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To make her art more widely available, graphic artist Elizabeth Catlett turned to linocuts. In linocut printing, an artist carves
an image into a sheet of linoleum to create a stamp that is used to mass-produce prints. In the linocut series The Black
Woman (1946–1947), Catlett depicts the everyday experiences of Black women alongside the achievements of well-known
Black women. This pairing invites the viewer to draw connections among the women. The linocut process enabled Catlett’s
work to reach a wide audience and supported her aim to unite Black women through her art.

According to the text, what is significant about Catlett’s use of linocut printing?

A. Linocut printing involved using materials that were readily available to Catlett.

B. Linocut printing helped Catlett use art to connect people, especially Black women.

C. Catlett became commercially successful once she started using linocut printing.

D. Catlett was one of the first Black artists to use linocut printing.
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Many literary theorists distinguish between fabula, a narrative’s content, and syuzhet, a narrative’s arrangement and
presentation of events. In the film The Godfather Part II, the fabula is the story of the Corleone family, and the syuzhet is the
presentation of the story as it alternates between two timelines in 1901 and 1958. But literary theorist Mikhail Bakhtin
maintained that fabula and syuzhet are insufficient to completely describe a narrative—he held that systematic
categorizations of artistic phenomena discount the subtle way in which meaning is created by interactions between the
artist, the work, and the audience.

Which choice best states the main idea of the text?

Literary theorist Mikhail Bakhtin argued that there are important characteristics of narratives that are not fully
A. encompassed by two concepts that other theorists have used to analyze narratives.

Literary theorist Mikhail Bakhtin claimed that meaning is not inherent in a narrative but is created when an audience
B. encounters a narrative so that narratives are interpreted differently by different people.

The storytelling methods used in The Godfather Part II may seem unusually complicated, but they can be easily
C. understood when two concepts from literary theory are utilized.

Narratives that are told out of chronological order are more difficult for audiences to understand than are narratives
D. presented chronologically.
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Since its completion in 2014, Bosco Verticale (Vertical Forest)—a pair of residential towers in Milan, Italy, covered by
vegetation—has become a striking symbol of environmental sustainability in architecture. Stefano Boeri intended his design,
which features balconies that are home to hundreds of trees, to serve as a model for promoting urban biodiversity. However,
the concept has faced skepticism: critics note that although the trees used in Bosco Verticale were specifically cultivated for
the project, it’s too early to tell if they can thrive in this unusual setting.

According to the text, why are some critics skeptical of the concept behind Bosco Verticale?

A. Some essential aspects of Bosco Verticale’s design are difficult to adapt to locations other than Milan.

B. The plant life on Bosco Verticale ended up being less varied than Boeri had envisioned it would be.

The construction of Bosco Verticale was no less environmentally damaging than the construction of more conventional
C. buildings is.

D. It is unclear whether Bosco Verticale can support the plant life included in its design.
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In West Africa, jalis have traditionally been keepers of information about family histories and records of important events.
They have often served as teachers and advisers, too. New technologies may have changed some aspects of the role today,
but jalis continue to be valued for knowing and protecting their peoples’ stories.

Which choice best states the main idea of the text?

A. Even though there have been some changes in their role, jalis continue to preserve their communities’ histories.

B. Although jalis have many roles, many of them like teaching best.

C. Jalis have been entertaining the people within their communities for centuries.

D. Technology can now do some of the things jalis used to be responsible for.
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The following text is adapted from Lewis Carroll’s 1889 satirical novel Sylvie and Bruno. A crowd has gathered outside a
room belonging to the Warden, an official who reports to the Lord Chancellor.
One man, who was more excited than the rest, flung his hat high into the air, and shouted (as well as I could make out)
“Who roar for the Sub-Warden?” Everybody roared, but whether it was for the Sub-Warden, or not, did not clearly appear:
some were shouting “Bread!” and some “Taxes!”, but no one seemed to know what it was they really wanted.
All this I saw from the open window of the Warden’s breakfast-saloon, looking across the shoulder of the Lord Chancellor.
“What can it all mean?” he kept repeating to himself. “I never heard such shouting before—and at this time of the morning,
too! And with such unanimity!”

Based on the text, how does the Lord Chancellor respond to the crowd?

