𝗪𝗮𝘆𝘀 𝘁𝗼 𝗥𝗲𝗱𝘂𝗰𝗲 𝗟𝗮𝘁𝗲𝗻𝗰𝘆 𝗶𝗻 𝗠𝗶𝗰𝗿𝗼𝘀𝗲𝗿𝘃𝗶𝗰𝗲𝘀

𝗖𝗮𝗰𝗵𝗶𝗻𝗴
Temporarily store frequently accessed data in memory to speed up retrieval.
Benefits:

Fast Data Retrieval: Tools like Redis and Memcached allow quicker access than querying
databases.
Efficient Content Delivery: Static assets like images, CSS, and JS files can be cached to
minimize origin server requests.

𝗟𝗼𝗮𝗱 𝗕𝗮𝗹𝗮𝗻𝗰𝗶𝗻𝗴
Distribute traffic evenly across servers to prevent overload.
Benefits:

Improved Resource Utilization: Eliminates bottlenecks by evenly distributing the load.

Failover Support: Handles traffic seamlessly, even during server downtimes.

𝗔𝘀𝘆𝗻𝗰𝗵𝗿𝗼𝗻𝗼𝘂𝘀 𝗣𝗿𝗼𝗰𝗲𝘀𝘀𝗶𝗻𝗴
Offload long-running tasks to background processes to keep the main thread free.
Benefits:

Non-Blocking Operations: Tasks like email sending or file processing run independently,
allowing faster response times for users.

𝗗𝗮𝘁𝗮 𝗣𝗮𝗿𝘁𝗶𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝗶𝗻𝗴 (𝗦𝗵𝗮𝗿𝗱𝗶𝗻𝗴)

Divide large databases into smaller, manageable shards across multiple servers.
Benefits:

Parallel Query Execution: Queries are distributed and executed concurrently across
shards.
Improved Scalability: Reduces performance issues by distributing database load.

𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗻𝘁 𝗗𝗲𝗹𝗶𝘃𝗲𝗿𝘆 𝗡𝗲𝘁𝘄𝗼𝗿𝗸𝘀 (𝗖𝗗𝗡𝘀)

Utilize geographically distributed servers to deliver content closer to users.
Benefits:

Lower Latency: Content is served from the nearest CDN server, reducing travel time.
Edge Caching: Static and dynamic content is cached at the edge, improving delivery
speed.

𝗗𝗮𝘁𝗮𝗯𝗮𝘀𝗲 𝗢𝗽𝘁𝗶𝗺𝗶𝘇𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻
Enhance database performance through indexing, optimized queries, and better schema
design.
Benefits:

Faster Retrieval: Indexing reduces the need to scan entire tables, accelerating query
execution.

𝗠𝗶𝗻𝗶𝗺𝗶𝘇𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗡𝗲𝘁𝘄𝗼𝗿𝗸 𝗛𝗼𝗽𝘀

Reduce intermediaries and optimize communication protocols.
Benefits:

Reduced Latency: Fewer network hops mean quicker communication between services.

𝗣𝗿𝗲𝗳𝗲𝘁𝗰𝗵𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗣𝗿𝗲𝗱𝗶𝗰𝘁𝗶𝘃𝗲 𝗟𝗼𝗮𝗱𝗶𝗻𝗴

Anticipate user data needs and preload information.
Benefits:

Reduced Wait Times: Preloaded data ensures instant availability.

Enhanced User Experience: Ideal for applications with predictable data patterns.
𝐌𝐮𝐬𝐭 𝐤𝐧𝐨𝐰 𝐬𝐲𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐦 𝐝𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐠𝐧 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐨𝐧𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐬 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐜𝐫𝐚𝐜𝐤𝐢𝐧𝐠
𝐚𝐧𝐲 𝐬𝐲𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐦 𝐝𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐠𝐧
Understanding System Design is crucial for excelling in prestigious tech companies,
regardless of your engineering background. It not only broadens your skill set but also
enhances your career prospects by enabling you to create efficient and scalable
systems.

Whether you’re a software or hardware engineer, System Design principles are

universally applicable. Mastery in this field boosts your problem-solving capabilities,
fosters effective collaboration with cross-functional teams, and paves the way for
challenging roles and leadership opportunities.

### Key Components of System Design

1. Load Balancers: Efficiently distribute traffic across servers (hardware or software).

2. Caching: Store data in fast memory (e.g., RAM) for quicker access.
3. Monitoring Systems: Collect, analyse, and report performance metrics.
4. Distributed File Systems (DFS): Manage files across multiple servers or locations.
5. Analytics: Optimise efficiency and gain insights for informed decision-making.
6. Web Servers: Serve website content using protocols like HTTP.
7. Modern APIs: Follow standards (e.g., HTTP, REST, GraphQL) for seamless application
connectivity.
8. Databases: Handle structured (SQL), semi-structured (JSON, XML), and unstructured
(blobs, images) data.
9. Messaging Queues: Enable asynchronous communication between nodes.
10. Distributed Search: Enhance search performance and scalability using multiple
nodes.
11. Content Delivery Networks (CDNs): Deliver online content swiftly via dispersed
servers.
12. Cloud Computing Infrastructure: Essential knowledge for modern system
architecture.

