Study Guide

CIR 310
Chemical Engineering (Phase equilibrium thermodynamics)

Department of Chemical Engineering

Table of Contents
1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 1
1.1 Welcome ...................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Educational approach .................................................................................................... 1
1.3 Responsibilities of the student ....................................................................................... 1
1.4 Contact details .............................................................................................................. 2
1.5 Timetable ..................................................................................................................... 2
1.6 Grievance procedures.................................................................................................... 3
2 Study material and purchases .................................................................................... 4
3 Rules, requirements and guidelines ........................................................................... 4
4 Student support......................................................................................................... 4
5 Module information .................................................................................................. 5
5.1 Purpose of the module .................................................................................................. 5
5.2 Module outcomes ......................................................................................................... 5
5.3 Articulation with other modules in the programme ........................................................ 7
5.4 Module structure .......................................................................................................... 7
5.4.1 Review of chemical thermodynamics ............................................................................................... 7
5.4.2 VLE with equations of state .............................................................................................................. 7
5.4.3 Mixture models ................................................................................................................................. 7
5.4.4 Phase equilibria, phase diagrams and phase transformations ......................................................... 7
These concepts are dealt with in the class notes and should be explored in the self-study of
open source videos with the links in Addendum B. .................................................................... 8
5.5 Learning presumed to be in place .................................................................................. 8
5.6 Credit map and notional hours ...................................................................................... 8
6 Assessment ............................................................................................................... 8
6.1 Assessment plan ........................................................................................................... 9
6.2 Assessment criteria ....................................................................................................... 9
6.3 Plagiarism ................................................................................................................... 10
Addendum A: Support services ....................................................................................... 10
Addendum B: Videos ...................................................................................................... 11
1 Introduction
1.1 Welcome
The effective application of thermodynamic concepts is essential to the practising chemical engineer.
In the study of this module, skills are developed which will enable the learner to understand the
fundamentals that govern thermodynamic phenomena relevant to chemical product and process
design, including reaction equilibria and equilibrium separation technologies, etc.

1.2 Educational approach

Please note that the course will be presented using a face-to-face approach. However, should there
be a situation that requires us to move online, we would then use the hybrid approach. Topic and
concept links to specific lecture videos is be made available on the last two pages of the study guide
as an additional study resource.
The general objective with this module is to emphasize understanding rather than memorising, in
order to stimulate creative thinking and the development of innovative skills amongst students in the
field of chemical engineering. A problem-driven approach to learning is followed with student-centred
and co-operative learning in small teams with the lecturer acting mainly as a facilitator during lectures
and tutorial classes. The objective is to develop the above-mentioned skills, as well as to stimulate the
development of communication skills, interpersonal skills and group dynamics.
Students may be divided into formal Study Groups comprising five individuals depending on the class
size. These Study Groups will work as a team to discuss and solve the assignment problems and
document the results in a report format. It must be submitted together with the supporting Excel or
Python programs in a case in which it is required. Nevertheless, every group member will be required
to personally and manually document the agreed solutions to the tutorial problems in his/her
notebook.

1.3 Responsibilities of the student

Students tend to find that thermodynamics is a very tough subject because it is the first entirely non-
intuitive subject that they will have to master. Almost everything else that they will learn in science
and engineering ties in with our own personal understanding of the world. When students get to
thermodynamics, things just do not seem to make sense. The students need to learn and understand
strange new concepts, most of them rather abstract, and this can be very tough!
The lecturer will strive to assist the students gain the necessary understanding of the subject, as this
is essential for mastering the subject and for successful problem solving. Therefore, preparation and
class attendance are essential and compulsory. This will be checked frequently with students
expected to sign an attendance register at every lecture. Admission to the exam is dependent on
satisfactory class attendance.
Quality instruction requires students to come to classes prepared, as this enables teaching to build
actively on a common prior knowledge. The Table below provides detailed information to students on
how and when to prepare for each contact session.
Slack workspace will be created for this module and the registered students will be loaded onto the
platform. This platform provides you with an opportunity to ask questions, interact with the lecturers,
tutors and your fellow students.

