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EEE CH5 SM Machines

The document discusses synchronous generators, which are alternating-current generators that operate at synchronous speed determined by the frequency and number of poles. It covers the construction of synchronous machines, including the stator and rotor types, as well as the internal voltage equations and power relationships. Additionally, it explains the efficiency of these generators and provides examples for calculating terminal voltage and efficiency under different loading conditions.

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11 views19 pages

EEE CH5 SM Machines

The document discusses synchronous generators, which are alternating-current generators that operate at synchronous speed determined by the frequency and number of poles. It covers the construction of synchronous machines, including the stator and rotor types, as well as the internal voltage equations and power relationships. Additionally, it explains the efficiency of these generators and provides examples for calculating terminal voltage and efficiency under different loading conditions.

Uploaded by

gebrihans.sahle
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter -5

Synchronous Generators
Synchronous Generators

 An alternating-current (ac)generator is commonly referred as


synchronous generator
 A synchronous machine whether ,it is generator or motor operates at the
synchronous speed that is at the speed which the magnetic field rotates
 The synchronous speed (in revolution per minute ) is obtained :

120𝑓𝑒 𝑛𝑠 𝑃
𝑛𝑠 = ⇒ 𝑓𝑒 =
𝑃 120

 Where 𝑓𝑒 is the frequency in hertz and P the number of poles in the


machine
 Thus , for 4-pole generator to generator power at 60Hz ,its speed of
rotating must be 1800 rpm.
 On the other hand ,a 4 pole synchronous motor operating from
50Hz source runs at only 1500rpm
Synchronous Generators

 A dc current is applied to the rotor winding to produce a rotor magnetic


field
 The rotor is turned by the prime mover thus ,produce a rotating
magnetic field
 The rotating magnetic field produce three phase sets of voltages within
the stator.
Armature winding [in stator]
Field winding [in rotor]
Construction of a Synchronous Machine

 The basic components of a synchronous machines are the stator ,which


houses the armature conductors and a rotor which provides the field
windings
stator
 The stator also known as the armature of the synchronous machine and
is made of thin laminations of highly permeable steel so as to reduce the
core loss
 The armature conductors are symmetrically arranged to form a balanced
poly-phase winding
Rotor
 Two type of rotors are used in the design of a synchronous
generator:
• cylindrical rotor
• Salient pole rotor
 the rotor is rotated at the synchronous speed by a prime mover such
as the steam ,hydro , wind turbines
Construction of a Synchronous Machine

 The salient pole is made of an even set of outward projected laminated


poles
 The field winding is placed around each poles as indicated in the fig
Construction of a Synchronous Machine

 The Cylindrical rotor is made of a smooth solid forged steel cylinder


with a number of slots on its outer periphery

Exciter circuit

Field circuit dc current


supply:
• External dc supply by means of
slip rings and brushes
• Special dc power source
mounted on the shaft –
brushless [in large generators].
Internal voltage of Syn. Generator

EA  2N cf  4.444 N c BAf


• The internal voltage in SG 2f N
EA  N c  c 
is given by following 2 2
formula: E A  K

• Synchronous means that N = number of turns,


B= flux density,
the electrical frequency A = cross sectional area of the magnetic circuit,
f = frequency,
produced is locked with φ= flux per pole

the mechanical rate of K : constant represents construction of machine


: radian /s
rotation of the generator.
• f  P f  P ( nm )  Pnm  EA: is proportional to flux and
e
2
m
2 60 120 speed , flux depend on the
current flowing the rotor field
120 f e
nm  circuits field
P
Internal voltage of Syn. Generator

Example:
• Determine the rotation speed (r/min)for SG
consists of :
- 2 poles, 50 HZ, 2 poles 60 Hz,
- 4 poles 50 HZ, 4 poles 60 Hz
• Determine number of poles for 50 Hz ,operate
at 1000 r/min SG ?
 The voltage 𝑬A is the induced voltage produced in one phase of a
synchronous generator𝑬A is not usually the voltage that appears at the
terminals of the generator.
 The only time 𝑬A is the same as the output voltage 𝑽T of the phase
when there is no armature current flowing in the machine (during no
load).
Per phase equivalent circuit