A. He asks about the meaning of the crowd’s shouting, even though he claims to know what the crowd wants.

B. He indicates a desire to speak to the crowd, even though the crowd has asked to speak to the Sub-Warden.

C. He expresses sympathy for the crowd’s demands, even though the crowd’s shouting annoys him.

D. He describes the crowd as being united, even though the crowd clearly appears otherwise.
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In 1935 Hallie Flanagan was chosen to lead the Federal Theatre Project (FTP). This project was part of the new Works
Progress Administration (WPA), a program created by President Franklin D. Roosevelt to provide jobs for unemployed people
during the Great Depression. As the director of the FTP, Flanagan created jobs for over 12,500 performers, designers, and
other theater professionals across the country. She also kept ticket prices low for the shows they staged, which meant that
many people could afford to experience theater for the first time.

Which choice best states the main idea of the text?

A. Jobs provided by the FTP were intended mainly for performers, designers, and other theater professionals.

B. President Roosevelt created the WPA to provide jobs for unemployed people.

C. During the Great Depression, many people couldn’t afford to buy theater tickets.

D. As the director of the FTP, Flanagan succeeded in creating many jobs and introducing people to theater.
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The recovery of a 1,000-year-old Chinese shipwreck in the Java Sea near present-day Indonesia has yielded a treasure trove
of artifacts, including thousands of small ceramic bowls. Using a portable X-ray fluorescence analyzer tool, Lisa Niziolek and
her team were able to detect the chemical composition of these bowls without damaging them. By comparing the chemical
signatures of the bowls with those of the materials still at old Chinese kiln sites, Niziolek and her team can pinpoint which
Chinese kilns likely produced the ceramic bowls.

Which choice best states the main idea of the text?

A. Because of a new technology, researchers can locate and recover more shipwrecks than they could in the past.

B. Researchers have been able to identify the location of a number of Chinese kilns in operation 1,000 years ago.

C. With the help of a special tool, researchers have determined the likely origin of bowls recovered from a shipwreck.

Before the invention of portable X-ray fluorescence, researchers needed to take a small piece out of an artifact to analyze
D. its components.
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The following text is adapted from Charles W. Chesnutt’s 1901 novel The Marrow of Tradition.
Mrs. Ochiltree was a woman of strong individuality, whose comments upon her acquaintance[s], present or absent, were
marked by a frankness at times no less than startling. This characteristic caused her to be more or less avoided. Mrs.
Ochiltree was aware of this sentiment on the part of her acquaintance[s], and rather exulted in it.

Based on the text, what is true about Mrs. Ochiltree’s acquaintances?

A. They try to refrain from discussing topics that would upset Mrs. Ochiltree.

B. They are unable to spend as much time with Mrs. Ochiltree as she would like.

C. They are too preoccupied with their own concerns to speak with Mrs. Ochiltree.

D. They are likely offended by what Mrs. Ochiltree has said about them.
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For many years, the only existing fossil evidence of mixopterid eurypterids—an extinct family of large aquatic arthropods
known as sea scorpions and related to modern arachnids and horseshoe crabs—came from four species living on the
paleocontinent of Laurussia. In a discovery that expands our understanding of the geographical distribution of mixopterids,
paleontologist Bo Wang and others have identified fossilized remains of a new mixopterid species, Terropterus xiushanensis,
that lived over 400 million years ago on the paleocontinent of Gondwana.

According to the text, why was Wang and his team’s discovery of the Terropterus xiushanensis fossil significant?

A. The fossil constitutes the first evidence found by scientists that mixopterids lived more than 400 million years ago.

The fossil helps establish that mixopterids are more closely related to modern arachnids and horseshoe crabs than
B. previously thought.

The fossil helps establish a more accurate timeline of the evolution of mixopterids on the paleocontinents of Laurussia
C. and Gondwana.

The fossil constitutes the first evidence found by scientists that mixopterids existed outside the paleocontinent of
D. Laurussia.
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The following text is from Jane Austen’s 1811 novel Sense and Sensibility. Elinor lives with her younger sisters and her
mother, Mrs. Dashwood.
Elinor, this eldest daughter, whose advice was so effectual, possessed a strength of understanding, and coolness of
judgment, which qualified her, though only nineteen, to be the counsellor of her mother, and enabled her frequently to
counteract, to the advantage of them all, that eagerness of mind in Mrs. Dashwood which must generally have led to
imprudence. She had an excellent heart;—her disposition was affectionate, and her feelings were strong; but she knew
how to govern them: it was a knowledge which her mother had yet to learn; and which one of her sisters had resolved
never to be taught.

According to the text, what is true about Elinor?

A. Elinor often argues with her mother but fails to change her mind.

B. Elinor can be overly sensitive with regard to family matters.

C. Elinor thinks her mother is a bad role model.

D. Elinor is remarkably mature for her age.

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The following text is adapted from Frances Hodgson Burnett’s 1911 novel The Secret Garden. Mary, a young girl, recently
found an overgrown hidden garden.
Mary was an odd, determined little person, and now she had something interesting to be determined about, she was very
much absorbed, indeed. She worked and dug and pulled up weeds steadily, only becoming more pleased with her work
every hour instead of tiring of it. It seemed to her like a fascinating sort of play.

Which choice best states the main idea of the text?

A. Mary hides in the garden to avoid doing her chores.

B. Mary is getting bored with pulling up so many weeds in the garden.

C. Mary is clearing out the garden to create a space to play.

D. Mary feels very satisfied when she’s taking care of the garden.
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The following text is adapted from Johanna Spyri’s 1881 novel Heidi (translated by Elisabeth Stork in 1915). Eight-year-old
Heidi and her friend’s grandmother are looking at some illustrated books.

Heidi had come and was looking with wondering eyes at the splendid pictures in the large books, that Grandmama was
showing her. Suddenly she screamed aloud, for there on the picture she saw a peaceful flock grazing on a green
pasture. In the middle a shepherd was standing, leaning on his crook. The setting sun was shedding a golden light over
everything. With glowing eyes Heidi devoured the scene.

Which choice best states the main idea of the text?

A. Heidi is upset until she sees a serene image of a pasture in one of Grandmama’s books.

B. Heidi is delighted and fascinated by an image she sees in one of Grandmama’s books.

C. Heidi is initially frightened by an image in one of Grandmama’s books but quickly comes to appreciate its beauty.

Heidi is inspecting an image in one of Grandmama’s books because she has never seen a shepherd with his sheep
D. before.
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To understand how temperature change affects microorganism-mediated cycling of soil nutrients in alpine ecosystems, Eva
Kaštovská et al. collected plant-soil cores in the Tatra Mountains at elevations around 2,100 meters and transplanted them
to elevations of 1,700–1,800 meters, where the mean air temperature was warmer by 2°C. Microorganism-mediated nutrient
cycling was accelerated in the transplanted cores; crucially, microorganism community composition was unchanged,
allowing Kaštovská et al. to attribute the acceleration to temperature-induced increases in microorganism activity.

It can most reasonably be inferred from the text that the finding about the microorganism community composition was
important for which reason?

It provided preliminary evidence that microorganism-mediated nutrient cycling was accelerated in the transplanted
A. cores.

It suggested that temperature-induced changes in microorganism activity may be occurring at increasingly high
B. elevations.

C. It ruled out a potential alternative explanation for the acceleration in microorganism-mediated nutrient cycling.

It clarified that microorganism activity levels in the plant-soil cores varied depending on which microorganisms
D. comprised the community.
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The following text is from Edith Nesbit’s 1902 novel Five Children and It. Five young siblings have just moved with their
parents from London to a house in the countryside that they call the White House.

It was not really a pretty house at all; it was quite ordinary, and mother thought it was rather inconvenient, and was quite
annoyed at there being no shelves, to speak of, and hardly a cupboard in the place. Father used to say that the ironwork
on the roof and coping was like an architect’s nightmare. But the house was deep in the country, with no other house in
sight, and the children had been in London for two years, without so much as once going to the seaside even for a day
by an excursion train, and so the White House seemed to them a sort of Fairy Palace set down in an Earthly Paradise.

Which choice best states the main idea of the text?

A. Although their parents believe the house has several drawbacks, the children are enchanted by it.

B. The children don’t like the house nearly as much as their parents do.

C. Each member of the family admires a different characteristic of the house.

D. The house is beautiful and well built, but the children miss their old home in London.
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The following text is from Maggie Pogue Johnson’s 1910 poem “Poet of Our Race.” In this poem, the speaker is addressing
Paul Laurence Dunbar, a Black author.
Thou, with stroke of mighty pen, The language of the flowers,
Hast told of joy and mirth, Thou hast read them all,
And read the hearts and souls of men And e’en the little brook
As cradled from their birth. Responded to thy call.

Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?

A. To praise a certain writer for being especially perceptive regarding people and nature

B. To establish that a certain writer has read extensively about a variety of topics

C. To call attention to a certain writer’s careful and elaborately detailed writing process

D. To recount fond memories of an afternoon spent in nature with a certain writer

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To understand how Paleolithic artists navigated dark caves, archaeologist Mª Ángeles Medina-Alcaide and her team tested
different lighting methods in a cave in Spain using replicas of artifacts found in European caves with art. They used three
different Paleolithic light sources—torches, animal-fat lamps, and fireplaces—determining that each likely had a specific
purpose. For instance, the team learned that the animal-fat lamps were less useful than torches while walking because the
lamps didn’t illuminate the cave floor.

Which choice best states the main idea of the text?

A. Medina-Alcaide and her team’s study demonstrated that fireplaces were essential to the creators of Paleolithic cave art.

Medina-Alcaide and her team discovered that Paleolithic cave artists in Spain used animal-fat lamps more often than
B. they used torches.

Medina-Alcaide and her team were reluctant to draw many conclusions from their study because of the difficulty they had
C. replicating light sources based on known artifacts.

Medina-Alcaide and her team tested Paleolithic light sources and learned some details about how Paleolithic artists
D. traveled within dark caves.
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Believing that living in an impractical space can heighten awareness and even improve health, conceptual artists Madeline
Gins and Shusaku Arakawa designed an apartment building in Japan to be more fanciful than functional. A kitchen counter
is chest-high on one side and knee-high on the other; a ceiling has a door to nowhere. The effect is disorienting but
invigorating: after four years there, filmmaker Nobu Yamaoka reported significant health benefits.

Which choice best states the main idea of the text?

Although inhabiting a home surrounded by fanciful features such as those designed by Gins and Arakawa can be
A. rejuvenating, it is unsustainable.

Designing disorienting spaces like those in the Gins and Arakawa building is the most effective way to create a physically
B. stimulating environment.

C. As a filmmaker, Yamaoka has long supported the designs of conceptual artists such as Gins and Arakawa.

Although impractical, the design of the apartment building by Gins and Arakawa may improve the well-being of the
D. building’s residents.
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When fashion designer Lloyd Henri Kiva New opened his store in Scottsdale, Arizona, in 1945, he quickly became known for
creating delicately crafted leather goods, like belts and hats. He was perhaps most renowned for his colorful handbags,
which he made by hand using a long and painstaking process. As he gained more customers, New began using sewing
machines and other tools to help him produce bags more efficiently, though he continued to handcraft the crucial details that
made each bag unique.

Based on the text, what would have been the most likely consequence if New had not begun using sewing machines?

A. He would have been unable to ensure that each bag included unique, handcrafted details.

B. He would have struggled to meet the increasing demand for his bags.

C. He would have had to individually design each bag he produced.

D. He would not have been able to generate as much interest in his bags.
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The following text is adapted from Edgar Allan Poe’s 1849 story “Landor’s Cottage.”

During a pedestrian trip last summer, through one or two of the river counties of New York, I found myself, as the day
declined, somewhat embarrassed about the road I was pursuing. The land undulated very remarkably; and my path, for
the last hour, had wound about and about so confusedly, in its effort to keep in the valleys, that I no longer knew in what
direction lay the sweet village of B——, where I had determined to stop for the night.

Which choice best states the main idea of the text?

A. The narrator remembers a trip he took and admits to getting lost.

B. The narrator recalls fond memories of a journey that he took through some beautiful river counties.

C. The narrator describes what he saw during a long trip through a frequently visited location.

D. The narrator explains the difficulties he encountered on a trip and how he overcame them.
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Archaeologists have discovered a runestone in Norway that may contain the earliest example of written words in
Scandinavia. Carbon dating at the discovery site revealed that the stone was likely carved between 1 and 250 CE. Runologist
Kristel Zilmer believes the stone will be helpful in learning more about the use of runic alphabets in early Iron Age
Scandinavia.

Which choice best states the main topic of the text?

A. Battles of the Iron Age

B. A runestone found in Norway

C. A new method for dating rock samples

D. The research interests of Kristel Zilmer