached
in the drawing album.

3.8.1 Operation of pumps

The types of pumps provided for this project are centrifugal pumps. Centrifugal pumps offer certain distinct
advantages; chief among these is the fact that the flow of liquid from them is relatively even and smooth with
very few pulsations. Properly installed and operated, little or no vibration results from their use. In addition,
these pumps are of comparatively low cost (capital and operation), are simple to construct and flexible to
operate, and require a comparatively small space. Therefore, the pump operators should be given basic
training at the beginning of the pump operation principles and how to maintain. There are two pumps for a
pumping station. When one pump is working for each the other is at rest. The maximum pumping hour of
each pump is 7 hours and total of14 hours of pumping are required to irrigate the required size each day.
Daily inspections should be made and any irregularities in the operation of a pump should be recorded and
reported immediately. This applies to changes in sound of a running pump, abrupt changes in bearing
temperatures and seal chamber leakage.A check of pressure gauges and of flow meters and vibration should
be made regularly during the day.

3.9 Collection chamber

Collection chamber is provided at 1208msl.This irrigation structure helps to distribute to the command .

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3.10 Retaining walls and flood Protection works

To protect the pump house from flooding and retain excavated earth in place, retaining walls have been
provided as shown on the detail drawings. The length and height of the walls vary depending on the
topographical condition. Detail information is provided from drawing.

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3.11 HEADWORK BILL OF QUANTITY AND COST ESTIMATION

3.11.1 General Items

Ite
m Quantit
No Description Unit y Rate Birr Amount Birr

1 General items of work

40,41 40,4
1.1 Allow for mobilization L.S 1 7.23 17.23
36,37 36,3
1.2 Allow for demobilization L.S 1 5.51 75.51
Allow for contraction camp and facilities
=4*5m2 , Living room for construction key
personnel, CIS and Internally painted chip wood
wall, Masonry floor cement screened and well
ventilated room complete with doors and 36,84 147,3
windows. No 4 4.36 77.44
1.3
5*5m2, Store constructed from CIS with doors 29,95 29,9
and windows, Masonry floor cement screened No 1 4.09 54.09
Barbed wire fence 60*20m and 1.5m high
treated timber post complete with 3m wide 14,37 14,3
gate and a CIS grard house (1.5*2m) No 1 4.40 74.40
7,45 7,4
1.4 Allow for temporary access road to site km 1 7.90 57.90
Dewatering of open trenches and excavations, 45,00 45,0
1.5 pumps LS 1 0.00 00.00

Provide project indicator post starting from

1.6 the construction time LS 1 0 0

1.7 Access road LS 7 60000 420000

740,956
Total .57

3.11.2 Head work quantity

Item Rate
No Description Unit Quantity Birr Amount Birr

1 Excavated Bore hole

1.1 Excavation(soil) m3 484.8 65.94 31,969.52

1.2 Backfill with river material m3 20 55.04 1,100.84

1,179.3
1.3 Masonry work(1;4) m3 148.2 0 174,771.59
C-20 concrete
1.4 m3 29.5
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Item Rate
No Description Unit Quantity Birr Amount Birr
2,452.7
3 72,355.59

1.5 ф12mm bar kg 465 45.00 20,925.00

1.6 plastering m2 45.6 121.53 5,541.60

2 Escape gate

2.1 3mm sheet Metal 0.5m*0.6m for Escape gate No 1 300.00 300.00

2.2 32mm Diameter 0.6m length bar of 3kg Kg 3 200.00 600.00

3 Bed bar

3.1 Excavation(soil) m3 600 65.94 39,564.00

3.2 Backfill with river material m3 155 55.04 8,531.20

Cyclopean concrete(60% C-20,40% graded 1,338.3

3.3 stone) m3 78 4 104,390.87

4 Gate 1 300.00 300.00

4.1 3mm sheet Metal 0.5m*0.6m for Escape gate 3 200.00 600.00
4.2 32mm Diameter 0.6m length bar of 3kg

Subtotal 460,950.21

5 Approach Channel

5.1 Excavation(soil) m3 30.2 65.94 1,991.50

5.2 25cm Hard core m3 1 45.29 45.29

Cyclopean concrete(60% C-20,40% graded 1,338.3

5.3 stone) m3 1.6 4 2,141.35

1,463.4
5.4 Masonry 1;4 ratio kg 25.62 8 37,494.27

5.5 plastering m2 14 121.53 1,701.37

6 Trasrack

6.1 ф12mm Reinforcement bar kg 150 45.00 6,750.00

1,000.0
6.2 Dia.100mm steel pipe m 1.2 0 1,200.00
Subtotal
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Item Rate
No Description Unit Quantity Birr Amount Birr
51,323.78

7 Masonry Retaining wall

7.1 Excavation(soil) m3 65 65.94 4,286.34

1,463.4
7.2 Masonry retaining wall(1;4) m3 80.5 8 117,809.88

7.2 plastering m2 125 121.53 15,190.79

Subtotal 137,287.01

8 pump house and gaourd house

8.1 Excavation(soil) m3 652 65.94 42,995.32

8.2 20cm*20cm brick pcs 2600 15.00 39,000.00

8.2 40cm Hard core m3 13 45.29 588.77

1,179.3
8.3 10cm Lean concrete m3 4.5 0 5,306.83

8.4 3cm cement screed(1:2) m2 2.3 122.93 282.74

9 Top Tie beam

9.1 C-20 concrete m3 4

9.2 Stirrup (10mm diam.) kg 98.5 45.00 4,432.50

9.3 ф12mm bar kg 202.5 45.00 9,112.50

Subtotal 101,718.65

10 Column ,footing, pump set and Roofing

2,452.7
10.1 Concrete (C-20) 6 3 14,716.38

10.2 Stirrup (10mm diameter) kg 26.9 45.00 1,210.50

10.3 ф12mm bar kg 250.5 45.00 11,272.50

10.4 Three coats of internal wall Plastering m2 49 122.93 6,023.57

10.5 Eucalyptus truss No 25 300.00 7,500.00

10.6 Corrugated iron sheet (gauge 30) m2 72 200.00 14,400.00

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Item Rate
No Description Unit Quantity Birr Amount Birr