Harness the power of System Design to elevate your engineering prowess and unlock
new career opportunities in the tech industry.
What does API gateway do?
The diagram below shows the detail.
Step 1 - The client sends an HTTP request to the API gateway.

Step 2 - The API gateway parses and validates the attributes in the HTTP request.

Step 3 - The API gateway performs allow-list/deny-list checks.

Step 4 - The API gateway talks to an identity provider for authentication and
authorization.

Step 5 - The rate limiting rules are applied to the request. If it is over the limit, the
request is rejected.

Steps 6 and 7 - Now that the request has passed basic checks, the API gateway finds the
relevant service to route to by path matching.

Step 8 - The API gateway transforms the request into the appropriate protocol and sends
it to backend microservices.

Steps 9-12: The API gateway can handle errors properly, and deals with faults if the error
takes a longer time to recover (circuit break). It can also leverage ELK (Elastic-Logstash-
Kibana) stack for logging and monitoring. We sometimes cache data in the API gateway.

Over to you: 1) What’s the difference between a load balancer and an API gateway?
2) Do we need to use different API gateways for PC, mobile and browser separately?

--
How to choose a right database for your project
Choosing the right database is essential for your project's success and scalability. Here
are the key factors to consider:

1. Data Structure
- Use relational databases like MySQL or PostgreSQL for structured data.
- Opt for NoSQL databases such as MongoDB or Cassandra for unstructured data.

2. Scalability and Performance

- Ensure the database can scale horizontally or vertically based on your growth needs.
- Evaluate read/write speeds and query efficiency to meet your application's demands.

3. Use Case Requirements

- Choose relational databases for applications needing strong transaction management.
- Select NoSQL if you require flexible schemas and rapid development.

4. Consistency and Availability

- Balance consistency and availability based on your priorities, such as consistency for
financial applications or availability for social platforms.
- Ensure robust mechanisms are in place to prevent data loss and maintain uptime.

5. Integration and Ecosystem

- Verify seamless integration with your existing technology stack.
- Consider the strength of the community and available support resources for
troubleshooting and optimization.

6. Security and Cost

- Look for features like data encryption and robust access controls.
- Consider the total ownership costs, including licensing, infrastructure, and
maintenance. Decide between open-source and proprietary options based on your
budget and needs.

Popular database choices include relational databases like MySQL and PostgreSQL,
NoSQL options such as MongoDB and Redis, NewSQL databases like CockroachDB, and
graph databases like Neo4j.

Selecting the right database involves balancing your data needs, scalability,
performance, and budget. Make an informed choice to support your application's growth
and success.
Load Balancers, Reverse Proxies, Forward Proxies, and API
Gateways
Load Balancer
What: Distributes incoming traffic across multiple servers to enhance availability,
scalability, and reliability, operating at either the transport (Layer 4) or application layer
(Layer 7).

Use Cases: Ideal for balancing web or app traffic, preventing server overload, and
ensuring fault tolerance in high-traffic environments.

Question: How does your current setup handle traffic spikes, and do you think a load
balancer could optimize it further?

Reverse Proxy
What: An intermediary that forwards client requests to the appropriate servers, often
enhancing security and load balancing at the application layer (Layer 7).

Use Cases: Shields internal servers, handles SSL/TLS encryption, and balances incoming
requests to improve performance and security.

Question: Is your application protected by a reverse proxy? What benefits have you
observed, or would you like to see?

Forward Proxy
What: An intermediary for clients accessing external resources, masking client identity
and offering caching and content filtering at the application layer.

Use Cases: Provides client anonymity, controls internet access, and optimizes bandwidth
by caching frequently accessed content.

Question: Have you considered using a forward proxy for better client privacy or content
control in your organization?

API Gateway

What: A central entry point for managing APIs, with features like authentication, rate
limiting, and logging, operating at the application layer.

Use Cases: Secures and manages APIs, enforces policies, limits abuse, and provides
logging for analytics and compliance.

Question: Are you leveraging an API gateway for your microservices? How has it
impacted your API security and performance?

In essence, Load Balancers focus on traffic distribution, Reverse Proxies boost server
security and performance, Forward Proxies manage client access and anonymity, and
API Gateways secure and streamline API management.

Which of these components could bring the most benefit to your current system
architecture?

What does an API gateway do?

An API gateway acts as a single entry point for clients, handling request routing,
response composition, and protocol translation. It simplifies client interactions with
microservices and offers additional features like rate limiting, authentication, monitoring,
and more.

To better understand how an API gateway works, 𝗹𝗲𝘁'𝘀 𝗹𝗼𝗼𝗸 𝗮𝘁 𝗵𝗼𝘄 𝗶𝘁 𝗽𝗿𝗼𝗰𝗲𝘀𝘀𝗲𝘀 𝗮
𝗿𝗲𝗾𝘂𝗲𝘀𝘁:

𝟭) 𝗜𝗻𝗶𝘁𝗶𝗮𝗹 𝗿𝗲𝗾𝘂𝗲𝘀𝘁 𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗱𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗴

Client requests are sent to the API gateway, which acts as the entry point for all
incoming API traffic, rather than directly accessing the backend services.

𝟮) 𝗥𝗲𝗾𝘂𝗲𝘀𝘁 𝘃𝗮𝗹𝗶𝗱𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻

The API gateway processes and validates the request’s attributes to ensure it’s correctly
formatted.

𝟯) 𝗦𝗲𝗰𝘂𝗿𝗶𝘁𝘆 𝗰𝗵𝗲𝗰𝗸𝘀

It then performs checks against allow-lists and deny-lists to filter out unauthorized or
harmful requests.

𝟰) 𝗔𝘂𝘁𝗵𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗶𝗰𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗮𝘂𝘁𝗵𝗼𝗿𝗶𝘇𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻

The API gateway validates the request, checking for proper authentication (e.g., verifying
tokens or credentials) and ensuring the client has the necessary permissions
(authorization) to access the requested resources.

𝟱) 𝗥𝗮𝘁𝗲 𝗹𝗶𝗺𝗶𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗴

Rate limiting rules are enforced; if the request exceeds the allowed limit, it’s rejected.

𝟲) 𝗦𝗲𝗿𝘃𝗶𝗰𝗲 𝗱𝗶𝘀𝗰𝗼𝘃𝗲𝗿𝘆 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗿𝗼𝘂𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗴

Once passing basic checks, the API gateway then finds the relevant service to route the
request to by matching the path.

𝟳) 𝗣𝗿𝗼𝘁𝗼𝗰𝗼𝗹 𝘁𝗿𝗮𝗻𝘀𝗹𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻

The API gateway transforms the request into the appropriate protocol and sends it to the
service.

𝟴) 𝗥𝗲𝘀𝗽𝗼𝗻𝘀𝗲 𝗮𝗴𝗴𝗿𝗲𝗴𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻

If the request requires data from multiple services, the API gateway aggregates the
responses. It sends requests to each relevant service, collects the results, and composes
them into a single, cohesive response.
𝟵) 𝗥𝗲𝘀𝗽𝗼𝗻𝘀𝗲 𝗱𝗲𝗹𝗶𝘃𝗲𝗿𝘆

The gateway sends the processed response back to the client, ensuring it’s delivered in
the expected format and within an optimal timeframe.

𝟭𝟬) 𝗟𝗼𝗴𝗴𝗶𝗻𝗴, 𝗺𝗼𝗻𝗶𝘁𝗼𝗿𝗶𝗻𝗴, 𝗳𝗮𝘂𝗹𝘁 𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗱𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗴, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗰𝗮𝗰𝗵𝗶𝗻𝗴

Throughout this process, the API gateway logs each request and response and monitors
key metrics such as latency, error rates, and throughput. These logs and metrics help
troubleshoot, scale, & optimize the system. It also deals with faults (circuit breaks) &
provides response caching.

An API gateway is a powerful tool that not only simplifies client interactions with
microservices but also enhances security, performance, and reliability through
comprehensive request processing & monitoring.
𝐀𝐖𝐒 𝐖𝐞𝐛 𝐀𝐩𝐩𝐥𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐑𝐞𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐀𝐫𝐜𝐡𝐢𝐭𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞❗
The AWS Network Architecture is a vast and complex system. But it is also one of the
most powerful tools available to cloud network specialists.
With it, you can create a network tailored to your application's specific needs.

Let's take a tour of the AWS network architecture👇

✅Virtual Private Cloud (VPC): The foundation of AWS network architecture is the VPC. It's
a logically isolated section of the AWS cloud where you can launch resources in a virtual
network that you define. VPC enables you to control IP address ranges, subnets, route
tables, security groups, and network gateways.

✅Subnets: Within a VPC, you create subnets to segment the IP address range. Subnets
can be public (accessible from the Internet) or private (not accessible from the Internet).
They help organize and control network traffic flow.

✅Route Tables: Route tables define how traffic is routed between subnets and to external
networks. They determine the paths that network traffic takes within the VPC.

✅Security Groups: Security groups act as virtual firewalls for instances. They control
inbound and outbound traffic based on rules you define. Each instance can be associated
with one or more security groups.

✅Internet Gateway: The Internet Gateway enables communication between instances in

your VPC and the public internet. It's required for resources in public subnets to access
the internet.

✅VPC Peering: VPC peering allows you to connect multiple VPCs together, enabling direct
communication between them. Peered VPCs can route traffic between them as if they
were part of the same network.

✅Transit Gateway: The Transit Gateway simplifies network architecture by allowing

centralized connectivity for multiple VPCs and on-premises networks. It reduces the
complexity of managing point-to-point connections.

✅AWS PrivateLink: As discussed earlier, AWS PrivateLink provides private connectivity

between VPCs, supported AWS services, and your on-premises networks without
exposing traffic to the public internet.

✅Elastic Load Balancing (ELB): ELB distributes incoming application traffic across multiple
instances for better availability and fault tolerance.
𝐀𝐳𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬 𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐡𝐢𝐭𝐞𝐜𝐭 𝐌𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐌𝐚𝐩❗
Do you want to improve your Azure abilities or pursue a career as a cloud architect?
This post explores a powerful tool - mind maps - to simplify understanding and
communication of complex Azure Solutions Architecture.

♦ Let's Unveil the Cloud with Mind Maps:

The Azure Solutions Architecture mind map is a great example of how mind maps can be
used to visualize complicated information. You may greatly enhance your understanding
and communication of cloud designs by including multiple sections in your mind map.

Important Aspects of Azure Architecture:

✔ Workload Types: To inform your service and architectural decisions, determine the
kinds of workloads that are already being executed on Azure (web applications, batch
processing, etc.).

✔ Governance & Compliance: Set up guidelines and oversee resources to ensure

security, adherence to rules, and compliance with internal standards.

✔ Monitoring: To proactively identify and resolve problems, use Azure Monitor to track
the availability, health, and performance of Azure services.

✔ Connection: Create a safe and effective infrastructure by learning about virtual private
networks (VPNs) and other networking concepts.

✔ Security: Make use of Azure’s built-in security tools to implement methods to protect
cloud resources and data.

✔ CI/CD: For effective application development, testing, and deployment, automate

software delivery with GitHub Actions and Azure DevOps Services.

✔ Identity: Utilise Azure Active Directory to control user identities and access for single
sign-on (SSO), multi-factor authentication (MFA), and authentication.
𝐖𝐚𝐲𝐬 𝐭𝐨 𝐎𝐩𝐭𝐢𝐦𝐢𝐳𝐞 𝐘𝐨𝐮𝐫 𝐂𝐥𝐨𝐮𝐝
𝐃𝐚𝐭𝐚 𝐒𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞
Implement tiered storage for data based on how frequently it's accessed.
Use data compression and deduplication to minimize storage costs.
Archive infrequently accessed data to lower-cost storage solutions.

𝐂𝐚𝐜𝐡𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐠𝐢𝐞𝐬
Use caching to temporarily store data for quicker retrieval.
Employ edge caching to deliver data faster by storing it near users.
In-memory caching stores data in server memory, speeding up applications.

𝐀𝐮𝐭𝐨-𝐒𝐜𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐠
Automatically adjust resources in response to demand changes.
Create scaling policies for managing resources during different usage periods.
Save costs and enhance performance with dynamic resource allocation.

𝐌𝐚𝐧𝐚𝐠𝐞𝐝 𝐒𝐞𝐫𝐯𝐢𝐜𝐞𝐬
Delegate routine management tasks to your cloud provider.
Leverage provider expertise for improved performance and reliability.
Free up internal resources to focus on core business activities.

𝐂𝐥𝐨𝐮𝐝-𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞
Develop applications using microservices for better scalability.
Allow microservices to scale independently for precise resource allocation.
Benefit from efficient and resilient cloud-native architectures.

𝐂𝐨𝐬𝐭 𝐌𝐚𝐧𝐚𝐠𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭
Monitor your cloud expenditure closely.
Use cloud provider tools for cost management.
Set up budget alerts to keep spending under control.
Regularly review and optimize your pricing plans and reserved instances.

𝐈𝐧𝐟𝐫𝐚𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞-𝐚𝐬-𝐂𝐨𝐝𝐞
Manage cloud infrastructure through code for consistency.
Automate infrastructure provisioning to reduce errors.
Simplify scaling by updating infrastructure as code.

𝐒𝐞𝐜𝐮𝐫𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐁𝐞𝐬𝐭 𝐏𝐫𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐞𝐬

Implement robust identity and access management (IAM) policies.
Encrypt data both in transit and at rest.
Regularly audit and update security configurations.

𝐏𝐞𝐫𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐌𝐨𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠
Use performance monitoring tools to track resource usage and application performance.
Set up alerts for unusual activity or resource
URL FLOW

Ever wondered what happens when you type a URL into your browser’s address bar?
Here’s a breakdown of the journey behind the scenes:
𝗗𝗡𝗦 𝗟𝗼𝗼𝗸𝘂𝗽: The browser needs to find the IP address for the domain you entered (like
"google.com"). It queries the Domain Name System (DNS), which acts like the internet’s
phonebook, converting the domain name into a numerical IP address.

𝗘𝘀𝘁𝗮𝗯𝗹𝗶𝘀𝗵𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗮 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗻𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻: Once the IP address is found, the browser establishes a

connection with the server using Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). It’s like initiating a
conversation, where both sides agree on how data will be shared.

𝗦𝗲𝗻𝗱𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗮𝗻 𝗛𝗧𝗧𝗣 𝗥𝗲𝗾𝘂𝗲𝘀𝘁: The browser sends an HTTP request to the server, asking
for the content of the webpage. This request usually contains details like the browser
type and any cookies associated with the site.

𝗦𝗲𝗿𝘃𝗲𝗿 𝗣𝗿𝗼𝗰𝗲𝘀𝘀𝗶𝗻𝗴: The server receives the request, processes it, fetches any
necessary data, and generates the response. This can involve running backend scripts,
retrieving database records, or loading static files.

𝗥𝗲𝗰𝗲𝗶𝘃𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗥𝗲𝘀𝗽𝗼𝗻𝘀𝗲: The server then sends back a response, which typically
includes HTML, CSS, and JavaScript files. This data tells the browser what to display and
how to style it.

𝗥𝗲𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗿𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗣𝗮𝗴𝗲: Finally, the browser processes the files, executes scripts, and
renders the web page on your screen. It takes all these steps to transform a simple URL
into the fully loaded page you see.

It’s a fascinating process, with many components working together to deliver content
almost instantly. Understanding this helps developers optimize performance and
troubleshoot effectively.
𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐨𝐧𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐌𝐢𝐜𝐫𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐫𝐯𝐢𝐜𝐞𝐬 𝐀𝐫𝐜𝐡𝐢𝐭𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞

Here's a rundown of the 𝟏𝟎 𝐤𝐞𝐲 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐨𝐧𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐬 in this architecture:

Microservices architecture breaks down applications into smaller, independent services.

1. 𝐂𝐥𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐭
These are the end-users who interact with the application via different interfaces like
web, mobile, or PC.

2. 𝐂𝐃𝐍 (Content Delivery Network)

CDNs deliver static content like images, stylesheets, and JavaScript files efficiently by
caching them closer to the user's location, reducing load times.

3. 𝐋𝐨𝐚𝐝 𝐁𝐚𝐥𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞𝐫
It distributes incoming network traffic across multiple servers, ensuring no single server
becomes a bottleneck and improving the application's availability and reliability.

4. 𝐀𝐏𝐈 𝐆𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐰𝐚𝐲
An API Gateway acts as an entry point for all clients, handling tasks like request routing,
composition, and protocol translation, which helps manage multiple microservices
behind the scenes.

5. 𝐌𝐢𝐜𝐫𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐫𝐯𝐢𝐜𝐞𝐬
Each microservice is a small, independent service that performs a specific business
function. They communicate with each other via APIs.

6. 𝐌𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐁𝐫𝐨𝐤𝐞𝐫
A message broker facilitates communication between microservices by sending
messages between them, ensuring they remain decoupled and can function
independently.

7. 𝐃𝐚𝐭𝐚𝐛𝐚𝐬𝐞𝐬
Each microservice typically has its database to ensure loose coupling. This can involve
different databases for different microservices

8. 𝐈𝐝𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐯𝐢𝐝𝐞𝐫
This component handles user authentication and authorization, ensuring secure access
to services.

9. 𝐒𝐞𝐫𝐯𝐢𝐜𝐞 𝐑𝐞𝐠𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐲 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐨𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐲

This system tracks all microservices and their instances, allowing services to find and
communicate with each other dynamically.

10. 𝐒𝐞𝐫𝐯𝐢𝐜𝐞 𝐂𝐨𝐨𝐫𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 (e.g., Zookeeper)

Tools like Zookeeper help manage and coordinate distributed services, ensuring they
work smoothly.
Essential Linux Commands Every Tech Professional Should Know
In today's tech landscape, Linux proficiency isn't just a nice-to-have—it's becoming
increasingly essential for IT professionals, developers, and system administrators.
Whether you're managing cloud infrastructure or working on local development,
understanding key Linux commands can significantly boost your productivity and
effectiveness.

Let's break down the most commonly used Linux commands by category:

1. Process Management
At the heart of Linux system administration is process management. Essential
commands include:

 ps: Display running processes

Example: find firefox process

ps aux | grep firefox

 top: Real-time system monitoring

Example: monitor specific user processes

top -u username

 kill: Terminate specific processes

Example: kill process with PID 1234

kill 1234

 killall: End all processes by name

Example: kill all firefox processes

kilall firefox

 htop: Interactive process viewer (modern alternative to top)

Example: sort processes by PID

htop -s PID

 pstree: Display process tree

Example: show PIDs in tree view

pstress -p

2. User and Group Management

Security and access control are crucial in Linux systems. Key commands include:

 passwd: Manage user passwords

Example: change password for username

passwd caesar

 useradd: Create new users

Example: create newuser with bash shell

useradd -m -s /bin/bash newuser

 userdel: Remove users

Example: delete username and home directory

userdel -r username

 usermod: Modify user accounts

Example: add username to sudo group

usermod -aG sudo username

 groupadd: Create new groups

Example: create developers' group

groupadd developers

 groupdel: Remove groups

Example: delete developers' group

groupdel developers

 groups: List group memberships

Example: list groups for username

groups username

 id: Display user identity

Example: show username's UID, GID, and groups

id username

3. System Information
Understanding your system's status is vital for troubleshooting and maintenance:

 uname: System information

Example: show kernel version, hostname, etc.

uname -a

 df: Disk space usage

Example: show disk usage in human-readable format

df -h

 du: Directory space usage

Example: estimate directory size

du -sh /path/to/directory

 free: Memory usage

Example: show memory usage in MB

free -m

 lscpu: CPU information

Example: show CPU info in JSON format

lscpu --json

 lshw: Hardware information

Example: show network hardware info

lshw -c network

 lsblk: Block device information

Example: show disk device info

lsblk -d

4. Package Management
Different distributions use various package managers, but common commands include:
  apt-get/apt: Debian/Ubuntu package management

