Scribd
Upload
3 views7 pages

SQL Guide Complete

The document outlines SQL LMD commands including SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE, along with their examples. It also details various SQL constraints such as NOT NULL, UNIQUE, PRIMARY KEY, and FOREIGN KEY, providing examples for each. Additionally, advanced SQL SELECT features are discussed, including filtering, sorting, grouping, and joining data from multiple tables.

Uploaded by

Koussay Sahli
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
3 views7 pages

SQL Guide Complete

The document outlines SQL LMD commands including SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE, along with their examples. It also details various SQL constraints such as NOT NULL, UNIQUE, PRIMARY KEY, and FOREIGN KEY, providing examples for each. Additionally, advanced SQL SELECT features are discussed, including filtering, sorting, grouping, and joining data from multiple tables.

Uploaded by

Koussay Sahli
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 7

SQL LMD Commands and Constraints

LMD (Language Manipulation of Data) SQL Commands:

1. SELECT:

Retrieves data from one or more tables.

Example:

SELECT name, email FROM users;

2. INSERT:

Inserts new records into a table.

Example:

INSERT INTO users (name, email) VALUES ('Alice', 'alice@example.com');

3. UPDATE:

Modifies existing records.

Example:

UPDATE users SET email = 'alice_new@example.com' WHERE name = 'Alice';

4. DELETE:

Deletes existing records from a table.

Example:

DELETE FROM users WHERE name = 'Alice';

SQL Constraints:
1. NOT NULL:

Ensures a column cannot have a NULL value.

Example:

name VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL

2. UNIQUE:

Ensures all values in a column are different.

Example:

email VARCHAR(100) UNIQUE

3. PRIMARY KEY:

Uniquely identifies each record in a table.

Example:

id INT PRIMARY KEY

4. FOREIGN KEY:

Ensures referential integrity for a record in another table.

Example:

user_id INT,

FOREIGN KEY (user_id) REFERENCES users(id)

5. CHECK:

Ensures that all values in a column satisfy a specific condition.

Example:

age INT CHECK (age >= 18)


6. DEFAULT:

Provides a default value for a column.

Example:

status VARCHAR(20) DEFAULT 'active'

7. INDEX:

Improves the speed of data retrieval.

Example:

CREATE INDEX idx_user_name ON users(name);


Advanced SQL SELECT Features

SQL SELECT Clauses and Features:

1. Basic SELECT:

SELECT column1, column2 FROM table;

2. WHERE:

Filters records based on conditions.

Example:

SELECT * FROM users WHERE age > 18;

3. AND, OR, NOT:

Combine multiple conditions.

Example:

SELECT * FROM users WHERE age > 18 AND status = 'active';

4. IN, NOT IN:

Match values within a set.

Example:

SELECT * FROM users WHERE country IN ('USA', 'Canada');

SELECT * FROM users WHERE country NOT IN ('USA', 'Canada');

5. BETWEEN:

Select values within a range.


Example:

SELECT * FROM users WHERE age BETWEEN 18 AND 30;

6. LIKE:

Pattern matching.

Example:

SELECT * FROM users WHERE name LIKE 'A%';

7. IS NULL / IS NOT NULL:

Check for NULL values.

Example:

SELECT * FROM users WHERE email IS NULL;

8. ORDER BY:

Sort results.

Example:

SELECT * FROM users ORDER BY name ASC;

9. GROUP BY:

Group results based on one or more columns.

Example:

SELECT country, COUNT(*) FROM users GROUP BY country;

10. HAVING:

Filter groups created by GROUP BY.

Example:
SELECT country, COUNT(*) FROM users GROUP BY country HAVING COUNT(*) > 5;

11. LIMIT / OFFSET:

Restrict result size.

Example:

SELECT * FROM users LIMIT 10 OFFSET 20;

12. ALIAS (AS):

Rename columns or tables in results.

Example:

SELECT name AS username FROM users;

13. JOIN:

Combine rows from two or more tables.

Example:

SELECT u.name, o.total FROM users u JOIN orders o ON u.id = o.user_id;

14. DATE Functions (may vary by SQL dialect):

- CURRENT_DATE / NOW():

SELECT * FROM events WHERE event_date = CURRENT_DATE;

- DATE(), YEAR(), MONTH(), DAY():

SELECT * FROM events WHERE YEAR(event_date) = 2025;

- DATE_ADD() / DATE_SUB():

SELECT * FROM tasks WHERE due_date = DATE_ADD(CURRENT_DATE, INTERVAL 7


DAY);

- DATEDIFF():

SELECT DATEDIFF(CURRENT_DATE, registration_date) AS days_active FROM users;

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy