SRM TRP ENGINEERING COLLEGE

IRUNGALUR, TIRUCHIRAPALLI– 621 105

DEPARTMENT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND DATA SCIENCE

NM1075 – Employability Based Project Learning

(Software for Product)
Name :

Reg. No. :

Year / Semester :

Branch / Section :
 SRM TRP ENGINEERING COLLEGE
IRUNGALUR, TIRUCHIRAPALLI-621 105.

RECORD NOTE BOOK

Register Number: 8 1 4 7

This is to certify that this Practical work titled NM1075 – Employability Based Project Learning

(Software for Product) record of work done by Mr./Ms of II

Year / IV Semester / AI&DS, Department of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science during the

academic year 2024-2025 – EVEN.

Faculty in-charge Head of the

Department

Submitted for the University Practical Examination on ………………….

Internal Examin External Examiner

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Ex.No. Date Exercise Marks Sign

28/2/25
1 Fundamentals of C Programming - I
7/3/25
2 Fundamentals of C Programming - II

21/3/25
3 Advanced C Programming
28/3/25
4 Embedded Foundation
4/4/25
5 Arduino Programming
11/4/25
6 Embedded Peripheral Programming - Part I
23/4/25
7 Embedded Peripheral Programming - Part II

25/4/25
8 Embedded Peripheral Programming - Part III
2/5/25
9 Embedded Peripheral Programming - Part IV
7/5/25
10 Final project - Stage I
9/5/25
11 Final project - Stage II

9/5/25
12 Final project - Stage III
 SRM TRP ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Irungalur, Trichy. 621 105
Department of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science

Vision of the Institute

To carve the youth as dynamic, competent, valued and knowledgeable Technocrats through
research, innovation and entrepreneurial development for accomplishing the global expectations.

Mission of the Institute

M1: To inculcate academic excellence in engineering education to create talented professionals
M2: To promote research in basic sciences and applied engineering among faculty and students
to fulfill the societal expectations.
M3: To enhance the holistic development of students through meaningful interaction with
industry and academia.
M4: To foster the students on par with sustainable development goals thereby contributing to the
process of nation building
M5: To nurture and retain conducive lifelong learning environment towards professional
excellence.

Vision of the Department

To be recognized as Centre of Excellence for innovation and research in computer science and
engineering through the futuristic technologies by developing technocrats with ethical values to
serve the society at global level.

Mission of the Department

M1: To develop quality and technically competent computer professionals
through excellence in academics.
M2: To encourage the faculty and students towards research and development with advanced
tools and technologies.
M3: To enhance industry institute interaction to build a strong technical expertise among the
students.
M4: To empower and train the students to establish entrepreneurial endeavors with ethical
behaviors and social consciousness.
M5: To nurture professional empowerment among students and take up higher studies
through continuous Learning.
Program Educational Objectives (PEO's)

The graduate of Computer Science and Engineering will have

PEO1: Ability to analyze and get solutions in the field of Computer Science and Engineering
through application of fundamental knowledge of Mathematics, Science and Electronics
(Preparation).

PEO2: Innovative ideas, methods and techniques thereby rendering expertise to the industrial
and societal needs in an effective manner and will be a competent computer/software
engineer (Core Competency).

PEO3: Good and broad knowledge with interpersonal skills so as to comprehend, analyze,
design and create novel products and solutions for real-time applications (Breadth).

PEO4: Professional with ethical values to develop leadership, effective communication skills
and teamwork to excel in career. (Professionalism)

PEO5: Strive to learn continuously and update their knowledge in the specific fields of
computer science & engineering for the societal growth. (Learning environment).

Program Specific Outcome (PSO's)

The graduates of Bachelor of Engineering in Computer Science and Engineering Programme
will be able to:

PSO1: Use Data structures, Data management, Networking, System software, Data science
with high end programming skills to design and implement automation in various domains of
emerging technologies.

PSO2: Apply engineering knowledge in project development with the end products and
services in the field of hardware and software platform to accomplish the industry
expectations.
 P ro g ra m Out co me s ( PO ' S)

PO1: Engineering knowledge: Apply the basic knowledge of science, mathematics and
engineering fundamentals in the field of Computer Science and Engineering to solve complex
engineering problems.
PO2: Problem analysis: Ability to use basic principles of mathematics, natural sciences, and
engineering sciences to Identify, formulate, review research literature and analyze Computer
Science and engineering problems.
PO3: Design/development of solutions: Ability to design solutions for complex Computer
Science and engineering problems and basic design system to meet the desired needs within
realistic constraints such as manufacturability, durability, reliability, sustainability and
economy with appropriate consideration for the public health, safety, cultural, societal, and
environmental considerations.
PO4: Conduct investigations of complex problems: Ability to execute the experimental
activities using research-based knowledge and methods including analyze, interpret the data
and results with valid conclusion.
PO5: Modern tool usage: Ability to use state of the art of techniques, skills and modern
engineering tools necessary for engineering practice to satisfy the needs of the society with
an understanding of the limitations.
PO6: The Engineer and Society: Ability to apply reasoning informed by the contextual
knowledge to assess the impact of Computer Science and engineering solutions in legal,
health, cultural, safety and societal context and the consequent responsibilities relevant to
the professional engineering practice.
PO7: Environment and sustainability: Ability to understand the professional responsibility
and accountability to demonstrate the need for sustainable development globally in Computer
Science domain with consideration of environmental effect.
PO8: Ethics: Ability to understand and apply ethical principles and commitment to address
the professional ethical responsibilities of an engineer.
PO9: Individual and team work: Ability to function efficiently as an individual or as a group
member or leader in a team in multidisciplinary environment.
PO10: Communication: Ability to communicate, comprehend and present effectively with
engineering community and the society at large on complex engineering activities by receiving
clear instructions for preparing effective reports, design documentation and presentations.
PO11: Project management and finance: Ability to acquire and demonstrate the knowledge
of contemporary issues related to finance and managerial skills in one’s own work, as a
member and leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
PO12: Life-long learning: Ability to recognize and adapt to the emerging field of application
in engineering and technology by developing self-confidence for lifelong learning process.
 SRM TRP ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Irungalur, Trichy. 621 105
Department of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science

Software for Product

S.No Modules Topics to be covered

1. Introduction to C
1 Fundamentals of C
2. Data Types & Storage Classes
Programming - I

1. Operators & FlowControl

2 Fundamentals of C
2. Functions
Programming - II
1. Arrays
3 Advanced C Programming 2. Strings
3. Pointers Basics
1. Introduction to Embedded Systems
4 Embedded Foundation 2. Embedded Programming In Embedded Systems
3. MicroController for Embedded Systems
1. Introduction to Embedded Environment
2. BareMetal Programming - Hands On Basics
5 Arduino Programming
3. Arduino Programming Basics
4. Hands On - LED & Buzzer
1. Hands On - Switches
6 Embedded Peripheral 2. Hands On - LED & Switches
Programming - Part I 3. Hands On - LCD Programming

1. Hands On - Keypad
7 Embedded Peripheral 2. Hands On - Motors
Programming - Part II 3. Hands On - 7-Segment LED Programming

1. Hands On - PWM
8 Embedded Peripheral 2. Hands On - Timers / Delays
Programming - Part III 3. Hands On - UART
Embedded Peripheral 1. Hands On - ADC & Sensors
9
Programming - Part IV 2. Hands On - Interrupt
10 Final project - Stage I Project - Selection & Requirements and Designing

11 Final project - Stage II Project - Phase 1 Evaluation - Design, Development &

Testing
12 Final project - Stage III Project - Final Output & Document Submission

7
 Abstract
This report presents a comprehensive study and design of a Cricket
Scoreboard Embedded System, aimed at modernizing the way cricket scores
are captured, processed, and displayed. Traditional manual scoreboards,
while iconic, are increasingly inadequate in meeting the demands of real-
time accuracy, automation, and advanced analytics required in
contemporary cricket. Leveraging embedded systems technology, the
proposed solution integrates hardware components such as
microcontrollers, LED matrix displays, and various input devices with robust
software architecture for real-time data processing and user interaction.

The report details the functional and non-functional requirements of a

modern scoreboard, including system scalability, outdoor visibility, power
efficiency, and weatherproofing. It explores the selection and integration of
core hardware elements, communication protocols (wired and wireless), and
the development of reliable firmware and user interfaces. Advanced features
such as IoT connectivity, automated scoring using sensors and computer
vision, and integration with web and mobile platforms are discussed to
highlight the system’s versatility and future-readiness.

Testing methodologies, economic considerations, and case studies of real-

world deployments are also presented, demonstrating the practical benefits
and challenges of implementing such systems at various levels of the game.
The report concludes by examining emerging trends, including AI-driven
analytics and blockchain-based data integrity, positioning embedded
scoreboard systems as a vital component in the evolution of
cricket technology.

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 1. Introduction to Cricket Scoreboard Embedded Systems

Cricket is a sport that thrives on statistics and real-time information. The

scoreboard is not just a display-it is the heartbeat of the match, providing
players, officials, and spectators with vital updates. Traditional scoreboards,
operated manually, have served cricket for decades but are increasingly limited
in the modern era. Human errors, slow updates, and lack of flexibility can
compromise the viewing experience and even affect match outcomes.

The Role of the Scoreboard in Cricket

Cricket is a sport deeply rooted in statistics, numbers, and real-time information.
The scoreboard, whether a simple chalkboard at a village ground or a massive
digital display at an international stadium, is central to the game. It is more than
just a tool for keeping track of runs, wickets, and overs; it is the pulse of the
match, providing essential updates to players, officials, and spectators alike. The
scoreboard reflects the dynamic ebb and flow of the game, recording
milestones, partnerships, and individual achievements. For spectators, it is the
primary source of information, shaping their understanding and enjoyment of
the contest.

Limitations of Traditional Scoreboards

For much of cricket’s history, scoreboards have been operated manually. These
traditional systems, while reliable in their own right, come with several
limitations:

Human Error: Manual entry is prone to mistakes, especially under pressure or in

fast-paced situations.

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Delayed Updates: Scores and statistics may not be updated instantly, leading to
confusion or miscommunication.

Limited Information: Traditional boards often display only basic details (runs,
wickets, overs), lacking the capacity for advanced statistics or player data.

Lack of Integration: Manual systems cannot easily interface with digital

platforms, limiting their reach and utility in the modern, connected world.

As cricket has evolved-with faster formats, greater global audiences, and a

demand for richer data-these limitations have become more apparent.

The Advent of Embedded Systems

The rise of embedded systems has revolutionized the way cricket scores are
captured, processed, and displayed. An embedded system is a specialized
computing system that performs dedicated functions within a larger mechanical
or electrical system. Unlike general-purpose computers, embedded systems are
optimized for specific tasks, offering high reliability, efficiency, and real-time
performance.

In the context of cricket scoreboards, embedded systems combine hardware

(such as microcontrollers, sensors, and display units) with software (firmware
and application code) to automate the scoring process. These systems can:

Capture Inputs: From manual buttons, sensors, or even wireless devices

operated by umpires or scorers.

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Process Data: Calculate scores, update statistics, and manage game logic in real
time.

Display Information: Instantly update digital displays with current scores, player
stats, and other relevant data.

Benefits of Embedded Scoreboard Systems

The integration of embedded systems into cricket scoreboards offers numerous
advantages:

Accuracy: Automated data capture and processing minimize human error,

ensuring that the scoreboard always reflects the true state of play.

Speed: Real-time updates mean that players and spectators receive information
instantly, enhancing the flow and excitement of the game.

Flexibility: Modern systems can display a wide range of data, from basic scores
to detailed player analytics, milestones, and even predictive insights.

Connectivity: Embedded scoreboards can be networked, allowing scores to be

broadcast to mobile apps, websites, and television feeds, reaching fans around
the world.

User Engagement: Advanced features such as live statistics, player profiles, and
interactive graphics enhance the fan experience, both in the stadium and
remotely.

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Evolution of Scoreboard Technology
The journey from manual to digital scoreboards reflects broader technological
trends:

Early Days: Simple boards with numbers manually changed by ground staff.

Electromechanical Systems: Introduction of electrically operated flip-boards and

lights for basic automation.

Digital Revolution: Adoption of microcontrollers and programmable logic

controllers (PLCs) to automate scoring and display.

Smart Systems: Integration with sensors (e.g., for ball tracking), wireless
communication, and cloud-based data sharing.

IoT and Beyond: Modern scoreboards are part of the Internet of Things (IoT),
enabling remote control, real-time analytics, and seamless integration with
global data networks.

Broader Impacts and Future Directions

The move to embedded scoreboard systems is not just a matter of convenience
or efficiency-it is a reflection of cricket’s modernization. These systems enable:

Professionalism at All Levels: Even local clubs can afford sophisticated

scoreboards, raising the standard of the game everywhere.

Data-Driven Decision Making: Coaches, analysts, and players have access to rich

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data, informing tactics and strategies.

Global Fan Engagement: Scores and stats are instantly available to fans
worldwide, fostering a more connected and interactive cricket community.

Looking ahead, the integration of artificial intelligence, machine learning, and

advanced analytics promises to make embedded scoreboard systems even more
powerful. Features such as automated highlights, predictive modeling, and
personalized fan experiences are on the horizon, driven by the foundational role
of embedded technology.

In summary, cricket scoreboard embedded systems represent a significant step

forward in the sport’s technological evolution. By automating scoring, enhancing
accuracy, and enabling rich data integration, they are transforming how the
game is played, watched, and understood. As technology continues to advance,
these systems will become even more central to the cricketing experience, from
local grounds to the world’s biggest arenas.

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 2. System Requirements and Specifications
Functional requirements define what the system must do, specifying the core
capabilities and features necessary for the scoreboard to fulfill its role
effectively.
Real-Time Score Display
The primary function of the scoreboard is to display the current state of the
cricket match in real time. This includes:
• Runs: Total runs scored by the batting team, runs scored by individual
batsmen.
• Wickets: Number of wickets fallen.
• Overs: Number of overs bowled, including balls within the current over.
• Batsmen and Bowlers: Names or player numbers of the striker, non-
striker, and current bowler.
• Extras: Wide balls, no-balls, byes, and leg byes.
• Partnership Information: Runs scored by the current batting partnership.
• Required Run Rate: In limited-overs matches, the runs required per over
to win.
• Strike Rate: Runs per 100 balls faced by batsmen.
• Bowling Economy: Runs conceded per over by bowlers.
Support for Multiple Match Formats
Cricket is played in various formats, each with unique rules and scoring
conventions. The embedded system must accommodate:
• Test Matches: Unlimited overs, multiple innings, complex scoring
scenarios.
• One Day Internationals (ODI): 50 overs per side, powerplay restrictions,
fielding limitations.
• Twenty20 (T20): 20 overs per side, stricter time constraints, dynamic

14
 scoring displays.
The system should automatically adjust the display and scoring logic based on
the selected format.
Input Methods
The system must support diverse input methods to update scores and match
events:
• Manual Input: Wireless keypads, touchscreens, or mobile applications
used by official scorers.
• Automated Input: Integration with sensors such as ball-tracking devices,
impact sensors, and umpire gesture recognition systems.
• Remote Input: Ability to receive updates from remote scorers or officials
via networked devices.
Data Processing and Validation
The embedded system must include logic to process inputs and validate data to
prevent errors:
• Event Validation: Ensure runs, wickets, and extras are consistent with
game rules.
• Anomaly Detection: Flag improbable events (e.g., more than six runs off a
single ball without extras).
• Statistical Calculations: Compute derived statistics such as run rates,
strike rates, and player milestones.
• Match State Management: Track innings changes, overs remaining, and
match status (e.g., innings break, match end).
Display of Additional Information
Beyond basic scores, the system should be capable of displaying:
• Player Statistics: Career runs, wickets, averages, recent form.
• Milestones: Notifications for half-centuries, centuries, five-wicket hauls.

15
 • Sponsor Messages: Advertisements and promotional content during
breaks.
• Match Analytics: Graphs and charts showing run rate progression, wagon
wheels, pitch maps.
Non-Functional Requirements
Non-functional requirements describe how the system performs its functions,
focusing on usability, reliability, and operational constraints.
Environmental Durability
Cricket matches are often played outdoors, exposing equipment to harsh
environmental conditions. Therefore, the scoreboard system must be:
• Weatherproof: Enclosures with IP65 or higher ratings to resist rain, dust,
and humidity.
• Temperature Tolerant: Operate reliably in temperatures ranging from -
10°C to 50°C.
• UV Resistant: Materials and coatings must withstand prolonged exposure
to sunlight without degradation.
Display Visibility and Readability
The scoreboard must be clearly visible from all spectator areas, requiring:
• High Brightness: LED displays with brightness levels exceeding 4500 nits to
combat direct sunlight glare.
• Wide Viewing Angles: Minimum 140° horizontal and vertical viewing
angles to ensure visibility from different stadium sections.
• Anti-Glare Coatings: To reduce reflections and enhance clarity.
• Contrast and Color Accuracy: Clear differentiation of numbers, text, and
graphical elements.
Performance and Responsiveness
• Low Latency: Score updates should be reflected on the display within 500

16
 milliseconds of input to maintain game flow.
• High Availability: The system should maintain 99.9% uptime during
matches, with failover mechanisms to prevent downtime.
• Real-Time Synchronization: Synchronize data across multiple displays and
connected devices without lag.
Power Efficiency and Backup
• Low Power Consumption: Use energy-efficient components to minimize
power needs.
• Backup Power: Incorporate battery backups or solar power solutions to
handle power outages, especially in remote venues.
• Power Management: Intelligent power-saving modes during breaks or low
activity periods.
Security
• Access Control: Role-based authentication for scorers, administrators, and
maintenance personnel.
• Data Integrity: Use checksums and encryption to prevent tampering or
unauthorized score changes.
• Network Security: Secure wireless and wired communications using
protocols such as WPA3, TLS, or VPNs.
• Audit Trails: Maintain logs of score changes and user actions for
accountability.
Scalability and Upgradability
• Modular Hardware: Ability to add or remove display panels to
accommodate different stadium sizes.
• Firmware Updates: Support for over-the-air (OTA) updates to add
features or fix bugs without hardware changes.
• Software Extensibility: APIs and SDKs for third-party integrations and

17
 customizations.
Usability
• User-Friendly Interfaces: Intuitive input devices and software interfaces to
minimize scorer errors.
• Multilingual Support: Display and input options in multiple languages to
cater to diverse user bases.
• Accessibility: Features to assist users with disabilities, such as voice
commands or screen readers.
2.4 Hardware Specifications
Processing Unit
• Microcontrollers: High-performance microcontrollers such as ARM Cortex-
M series or ESP32 with integrated Wi-Fi/Bluetooth.
• Memory: Sufficient RAM and flash storage to handle firmware, data
buffering, and logs.
• Real-Time Clock: For accurate timestamping of events.
Display Modules
• LED Panels: Outdoor-rated P10 or P8 LED modules with pixel pitch of 10-
20 mm for clarity at distance.
• LCD/Touchscreens: For scorer interfaces and indoor displays.
• Driver Circuits: High-efficiency LED drivers to control brightness and
refresh rates.
Input Devices
• Wireless Keypads: Ergonomic, durable keypads with tactile feedback.
• Mobile Devices: Smartphones or tablets running scoring apps.
• Sensors:
• Ball-tracking cameras (infrared or optical).
• Impact sensors embedded in the pitch or stumps.

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 • Gesture recognition devices for umpire inputs.
Power Supply
• Primary Power: AC mains with surge protection.
• Backup: Lithium-ion battery packs capable of powering the system for
several hours.
• Renewable Options: Solar panels with charge controllers for off-grid
operation.
Firmware
• Real-Time Operating System (RTOS): To manage concurrent tasks such as
input handling, data processing, and display updating.
• Error Handling: Watchdog timers and exception handlers to recover from
faults.
• Communication Protocols: Support for UART, SPI, I2C for sensor
interfacing.
Application Software
• User Interface: Graphical UI for scorers with clear menus and input
validation.
• Data Management: Local databases or in-memory data structures to store
match state.
• Analytics Engine: Algorithms to compute advanced metrics and generate
insights.
Network and Cloud Integration
• Communication: Wi-Fi, Ethernet, or cellular connectivity for data
synchronization.
• Cloud Services: Integration with platforms like AWS IoT or Azure IoT Hub
for remote monitoring and data sharing.
• APIs: RESTful or WebSocket APIs for broadcasting scores to websites,

19
 mobile apps, and broadcasters.
Local Network
• Wired Connections: RS-485 or Ethernet for reliable communication
between display panels and control units.
• Wireless Networks: Wi-Fi 6 or Bluetooth 5.0 for flexible scorer device
connectivity.
External Systems
• Broadcast Systems: Provide real-time score feeds in XML/JSON formats
compatible with TV graphics software.
• Mobile Applications: Synchronize scores and stats with official cricket
apps.
• Third-Party Analytics: Export data to analytics platforms for deeper
insights.
Security Considerations
• Authentication: Multi-factor authentication for system access.
• Encryption: SSL/TLS for data in transit, AES for stored data.
• Intrusion Detection: Monitor network traffic for suspicious activity.
• Physical Security: Tamper-evident hardware enclosures and secure
mounting.
Modular Expansion
• Design the system to allow easy addition of display modules or input
devices without major reconfiguration.
Firmware and Software Updates
• Implement OTA update mechanisms to deploy new features or security
patches seamlessly.
AI and Machine Learning
• Future integration of AI for predictive analytics, automated umpiring

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 assistance, and personalized fan experiences.
Sustainability
• Use recyclable materials and energy-efficient components.
• Incorporate solar power and low-power modes to reduce environmental
impact.
Functional Testing
• Simulate all scoring scenarios, including edge cases like extras, no-balls,
and multiple wickets in an over.
Environmental Testing
• Test system operation under extreme temperatures, humidity, and direct
sunlight.
Performance Testing
• Measure update latency under peak load conditions.
• Verify uptime and failover mechanisms.
User Acceptance Testing
• Gather feedback from scorers, umpires, and spectators to refine usability.

3. Hardware Architecture
The hardware architecture of a cricket scoreboard embedded system is built
around a central microcontroller or microprocessor, which acts as the brain of
the operation. Popular choices include Arduino, ESP32, STM32, or Raspberry Pi,
each offering a balance of processing power, connectivity, and ease of
programming. The microcontroller interfaces with various peripherals, including
input devices, display modules, and communication interfaces.

The display is a critical component, with options ranging from simple seven-

21
segment displays to advanced P10 LED matrix panels. P10 modules are favored
for their brightness, scalability, and ability to display both text and graphics.
These modules can be chained together to create large, multi-row displays
visible from hundreds of meters away. For smaller venues, LCD or OLED screens
may suffice, offering lower power consumption and easier integration.

The hardware architecture of a cricket scoreboard embedded system is the

physical and electronic foundation upon which the entire solution is built. It
encompasses the selection, integration, and arrangement of all electronic
components, modules, and subsystems that collectively enable the real-time
acquisition, processing, and presentation of cricket match data. The design of
this architecture is influenced by a range of factors, including the intended scale
of deployment (from local grounds to international stadiums), environmental
conditions, user interface requirements, and the need for future scalability.

Historical Context and Evolution

Historically, cricket scoreboards began as simple, manually operated boards,
often constructed from wood or metal, with numbers changed by hand. These
early systems were limited in functionality, able to display only basic information
such as runs, wickets, and overs. As the sport grew in popularity and
technological advancements accelerated, the need for more sophisticated,
automated, and visually impactful scoreboards became apparent.
The introduction of electromechanical systems in the mid-20th century allowed
for remote operation using switches and relays. However, these systems were
still constrained by mechanical wear and limited flexibility. The digital revolution,
marked by the advent of microprocessors and microcontrollers, transformed
scoreboard design, enabling the integration of electronic displays, automated

22
data processing, and remote control capabilities. Today, embedded systems
form the backbone of modern cricket scoreboards, leveraging advances in
microelectronics, display technology, and wireless communication.

Central Processing Unit (CPU): The System’s Nerve Center

At the heart of every embedded scoreboard system lies a central processing unit,
typically a microcontroller or microprocessor. The choice of CPU is dictated by
several considerations:
• Processing Power: The CPU must efficiently handle real-time data
acquisition, processing, and display updates, often under strict latency
constraints.
• I/O Capability: Multiple input/output (I/O) lines are required to interface
with sensors, keypads, displays, and communication modules.
• Power Consumption: For portable or solar-powered systems, low-power
microcontrollers are preferred.
• Programmability and Ecosystem: The availability of development tools,
libraries, and community support can accelerate development and
troubleshooting.
Common Choices:
• Arduino Family: Widely used for prototyping and small-scale systems,
offering simplicity and a large ecosystem.
• ESP32/NodeMCU: Integrates Wi-Fi and Bluetooth, enabling IoT
connectivity and remote updates.
• STM32 Series: Offers higher performance, rich peripherals, and real-time
operation for complex, multi-display systems.
• Raspberry Pi: Suitable for advanced systems requiring multimedia
processing, graphical interfaces, or Linux-based applications.

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CPU Responsibilities:
• Acquiring input from manual or automated sources.
• Processing scoring logic and validating data.
• Controlling the display hardware.
• Managing communication with external devices and networks.
• Implementing power management and fault recovery routines.

Display Technologies: The Visual Output Layer

The display subsystem is the most visible part of the scoreboard, directly
impacting user experience and spectator engagement. The choice of display
technology is influenced by visibility requirements, environmental conditions,
scalability, and budget.
LED Matrix Displays
P10 LED Matrix Panels:
These are the industry standard for outdoor cricket scoreboards due to their
high brightness, modularity, and durability.
• Brightness: P10 modules deliver high luminance (often >4500 nits),
ensuring readability even in direct sunlight.
• Pixel Pitch: The 10mm pitch balances resolution and viewing distance,
making it suitable for large venues.
• Modularity: Panels can be tiled horizontally and vertically to create
displays of virtually any size, accommodating both basic and advanced
layouts.
• Color Options: Available in monochrome (single/dual color) and full RGB,
supporting both text and graphics.
• Durability: IP65-rated enclosures protect against rain, dust, and
temperature extremes.

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Technical Features:
• Long operational lifespan (≥50,000 hours).
• Wide viewing angles (typically 120–160°).
• Fast refresh rates for smooth animations and transitions.
• Robust driver circuitry for consistent performance.
Alternative Display Types
• Seven-Segment Displays: Suited for small, cost-sensitive installations;
limited to numeric data.
• LCD/OLED Panels: Used for scorer consoles or small indoor displays; offer
high contrast and low power consumption.
• Full-Color Video Walls: Employed in major stadiums for live video, replays,
and advertisements.
Display Control
• Driver Boards: Interface between the CPU and LED panels, converting
digital signals to drive the display matrix.
• Multiplexing: Reduces wiring complexity by controlling multiple
rows/columns with fewer I/O lines.
• Brightness Control: Achieved via PWM (pulse-width modulation) or
current regulation.
Input Mechanisms: Data Acquisition
The system must accommodate various methods for entering and acquiring
match data, based on automation level and user requirements.
Manual Input Devices
• Keypads and Consoles:
• Rugged, weather-resistant keypads for scorers to enter runs,
wickets, and other events.
• Touchscreen panels for advanced user interfaces, supporting quick

25
 navigation and error correction.
Wireless and Mobile Inputs
• Bluetooth/Wi-Fi Remotes:
• Enable scorers or officials to update scores from anywhere within
range, reducing the need for cables.
• Mobile Applications:
• Smartphone/tablet apps provide intuitive interfaces and can
synchronize with the scoreboard via Wi-Fi or Bluetooth.
Automated and Sensor-Based Inputs
• Ball Tracking Sensors:
• Infrared or optical sensors detect ball movement, enabling
automated run/wicket detection and advanced analytics.
• Umpire Gesture Recognition:
• Cameras or wearable devices interpret umpire signals, automating
event entry and reducing manual workload.
• RFID/NFC:
• Used for player identification and substitution tracking.
Communication Interfaces: System Integration
Effective communication between system components and with external
networks is essential for real-time operation and remote management.
Wired Communication
• Serial Protocols (UART, RS-485):
• Reliable for connecting display modules over long distances,
immune to electromagnetic interference.
• Ethernet:
• High-speed, robust networking for large stadiums, supporting
integration with broadcast systems and data centers.

26
Wireless Communication
• Wi-Fi:
• Enables integration with cloud services, mobile apps, and remote
control.
• Bluetooth:
• Suitable for short-range, low-power connections (e.g., scorer
consoles).
• RF Modules:
• Long-range, low-bandwidth communication for large venues or
outdoor environments.
Internet of Things (IoT) Integration
• Cloud Connectivity:
• Real-time data synchronization with online platforms, enabling live
score updates on websites and mobile apps.
• APIs:
• RESTful or WebSocket APIs for third-party integration, analytics, and
fan engagement.
Power Management: Ensuring Uninterrupted Operation
Reliable power supply is critical for continuous operation, especially during long
matches or in remote locations.
Primary Power Sources
• AC Mains:
• Standard for permanent installations, with voltage regulation and
surge protection.
• DC Power/Batteries:
• Lithium-ion or lead-acid batteries provide backup during outages or
for portable systems.

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Renewable Energy
• Solar Panels:
• Sustainable option for off-grid venues, paired with charge
controllers and battery banks for energy storage.
Power Regulation and Protection
• Voltage Regulators:
• Ensure stable supply to sensitive electronics.
• Surge Protectors and Fuses:
• Protect against power spikes and electrical faults.
• Thermal Management:
• Heat sinks and fans prevent overheating in high-power systems.
Environmental Protection and Enclosure Design
Scoreboards must withstand diverse and often harsh environmental conditions.
• Weatherproof Enclosures:
• IP65 or higher ratings for outdoor use, with sealed joints and
gaskets.
• Material Selection:
• Powder-coated steel or aluminum for strength and corrosion
resistance.
• Protective Covers:
• Polycarbonate or acrylic shields for LED panels, resistant to impact
and UV degradation.
• Ventilation:
• Passive or active cooling to prevent condensation and heat buildup.
Modularity, Maintainability, and Scalability
Modern hardware architectures are designed for flexibility and ease of
maintenance.

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Modular Design
• Panelization:
• Individual display modules can be replaced or expanded without
system overhaul.
• Plug-and-Play Components:
• Standardized connectors and cables simplify installation and service.
Diagnostics and Maintenance
• Self-Test Routines:
• Automated checks for display, input, and communication faults.
• Status Indicators:
• LEDs or display messages for error reporting and operational status.
Scalability
• Expandable Architecture:
• Additional panels, sensors, or input devices can be integrated as
needs grow.
• Firmware Upgradability:
• Support for over-the-air (OTA) updates to add features or address
bugs.
Advanced Features and Future Directions
The hardware architecture is evolving to support new technologies and
applications:
• Integration with DRS (Decision Review System):
• Hardware interfaces for ball-tracking, edge detection, and video
replay systems.
• Advanced Analytics:
• Onboard processing for real-time statistics, predictive modeling,
and player performance analysis.

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 • Fan Engagement:
• Interactive displays, augmented reality overlays, and personalized
content delivery.
• Sustainability:
• Use of recyclable materials, energy-efficient components, and solar-
only operation for minimal environmental impact.
Small Club System
• CPU: Arduino Nano
• Display: 2 x P10 LED modules
• Input: Wired keypad
• Power: AC with battery backup
• Communication: Bluetooth for scorer app
School/Community Ground
• CPU: ESP32
• Display: 1 x P10 module + scorer LCD
• Input: Mobile app (Wi-Fi)
• Power: Solar with battery storage
• Communication: Wi-Fi for cloud sync
Stadium-Grade System
• CPU: STM32 or Raspberry Pi
• Display: 12+ P10 panels, video wall
• Input: Touchscreen console, sensor suite
• Power: AC mains with UPS

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 • Communication: Ethernet, Wi-Fi, API integration

A breadboard, solderless breadboard, or protoboard is a construction base used

to build semi-permanent prototypes of electronic circuits

4. Software Architecture
The software architecture of a cricket scoreboard embedded system is designed
to ensure reliable, real-time operation. At its core is the firmware running on the
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microcontroller, responsible for handling inputs, processing data, and updating
the display. The firmware is typically written in C, C++, or Python, depending on
the hardware platform. It must be robust, with error handling routines to
manage invalid inputs or hardware failures.

A modular software design allows for easy updates and the addition of new
features. For example, separate modules can handle score calculation, display
formatting, communication with external devices, and data storage. Real-time
operating systems (RTOS) may be used in more complex systems to manage
multiple tasks concurrently, such as updating the display while listening for new
inputs or communicating with a remote server.

User interface design is another important aspect. For manual systems, a menu-
driven interface on an LCD screen or mobile app can guide the scorer through
various options, such as starting a new match, entering scores, or viewing player
statistics. For automated systems, the software must be able to process data
from sensors or external APIs, validate the information, and update the display
accordingly. Security features, such as password protection or encrypted
communication, help prevent unauthorized access.

Core Firmware Design

At the heart of the scoreboard system is the firmware that runs on a
microcontroller. This firmware is responsible for detecting inputs (such as runs
scored, wickets lost, or overs completed), processing the data, and driving the
display units to reflect the latest game status.

The firmware is commonly written in C or C++ because these languages provide

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low-level hardware access, efficient memory use, and fast execution. Python or
MicroPython may be used for systems where development speed and ease of
use are prioritized, such as prototypes or educational models.

Modular Architecture
A modular software design approach ensures the application can be easily
maintained, updated, and extended. Key modules typically include:

Input Handling Module: Reads and debounces buttons, sensors, or touchscreen

inputs.

Score Processing Module: Calculates scores, overs, extras, and player statistics.

Display Module: Interfaces with the hardware to show current match status.

Storage Module: Logs match data to EEPROM or external storage like an SD card.

Communication Module: Enables connectivity with external devices, servers, or

mobile apps.

Security Module: Manages user authentication and data integrity.

Each of these modules interacts via defined APIs and follows a clear separation
of concerns, allowing developers to work on or replace one module without
affecting the rest.

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Real-Time Task Management
Cricket scoring systems require tasks to happen concurrently: updating the
scoreboard, listening for inputs, logging data, and managing communication. To
address these needs, Real-Time Operating Systems (RTOS) such as FreeRTOS are
often employed.

User Interface Design

User interface design is crucial, especially when the system is operated manually.
The UI can be provided via:

Physical Interface: Buttons and LCD/LED displays

Touchscreen Display: Menu-driven systems using GUI libraries like LVGL

Mobile/Web Interface: Apps connected via Bluetooth or Wi-Fi for remote

operation
For example, a scorer using a mobile app might interact through menus like:

Start New Match

Add Runs / Wickets

Update Extras

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 5. Communication and Networking
Effective communication between different parts of the system is essential for
real-time operation. Wired communication options include RS232 and RS485
protocols, which are robust and suitable for long-distance connections between
the controller and display modules. RS485 is particularly useful in stadium
settings, where multiple displays need to be synchronized over large distances.

Wireless communication adds flexibility and enables remote control. Wi-Fi

modules, such as the ESP8266 or ESP32, allow the scoreboard to connect to the
internet for live data updates or remote management. Bluetooth can be used for
short-range communication with mobile apps, while RF or IR remotes offer
simple, low-cost wireless input options.

For advanced systems, cloud integration is a game-changer. Real-time scores can

be pushed to web servers using protocols like MQTT or WebSockets, making
them accessible to fans and broadcasters worldwide. APIs from services like
CricAPI or NV Play can be used to fetch live match data, which the embedded
system parses and displays. Security is a critical consideration, with encryption
and authentication protocols ensuring that only authorized users can update the
scores.

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 6. Display Design and Features
The display is the most visible part of the scoreboard system and must be
designed for maximum impact. P10 LED matrix panels are a popular choice,
offering high brightness, wide viewing angles, and the ability to display both text
and simple graphics. These panels can be configured in various sizes and shapes,
from single-line displays for small grounds to multi-row, multi-color boards for
stadiums.

Information displayed typically includes runs, wickets, overs, batsmen, bowlers,

and run rates. Advanced systems can also show player statistics, milestones
(such as 50s and 100s), partnership details, and sponsor messages.
Customization is key-the display layout can be adjusted based on the match
format, venue size, or specific requirements of the event.

Durability is another important factor. Outdoor scoreboards must be

weatherproof, with sealed enclosures and UV-resistant materials to withstand
rain, dust, and sunlight. Adaptive brightness control, using light sensors, ensures
the display remains visible in all lighting conditions. Maintenance features, such
as modular panels and easy access to internal components, simplify repairs and
upgrades.

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 7. Automation and Advanced Analytics
Automation is transforming cricket scoring, reducing human error and enabling
new levels of analysis. Computer vision systems can recognize umpire gestures,
such as signaling a boundary or a wicket, and automatically update the score.
Ball tracking technologies, using high-speed cameras and image processing
algorithms, provide detailed data on ball trajectory, speed, and impact location.

Sensor integration adds further capabilities. Pressure mats can detect when the
ball hits the pitch or stumps, while acoustic sensors can pick up the sound of bat-
ball contact. These inputs can be processed in real time to update scores, track
player performance, and generate advanced analytics.

Data analytics is a growing area, with embedded systems capable of calculating

run rates, required run rates, player averages, and more. Predictive models,
trained on historical data, can forecast likely outcomes and provide insights for
coaches and commentators. All this data can be displayed on the scoreboard or
shared with remote viewers via web and mobile platforms.

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 8. Integration with Other Systems
Modern cricket scoreboards are rarely standalone devices-they are part of a
larger ecosystem that includes stadium infrastructure, broadcasting systems, and
digital platforms. Integration with venue systems allows for synchronized
displays across multiple boards, ensuring that everyone in the stadium sees the
same information.

Broadcast integration is another key feature. Scoreboards can send real-time

data to television and streaming platforms, enabling on-screen overlays and live
updates for viewers at home. APIs and webhooks facilitate data sharing with
websites, mobile apps, and social media, expanding the reach of the match
beyond the stadium.

Mobile integration is increasingly important, with apps allowing scorers to

control the scoreboard remotely, fans to receive live updates, and
administrators to manage settings and security. Role-based access ensures that
only authorized users can make changes, while audit logs track all actions for
accountability.

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 9. Testing, Validation, and Deployment
Thorough testing is essential to ensure the reliability and accuracy of the
scoreboard system. Functional testing covers all input and output scenarios,
verifying that scores are updated correctly and displayed accurately. Stress
testing simulates continuous operation during long matches or tournaments,
checking for issues like overheating, memory leaks, or power failures.

Field testing in real-world conditions is crucial, as environmental factors such as

sunlight, rain, and dust can affect performance. Calibration routines adjust
brightness, contrast, and color balance for optimal visibility. Maintenance
procedures, such as regular firmware updates and hardware inspections, help
prevent failures and extend the lifespan of the system.

Deployment involves installing the hardware, configuring the software, and

training operators. Documentation and user manuals are provided to guide users
through setup, operation, and troubleshooting. Ongoing support ensures that
any issues are resolved quickly, minimizing downtime and ensuring a smooth
match experience.

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 10. Economic and Practical Considerations
Cost is a major factor in the adoption of embedded scoreboard systems. The bill
of materials (BOM) includes microcontrollers, display panels, power supplies,
enclosures, and input devices. Commercial solutions may offer advanced
features and support but come at a higher price, while DIY systems can be more
affordable but require technical expertise.

Return on investment (ROI) is calculated based on factors such as reduced labor

costs, improved accuracy, and enhanced fan engagement. For clubs and schools,
the ability to attract sponsors and host larger events can offset the initial
investment. Maintenance and upgrade costs must also be considered, with
modular designs and open-source software offering long-term savings.

Scalability is important for future growth. Systems should be designed to

accommodate additional features, larger displays, or integration with new
technologies. Upgradability ensures that the scoreboard remains relevant as the
game evolves and new requirements emerge.

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 11. Case Studies and Real-World Implementations
Several organizations have successfully implemented embedded scoreboard
systems, demonstrating the benefits and challenges of the technology. NV Play
Cricket, for example, offers a comprehensive solution that integrates with both
traditional and LED scoreboards, supports live streaming, and provides advanced
analytics for players and coaches. Their system is used by clubs and associations
worldwide, from grassroots to professional levels.

Affordable bowling analysis systems have been developed using Arduino

microcontrollers and pressure mats, enabling detailed performance tracking at a
fraction of the cost of commercial solutions. These systems are particularly
valuable for coaching and player development, providing insights that were
previously only available at the elite level.

Stadium-scale deployments require robust, synchronized displays that can be

seen by thousands of spectators. Master-slave architectures, using RS485
communication, ensure that all boards show the same information in real time.
These systems must be durable, reliable, and easy to maintain, with features
such as remote diagnostics and modular components for quick repairs.

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 12. Future Trends and Innovations
The future of cricket scoreboard embedded systems is bright, with several
emerging technologies poised to enhance functionality and user experience.
Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning are being used to automate
scoring, analyze player performance, and predict match outcomes. Augmented
reality (AR) overlays can provide fans with immersive, interactive experiences,
both in the stadium and at home.

Blockchain technology offers the potential for tamper-proof score records,

ensuring the integrity of match data. Integration with smart wearables, such as
fitness trackers and heart rate monitors, can provide real-time health and
performance data for players, adding a new dimension to coaching and analysis.

As 5G and future wireless technologies become more widespread, real-time data

sharing and remote control will become even more seamless. Modular, cloud-
connected systems will allow for easy upgrades and integration with a wide
range of devices and platforms, ensuring that cricket remains at the forefront of
sports technology.

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 13. Appendices
The appendices provide detailed technical resources for those interested in
building or understanding cricket scoreboard embedded systems. Circuit
diagrams and PCB layouts illustrate the hardware design, while sample firmware
code demonstrates key software routines. API documentation explains how to
integrate with external data sources, and data flow diagrams show how
information moves through the system.

A glossary of cricket and embedded system terms helps readers understand the
technical language used throughout the report. Additional resources, such as
user manuals, troubleshooting guides, and vendor lists, support the practical
implementation and maintenance of the system.

14. References

1. NV Play Cricket: [https://nvplay.com/cricket/](https://nvplay.com/cricket/)

2. CricAPI Documentation:
[https://www.cricapi.com/](https://www.cricapi.com/)
3. Arduino Project Hub:
[https://create.arduino.cc/projecthub](https://create.arduino.cc/projecthub)
4. Embedded System for Bowling Performance Analysis in Cricket, IJSER, 2022.
5. IoT Based Cricket Scoreboard Using NodeMCU and P10 Display, Electronics
Hub, 2021.

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PICTURES OF MAIN PROJECT:

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