Example: install firefox

sudo apt-get install firefox

 yum: Red Hat/CentOS package management

Example: install firefox

sudo yum install firefox

 dnf: Modern version of yum

Example: install firefox

sudo dnf install firefox

 snap: Universal Linux packages

Example: install firefox

sudo snap install firefox

 zypper: openSUSE package management

Example: install firefox

sudo zypper install firefox

5. Network Configuration and Monitoring

Network management is crucial for system administrators:

 ifconfig: Network interface configuration

Example: enable eth0 interface

ifconfig eth0 up

 ip: Modern replacement for ifconfig

 ping: Test network connectivity

Example: test connectivity to google

ping google.com

 netstat: Network statistics

Example: show processes listening on port 80

netstat -tlnp | grep 80

  ss: Socket statistics

Example: show TCP, listening, and process info

ss -tlnp

 traceroute: Trace network routes

 nc: Network testing and data transfer

6. File Viewing and Editing

Text manipulation is fundamental in Linux:

 cat: Display file contents

 less: Page through files
 more: Basic file pager
 nano: Simple text editor
 vim: Advanced text editor

7. File and Directory Management

Basic but essential file operations:

 ls: List directory contents

 pwd: Print working directory
 cd: Change directory
 mkdir: Create directories
 rmdir: Remove empty directories
 touch: Create empty files
 cp: Copy files
 mv: Move/rename files
 rm: Remove files

Pro Tips for Linux Command Line Users:

1. Use tab completion to save time and avoid typos

2. Leverage command history with the up-arrow key

3. Combine commands using pipes (|) for powerful operations

4. Use man pages (man command) for detailed documentation

5. Create aliases for frequently used commands

5-Step Process to Reframe Negative Thoughts and Take

Action✅
We discuss a 5-step process to help reframe negative and intrusive thoughts, which can be
paralyzing. The steps involve writing down the negative thoughts, destroying them, then writing and
visualizing positive thoughts and actions to take. This can help move from a state of inaction to clarity
and becoming an action-taker !!

System design interviews aren't about memorizing tricky

examples.
It’s the key to success in tech interviews!

Start with the basics, learn core system design concepts before tackling advanced
topics.

𝐒𝐲𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐦 𝐃𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐠𝐧 𝐊𝐞𝐲 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐜𝐞𝐩𝐭𝐬

1. Scalability: https://lnkd.in/gpge_z76
2. Latency vs Throughput: https://lnkd.in/g_amhAtN
3. CAP Theorem: https://lnkd.in/g3hmVamx
4. ACID Transactions: https://lnkd.in/gMe2JqaF
5. Rate Limiting: https://lnkd.in/gWsTDR3m
6. API Design: https://lnkd.in/ghYzrr8q
7. Strong vs Eventual Consistency: https://lnkd.in/gJ-uXQXZ
8. Distributed Tracing: https://lnkd.in/d6r5RdXG
9. Synchronous vs. asynchronous communications: https://lnkd.in/gC3F2nvr
10. Batch Processing vs Stream Processing: https://lnkd.in/g4_MzM4s
11. Fault Tolerance: https://lnkd.in/dVJ6n3wA

𝐒𝐲𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐦 𝐃𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐠𝐧 𝐁𝐮𝐢𝐥𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐁𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐤𝐬

1. Databases: https://lnkd.in/gti8gjpz
2. Horizontal vs Vertical Scaling: https://lnkd.in/gAH2e9du
3. Caching: https://lnkd.in/gC9piQbJ
4. Distributed Caching: https://lnkd.in/g7WKydNg
5. Load Balancing: https://lnkd.in/gQaa8sXK
6. SQL vs NoSQL: https://lnkd.in/g3WC_yxn
7. Database Scaling: https://lnkd.in/gAXpSyWQ
8. Data Replication: https://lnkd.in/gVAJxTpS
9. Data Redundancy: https://lnkd.in/gNN7TF7n
10. Database Sharding: https://lnkd.in/gMqqc6x9
11. Database Index's: https://lnkd.in/gCeshYVt
12. Proxy Server: https://lnkd.in/gi8KnKS6
13. WebSocket: https://lnkd.in/g76Gv2KQ
14. API Gateway: https://lnkd.in/gnsJGJaM
15. Message Queues: https://lnkd.in/gTzY6uk8

𝐒𝐲𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐦 𝐃𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐠𝐧 𝐀𝐫𝐜𝐡𝐢𝐭𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐚𝐥 𝐏𝐚𝐭𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐧𝐬

1. Event-Driven Architecture: https://lnkd.in/dp8CPvey
2. Client-Server Architecture: https://lnkd.in/dAARQYzq
3. Serverless Architecture: https://lnkd.in/gQNAXKkb
4. Microservices Architecture: https://lnkd.in/gFXUrz_T

𝐌𝐚𝐜𝐡𝐢𝐧𝐞 𝐂𝐨𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐑𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐝 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐋𝐨𝐰 𝐋𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐥 𝐃𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐠𝐧 𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐥𝐞𝐦𝐬

1. Design a Parking Lot: https://lnkd.in/dQaAuFd2
3. Design Chess Validator: https://lnkd.in/dfAQHvN4
4. Design a Distributed Queue | Kafka: https://lnkd.in/dQ6_B4_M
5. Design Tic-Tac-Toe: https://lnkd.in/dFDApUBt

𝐋𝐞𝐚𝐫𝐧 𝐑𝐞𝐚𝐥-𝐖𝐨𝐫𝐥𝐝 𝐒𝐲𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐦 𝐃𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐠𝐧:

Follow Experts -

- Mayank Ahuja
- Rajat Gajbhiye
- Nikki Siapno
- Saurabh Dashora
- Rocky Bhatia
- Alexandre Zajac
- Raul Junco

𝐁𝐞𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐞 𝐚 𝐁𝐞𝐭𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐃𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐥𝐨𝐩𝐞𝐫:

- John Crickett
- Petar Ivanov
- Hemant Pandey
- Jordan Cutler
- Adrian Stanek
- Arpit Adlakha

𝐄𝐧𝐠𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐋𝐞𝐚𝐝𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐡𝐢𝐩
- Anemari Fiser
- Irina Stanescu
- Bhavana Hindupur
- Gregor Ojstersek

𝐂𝐚𝐫𝐞𝐞𝐫 𝐆𝐫𝐨𝐰𝐭𝐡:
- Omar Halabieh
- Hina Arora
- Brooke Sweedar
- 🌻 Anna Miller
- Jade Wilson
- Callie Buruchara

Image - Design Gurus

𝐉𝐨𝐢𝐧 𝐦𝐲 𝐖𝐡𝐚𝐭𝐬𝐀𝐩𝐩 𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐧𝐧𝐞𝐥 𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞: https://lnkd.in/d6sEfYsc

Follow Ashish Misal for insightful content on System Design, Javascript and other MERN
Technologies!

hashtag#SystemDesign hashtag#LLD hashtag#InterviewPreparation

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𝗧𝗵𝗲𝗿𝗲 𝗮𝗿𝗲 𝘀𝗲𝘃𝗲𝗿𝗮𝗹 𝗯𝗮𝘀𝗶𝗰 𝘁𝘆𝗽𝗲𝘀 𝗼𝗳 𝘀𝗲𝗿𝘃𝗲𝗿𝘀, 𝗲𝗮𝗰𝗵 𝘀𝗲𝗿𝘃𝗶𝗻𝗴
𝗮 𝘀𝗽𝗲𝗰𝗶𝗳𝗶𝗰 𝗽𝘂𝗿𝗽𝗼𝘀𝗲. 𝗛𝗲𝗿𝗲 𝗮𝗿𝗲 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗺𝗮𝗶𝗻 𝘁𝘆𝗽𝗲𝘀:
1. 𝗪𝗲𝗯 𝗦𝗲𝗿𝘃𝗲𝗿: Serves web pages to users over HTTP/HTTPS protocols (e.g., Apache,
Nginx).

2. 𝗔𝗽𝗽𝗹𝗶𝗰𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗦𝗲𝗿𝘃𝗲𝗿: Hosts and runs web applications, providing business logic to
client applications (e.g., Tomcat, JBoss).

3. 𝗗𝗮𝘁𝗮𝗯𝗮𝘀𝗲 𝗦𝗲𝗿𝘃𝗲𝗿: Manages and provides access to a database (e.g., MySQL,

PostgreSQL).

4. 𝗙𝗶𝗹𝗲 𝗦𝗲𝗿𝘃𝗲𝗿: Stores and provides shared access to files (e.g., FTP, Samba).

5. 𝗠𝗮𝗶𝗹 𝗦𝗲𝗿𝘃𝗲𝗿: Sends and receives emails (e.g., Microsoft Exchange, Postfix).

6. 𝗣𝗿𝗼𝘅𝘆 𝗦𝗲𝗿𝘃𝗲𝗿: Acts as an intermediary between client requests and other servers to
enhance performance or security (e.g., Squid).

7. 𝗗𝗡𝗦 𝗦𝗲𝗿𝘃𝗲𝗿: Translates domain names into IP addresses (e.g., BIND).

8. 𝗩𝗶𝗿𝘁𝘂𝗮𝗹 𝗦𝗲𝗿𝘃𝗲𝗿: Allows multiple virtual servers to run on one physical machine (e.g.,
VMware, Hyper-V).

𝙀𝙖𝙘𝙝 𝙩𝙮𝙥𝙚 𝙨𝙚𝙧𝙫𝙚𝙨 𝙖 𝙨𝙥𝙚𝙘𝙞𝙛𝙞𝙘 𝙛𝙪𝙣𝙘𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣 𝙞𝙣 𝙖 𝙣𝙚𝙩𝙬𝙤𝙧𝙠 𝙤𝙧 𝙨𝙮𝙨𝙩𝙚𝙢

𝙖𝙧𝙘𝙝𝙞𝙩𝙚𝙘𝙩𝙪𝙧𝙚.
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A microservice architecture roadmap typically outlines the key steps
involved in transitioning from a monolithic system or building microservices from
scratch. Here's a high-level roadmap to help guide the development of microservices:

1. 𝗨𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗿𝘀𝘁𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗠𝗶𝗰𝗿𝗼𝘀𝗲𝗿𝘃𝗶𝗰𝗲𝘀 𝗣𝗿𝗶𝗻𝗰𝗶𝗽𝗹𝗲𝘀

Separation of Concerns: Each microservice handles a specific business functionality.

