ARBA MINCH UNIVERSITY

INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

CHAPTER THREE
ANALYSIS, DESIGN & DETAILING OF BEAMS
BY AMANUEL LEMI
(MSC STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING)
 INTRODUCTION
Basic Assumptions of Flexure Theory:
1. Sections perpendicular to the Axis of Bending which are
plane before bending remains plane after bending. This
implies strains across section are linearly varying.
2. The strain in the reinforcement is equal to the strain in the
concrete at the same level. This implies there is no slip
between steel bars and the adjacent concrete. This is
possible if adequate development length of bars and
concrete cover are provided.
3. Tensile strength of concrete is ignored. The reinforcement
assumed to takes all the tension due to flexure.
 CONT…

4. The maximum compressive stain in concrete when a section

complete plastic deformation is taken to be ecu=0.0035 in
bending (simple or compound) ecu=0.002 in axial compression
5. The maximum tensile strain in the reinforcement is taken to
0.01. This limit assumed to limit crack-width with in tension
zone of section to the acceptable limit.
6. Either idealized parabola-rectangle stress distribution or
equivalent rectangle stress distribution for concrete in
compression zone given by code as shown below shall be used
in derivation of design equation.
The ultimate resistance of section may be determined using equilibrium of both
internal and external forces based on the stress block obtained from the basic
assumptions.
 Design Equations for Singly Reinforced Rectangular Section:
Consider a singly reinforced rectangular section subjected to a factored load moment, as shown
below.
 DESIGN EQUATIONS FOR SINGLY REINFORCED SECTIONS
Equilibrium of both internal and external forces, Steel ratio of section
As
 F H 0   Cc  Ts  0.8 fcd . b . x  As . f yd  0.8 fcd . b . x   . b . d . f yd  
b.d
  . f yd 
Simplifying, Depth of neutral axis obtained as, x    . d
 0.8 f cd 

 M  0   M u  Cc . z  Ts . z z   d  0.4 x 

Taking moment about Ts : M u  Cc . z  M u  0.8 f cd . b . x  .  d  0.4 x 

  . f yd   0.4  . f yd 
Substituting x  M u  0.8 f cd . b .  .d  .  d  .d 
 0.8 f cd   0.8 f cd 

Ultimate moment Resistance of   . f yd 

section is:
M u   . f yd . b . d .  1  2

 2 f cd 
Defining the ultimate moment and relative steel-area using the following dimension-
less parameters:
Mu Then, neutral-axis depth obtained can be written
Relative Ultimate Moment  
f cd . b . d2 as:
.d
x 
0 .8
f yd
Mechanical Reinforcement Ratio    . Therefore, depth of equivalent stress-block is
f cd
obtained as,
y  0 .8 x   . d
Mu  . f yd   . f yd 
2
 
.1 
f cd . b . d f cd  2 f cd 
   2
    .1    
 2 2

  2  2  2  0
 1 1  2   1  1  2
 Area of tension steel required to resist the ultimate moment, Mu:
Taking moment about Cc
M u  Ts . z
Where z  d  0.4 x 
 M u  As . f yd . z  
z  1

 . d 
d

. 1  1  2 
 2  2

The Required area of tension Mu

steel is obtained by: As 
f yd . z
 Type of Singly Reinforced Beam Sections-Based on Modes of Stresses

Depending on the amount of steel used by section,

singly reinforced sections are divided into three:
1. Balanced section,
2. Over-reinforced section and
3. Under-reinforced section.
 BALANCED SINGLY REINFORCED SECTION
In balanced section, yielding of tension steel and crushing of concrete
takes place at same time when the section complete plastic
deformation.
That is, the maximum compressive strain in concrete reaches the
ultimate strain, and the strain in tension steel is just yielded:
 cu
 c   cu  0.0035  s   yd  f yd Es x