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 1.4 Contact details
Lecturer 1 Tutor 1 Tutor 2
Name Dr Samuel A. Iwarere No Assigned TA No Assigned TA
South Campus Bld 4,
Building
Room 2-15
Cell number 079 911 3590
Email address Samuel.Iwarere@up.ac.za
Book appointments via email
Consulting
12 pm to 1 pm Tuedays &
hours
11:30 am to 12:30 pm Fridays

1.5 Timetable
Contact session Day Periods Time Venue
Lectures Wednesday 8&9 14:30-16:20 Engineering III-3
Tutorial Monday 7 to 9 13:30-16:20 Engineering II 4-38

“Lecturing”/study schedule
#
Lecture Session Unit / Theme Preparation Homework
Week
Overview/Tutorial
arrangements/Study Guide
1 Mon 19 Feb Brief Notes: Chap 1
1- Review of mathematical
methods
1-Review of mathematical
1 Wed 21 Feb Notes: Chap 1
methods
Tutorial Discussion on Assignment 1
2 Mon 26 Feb Assignment 1 and and Notes: Assignment 1
2-Thermodynamic concepts Chap 2
2 Wed 28 Feb 2-Thermodynamic concepts Notes: Chap 2
3 Mon 4 March 2-Thermodynamic concepts Notes: Chap 2
3- Phase equilibria: Single
3 Wed 6 March Notes: Chap 3
component systems
Tutorial Discussion on
4 Mon 11 March Assignment 2 Assignment 2
Assignment 2
3- Phase equilibria: Single
4 Wed 15 March Notes: Chap 3
component systems
Tutorial Discussion on
Assignment 3
Assignment 3 and
5 Mon 18 March and Notes: Assignment 3
4- Multi-component systems:
Chap 4
Solution thermodynamics
Wed 20 March
Friday timetable is followed. Therefore, there is no CIR310 lecture
21 March – 1 April - March/April recess
6 April - 13 April - EBIT Test Week - Semester Test 1
6 Mon 15 April Sem Test 1 Feedback session

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 4- Multi-component systems:
6 Wed 17 April Solution thermodynamics Notes: Chap 4
behaviour
Tutorial Discussion on
Assignment 4 & Assignment 4
7 Mon 22 April 5- Multi-component systems: and Notes: Assignment 4
Non-ideal vapour phase Chap 5
behaviour
6- VLE data reduction: VLE -
7 Wed 24 April Notes: Chap 6
method
6- VLE data reduction: VLE -
8 Mon 29 April Notes: Chap 6
method
Wednesday 1 May – Worker’s Day
Monday timetable will be used on Friday 3 May. There will be CIR 310 Tutorial
Tutorial Discussion on
8 Fri 3 May Assignment 5 Assignment 5

Tutorial Discussion on
Assignment 6 &
9 Mon 6 May Notes: Chap 7 Assignment 6
7- VLE data reduction: VLE -
method
7- VLE data reduction: VLE -
9 Wed 8 May Notes: Chap 7
method
EBIT Test Week – Semester
11 May - 18 May
Test 2
11 Mon 20 May Sem Test 2 Feedback session
11 Wed 22 May 8-Liquid-Liquid Equilibrium Notes: Chap 8 Assignment 7
Tutorial Discussion on
12 Mon 27 May
Assignment 7
12 Wed 29 May 9 - Heterogeneous Azeotropes Notes: Chap 9
Tutorial discussions on Lecture
13 Mon 3 June
Notes 8 and 9
13 Wed 5 June Review session
6 June onward Exam

1.6 Grievance procedures

All grievances must be submitted in writing with specifics of the incident or the nature of the
complaint. It is imperative that you follow the procedure outlined below in order to resolve your
issues:
1. Consult the lecturer concerned about your grievances/concerns.
If the matter has not been resolved,
2. consult the class representative (The primary function of the Class Representative is to serve
as a two-way communication channel between the class and the lecturer).
If the matter has not been resolved,
3. consult the module co-ordinator (this only applies to large modules with multiple lecturers)
If the matter has not been resolved,
4. consult the Head of Department
If the matter has still not been resolved,
5. consult with the Dean of the Faculty