Independence: Services are independently deployable and scalable.

Communication: Use lightweight communication (often HTTP/REST, gRPC, or messaging

systems like Kafka).

2. Assessment and Planning

Evaluate Monolithic Structure: Identify the monolithic parts that can be split into
services.

Set Goals: Why are you moving to microservices? Scalability, agility, maintainability?

Identify Business Domains: Map the functionality of your application to specific business
domains (Domain-Driven Design).

Prioritize Microservices: Not everything needs to be a microservice. Start with high-

impact areas.

3. Design Phase

Service Boundaries: Define the boundaries for each service based on business
functionality (e.g., user service, payment service).

Database Design: Plan whether each microservice will have its own database
(recommended) or use a shared one. Consider data consistency challenges.

API Design: Design clear and consistent APIs for service communication.

Security: Plan for authentication (OAuth, JWT, etc.), authorization, and secure
communication between services.

4. Technology and Tools

Programming Languages & Frameworks: Decide on the tech stack (e.g., Java, Node.js,
Python).
API Gateways: Use API gateways (like Kong, Istio) to handle cross-cutting concerns such
as security, routing, and throttling.

Service Discovery: Implement service discovery tools like Consul or Eureka for locating
services.

Containers & Orchestration: Use Docker and Kubernetes for packaging and orchestrating
services.

5. Build & Deploy

Version Control & CI/CD Pipelines: Use Git for version control and set up CI/CD pipelines
to automate testing, building, and deployment (e.g., Jenkins, GitLab CI).

Automated Testing: Unit tests, integration tests, and contract testing for microservices
interactions.

Continuous Deployment: Implement canary releases or blue/green deployments to

release updates with minimal risk.

6. Monitoring & Observability

Logging: Centralized logging (e.g., ELK Stack) for all services.

Monitoring: Use tools like Prometheus and Grafana for real-time monitoring.

Tracing: Implement distributed tracing (e.g., Jaeger, Zipkin) to track requests as they
move through services.

7. Security & Resilience

Rate Limiting and Circuit Breakers: Implement patterns like circuit breakers (e.g.,
Hystrix) to handle failures gracefully.

Security Hardening: Ensure that services are secure with practices like TLS, API key
management, and secure service-to-service communication.

Failover & Replication: Build redundancy and failover mechanisms for resilience.
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Microservice Architecture: Key Components and Leading
Technologies
1. Distributed Transactions: Ensures data consistency across services.
Examples: Saga Pattern, Apache Kafka

2. Scalability & Availability: Enables independent scaling and high uptime.

Examples: Kubernetes, Docker Swarm

3. Inter-Service Communication: Facilitates data exchange between microservices.

Examples: gRPC, Apache Thrift

4. Security: Implements robust protection across the architecture.

Examples: OAuth 2.0, HashiCorp Vault

5. Design Patterns: Applies proven solutions to architectural challenges.

Examples: Circuit Breaker (Hystrix), Sidecar Pattern

6. Resilience: Builds fault-tolerant systems.

Examples: Istio, Linkerd

7. Deployment & DevOps: Streamlines service deployment and management.

Examples: Jenkins, GitLab CI/CD

8. Configuration Management: Centralizes service configurations.

Examples: HashiCorp Consul, Etcd

9. RESTful APIs: Provides standardized interfaces for service interactions.

Examples: Swagger (OpenAPI), Postman

10. Monitoring and Alerting: Tracks system health and performance.

Examples: Prometheus, Grafana

11. API Gateways: Manages and routes API requests.

Examples: Kong, AWS API Gateway

12. Containerization: Packages services with dependencies.

Examples: Docker, Podman

13. API Versioning: Maintains compatibility while evolving interfaces.

Example: Semantic Versioning (SemVer)

14. Service Registry & Discovery: Enables dynamic service location.

Examples: Consul, Netflix Eureka

15. Distributed Tracing: Tracks requests across multiple services.

Examples: Jaeger, Zipkin

These components work together to create flexible, scalable microservice ecosystems.

By leveraging technologies like Docker for containerization or Kubernetes for
orchestration, organizations can build systems that are easier to maintain, scale, and
evolve.

Which of these technologies have you found most impactful in your microservices
journey?

Are there emerging tools you're excited about?

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Resume ATS Score - 8-9/10

-Format

-Keywords
-Projects

-Work Experience

Multiple versions of Resume

-Enterprise Architect

-Cloud Architect

-Delivery Manager

Apply through Referrals

Interview

-System Designs

- HLD -> LLD

-Data Structures and Algos

-Programming Language - Any

Ques: