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DC and AC Motors BSC Physics

The document provides an overview of DC and AC motors, detailing their construction, working principles, types, advantages, disadvantages, and applications. DC motors convert DC electrical energy into mechanical energy and include components like the stator, rotor, commutator, and brushes, while AC motors, including single-phase and three-phase induction motors, operate using alternating current and electromagnetic induction. Each motor type has specific applications, such as in household appliances and industrial machinery.

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4 views3 pages

DC and AC Motors BSC Physics

The document provides an overview of DC and AC motors, detailing their construction, working principles, types, advantages, disadvantages, and applications. DC motors convert DC electrical energy into mechanical energy and include components like the stator, rotor, commutator, and brushes, while AC motors, including single-phase and three-phase induction motors, operate using alternating current and electromagnetic induction. Each motor type has specific applications, such as in household appliances and industrial machinery.

Uploaded by

09IXDAɴᴜʀᴀɢ ꜱʜᴀʀᴍᴀ
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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DC and AC Motors - Notes for B.Sc.

Physics Honours
DC Motor (Construction and Working)
A DC motor is an electrical machine that converts DC (Direct Current) electrical energy into
mechanical energy (rotation). It is used in electric fans, toys, electric vehicles, lifts, and
trains.

Main Parts of DC Motor:


1. Stator: Stationary part, provides magnetic field using permanent magnets or field
winding.
2. Rotor (Armature): Rotating part with armature winding, receives current via commutator
and brushes.
3. Commutator: A split ring that reverses current direction in the rotor, keeping torque
unidirectional.
4. Brushes: Carbon/graphite blocks that transfer current from power supply to the rotor
winding.
5. Shaft: Connected to the rotor, delivers mechanical power.

Working Principle:
DC motor works on Lorentz Force Principle – a current-carrying conductor placed in a
magnetic field experiences a force.
Current through the rotor winding interacts with the magnetic field, generating torque and
causing rotation.
The commutator ensures continuous unidirectional torque.

Types of DC Motors:
1. Shunt DC Motor
2. Series DC Motor
3. Compound DC Motor
4. PMDC Motor (Permanent Magnet DC Motor)

Advantages:
- Easy speed control
- High starting torque
- Simple and reliable design
Disadvantages:
- Requires maintenance due to brushes and commutator
- Produces sparking, not ideal in explosive environments

Applications:
- Electric fans, toys, e-vehicles, lifts, cranes, robotics, small tools

Single Phase Induction Motor (Construction and Working)


A single phase induction motor runs on a single phase AC supply (230V, 50Hz). It is widely
used in homes for fans, mixers, washing machines, etc.

Main Parts:
1. Stator: Fixed part with two windings – main (running) and auxiliary (starting). Produces
a pulsating magnetic field.
2. Rotor: Squirrel cage type, has conducting bars shorted by end rings.
3. Capacitor: Used in some types to create phase difference for starting torque.

Working Principle:
Based on electromagnetic induction and Lenz’s Law.
AC current in stator winding creates pulsating magnetic field.
This induces current in the rotor which causes it to rotate.
Note: Single phase motor is not self-starting, so starting methods are used.

Starting Methods:
1. Split Phase Method
2. Capacitor Start Method
3. Shaded Pole Method

Applications:
- Fans, pumps, refrigerators, washing machines, small tools

Three Phase Induction Motor (Construction and Working)


A 3-phase induction motor runs on a three-phase AC supply (400V, 50Hz) and is used in
industries due to high efficiency and self-starting ability.

Main Parts:
1. Stator: Contains 3-phase winding placed 120° apart. Produces a rotating magnetic field.
2. Rotor: Two types – (a) Squirrel Cage Rotor, (b) Wound Rotor (Slip Ring Type).
Working Principle:
Based on Faraday's and Lenz’s Law.
The rotating magnetic field induces current in rotor conductors.
Rotor experiences torque and starts rotating in same direction as stator’s magnetic field.

Formulas:
Synchronous Speed (Ns) = (120 × f) / P
Slip (s) = ((Ns - Nr) / Ns) × 100%

Applications:
- Industrial fans, pumps, conveyor belts, compressors, elevators

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