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2 Study material and purchases
The lecturer will provide a complete set of notes, a set of tutorial problems, and an assignment
document via the ClickUP platform. These information sources will suffice for successful completion
of the course. Students who prefer to consult additional sources may consider the following textbooks
and web-based learning video (Addendum B)

J.M. Smith, H.C. Van Ness and M.M. Abbott. 2008. Introduction to Chemical Engineering
Thermodynamics. 7th Ed. New York: McGraw-Hill. It is available as an e-book:
http://ebookily.net/pdf/introduction-to-chemical-engineering-thermodynamics-7th-edition

Kevin D. Dahm and Donald P. Visco. Jr. 2014. Fundamentals of Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics.
SI Edition. Cengage Learning, Inc.

Students can consider the Schaum's Outline Series in Thermodynamics. This includes books with
solved problems, e.g. Michael Abbott & Hendrick Van Ness, Schaum's Outline of Thermodynamics with
Chemical Applications. 2nd Edition, McGraw-Hill, 1989.
ISBN-13: 978-0070000421 or ISBN-10: 0070000425

3 Rules, requirements and guidelines

All general chemical engineering department-specific policies, rules, requirements and guidelines
apply to all activities and submissions of this course. In particular, the assignment must be submitted
in hand written form and group assignments in the form of a technical report. The submission must
conform to the “Guidelines for Writing Technical Reports and Papers” issued by the Department of
Chemical Engineering. Copies of this document can be obtained from the Departmental website.

4 Student support
The University of Pretoria supports you in various ways free of charge. For academic support contact
the tutors allocated to the module (see section 2.1), and/or the Faculty Student Advisor (see section
2.1).

Academic support
Individual consultations
Goal setting & motivation
Faculty and workshops about
Adjustment to university life
student - time management
Test/Exam preparation
advisors - study methods
Stress management
Career exploration
• Think carefully before dropping
modules (after the closing date for
amendments or cancellation of
FLY@UP: modules). www.up.ac.za/fly@up
The Finish • Make responsible choices with your
Line is Yours time and work consistently. email: fly@up.ac.za
• Aim for a good semester mark.
Don’t rely on the examination to
pass.

For e-learning support

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 • Report a problem you experience to the Student Help Desk.
• Approach the assistants at the help desks (adjacent to the Student Computer Laboratories in
IT Building, NW2, CBT, etc).
• Visit the open labs in the Informatorium Building to report problems at the offices of the
Student Help Desk. The Informatorium is situated in the IT Building on Hatfield with the main
entrance on the Southern side.
• Call 012 420 3837.
• Email studenthelp@up.ac.za

Safety in the evening: Green Route

• From 18:00 till 06:00 Security Officers are available to escort you (on foot) to and from your
residence or campus anywhere east of the Hatfield campus through to the LC de Villiers
terrain.
• Departure point is at the ABSA ATM next to the Merensky Library.
• Phone the Operational Management Centre if you need a Security Officer to accompany you
from your residence to campus.

For more support services see Addendum A

5 Module information
5.1 Purpose of the module
The Yearbook describes the course content as follows: Fundamentals of phase and chemical
equilibrium with emphasis on vapour/liquid systems leading to the study of separations and reacting
systems. Concepts and formalism of thermodynamics. Postulates and laws of thermodynamics.
Thermodynamic functions (enthalpy, entropy, Gibbs free energy). Phase Equilibria: Phase diagrams of
single substances, phase boundaries, the Phase Rule. Phase diagrams of mixtures and azeotropes.
Solution thermodynamics: Ideal and non-ideal solutions, excess properties and activity coefficient
models. The equations of state of ideal and real gases, residual properties and fugacity. Vapour-liquid
equilibrium from equations of state and the approach. Application of thermodynamics to equilibrium
between fluid- (gas and liquid). Chemical reaction equilibrium.

5.2 Module outcomes

Students must be familiar with chemical thermodynamics and the mathematical methods that are
used. They must know and understand the basic thermodynamic principles, e.g. laws and postulates.
From that they must be able to apply thermodynamic consistency tests and derive important equation
to model and analyse:
• Single component systems
• Equations of state (EOS)
• Solutions
• VLE using the gamma-Phi approach
• VLE from cubic equations of state with emphasis of fugacity relationships
• Liquid-liquid phase separation

Finally, students must be able to use these principles to solve problems related to phase equilibria,
phase diagrams and phase- and chemical transformations.

Further details of the expected module outcomes are provided in the course notes.

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The ECSA Graduate Attributes addressed in CIR 310 at a developmental level are as follows:
1: Problem solving
2: Application of scientific and engineering knowledge 
3: Engineering design
4: Investigations, experiments and data analysis 
5: Engineering methods, skills, tools, information technology 
6: Professional and technical communication
7: Sustainability and impact of engineering activity
8: Individual, team, multidisciplinary working
9: Independent learning ability
10: Engineering professionalism

Overall the module addresses ECSA Graduate Attributes 2, 4 and 5 at the Development level.

The learning outcomes for the assignment are strongly linked to those expected by ECSA.

ECSA 2.1: Engineering problem solving

Identify, assess, formulate and solve convergent and divergent engineering problems related to
separation systems creatively and innovatively. To solve simple real world thermodynamics-related
engineering problems, for example the design of an optimal separation system in a creative and
scientific manner.

ECSA 2.2: Application of fundamental and scientific knowledge

Apply knowledge of mathematics, basic science and engineering sciences from first principles to solve
engineering thermodynamics problems, involving the following performances:
1. Bring mathematical, numerical analysis and statistical knowledge and methods to bear on
thermodynamics engineering problems by using an appropriate mix of:
a) Formal analysis and modelling of separations systems and processes;
b) Communicating concepts, ideas and theories with the aid of mathematics;
c) Reasoning about and conceptualising engineering separation systems components, systems
or processes using mathematical concepts;
d) Dealing with uncertainty and risk through the use of probability and statistics.

ECSA 2.5 Engineering methods, skills, tools and information technology

1. Use computer packages for computation, modelling, simulation, and information handling,
involving:
a) Assessment of the applicability and limitations of the package;
b) Proper application and operation of the package;
c) Critical testing and assessment of the end-results produced by the package.
2. Use computers and networks and information infrastructures for accessing, processing,
managing, and storing information to enhance personal productivity and teamwork.
3. Create computer applications as required by the discipline.

ECSA 2.6 Professional and General Communication

1. Communicate effectively, both orally and in writing, with engineering audiences and the
community at large, using appropriate structure, style and graphical support;
2. Apply methods of providing information for use by others involved in engineering activity.

ECSA 2.8 Team and multidisciplinary working

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It is required from students to work in teams as per their allocation into Study Groups. This applies to
the execution of the assignment and also to tutorial sessions. It is expected that the students will
collaborate in an effective and structured manner as this will contribute to the development of certain
interpersonal and communication skills. In order to enforce this, the marks allocation will include an
appraisal of an individual contribution as well as a group effort.

5.3 Articulation with other modules in the programme

The prerequisite for this module is Thermodynamics CTD 223 while it in turn is a prerequisite for Mass
Transfer CMO 310.

5.4 Module structure

5.4.1 Review of chemical thermodynamics

• Mathematical methods (partial differentials, Legendre transformations, Euler’s theorem on
homogeneous functions, constrained optimisation using Lagrange multipliers, Stirling’s
approximation for ln N!)
• Basic thermodynamic principles (Thermodynamic postulates, equilibrium conditions, stability of
thermodynamic systems, free energies, Maxwell equations, Gibbs-Helmholtz and Gibbs-Duhem
equations, direction of natural processes, thermodynamic functions from an equation of state)
• Single component system (Ideal gas, real fluids, corresponding states, compressibility factor,
phase loci for pure substances)
• Equations of state (EOS) (Virial expansion, cubic equations of state, Van der Waals EOS and first
order phase transitions)
• Solutions (phase definitions and the Gibbs phase rule, partial molar quantities, the ideal solution,
excess properties, activity coefficients, Gibbs free energy models (Regular, Porter, Wilson,
Margules, van Laar, NRTL, UNIQUAC, etc.)
• Liquid-liquid phase separation
• Thermodynamic consistency tests

5.4.2 VLE with equations of state

• Ideal gas mixtures
• Fugacity and fugacity coefficients
• Calculation of the fugacity of vapours, liquids and species in solution
• Relationship between fugacity and activity
• Review of VLE : The Gamma-Phi formalism
• Azeotropes
• van der Waals equations of state (EOS): Mixing and combining rules
• Excess free energy from cubic EOS and GE-based mixing rules
• VLE from cubic EOS

5.4.3 Mixture models

• Constructing mixture models using Scheffè polynomials and Padè approximations
• The double weighted power mean mixture model
• Mixture models based on pure component properties only
• Consistency requirements

5.4.4 Phase equilibria, phase diagrams and phase transformations

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• Single component phase diagram showing triple and critical points
• Vapour-liquid, liquid-liquid and vapour-liquid-liquid phase diagrams
• Homogeneous and heterogeneous azeotropes

These concepts are dealt with in the class notes and should be explored in the self-study of open
source videos with the links in Addendum B.

5.5 Learning presumed to be in place

It is assumed that the students are familiar with the course content of Thermodynamics CTD223 as
well as the following routine mathematical techniques: limits (including L’Hospitals rule), derivatives,
solving first order differential equations, optimisation (including the Lagrange approach for
constrained optimisation), partial differentials, Legendre transforms, root finding, etc.

5.6 Credit map and notional hours

The number of credits allocated to a module give an indication of the volume of learning required for
the completion of that module and is based on the concept of notional hours. Given that this module
carries a weighting of 8 credits, it follows that you should spend an average of 80 hours of study in
total on the module (1 credit = 10 notional hours). This includes the time for lectures, assignments,
projects, tests and exams. This means that you should spend approximately 80 hours/12 week  7
hours per week.

6 Assessment
Students are assessed in two semester tests, a project (assignment), and an examination. At the
discretion of the lecturer, open book semester tests and/or exams are a distinct possibility. However,
whether the assessment will be held in a closed- or open book format will only be revealed just before
the test or exam commences. In the event that an open book exam is scheduled, students will only be
allowed access to their own hand-written personal note book and no other document or handbook
will be allowed.

Assessment concentrates on the formulation and development of models of practical problems

related to phase equilibrium thermodynamics and chemical reaction equilibria. In the tests and exams
the students are assessed on their ability to derive new results and solve new problems (in creative
ways) that they have in general not been exposed to before:

1. Derivations of fundamental thermodynamic principles and equations describing phase- and

reaction equilibrium.
2. Problems relating to the conceptual analysis of separation systems and chemical product design

Semester tests. Two tests of 90 minutes each will be written during the scheduled test weeks of the
School of Engineering. Dates, time and venues will be announced as soon as the timetables become
available.

Any absence from semester tests must be supported by an official and valid statement (e.g. a medical
certificate) and must be submitted to the lecturer within three days after the date of the test. A special

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semester test for all legitimate absentees will have to be scheduled on a suitable and available date.
and will be based on all the work done in the module thus far.

Assignment problem sets. The assignments will take the form of problem sets that must be solved
either individually or, when requested, in group context. Assignments will be graded by the teaching
assistants and returned during the tutorial periods. These constitute a very important aspect of this
course. Students are encouraged to work in teams of five persons to develop, document, present and
demonstrate data correlation and prediction in terms of appropriate thermodynamic models. The
students may use any resources available but may also be required to use and implement specific
software and plotting templates provided by the lecturer. The submissions may include group efforts
as well as individual contributions. Please note that feedbacks will be provided on the graded
assignments.
Gaining access to the final exam. Admission to the final exam is dependent on acceptable class
attendance and adequate completion of the note book. Students who fail to obtain a semester mark
contribution from the two semester tests that is higher than 40 points will lead to examination refusal
unless permission is given from the Faculty to do so.

Pass requirements. In order to pass the module a student must

• Obtain a final mark of at least 50 %, and
• Obtain a sub-minimum of 60 % for the project (assignment).