d  cu   s
From strain distribution, using similarity of triangles:
 cu
The balanced neutral-axis depth is obtained as: xb    f E  . d
0.8 cu
cu yd s
f cd
b 
 cu  f yd Es  f yd
.
And b 
0.8 cu
 cu  f yd Es 
Balanced
steel Ratio Balanced
Mechanical
steel ratio
 UNDER AND OVER REINFORCED SECTION
• If   b , the steel yields first at the load near collapse (a
case of Under-Reinforced Section and Ductile-type
failure).
• If   b , crushing of concrete takes place first prior to
yielding of tension steel at the load near collapse (a case of
Over-Reinforced Section and Brittle-type failure).
• To ensure ductility, in practice the maximum amount of
tension steel is fairly below the amount corresponding to the
balanced-one.
 CONT…
• ACI:318 code recommend: maximum reinforcement ratio ensuring
ductility as  max  0.75b .
• For seismic load resisting member, the same code recommends,  max  0.5b
• Based on ACI recommendation ( max  0.75b ), maximum design constants
of singly reinforced section are obtained as shown in table below.
Steel Grade  max  max
S-300 0.437 0.341
S-400 0.401 0.320
S-460 0.382 0.309
• EBCS:2/95 recommend: the maximum amount of tension steel used to ensure
ductility is based on limiting the neutral-axis depth at,

xmax  0.448d For no redistribution of elastic moments

xmax  0.368d For 10% redistribution of elastic moments

xmax  0.288d For 20% redistribution of elastic moments

xmax  0.208d For 30% redistribution of elastic moments

 DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAMS

• Consider a Doubly Reinforced Rectangular Section subjected

to an ultimate moment, Mu as shown below.
• Design equations are derived by dividing the section into two
parts: Balanced singly reinforced section and excess tension
steel plus compression steel.
• It is assumed that both tension and compression steels are
yielded. The excess tension steel and compression steel are
proportioned in such a way that the neutral axis is
maintained at balanced position.
 T AND INVERTED-L SECTION BEAMS
• Reinforced concrete floors or roofs are monolithic and hence, a part
of the slab will act with the upper part of the beam to resist
longitudinal compression.
• The resulting beam cross-section is, then, T-shaped (inverted L),
rather than rectangular with the slab forming the beam flange where
as part of the beam projecting below the slab forms the web or stem.
• The T-sections provide a large concrete cross-sectional area of the
flange to resist the compressive force.
• T-sections are very advantageous in simply supported spans to resist
large positive bending moment, where as the inverted L-sections have
the added advantage in cantilever beam to resist negative moment.
 There are two type of flexural behavior of T-sections.
• In treating flanged section using limit state method, it is convenient
to adopt the same equivalent rectangle stress-block that is used for
rectangular cross section
I. If depth of equivalent rectangle stress-block, ’y’ is equal to or less
than the flanged thickness, hf (i.e y<hf ), a flanged section may be
treated as a rectangular section of width equal to an effective width
of flange, be provided the flange of section is on compression side
when the section subjected a moment.
II. When y > hf, the section acts as T-beam and hence analysis
accounting the T-geometry becomes essential which is shown in the
figure below.

• To derive design equation of T-beam, it is convenient to divide the

compression area of T-beam section into two parts as shown below:
A.The over-hanging portion of the compressive flange
B.The web portion extending into the compressive flange
FLANGED SECTION EFFECTIVE WIDTH
• The total ultimate moment of resistance of T-beam section is obtained by taking
moment of the internal compressive forces about the center of tension steel; and
it is given as the sum of moments produced by over-hanging portion of the flange
and the web portion extending into the flange. i.e
M u  M uf  M uw
• The moment produced by over-hanging portion of the flange is obtained as:
M uf  ( be  bw ) . h f . fcd . z f where zf  d h f 2

• Then, the corresponding area of tension steel balancing the over-hanging

portion of the flange is obtained as: M uf
Asf 
z f . f yd
• The moment produced by the web portion extending into the flange is obtained
by subtracting moment of over-hanging portion from the total ultimate moment
of T-beam. M uw  ( M u  M uf )
 DESIGN OF BEAMS FOR SHEAR
• Beams are designed for flexure and then the influences of other
actions on its capacity are assumed.
• The ULS of shear is characterized by either diagonal compression
failure of concrete or failure of the web reinforcement due to
diagonal tension.
• When a beam is subjected to flexure and shear, the shear resistance
in the absence of shear reinforcement is contributed by concrete
compression zone, mechanical interlock of aggregate at the crack and
dowel action of the longitudinal reinforcement. The contributions of
the later two are difficult to quantify.
• Hence, the resistance to a diagonal tension is obtained as the sum of
the resistance of the web reinforcement and the concrete section.
• In checking this resistance, the critical section for shear is assessed
a distance d from the face of support.
DESIGN CRITERIA
(i) Only nominal web reinforcement
• When the shear force in a section does not exceed the shear strength
of the concrete vc, only nominal web reinforcement is provided.
When Vsd < Vc, the section is
adequate and provide nominal
web reinforcement specified by
longitudinal spacing as:
A. All beams except joists of ribbed
slabs, shall be provided with at
least the minimum web
reinforcement given by:

0.4 Av Av f yk
 min    s max 
f yk bw s max 0.4bw
• The maximum spacing smax between stirrups, in the longitudinal direction,
shall be as given below.

• The transverse spacing of legs of stirrups shall not exceed d, or 400mm,

which ever is the smaller.
• In order to prevent diagonal compression failure in the concrete the shear
resistance (VRd) of a section shall not be less than the applied shear force
at d distance from face of support (Vsd).
Where, VRd = 0.25fcdbwd
• When Vsd > VRd, the section size must be increased.
• When VC <VD <VRd, shear reinforcement need be provided.
Av df yd
V s  V d  Vc 
s
Where Av = pair area of reinforcement
Vs-Shear capacity due to shear reinforcement and calculated using maximum
spacing
Vd- Vs+Vc a combination resistance of concrete and shear rebar
 BOND AND DEVELOPMENT LENGTH
1. BOND
• In order for reinforced concrete to behave as intended, it is essential that bond
forces be developed on the interface between concrete and steel, such as to
prevent significant slip from occurring at that interface.
• If the bar is smooth enough to slip, the assumption that the strain in an embedded
reinforcing bar is the same as that in the surrounding concrete, would not be valid.
Consequently, the beam would be very little stronger than if it were built of plain
concrete, without reinforcement.
a. beam before loading;
c. bond forces
acting on
concrete;
b. unrestrained slip
between concrete and d. bond forces
steel acting on steel.
• Formerly plain bars were used with provision of end anchorage in the
form of hooks. Such beam forms a broken bond over the entire length
between anchorages and acts as a tied arch

• To avoid development of wide cracks and dispense with special

anchorage devices, deformed bars are now universally used. With such
bars, the shoulders of the projecting ribs bear on the surrounding
concrete and result in greatly increased bond strength.
 2. DEVELOPMENT LENGTH
• Ultimate bond failures for bars in tension are of two types:
• The first is direct pullout of the bar, which occurs when ample confinement is provided by
the surrounding concrete.
• The second type of failure is splitting of the concrete along the bar when cover,
confinement or bar spacing is insufficient to resist the lateral concrete tension resulting
from the wedging effect of the bar deformations. The latter if more common than the
former
• The development length is defined as that length of embedment necessary to develop the
full tensile strength of the bar, controlled by either pullout or splitting.
• Referring to figure on the next slide, the moment, and hence the tensile stress, is
evidentially maximum at point a and zero at supports. The total tension force Abfs must
be transferred from the bar to the concrete in the distance l by bond stress on the
surface.
• The safety against bond failure is that the length of the bar, from any point of
given steel stress (fs or at most fy) to its nearby free end must be at least equal
to its development length.
• The basic anchorage length, lb, is the straight length of bar required to anchor the
force Asfyd. For a bar of diameter-, this force must equal the shear force
developed between the bar surface and the surrounding concrete:
As f yd  l b  f bd The required anchorage length lb,net depends
on the type of anchorage and on the stress in
 2
the reinforcement and can be calculated as:
But As  As ,cal
4 lb ,net  alb  lb ,min
 2 As ,ef
 f yd  l b f bd Where,
4 As,cal = theoretical area of reinforcement required
by the design.
f yd As,ef = area of reinforcement actually provided.
 lb  a= 1.0 for straight bar anchorage in tension or
4f compression.
bd
a = 0.7 for anchorage in tension with standard
hooks.
For bars in tension, lb,min = 0.3lb  10 or  200mm
For bars in compression, lb,min = 0.6lb  10 or 
200mm
 Reinforcement shall extend
beyond the point at which it is
no longer required to resist
tension for a length given by:
A. lb
B. lb,net  d provided that in
Figures Standard Hooks this case, the continuing
bars are capable of
resisting twice the applied
moment at the section.