Metal Door (1200 x2100 mm) 3,000.0

10.7 No 1 0 3,000.00

1,400.0
10.8 Framed Window (wire mesh) No 2 0 2,800.00

10.9 Formwork m2 24 488.51 11,724.15

Subtotal
72,647.10

11 Collection chamber

11.1 Excavation(soil) m3 14.49 65.94 955.52

11.2 25cm Hard core m3 1.875 55.04 103.20

1,470.8
11.3 5cm Lean concrete(C-10) m3 0.4 4 588.34

11.4 3cm cement screed(1;3) m2 7.5 122.93 921.97

4mm Metal sheet gate of 0.5m*0.6m 4,269.5

11.5 pcs 1 8 4,269.58
Subtotal
6,838.61

12 Pipe Work

pipe 360mm dia DCI with spigot and flanged 1,500.0

12.1 joints m 100 0 150,000.00

water meter (360mm dia) 20,000.

12.2 No 2 00 40,000.00

Air Release valve (360mm dia) 21,000.

12.3 No 2 00 42,000.00

Gate Valve (360mm dia) 19,000.

12.4 No 2 00 38,000.00

Check Valve (360mm dia) 25,000.

12.5 No 2 00 50,000.00

Thrust blocks (C20) 10,000.

12.6 No 15 00 150,000.00
Subtotal
470,000.00

13 Electromechanical Equipment

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Item Rate
No Description Unit Quantity Birr Amount Birr

240,000
13.1 Eelectric Moter No 2 .00 480,000.00

270,000
13.2 Supply and installation of centrifugal pump, No 2 .00 540,000.00

Q = 0.15 m3/s, H = 86 m, P = 173 KW subtotal 1,020,000.00

Total Headwork cost 2,320,765.36

VAT (15%) 348,114.80

Grand Total Headwork cost 2,668,880.17

SECTION-III: IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE

SYSTEMS INFRASTRUCTURE

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4 IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE SYSTEMS DESIGN

4.1 Irrigable Area Description

4.1.1 Topography

The nature of topography can influence soils of an area in many ways. In irrigated agriculture, topography
influences the choice of irrigation method, the labour requirement, the irrigation efficiency, the cost of land
development, the problems of drainage, the hazards of erosion, the range of possible crops that can be grown
and the size/shape of fields to put under cultivations. Furthermore, the suitable soils occur on a range of
slopes up to 12%. A slope of land greater than 12% is considered permanently unsuitable for irrigation for all
land use types (LUTs). Based on slope gradient classes which have developed from topographic survey data
of the command area, using ArcGIS Software, the command area has consisted of level to steep topographic
features. In general, half of the surveyed command area is found in 0-8% slope gradients.

From the abovementioned evidences and the agro-ecological suitability of the area, development of modern
irrigation scheme is believed to be encouraging for the production of drought tolerant crops and bring about
rapid and sustainable development in the project area.

4.1.2 Climate

The project area has unimodal and uneven distribution pattern of rainfall. The main rain season (locally
known as Meher or Kiremt) occurs from Early-May to Late-October with about 85% share of annual rainfall.
About 15% of the annual rainfall occurs during the dry season from November to April.

In the project area the main bottle neck for the successful crop production is uneven distribution of rainfall
and hail damage (especially in the months of August and October). The highest rainfall occurs in the months
of July and August with better intensity and spatial distribution. Had the annual amount of rainfall been
evenly distributed throughout the rainy season, the amount of rainfall would have to been sufficient for the
crops grown in the wet and dry seasons.

Generally, the area is characterized by uneven rainfall distribution and sporadic hail damage. The current
uneven rainfall distribution makes traditional rainfed crop production incomplete. As a rule of thumb, the
amount and duration of rainfall affects the moisture content and nutrient status of soil, which in turn
determine the growing periods and type of crops to be cultivated.

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Samre (Tigray) meteorological station (about 50km far from the command area) rainfall data has taken to
represent the project area (see Annex II). Using CropWat 8.0 software Samre rainfall data was used for the
computation and analyses of irrigation water requirements. The average amount of annual rainfall at Samre
meteorological station is about 1399mm.

4.1.3 Soil characteristics

Soil properties (physical, chemical, etc.) greatly influence the growth and thereby yield of crops which is
grown. The command area has sandy loam textured soils which can be classified as well drained soil. Most
of the study area soils are categorized as deep soil (0.75-1.5 meter depth). Soils of the command area are
suitable for most of the selected crops to be grown (for further detail see the Agronomy Study of the same
project.

4.1.4 Existing Irrigation Practices in the Project Area

The pressure of survival and the need for additional food supplies to meet the demands of the increasing
population is necessitating a rapid expansion of irrigation schemes. Thus, irrigation is becoming a basic part
of well-developed agriculture wherever there is water and irrigable land potential. Accordingly, traditional
irrigation practices are under taken by individual farmers that use the river flow to the right side using
pumped irrigation. So, the farmers in the project area are very much interested in the idea of upgrading the
traditional scheme to modern scheme.

4.2 Irrigation Water Requirement

4.2.1 Crop Water Requirement (CWR)

The calculation of crop water requirement is a very important aspect for planning of any irrigation project.
Several methods and procedures are available for this. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the
United Nations has also made available several publications on this subject and other issues related with this.
The computer program available in FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper No. 56 “CROPWAT” has been used
for the calculation of Crop Water requirement. This program is based on Penman-Monteith approach and
procedures for calculation of crop water requirements and irrigation requirements are mainly based on
methodologies presented in FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper No. 24 “Crop Water Requirements” and No.
33 “Yield Response to Water”.

The corresponding values of the crop water requirements of the proposed crops of the project are presented
in the Agronomy Study of the same project.
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4.2.2 Irrigation efficiency (Ep)

To complete the evaluation of the demand, the efficiency of the water distribution system and of application
must be known.

The gross requirement of water for irrigation sy vstem is very much dependent on the overall efficiency of
the irrigation system, which in turn is dependent on several factors: Method of irrigation, type of canal
(Lined and/or Unlined), method of operations (simultaneously and continuous or Rotational water supply),
and availability of structures (for controlling and distribution and measuring and monitoring).

On the basis of these factors, the project has planned to impose surface irrigation method (using furrows).
The canal system is unlined other than main canal. Hence, the conveyance efficiency has been estimated to
be 80%, distribution efficiency 75%, and field application efficiency 60%. As a result of these the overall
irrigation efficiency has been estimated to be 48%. According to soil Lab result, soils of the command area
are predominantly characterized as sandy loam soils.

4.2.3 Irrigation duty

Irrigation duty is the volume of water required per hectare for the full flange of the crops. Moreover, it helps
in designing an efficient irrigation canal system.

The area, which will be irrigated, can be calculated by knowing the total available water at the source and
the overall duty for all crops required to be irrigated in different seasons of the years.

The proposed cropping pattern of Tirary pumped irrigation project has showed a maximum net irrigation
water requirement (NIWR) in the month of January with the amount of 4.2 mm/day for 24 working hours
(for overall proposed crops).

However, for the designing of the irrigation water application and the flows in the entire canal systems, from
the overall proposed crops the one that has maximum NIWR was used for irrigation duty calculation.
Accordingly, ground nut has showed the maximum NIWR (i.e. 5.56 mm/day); and hence taken for the
irrigation project duty calculation as indicated here below:

For Tirary River pumped Irrigation Project, it decided to adopt 60% field application efficiency, 75%
distribution efficiency, and 80% conveyance efficiency as the soil is sandy loam textured and the canal
systems are estimated to be lined except small portion of the main canal far the head work. Hence, the
overall/project efficiency for the selected surface irrigation method has been estimated to be 48%.

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Hence, for the designing of the project, the GIWR has given as follows:

GIWR = NIWR/e = 5.56/0.48 = 11.58 [mm/day] for full irrigation

GIWR = NIWR/e = 4.66/0.48 = 9.7 [mm/day] for supplementary irrigation

The GIWR (11.58 and 9.7 mm/day) represents the daily quantity of water that is required to be applied for
dry and wet season proposed crops, respectively. This water quantity is used for the determination of the
canal discharge in consideration of the time of flow; and also defined as the duty, expressed as l/s/ha. The
duty is calculated by:

D = GIWR × 1000 × 10 / (t × 60×60)

Where; D = Duty [l/s/ha]

GIWR = Gross Irrigation Requirement [mm/day]

t = Daily irrigation or flow hours [hrs]

The duty for GIWR of 11.58 mm/day (dry season) and 9.7 mm/day (wet season) for daily irrigation time (t =
18 hrs for dry and 16 hrs for wet seasons) is supported to be used with surface irrigation method. Thus, duty
for 18 and 16 irrigation hours of full and supplementary irrigations, respectively, has computed as follows:

D = (11.58 x 10 x 1000) / (18 x 3600) = 1.79 l/s/h (for full irrigation during dry season)

D = (9.7 x 10 x 1000) / (16 x 3600) = 1.69 l/s/h (for supplementary irrigation during wet season)

4.2.4 Irrigation methods

Among the different irrigation systems furrow irrigation system will be used for the project area; and the
irrigation water will be obtained from Tirary River and by constructing intake for pump and conveying the
water commonly through lined canals (MC, SC, and TC) and then leading to field canals; and finally
irrigation takes place mostly in furrows.

For this project, among the various irrigation methods, surface irrigation method has been selected. Of the
surface irrigation methods furrow, border and basin irrigation methods can be used to supply irrigation water
to the plants/crops. However, each method has its own advantages and disadvantages. Care should be taken
when choosing the method which is best suited to the local circumstances, i.e., depending on slopes, soil
types, selected crop types, amount of water available, etc. of the command area.

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Based on the above factors surface irrigation method has been proposed for the proposed crops in this
project. The method allows applying light irrigation and can be laid out in sloping fields along the contour.
Furrow irrigation method is best suited for most of the proposed and row planted crops. In general, furrow
irrigation method is simple, manageable and widely practiced irrigation method. This method is suitable for
row crops that cannot stand in water for long periods. The only thing required to use this method is row
planting of crops. Besides, basin and border irrigation method would be used for the non-row planted crops.
Rotational flow water distribution is also recommended for the project area.

4.3 Irrigation and Drainage System Layout

The irrigation system layout for the project is prepared taking the following points into consideration besides
other factors.
 A primary concern in the layout of the system is that it serves the purpose of conveying and
distributing water to the command area.
 The excavation and earth fill volumes not be excessive, otherwise the construction costs can be
tremendous.
 The selection of longitudinal bed slope is made taking into account the existing slopes of the terrain,
so as to minimize deviations in canal routing.
 Curves in canals should not be too sharp.
The proposed irrigation system layout comprises one main canal and ten tertiary canals as shown on the
layout Drawings. The main canal runs for most of its length parallel to the contours and several changes of
direction are necessary to follow the topography. It crosses six main gullies, one foot path. The main canal is
masonry lined for a length of 4000 meters starting from the outlet to make maintenance easier.

4.3.1 Conveyance System

The conveyance system consists of One Main canal to irrigate total command area of 70 ha. The main canal
starts from Water abstraction site on right side and conveys water for a length of 5.1 Km.

Main canal is aligned along contours and supplies ten tertiary canals and field canals.

4.4 Design of the Canal System

Flow Depth and Section Capacity

The earthen canals have been designed with a trapezoidal shape and the lined ones with rectangular x-section
using Manning's Formula:

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AxR2 /3 xS 1/ 2
Q=
n
Where Q= discharge (m3/s)

R= Hydraulic radius (Flow area/wetted perimeter)

S= Hydraulic gradient

n= Manning's roughness coefficient, n=0.024 is adopted for the earth channels and n=0.018
for the masonry lined part of the main canal

4.4.1 Main Canal

The main canal is designed for a discharge of 150l/s and depending on the site specific condition, appropriate
slope is provided. Hydraulic parameters of the main canal are shown below.

At a chainage of 0+750m, 1+300m, 2+760m, 2+900m, 4+040m and 4+300m there are Flume structures.

Table 4-4: Hydraulic Parameters of main canal

Hydraulic Parameters of main canal

Can
al Chainag Com Q B
Leng m D Qdes
nam e m. req ( A(m P( R=A V(m/ Remar
th (H: N S (m Fb (m3/
e Area (m3/ m 2) m) /P s) ks
(m) V) ) s)
(ha) s) )

MC- (0: 0.00 0.4 0. 0.2 0. 0.23

70 0.02 0.17 1.0 LINED
R1 0-0+750 750 0.14 1) 3 0 6 4 1.4 3 8

MC- 0+750- (0: 0.01 0. 0.2 0. 0.31

70 0.02 0.4 0.15 1.6 LINED
R2 1+300 550 0.14 1) 0 5 0 1.3 3 9

(0: 0.00 0. 0.2 0. 0.14

MC- 1+300- 60 0.02 0.4 0.15 0.7 LINED
1) 2 5 0 3 3
R3 2+750 1450 0.12 1.3

MC- 2+750- (0: 0.00 0. 0.1 0. 0.11

50 0.02 0.3 0.14 0.7 LINED
R4 4+000 1250 0.10 1) 3 5 5 1.1 3 0

MC- 4+000+5+ (1: 0.02 0.00 0. 0.2 0. 0.15

40 0.3 0.21 0.7
R5 100 1500 0.08 1) 4 2 5 4 1.1 3 7 Earthen

B= Canal bottom width Qreq= Required discharge

D= Full supply depth Qdes= Designed Discharge

FB= Free board V= Velocity

S= Side slope

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4.4.2 Tertiary canals

In the layout system there are ten tertiary canals, the designed discharge is determined based on the duty of
irrigation. The sections of the canals are determined by using manning’s formula, and they are trapezoidal
section. The hydraulic characteristics is Presented in Table 5.3 below.

Figure 4-1: Typical Cross Section of tertiary canals

Table 4-2: Hydraulic Parameters of tertiary canals

Can
al Chaina Com Q D B Fb Qde
na ge Leng m
m. req ( ( A(m P( R=A ( V(m/ s Rema
me th (H: N S
Area (m3/ m m 2) m) /P m s) (m3/ rk
(m) V)
(ha) s) ) ) ) s)
TC- (1:1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0. 0.1 0.03 Earthe
0.6
1 0-120 120 6.5 0.013 ) 25 05 5 3 0.07 0.7 0.09 5 9 n
TC- (1:1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0. 0.1 0.18 Earthe
2.7
2 0-130 130 6.5 0.013 ) 25 11 5 3 0.07 0.7 0.09 5 5 n
TC- (1:1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0. 0.1 0.04 Earthe
0.7
3 0-105 105 6.5 0.013 ) 25 07 5 3 0.07 0.7 0.09 5 5 n
TC- (1:1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0. 0.1 0.05 Earthe
0.8
4 0-180 180 6 0.012 ) 25 1 5 3 0.07 0.7 0.09 5 6 n
TC- (1:1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0. 0.1 0.02 Earthe
0.4
5 0-150 150 6 0.012 ) 17 01 5 3 0.07 0.7 0.09 5 6 n
TC- (1:1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0. 0.1 0.03 Earthe
0.6
6 0-275 275 6 0.012 ) 25 05 5 3 0.07 0.7 0.09 5 9 n
TC- (1:1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0. 0.1 0.05 Earthe
0.8
7 0-270 270 6.5 0.013 ) 25 1 5 3 0.07 0.7 0.09 5 6 n
TC- (1:1 0.0 0.0 0.2 0. 0.1 0.04 Earthe
0.5
8 0-130 512 8 0.016 ) 25 03 0 3 0.10 0.9 0.12 5 7 n
TC- (1:1 0.0 0.0 0.2 0. 0.1 0.07 Earthe
0.8
9 0-330 512 8 0.016 ) 25 07 0 3 0.10 0.9 0.12 5 7 n
TC- (1:1 0.0 0.0 0.2 0. 0.1 0.07 Earthe
0.8
10 0-500 500 10 0.020 ) 25 07 0 3 0.10 0.9 0.12 5 7 n

4.4.3 Field Canals

As shown in the layout, field canals run across the contours and hence face relatively steeper
gradient. The discharge of most of the field canals is very small and this is taken as an advantage to

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cope up with the relatively steeper gradient. Figure 15 below shows a typical field canal x-section.
As much as possible field canals shall be made in fill in order to easily irrigate the adjacent
command area. As can be seen from the layout, majority of the filed canals can be used to irrigate
both sides of the command area depending on the condition of the individual plots of land owned by
individual farmers.

Figure 4-2: Typical Field Canal X-section

4.5 Drainage Canals

4.5.1 Catch drainage canals

In the layout system there are 3(Nr) Catch drain canals, the designed discharge is determined based on the
Catchment area, run off coefficient and rain fall intensity (Rational formula). The sections of the canals are
determined by using manning’s formula, and they are trapezoidal section.

Figure 4-3: Typical Cross Section of Catch drain canals

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4.5.2 Tertiary canal drainage canals

Drainage Canals aren't provided for the Tertiary canals, because all of the tertiary canals are entered to
gullies and also there is shortage of irrigation water. It is assumed that there is no excess irrigation water
during dry season. For the rainy season the water that comes through the tertiary canals directly entered to
gullies and the river. So, Gully protection is necessary at the tertiary canal out fall. For the protection gabion
is recommended.

4.6 Canal Structures Design

4.6.1 Design of a typical flume

Hydraulic Characteristics of the canal

Length of the flume: 10m

Shape of the flume: Circular (Pipe), Roughness coefficient, n =0.014
From the canal longitudinal profiles, u/s canal bed level (CBL) = 1201.99m
D/s Canal bed level (CBL) =1201.69
U/s full supply level (FSL) = 1202.79m
D/s Full Supply Level = 1202.49m
Total head loss between the inlet & Outlet =0.3m
Determination of Pipe Diameter
Consider inlet and outlet loss coefficients =1.0

Total loss = inlet loss +friction loss + outlet loss = U/s FSL-D/s FSL =0.3m
( V f −V c )2 ( V f −V c )2 Vf n
+ +( (2/3 ) )2 L
= 2g 2g R

Where Vf= velocity of flow in the flume, Vc = velocity of flow in the canal, L= length of flume
So by trial and error (using Excel sheet), the diameter of the pipe is 40cm.
Table 14 below summarizes the hydraulic parameters of the flumes.

Table 4-3: Hydraulic Parameters of Flume

Flume start
Q(m3/s) V L H t
on Chainage

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Flume 1 0+750 0.15 0.625 10 3 0.4

Flume 2 1+300 0.15 0.625 30 5.5 0.4
Flume 3 2+760 0.15 0.75 34 6 0.4
Flume 4 2+900 0.15 0.75 30 5.6 0.4
Flume 5 4+040 0.12 1 30 8.5 0.4
Flume 6 4+300 0.12 1 22 5.5 0.4

4.6.2 Design of Division box

At different points of the main and secondary canals division boxes are provided which divert the
flow to the secondary canal and tertiary canals. Gate should be provided at the outlet of the boxes.
For detail refer the drawing.

Figure 4-4: Typical Division Box plan

Using broad crested formula,

Q= CL (h)3/2
Where; Q= discharge over rectangular weir/intake (opening), m3/s

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C = discharge coefficient, c= 1.7

L= effective length of crest form in m
h= over flow depth, m
Assuming equal discharge coefficient & sill height for two or three dividing canals, the proportion
becomes.
Q1/ Q2= Q2/ Q3 =L1/ L2 = L2/ L3
Where Q1= is flow in canal 1
Q2 = is flow in canal 2
Q3 = is flow in canal 3
L1= is effective crest length of weir/intake sill across opening to canal 1
L2= is effective crest length of weir/intake sill across opening to canal 2
L3 = is effective crest length of weir/intake sill across opening to canal 3
Q1= CL1 (h)3/2,
L1 = Q1/Ch3/2
L2 = L1*Q2/ Q1
L3 = L1*Q3/ Q1
The depth of (height of) the division box,
D = d + fb
The width of the division box,
B = b + 2*m*D
Where b= base width of the incoming canal
D = total canal depth of the incoming canal

Table 4-4: Hydraulic parameters of Division Boxes

Design
Dividing Depth of
Chainag Incomin Ongoing discharge B0
canal D0 (m) H0 (m) Division
e g flow Discharge to TC (m)
Name box
canal
MC ↔ TC-1 0+800 150 140 10 0.6 0.40 0.28 0.55

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Design
Dividing Depth of
Chainag Incomin Ongoing discharge B0
canal D0 (m) H0 (m) Division
e g flow Discharge to TC (m)
Name box
canal

MC↔TC-2 1+450 140 130 10 0.4 0.40 0.35 0.55

MC↔TC-3 1+700 130 120 10 0.3 0.40 0.40 0.55
MC↔TC-4 1+800 120 105 15 0.3 0.40 0.38 0.55
MC↔TC-5 2+050 105 90 15 0.3 0.40 0.35 0.55
MC↔TC-6 3+000 90 70 20 0.3 0.40 0.31 0.55
MC↔TC-7 3+320 70 50 20 0.3 0.30 0.27 0.45
MC↔TC-8 &
0.30 0.21
TC-9 4+620 50 30 20 0.3 0.45
MC↔TC-10 5+200 30 30 0 0.3 0.30 0.15 0.45

4.6.3 Road crossing structure

Two road crossing structures are provided on the main canal, at the existing foot paths. The road
crossing structures are rectangular reinforced concrete slab. The slab is reinforced with 12mm
@150mmc/c the length of the slab is 1.2m which is the same as the respective canal bed width, its
width and thickness is 3m and 15mm respectively.

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4.7 Irrigation Infrastructure Bill of Quantities and Cost Estimate

BILL NO.3 Main, tertiary canals and catch drains

UNI QUANTIT UNITE AMOUNT (ETH.

S.NO ITEM OF WORK T Y PRICE BIRR)

1 Main canal

1.1 Earth work

35 116,716
1.1.1 Excavation of ordinary soil m3 3256.61 .84 .83
178 99,579
1.1.2 Excavation of weathered rock m3 557.24 .70 .56
495 118,287
1.1.3 Excavation of hard rock m3 238.82 .30 .43
64 37,840
1.1.3 Compacted Back fill with selected material m3 583.51 .85 .74
130 62,865
1.2 Hard Coring m3 480 .97 .60
1,170 4,495,987.
1.3 masonry 1:3 ratio m3 3840 .83 20
83 1,039,958.
1.4 Plastering 1:3 ratio m2 12480 .33 40
130 2,049
1.5 Cemented Stone Pitching m3 15.65 .97 .68

1.6 Gate - -
275 1,820
1.6.1 4mm thick sheet metal m2 6.6 .77 .08
275 10,920
1.6.2 50*50*4mm angle iron m 39.6 .77 .49
109 1,006
1.6.3 ф16mm bar for handling kg 9.23 .02 .25

1.6.4 Lean concrete(C-15) m3 0.01 83.33 0.83

5,987,033.
sub total 10

2 Tertiary Canal Tc-1,division box turnout

2.1 Earth work 0 -

5,128
2.1.1 Excavation of ordinary soil m3 143.09 35.84 .34
23
2.1.3 Compacted Back fill m3 3.60 64.85 3.76
4
2.2 Hard Coring m3 0.32 130.97 1.91
5,072
2.3 masonry work 1:3 ratio m3 4.33 1170.83 .69
1,342
2.4 Cemented Stone Pitching m3 10.25 130.97 .57

2.5 Plastering 1:3 ratio m2 13.18 83.33 1,098

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UNI QUANTIT UNITE AMOUNT (ETH.

S.NO ITEM OF WORK T Y PRICE BIRR)
.16

2.6 Gate 0 -
41
2.6.1 4mm thick sheet metal m2 1.5 275.77 3.66
1,090
2.6.2 40*40*4mm angle iron m 10 109.02 .20
23
2.6.3 ф16mm bar for handling kg 2.84 83.33 6.66
14,657
sub total .95

3 Tertiary Canal Tc-2,division box,turnout 0 -

3.1 Earth work 0 -

3.1.1 Excavation m3 83.24

43
3.1.3 Compacted Back fill m3 6.66 64.85 2.09
30
3.2 Hard Coring m3 2.296 130.97 0.71
6,226
3.3 masonry work m3 5.32 1170.83 .38
94
3.4 Cemented Stone Pitching m3 7.24 130.97 8.29
1,934
3.5 Plastering m2 23.22 83.33 .63

3.6 Gate 0 -
2,647
3.6.1 4mm thick sheet metal m2 9.6 275.77 .39
6,977
3.6.2 40*40*4mm angle iron m 64 109.02 .28
5
3.6.3 Lean concrete(C-15) 0.03 1886.67 6.60
1,893
3.6.4 ф20mm bar for handling kg 22.717 83.33 .01
50,732
sub total .27

4 Tertiary canal Tc-3, division box,turnout

4.1 Earth work 0 -

5,537
4.1.1 Excavation m3 154.50 35.84 .19
1,081
4.1.2 Compacted fill m3 16.67 64.85 .12
1
4.2 Hard Coring m3 0.1 130.97 3.10
6,390
4.3 masonry work m3 5.46 1170.83 .30
91
4.4 Cemented Stone Pitching m3 6.98 130.97 3.81
4.5 Plastering m2 12.72 83.33 1,059

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UNI QUANTIT UNITE AMOUNT (ETH.

S.NO ITEM OF WORK T Y PRICE BIRR)
.67

4.6 Gate 0 -
60
4.6.1 3mm thick sheet metal m2 2.2 275.77 6.69
2,180
4.6.2 40*40*4mm angle iron m 20 109.02 .40
59
4.6.3 ф16mm bar for handling kg 7.098912 83.33 1.55
18,373
sub total .82

5 Tertiary canal Tc-4 , division box turnout

5.1 Earth work

5,568
5.1.1 Excavation m3 155.36 35.84 .24
1,724
5.1.2 Compacted fill m3 26.59 64.85 .21
9,059
5.2 masonry work m3 7.74 1170.83 .79
64
5.3 Cemented Stone Pitching m3 4.91 130.97 3.29
1,497
5.4 Plastering m2 17.97 83.33 .15

5.6 Gate -
77
5.6.1 3mm thick sheet metal m2 2.8 275.77 2.16
3,052
5.6.2 40*40*4mm angle iron m 28 109.02 .56
82
5.6.3 ф16mm bar for handling kg 9.94 83.33 8.30
23,145
sub total .69

6 Tertiary canal Tc-5, division box,turnout 0 -

6.1 Earth work 0 -

5,372
6.1.1 Excavation m3 149.91 35.84 .72
74
6.1.2 Compacted fill m3 11.52 64.85 6.77

6.2 Hard Coring m3 0.07 130.97 9.17

7,795
6.3 masonry work m3 6.66 1170.83 .29
90
6.4 Cemented Stone Pitching m3 6.91 130.97 5.23
1,059
6.5 Plastering m2 12.72 83.33 .67

6.6 Gate -
2
6.6.1 3mm thick sheet metal m 2.8 275.77 77

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UNI QUANTIT UNITE AMOUNT (ETH.

S.NO ITEM OF WORK T Y PRICE BIRR)
2.16
3,052
6.6.2 40*40*4mm angle iron m 28 109.02 .56
82
6.6.3 ф16mm bar for handling kg 9.94 83.33 8.30
20,541
sub total .86

7 Tertiary canal Tc-6,division box,turnout 0 -

7.1 Earth work 0 -

3,339
7.1.1 Excavation m3 93.18 35.84 .43
17
7.1.2 Compacted fill m3 2.69 64.85 4.33
1
7.2 Hard Coring m3 0.14 130.97 8.34
7,091
7.3 masonry work m3 6.06 1170.83 .11
94
7.4 Cemented Stone Pitching m3 7.24 130.97 8.29
1,463
7.5 Plastering m2 17.56 83.33 .57

7.6 Gate 0 -
60
7.6.1 3mm thick sheet metal m2 2.2 275.77 6.69
2,180
7.6.2 40*40*4mm angle iron m 20 109.02 .40
59
7.6.4 ф16mm bar for handling kg 7.1 83.33 1.64
16,413
sub total .79

8 Tertiary canal Tc-7, division box,turnout 0 -

8.1 Earth work 0 -

13,589
8.1.1 Excavation m3 379.17 35.84 .40
33
8.1.2 Compacted fill m3 5.18 64.85 5.97
7,091
8.2 masonry work m3 6.06 1170.83 .11
1,116
8.3 Cemented Stone Pitching m3 8.53 130.97 .55
1,463
8.4 Plastering m2 17.56 83.33 .57

8.5 Gate 0 -
33
8.5.1 3mm thick sheet metal m2 1.2 275.77 0.92
1,308
8.5.2 40*40*4mm angle iron m 12 109.02 .24

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UNI QUANTIT UNITE AMOUNT (ETH.

S.NO ITEM OF WORK T Y PRICE BIRR)
47
8.5.4 ф16mm bar for handling kg 5.68 83.33 3.31
25,709
sub total .08

9 Tertiary canal Tc-8, division box,turnout -

9.1 Earth work -

12,947
9.1.1 Excavation m3 361.26 35.84 .67
32
9.1.2 Compacted fill m3 5.07 64.85 8.57
4,749
9.2 masonry work m3 4.06 1170.83 .45
73
9.3 Cemented Stone Pitching m3 5.61 130.97 4.64
1,463
9.4 Plastering m2 17.56 83.33 .57

9.5 Gate 0 -
22
9.5.1 3mm thick sheet metal m2 0.8 275.77 0.62
87
9.5.2 40*40*4mm angle iron m 8 109.02 2.16
23
9.5.4 ф16mm bar for handling kg 2.84 83.33 6.66
21,553
sub total .33

10 Tertiary canal Tc-9, division box,turnout -

10.1 Earth work -

5,867
10.1.1 Excavation m3 163.73 35.84 .96
9,688
10.1.2 Compacted fill m3 149.41 64.85 .99
5
10.2 Hard Coring m3 0.4 130.97 2.39
7,091
10.3 masonry work m3 6.06 1170.83 .11
89
10.4 Cemented Stone Pitching m3 6.82 130.97 3.77
1,463
10.5 Plastering m2 17.56 83.33 .57

10.6 Gate -
1,185
10.6.1 3mm thick sheet metal m2 4.3 275.77 .81
4,142
10.6.2 40*40*4mm angle iron m 38 109.02 .76
1,117
10.6.4 ф16mm bar for handling kg 13.41 83.33 .46
31,503
sub total .81

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UNI QUANTIT UNITE AMOUNT (ETH.

S.NO ITEM OF WORK T Y PRICE BIRR)

11 Tertiary canal Tc-10, division box,turnout -

11.1 Earth work -

46,784
10.1.1 Excavation m3 1305.37 35.84 .55
2,062
11.1.2 Compacted fill m3 31.81 64.85 .62
46
10.2 Hard Coring m3 0.4 1170.83 8.33
95
10.3 masonry work m3 7.30 130.97 5.62
96
10.4 Cemented Stone Pitching m3 11.53 83.33 0.71

10.5 Plastering m2 33.31 0 -

10.6 Gate -
46
10.6.1 3mm thick sheet metal m2 4.3 109.02 8.79
3,166
10.6.2 40*40*4mm angle iron m 38 83.33 .54

10.6.4 ф16mm bar for handling kg 13.41 0 -

54,867
sub total .16
Flume at chainage 0+750,1+300,2+760,2+900,4+040 and
11 4+300

11.1 Earth work

11.11 Excavation of weathered rock m3 320.4 178.70 57,245.60

11.2 Concrete work

2,115.
11.21 C-20 concrete work m3 91.54 55 193,663.43

12.23 Masonry work 1:3 ratio m3 287.0 1,170.83 336,074.61

12.24 Plastering 1:3 ratio m2 501.1 83.33 41,759.43

12.3 Reiforcement
48.
12.31 ø10 kg 1,775.7 40 85,945.65
48.
12.32 ø16 kg 4,970.6 40 240,584.94

sub total 955,273.65

11 Road crossing structures -

51
11.1 Excavation m3 14.24 35.84 0.36
11.1. 53
1 Compacted Backfill m3 8.195 64.85 1.45

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UNI QUANTIT UNITE AMOUNT (ETH.