6.1 Assessment plan

Date, opportunities and criteria for performance assessments.
Assessment
About Assessment tool Date Marks*
type
Semester Test 1 Memo 12 April
Lecture Notes 1 to 3 15
2024
Lecture Notes 4 to 7 which
Semester Test 2 includes VLE data reduction; VLE 17 May
Memo 15
with the - and the - 2024
methods
Derivation of theoretical
relationships and practical
Marks for
Assignments implementations necessary for
individual and To be
(Submit on thermochemistry in addition to 20
group announced
ClickUP) VLE phase equilibria submitted as
contributions
a group reports that include
individual contributions.
Exam 50
*Contributions towards final mark

Students should be able to assess their progress based on feedback delivered during tutorial sessions.

6.2 Assessment criteria

A minimum semester mark of 40% is required to gain examination admission for the module. In the
event of a student who obtained a final mark of 50% or more but who failed in the project
requirements, the project work must be repeated successfully before a pass will be awarded.

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 Calculation of the semester mark Calculation of the final mark
The semester mark is compiled as follows: The final mark is calculated as follows:
Semester tests: 60% Semester mark: 50%
Tutorial problems/Assignment 40% Examination mark: 50%

6.3 Plagiarism
Plagiarism is a serious form of academic misconduct. It involves both appropriating someone else’s
work and passing it off as one’s own work afterwards. Thus, you commit plagiarism when you present
someone else's written or creative work (words, images, ideas, opinions, discoveries, artwork, music,
recordings, computer-generated work, etc.) as your own. Only hand in your own original work.
Indicate precisely and accurately when you have used information provided by someone else.
Referencing must be done in accordance with a recognised system. Indicate whether you have
downloaded information from the Internet. For more details visit the following websites:
https://www.up.ac.za/en/about-up/article/2013215/why-learn-about-plagiarism. Please download a
QR code reader on your cell phone. To download a QR code reader open your mobile app store (App
Store, Google Play or Windows Marketplace) and search for QR code readers.

Why learn about How do I avoid Overstepping the

What is plagiarism?
plagiarism? plagiarism? mark

Addendum A: Support services

Please download a QR code reader on your cell phone. To download a QR code reader open your
mobile app store (App Store, Google Play or Windows Marketplace) and search for QR code readers.

Student
Provides counselling and therapeutic
Counselling 012 420 2333
support to students.
Unit

Student Health Promotes and assists students with 012 420 5233
Services health and wellness. 012 420 3423

Provides support for UP students and

The Careers careerservices@up.ac.za
graduates as they prepare for their
Office 012 420 2315
careers.

© 2023 University of Pretoria 10

 24-hour Operational Management 012 420-2310
Department of Centre 012 420-2760
Security
Services 24-hour Operational Manager cell 083 654 0476
Crisis Line 0800 006 428

Enquiries concerning studies, 012 420 2371/4001

Department of
accommodation, food, funds, social Roosmaryn Building,
Student Affairs
activities and personal problems. Hatfield campus

Centre for
Sexualities, Identifies and provides training of
012 420 4391
AIDS and student peer counsellors.
Gender

Ensure an integrated and inclusive

Disability Unit learning experience for students with 012 420 2064
disabilities.

Fees and http://www.up.ac.za/enquiry

012 420 3111
funding www.up.ac.za/fees-and-funding

012 420 3051

IT Helpdesk For student IT related queries studenthelp@up.ac.za

Addendum B: Videos
1. Mathematical methods
• Partial differentials (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nSbfIrgdkG8;
• Legendre transformations (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jNGtoRo3hw8;
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PZfcQIfcWxM;
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mEJTUaL_nWI)
• Eulers’ theorem on homogeneous functions (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s1-
B0typoUA )
• Constrained optimisation using Lagrange multipliers
(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ry9cgNx1QV8 )
• Stirlings approximation for ln N! (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FgrDjsb_kJU)
• First order PDE’s (http://mathvids.com/lesson/mathhelp/359-solving-first-order-linear-odes-
steady-state-and-transient-solutions)

2. Basic thermodynamic principles

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2.1 Review of CTD 223 concepts:
(https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL4xAk5aclnUiyy5I6QsjJ_3rdKoO0q04I; )
• Laws of thermodynamics (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dL9NfiJjV14 )
• Equilibrium conditions (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vmmRfPVyeqk )
• Stability of thermodynamic systems (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=36I0u3VsFTo;
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sNsWABMT0As; )
• Free energies spontaneity (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZuccSLJYSnk )
• Maxwell equations ( https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jg0WCr6y9gI;
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zQ9gXf8tbaA ;
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BAfh1kqiW1Q;
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BAfh1kqiW1Q;
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JSbr-HZQsBM )
• Gibbs-Duhem equation (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=utfxPRImBgw)
• Gibbs-Helmholtz equation (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7EuBgXpekv4 )
• Thermodynamic functions from an equation of state
(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zkPnOWRpseI&list=PL4xAk5aclnUjeRz26fds2w1Mw8Y
vKHuSU&index=5)

2.2 Single component system

• Ideal gas equation of state (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_XMi1kpWBBA
• Real fluids phase diagram (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GOECfub9jYQ;
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3dhBHmLlsGo)
• Corresponding states (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XQEBCM2mfqc)
• Compressibility factor (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0BaPyUHwb80)
• Clausius-Clapeyron equation: phase loci for pure substances
(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5U8ppevtclw;
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GAGLvAPDIKY)

2.3 Equations of state (EOS)

• Virial expansion (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yreZK-s-hy0)
• Cubic equations of state (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aotP3hFohNw&list)
• Van der Waals EOS (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FR0BAEOM8E0;
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VjVQxzxxLVw)

2.4 Solutions
• phase definitions and the Gibbs phase rule
(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_r4V7yP2e8A; )
• partial molar quantities (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TFmIPEG_X3A;
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a2XimGRfu3Y;
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FFBnNXHA5zA)
• The ideal solution (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vhjDH38Atpw )
• Colligative properties, Raoults law and Henry’s law
(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pOLZkrBSxRQ;
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Adr9_2LnQdw;
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KUKBwXLS218;
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=snNRWFht_c0 )
• Excess properties ( (Gibbs) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3iWYh7qqzxw; )
• Activity (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-zITlOwk7_s)
• Activity coefficients ( https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aMo5_Wm8RMU )
• Gibbs free energy models (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ikO4vq3yqno; )

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 o Regular solution model and Porter model
o Mean field models:
o Margules (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=moEGVoZp9zg;
o van Laar (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KYjJbRV0cOo;
o Local composition models: Wilson, NRTL, Uniquac
• Liquid-liquid phase separation (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z6XjteYanQU; )
• Thermodynamic consistency tests
• Equilibrium constants (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ffI8gv4F-ZI)
2.5 Fugacity and fugacity coefficients
• Ideal gas mixtures
• Henry’s law (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Dauv_zapso)
• Raoults law (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9iFNBsEQS1M)
• Fugacity and fugacity coefficients (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aU1sjlhzazE;
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AMBoLiQJMFQ;
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uP-PHAHE78M;
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9f_mr3f4a-A;
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fkqmf_QR4Yg;
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g1FyKMtdcK0 )
• Calculation of fugacities for vapours, liquids and species in solution
(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AMBoLiQJMFQ;
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OZFB48wVtjw;
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZqbdhF6422o )
• Relationship between fugacity and activity (no video yet)

2.6 Review of VLE: The Gamma-Phi formalism

• Vapour-liquid phase diagram (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xvj-1VdA-lw;
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N_FWAqy8pKU; )
• Azeotropes (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MfpOBF9uCJk; )
• Equations of state (EOS), van der Waals EOS and mixing rules
• Excess free energy from cubic EOS and GE based mixing rules
• VLE from cubic EOS

3. Phase equilibria, phase diagrams and phase transformations

(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R9-
PvyC8pFU&index=4&list=PL4xAk5aclnUjMQaDPzjOWCkGQORbYDNl5;
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-XcTEknC9Aw;
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qp87Z4m8R-w)

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