• There are many factors that cause the difference


between 𝑬A and 𝑽T including:
– The distortion of the air-gap magnetic field by the
current flowing in the stator, called armature reaction.
– The resistance of the armature coils,
– The self inductance of the armature coils
– The effect of salient pole rotor shape
• X: represents the effect of armature
VT  EA  Estator reaction reactance only.
Estator   jXIA • In addition to the armature reaction
.The stator coils have self inductance
VT  EA  jXIA and resistance, therefore we define:
Per phase equivalent circuit

 The DC power source supplying


the rotor field circuit. The figure
also shows that each phase has an
induced voltage with a series XS
and a series RA. The voltages and
currents of the three phases are
identical but 120 apart in angle.
 The three phases can be either Y
or ∆ . If they are Y connected,
then the terminal voltage 𝑉𝑇 is
related to the phase voltage by
VT  3 V
The full equivalent circuit of a three-phase
synchronous generator
If ∆connected
V:T  V
Phasor Diagram

 Voltages in a synchronous
generator are expressed as
phasors because they are AC
voltages. Since we have
magnitude and angle, the
relationship between voltage
and current must be expressed
by a two-dimensional plot.
Phasor diagram of a
synchronous generator at unity
 It is noticed that, for a given
power factor (purely resistive
phase voltage and armature Load).
current, a larger induced
voltage 𝐸𝐴 is required for
lagging loads than leading
loads.
Phasor Diagram

Phasor diagram of a
synchronous generator at
lagging factor (Inductive
Load).

Phasor diagram of a
synchronous generator at
leading factor (Capacitive
Load).

Notice that larger internal voltage is needed for lagging loads, therefore,
larger field currents is needed with lagging loads to get same terminal
voltage
Power Relationships
 Not all the mechanical power going into a synchronous generator becomes
electrical power out of the machine. The difference between input power and
output power represents the losses of the machine. The input mechanical power
is the shaft power in the generator.

Pout
Pin (Motor)
Pconverted
Pin  s m (Pm) 3VT I L cos

Pconv  ind m

Stray losses Rotational Core losses Copper losses


(Pst) losses (Pr) (Pc) (Pcu)

Pc  Pr  Pst 2
3I A R A
AC Machine Power Flow
and Losses

Sync. Generator

Induction Motor
Power Relationships
The power converted from mechanical to electrical is given by;

Pconv   ind m  3E A I A cos 


Where  is the angle between EA and IA:

If the armature resistance RA is ignored (XS >>


RA), Therefore:
E A sin 
I A cos 
XS
Substituting this equation into Pout, gives;.
3V E A sin 
 P Where  is the angle
XS between EA and VT.

The induced torque can be express as;.


3V E A sin 
  ind 
m X S
Efficiency

Pout
  100 %
Pin
Pin  Pout  Plosses
Example:
• A 480-V, 200-KVA, 0.8 PF lagging, 60-HZ, 2-poles, Y-connected
synchronous generator has a synchronous reactance of 0.25 Ω and an
armature resistance of 0.04 Ω. At 60 Hz, its friction and windage losses
are 6 KW and its core losses are 4 KW. Assume that the field current of the
generator has been adjusted to a value of 4.5 A so that the open-circuit
terminal voltage of the generator is 477 V.
Determine:
a) The terminal voltage of the generator, if it is connected to Δ-
connected load with an impedance of 530 Ω.
b)The efficiency.
c)Sketch the phasor diagram of this generator
d)If another identical Δ-connected load is connected in parallel,
determine the new terminal voltage.
e)Sketch the new phasor diagram after adding the new load.
Solution

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