S.NO ITEM OF WORK T Y PRICE BIRR)
11.1. 17,850
2 Masonry m3 15.246 1170.83 .47
2,718
11.2 Plastering m2 32.62 83.33 .22
5,246
11.3 Reinforced Concrete (C-20) m3 2.48 2115.55 .56
19,562
11.4 Reinforcement bar, 8mm diameter kg 234.76 83.33 .55
46,419
sub total .62
Drainage
12 -
Site clearance 32,442
12.1 m2 4729.2 6.86 .31
Excavation & shaping 85,307
12.2 m3 2380.2349 35.84 .62
117,749
sub total .93
7,383,975.
Grand total 07

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5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

 The infrastructure of this project area is designed to irrigate about 70 ha of land by taking its supply
from the Tirary diversion weir/intake irrigation project. The maximum duty of the command area for
14 hours per day irrigation with overall project efficiency of 48%. The method of irrigation of the
project area is furrow surface irrigation in which the main and tertiary canals are working
continuously whereas the field canals within a tertiary block are working rotational system.
 As the dominant soil type is silty gravel soil, the main canal system is designed to be masonry.
 The reason why the main canal is to be lined up to the end is to avoid the siltation problem, time
saving to reach at the tail part, reduce maintenance cost.
 The design of the canal dimensions of the irrigation canal is done by applying the manning’s uniform
flow equation. The variable of the hydraulic parameters are calculated using iteration or flow master
program.
 The design discharge of the drainage canals are determined using rational formula and Gamble
Powell method.
 As soils of the command area are predominantly silty gravel textured; and hence water and soil
management measures should be undertaken; and optimum moisture content should be maintained to
improve workability of the soil during land preparation and planting time.

The following recommendations are drown:

1. For better performance and long service year of the project regular inspection and maintenance
is highly required.

2. Farmers training, how to operate and maintain the project structures as a whole and available
and water resources has a paramount important.

3. The irrigation hours per day and per week should be flexible based on base flow amount of each
week or month.

4. Close supervision of the construction should be made to modify (if need be) each Components
of irrigation system based on specific site conditions.

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6 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE

6.1 General

The main objective of the operation and maintenance aspect of an irrigation scheme is to facilitate the timely
delivery of the required irrigation water to farms and to keep the irrigation system in an optimum operating
condition. This section therefore, discusses the main functions of the subject matter under consideration for
the scheme.

6.2 Operation of the Head Works

Operation at the diversion weir mainly focuses on the diversion of a controlled flow of river water,
timely cleaning of floating debris in front of intake and removal of sediment deposits in front of the
weir and intake structures.

6.3 Irrigation System Operation

The operation of the irrigation system depends mainly on the method of water delivery at farm level.
Surface irrigation method is the recommended type of water distribution and application method for
Aderkayna diversion irrigation scheme.

The farmers would organize themselves and form groups in order to handle the water management. Since
flow is low Rotational water distribution would be applied within the group. The rotational distribution is
then to distribute water by turn to the whole scheme according to the timely need of crop water requirement.
For better and efficient water management, crop diversification should be avoided within a group. This
would reduce the complexity of water distribution system of the scheme during one irrigation season. At
farmers’ level of operation, a constant flow and variable irrigation time is advisable.

The operation of the irrigation system is continuous for 14 hours per day in main, secondary and tertiary
canals where as field canals within a tertiary block are operating in rotational system with each other for
irrigation hours proportional to their size. Since the tertiary canal discharges are within the manageable
range and the irrigation canal structures are accordingly designed for simple operation, the farmers can open
and close easily whenever they required.

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6.4 Maintenance Requirement

The canal system of the project is earthen canal except main canal and secondary canal, which is susceptible
to siltation, erosion, growth of weeds and or breaching problems. Though the canal sections are designed for
non- silting and non scouring conditions, the above mentioned problems are unavoidable and hence
periodical and yearly inspection and maintenance of canals and structures are obligatory in order to fulfill the
design objective of the project area.

The maintenance tasks are categorized into two types: - routine activities, and repairs. The routine
maintenance activities that are carried out periodically include:-

 Regular cleaning of sediments and weeds from canals and drains;

 Inspection and lubrication of gates; and
 Maintenance of cracked lined canals, regulating and control structures.

Repair works include task carried out more frequently and quickly, and include those tasks that are generally
unpredictable. They also include emergency works. The activities included in this category are:-

 Repairing overtopped or breached canals, drains, and flood protection dykes;

 Repairing jammed gates;
 Filling holes made by wild animals; and
 Reduced free board due to walking over by people and livestock.

Regular inspection of the irrigation facilities should be carried out as part of the maintenance activities.
These tasks could be carried out immediately after the end of the main rains in September and during the
rainy season. This could concentrate on the interceptor drains and the flood protection dykes, the main canal
and the field drains. The inspection of the other works like the tertiary canals, field drains, and the water
control and regulating structures could be carried out as part of routine operation activities.

 Beneficiaries of the project need to have operation and maintenance budget, For O&M cost incurring
entity area:
 Purchase sing of gate lubricate (grease)
 Replacing and maintenance of Stolen and damaged gates
 Repair Damages on the cross drainage structures.
The expense for O&M should be collected from the beneficiaries. Of course, much of the task is done by the
labor and skill of the community. For cost incurring activities beneficiaries have to collect money based on
the proportion of the command area they owned.

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 Tirare pump Irrigation development project Engineering design draft final report

7 REFERENCE
1. FAO (1977) guidelines for predicting crop water requirements. No 24, Rome Italy
2. Design of small Canal structures , USBR
3. Soft copies of hydraulic structure publishing
4. IDD manual
5. ESRDF manual

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