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Agriculture Summary FORM 4

Chapter 1 discusses the origin and definition of agriculture, highlighting its components such as crops, livestock, and fisheries. It outlines various factors influencing agriculture, including physical, biological, and human factors, as well as the importance of agriculture for food, income, and employment. Additionally, the chapter covers the geographic coordinate system and classifications of farming based on specialization and location.

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11 views22 pages

Agriculture Summary FORM 4

Chapter 1 discusses the origin and definition of agriculture, highlighting its components such as crops, livestock, and fisheries. It outlines various factors influencing agriculture, including physical, biological, and human factors, as well as the importance of agriculture for food, income, and employment. Additionally, the chapter covers the geographic coordinate system and classifications of farming based on specialization and location.

Uploaded by

najmaothman4433
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 1

CHAPTER 1: AGRICULTURE
SUMMERY
Instructor: Mustafe Agro
Origin and definition of Agriculture
 The word Agriculture was derived from two latin words ‘Agri’ and
Cultura’. AGRI… Field CULTURA…Cultivation
 Agriculture is the practice of cultivating crops and
rearing of animals.
CROPS
1. Crops

2. Animals

 Fisheries
 Livestock
Farming activities/ system
Agriculture is a system because it has inputs,
processes and outputs.
Factors affecting/ influencing agriculture.

 The growing of crops and rearing of livestock as well as the


distribution of these activities within a country are influenced by a
number of factors. These can be grouped into:
1. Physical factors
a) Climatic conditions
I. Rainfall
II. Temperature
III. Light
IV. Humidity
V. Winds
Cont.…
Temperature affects agriculture in two ways.
1) low temperature
• Slow growth rate of crops as the process of photosynthesis is slowed.
• High incidence of diseases in some crops such as coffee.
2) High temperature
• Increase evaporation leading to wilting of crops.
• Increase rate of growth or fasten the maturity of crops.
Sunshine: It provides energy used in photosynthesis.
• Light duration: refers to the period during which light is available
Light intensity: strength of the rays of the light energy.
.
Amount of light harnessed can be increased by
a) Pruning
b) Thinning
c) Weeding
d) Wider spacing
Wind: refers to the air in motion.
Effects of wind on crop production
• Increase the rate of evaporation.
• Strong wind causes destruction of crops.
• Acting as agent of seed dispersal.
• Acting as agent of soil erosion.
Rainfall

Rainfall: rain is the most important factor as it is the


sources of water necessary for all
life processes. Lack of rain means the farmers cannot
plant new plant the growing ones may wilt and die or
they may not yield as expected. Aspects of rainfall:
aspects of rainfall
• rainfall reliability
• amount of rainfall
• rainfall distribution
• rainfall intensity.
Importance of studying geography
6. One acquires basic skills and knowledge which
contribute to local development.
7. Promotes conservation of the environment by creating
awareness to its significance.
8. Helps in promoting in inter-personal relationship
especially during field work.
9. Helps learners to develop skills of observation and
statistical data.
10. Promotes understanding on how different landforms
were formed.
Soil
1) Soil texture: is the size of soil particles. Can either be coarse,
medium or fine.
2) Soil structure: is arrangement of soil particles
3) Soil moisture: It is contained within the pores between the soil
particles.
4) Soil air: It is contained within the pores between the soil particles.
5) Soil temperature: hotness or coldness of the soil.
Topography (relief)
I. Altitude
• Differences in altitude determine the type of crops that can be grown
and animals which can be reared.
Biological factors

(a) Weeds
Benefits of weeds
1. Weeds bind soil particles thus reducing soil erosion.
2. Most grass weeds are used as livestock feed.
3. Weed residue can be used as mulch.
4. Weeds decay and add organic matter to the soil.
5. Leguminous weeds fix nitrogen in the soil.
Harmful effects of weeds

1. Weeds reduce the quality of farm produce


2. They compete for nutrients, water, space and light.
3. Some weeds are poisonous and can poison livestock and
human.
4. Some cause irritation to farm workers.
5. They increase cost of production since they have to be
controlled.
6. Weeds harbor pests and diseases.
Pests

Effects of pests on crop production


• Chewing of leaves thus reducing the photosynthetic area.
• They transmit diseases.
• They increase cost of production.
Diseases

• Reduce quality of crop products.


• Increase cost of production.
• Can kill livestock.
Decomposers
• Increase soil fertility by decomposing organic matter.
Pollinators
• Responsible for cross-pollination.
Human factors

 (a) Social factors


I. Cultural traditions
• Traditions can influence the kind of crops grown or the animal kept.
• Some community may concentrate on growing finger millet
because it is their staple food while others grow maize because it is
their staple food.
 Religious beliefs
Commercial cattle-rearing cannot be practiced among the Hindu
because they treat the cow as a sacred animal
Economic factors
 Operational cost.
 II. Marketing expenses.
 Cost of Storage
 Cost of transportation
 III. Price fluctuations
Political factors

Government policies that affects agriculture positively


include
1. Formulation of laws that help to conserve soil and water-
catchment areas.
2. Formulation of policies that create markets for agricultural
produce within and
outside the country..
3. Reduction of taxes on agricultural inputs.
4. Imposition on quality control on agricultural produce.
Government policies that affects agriculture
negatively include

1. Poor pricing policies and price control.


2. Imposition of high taxes on agricultural inputs.
3. Failure to protect agriculture from negative effects.
IMPORTANCE OF AGRICULTURE
1. Source of food
2. Source of raw materials
3. Source of income
4. Source of medicine and herbal materials
5. Source of foreign exchange
6. Provides employment
Geographic Coordinate System

✓ Longitude and latitude.


✓ Longitude is an angular distance east or west of a point on Earth’s
surface, measured from the center of Earth.
✓ The word longitude is derived from the Latin word, “longus”,
meaning “length.”
✓ A line connecting all points along the same longitude is a meridian.
✓ Thus, longitude is the name of the angle, meridian names the line,
and both indicate distance east or west of an arbitrary prime
meridian—a meridian designated as 0°.
✓ The longitude reference is the prime meridian, running perpendicular
to the equator from the North Pole to the South Pole.
CLASSIFCATION (TYPES) OF FARMING

1- Classification based on specialization


2- Classification based on the location
3- Classification based on the output
4- Classification based on the input
Classification based on specialization
1. Arable framing
2. Livestock farming
3. Mixed farming

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