Internship Report

Agriculture Extension Department, Kahror Pacca

Intern Name: Abdullah Naveed

Roll No: F21BENSC1M03017

Institute: The Islamia University of Bahawalpur

Supervisor: Mahar Sohail

(Agriculture Officer ext Kahror Pacca)

Internship Duration: 12 Week

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Introduction

To

Kahror

Pacca
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Kahror Pacca (often spelled Kahror Pacca in less formal contexts) is a city and
district located in the southern part of the Punjab province, Pakistan. Known for its rich
agricultural productivity and rapidly developing infrastructure, Kahror Pacca has
increasingly gained attention in both regional planning and national development projects.

Geographical Context

Kahror Pacca is situated on the southern bank of the Sutlej River, forming part of
the Multan Division. It is bordered by Multan to the north, Khanewal to the northeast,
Vehari to the east, Bahawalpur to the south, and Muzaffargarh to the west.

Administrative Structure

Lodhran was declared a district in 1991, having previously been part of Multan
District. It comprises three tehsils:

Lodhran Tehsil

Dunyapur Tehsil

Kahror Pakka Tehsil

Each tehsil is further divided into Union Councils for local governance.

Population and Demographics

According to the 2017 Census of Pakistan, Kahror Pacca District has a population of over
1.7 million people, with a majority living in rural areas. The dominant language is Punjabi,
while Saraiki and Urdu are also widely spoken.

Economy and Agriculture

Kahror Pacca’s economy is primarily agriculture-based, with the district known for
the production of:

 Cotton (a major cash crop)

 Wheat
 Sugarcane
 Sunflowers
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 Citrus fruits and mangoes

In recent years, the government and private sector have been working to enhance agro-
industrial development, introducing better irrigation techniques and modern farming
equipment.

Education and Development

The region has seen a rise in educational institutions, with several colleges and
technical institutes established to support local development. However, there are still
challenges related to literacy and access to higher education, especially in rural zones.

Infrastructure and Transportation

Kahror Pacca is well connected by road and rail networks:

 The Kahror Pacca Railway Junction is part of Pakistan’s major railway lines,
connecting Karachi to Peshawar.
 National and provincial highways link it with Multan, Bahawalpur, and other
surrounding districts.

The government has also included Kahror Pacca in several development schemes, focusing on
road improvement, health services, and water supply.

Cultural Aspects

Kahror Pacca reflects the broader culture of Southern Punjab, with folk traditions, festivals,
and local cuisine being central to community life. The people are known for their
hospitality and deep-rooted cultural values.
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AGRICULTURE EXTENSION
DEPARTMENT
KAHROR PACCA
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Overview
Agricultural production is a very complex system. It depends on several inter-
related components such as development of appropriate production technology,
dissemination of modern technology to the end users, and the formulation of farmer-
friendly agricultural policies.

Dissemination of appropriate technology to the farmers is of vital importance if benefit is

to be derived from technological advances. Moreover, the gap exists between the
research findings and farmers’ adoption needs appropriate rectification by the adaptive
research. This task is carried out through agriculture extension system in Punjab.

Adaptive Research aims at devising site specific technology packages for increasing
agricultural production. It helps to adjust the results of research into suitable form before
transmitting it to the farmers, keeping in view their local agro-climatic and socio-
economic conditions. It bridges up the gap between research findings and farmers’
achievements and extension.

Background
Several extension approaches, designed primarily to improve the living standard of
rural people through increased agricultural production and improved farm income, have
been tried. During the last five decades, varying perspectives of agricultural extension have
emerged. They include:
The Village Cooperative Movement

This movement started in the early 1950s under the umbrella of Cooperative
Department. It proposes that all farmers in every village be united under the umbrella of the
village cooperative societies and can choose their own management committees and find the
means of their development on a cooperative basis. The primary thrust of this movement is
to educate member farmers about new technologies and to arrange farm-input delivery on
soft-term credit. However, the experience suggests that the cooperative movement has not
been able to achieve a consistent success. Some places where local leadership and
cooperative department staff have been sincere and effective, it has achieved good results. It
has proven a good source of farm input supply and technology transfer to the small farmers
at village level.
The Village Agricultural and Industrial Development Program (Village-AID)

The Village-AID Program began in Pakistan in 1952, with substantial help from USAID
and Ford Foundation. This program sought to bring about all-round development of the
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villages through organizing village councils, building roads, digging wells, constructing
schools, and disseminating improved agricultural technology. This program achieved a good
deal of success in the beginning but became a victim of departmental jealousy and political
change in the country. With the abolition of the Village-AID Program in 1961, rural
development became a part of the Basic Democracies System (BDS).
The Basic Democracies System (BDS)

Phased in 1959, this system was designed to bring together both the elements of community
development and political development, especially at the local level. The government
administrative and development tiers were organized into five levels where the union
council, a group of 3-5 villages, was the lowest tier. The councils undertook a variety of
social and economic development work in their respective areas. The problems union
councils tried to solve were in the realm of education, infrastructure, agriculture, and
sanitation. The BDS went a long way in developing awareness and building local leadership
among the rural masses. The BDS also met the same fate as its predecessor program. The
change in the government in 1970 saw the abolition of the BDS and introduction of a new
rural development approach, the Integrated Rural Development Program (IRDP).
Training and Visit (T and V) System

Under Training and Visit system of agricultural extension, the functions of transfer of
technology were clearly delineated and separated from supply functions such as provision of
inputs. Technology transfer was kept with agriculture extension in public sector and the
functions pertaining to supply of inputs and services were handed over to private sector or
commercial corporations. The T and V system could not continue as per program after the
completion of the project in 1994-95, as the provincial governments did not provide the
promised operational budget. The ratio of the salary and operational budget was reduced
from 57:43 in 1993-94 to 93:7 in 2001-2002. Thus, the agriculture extension service
established under the T and V system has gradually weakened.
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Functions
Provincial Level

To achieve the objectives at provincial level, following functions are being performed by
the Department:
 Preparation and printing of production technology / plan of crops

 Fixing of area and production targets

 Preparation of provincial level development projects

 Interaction with federal government

 Amendments in Agriculture Laws and provincial level implementation

 Monitoring of the district level activities

 Planning and testing of new strategies for transfer of technology and service matters of
provincial cadres
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District Level

The district level functions of the Department are:

 Implementation of production technologies, achievement of area, and production targets

 Maintenance of agriculture statistics

 Conduct village level farmer trainings

 Implementation of approved projects

 Preparation of district level projects

 Implementation of Agriculture Laws

 Monitoring of agriculture inputs availability

 Participation in provincial review meetings

1. LAND STATISTIC.

TOTAL AREA 265445 Acres

CULTIVATED AREA 223599 Acres

UN-CULTIVATED AREA 41846 Acres

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CROPS STATISTICS
Average Yield Average
(Monds/Acre) Yield
Area Area
NAME OF CROP 2020-21 (Monds/Ac
Sown Sown
re) 2020-21
(Acres)2 (Acres)2
020-21 021-22
Cotton 101000 129000 15.97 23.88
Wheat 163000 166000 36.66 40.40
Maize 56000 51000 92.15
19000 17.10
Rice (Basmati) 21500

Rice 700 29.15

800
(Coarse)
S.Cane 4600 4200 763
Fodder 24780
vegetables 8340
Orchard 3187
Sunflower 524 22.5
Canola 43 24
Rapeseed & Mustard 1800 21
Chillies 10000
Onion 5000
Potatoes 139
Cucumber 2500
Bitter Gourd 25
Pumpkin 45
Pulses 132
Mango 2600
Citrus 550
Guava 90
Pomegranate 22
Lemon 35
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2. MACHINERY SURVEY.

TUBE WELLS 10787

TRACTORS 10718
OTHER AGRICULTURE MACHINERY 52159

3. GINNING FACTORIES.

NO. OF GINNING FACTORIES EXISTING 23

NO. OF FACTORIES WORKING 04
NO OF BALES PRESSED 7100
NO OF FACTORIES RENEWED FOR THE
YEAR 2022-23 9
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Agriculture Extension

Department

Organogram
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Projects
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Ongoing
{1}
Scheme Name: Chief Minister’s Punjab Kissan

Card Total Cost: Rs. 9,000 Million

Capital: Rs. 9,000 Million

Gestation Period: 12 Months (FY 2024-25)

Location: All Punjab

Objectives:

 To provide timely and adequate credit support to small farmers to ensure that they
can meet their agricultural requirements without facing financial difficulties.
 To offer flexible and affordable credit to small and marginal farmers, who have
limited access to credit from commercial banking sector.
 To increase agricultural productivity and income of farmers to improve their
standard of livings.
 To promote financial inclusion and access to credit for farmers, especially in rural
areas.
 To support rural development and the overall growth of the agriculture sector in
Punjab

Interventions:

 Provision of 750,000 Kissan Card to small farmers having land holding 12.5 acres.
 Provision of interest free loan @ Rs. 30,000/acres upto 05 acres
 30% cash withdrawal facility of disbursed amount.
 On boarding of 2,600 fertilizers, seed and pesticides dealers
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{2}

Scheme Name: Chief Minister’s Punjab Green Tractor Program

Total Cost: Rs. 755 Million

Pay & Allowances: Rs. 720 Million

Operating Expenses: Rs. 35 Million

Gestation Period: July 2024 to June 2025

Location: All Punjab

Objectives:

 Engagement of Fresh Internees to prepare experienced field force to fulfill the

future needs of the Agriculture Sector
 Provide continuous professional development opportunities to bridge the gap
between theoretical knowledge and practical skills.
 Improve service delivery to farmers for their capacity building and increasing
income with access to evidence and diagnostic based extension service

Interventions:

 Hiring of 1000 Agriculture Graduates as Interns @ Rs. 60,000 Stipend per month
 Real Time Monitoring through Urban Unit developed App & Dashboard.
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{3}

Scheme Name: Chief Minister’s Internship Scheme for Agriculture Graduates

Total Cost: Rs. 9,650.717 Million

Capital: Rs. 9,650.717 Million

Gestation Period: 12 Months (FY 2024-25)

Location: All Districts of the Punjab

Objectives:

 Improve tractors to farm land ratio leading to improved access of farming

community to adequate horse power.
 Narrow down gap of recommended and available machine horsepower per acre for
efficient management of farms for precise work, save time & effort and cost
efficiency.
 Productivity Enhancement, Intensification and Farm Mechanization through the
use of tractors

Interventions:

 Provision of Tractors on Subsidy.

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{4}

Scheme Name: Chief Minister's Fund for Promotion of E-mechanization through

Indigenous Manufacturing of Agricultural Machinery

Total Cost: Rs. 70.650 Million

Gestation Period: 12 Months (FY 2024-25 to FY 2025-26)

Location: Punjab

Objectives:

 Assess the feasibility of promoting indigenous manufacturing of agricultural

machinery in Punjab to meet local demand, reduce foreign dependency, enhance
productivity and export potential;
 Evaluate the viability of local manufacturing for e-mechanized agricultural
machinery, considering technical, economic, and regulatory factors;
 Forecast demand and competitive positioning for locally produced machinery to
encourage import substitution.

Interventions:

 Recruitment of Consultant Firm for feasibility study

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{5}
Scheme Name: Import Substitution and Export Enhancement through Promotion of
Sesame, Soybean and Canola

Total Cost: Rs. 857.386 Million

Capital: Rs. 857.386 Million

Gestation Period: 36 Months (FY 2024-25 To 2026-27)

Location: Oilseed growing districts of the Punjab

Objectives:

 To ensure food security by increasing local production of Canola.

 To replace the concept of Sesame from Minor to Major crop of high economic
importance.
 To develop Soybean as Kharif crop for import substitution.

Interventions:

 Establishment of Oilseed Model Farms @ 30,000 Subsidy.

 Canola Production Technology Transfer Events @ 50,000 Subsidy.
 Capacity Building of Stakeholders @150,000 Subsidy.
 Expo/Road Show (Provincial).

{6}
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Scheme Name: Mitigating the emerging issues of pesticide residues in vegetables

and rice through capacity building of farmers and extension agents

Total Cost: Rs. 317.723 Million

Capital: Rs. 0.00 Million

Gestation Period: 48 Months (FY 2022-23 to FY 2025-26)

Location: 10 districts of rice zone in Punjab (Lahore, Sheikhupura,

Nankana Sahib, Gujranwala, Hafizabad, Sialkot, Narowal, Gujrat, M.B. Din, Kasur)

Objectives:

 Capacity building of farmers, agricultural field staff, extension agents and pesticide
dealers to manage pesticide residues for attaining food security and safety in a
holistic manner.
 Establishment of IPM Demonstrational Farms for on spot training and technology
transfer for emphasis on IPM technologies to bring quality concept in crop
Productivity
 Promotion of low risk pesticides/bio-pesticides to minimize pesticide residues for
market driven & sustainable sector
 Comparative analysis of pesticide residues under conventional and IPM approach
in order to develop a recommendation for production of safe food.

Interventions:

 Capacity Building of staff & Extension Agents

 Capacity building of framers & pesticide dealers
 Implementation of IPM technology
 Comparative analysis of pesticide residues in vegetables and rice under
conventional and IPM approach
 Awareness campaigns through print and electronic media
 Coordination with supply chain including Rice Exporters Association of Pakistan
(REAP)
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Farmers' Training
Schedule
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Cotton:

Phase-I Phase-II

Duration: Jan 01 - Feb 15 Duration: Feb 16 - Apr 15

Points of Emphasis Points of Emphasis

 Uprooting of Cotton Sticks  Cotton Agronomy
 Disposal of Cotton Sticks and Grazing  Pest Management
by Sheep
 Ploughing of Unploughed Cotton Fields

Phase-III Phase-IV

Duration: Apr 16 - May 31 Duration: Jun 01 - Jul 15

Points of Emphasis Points of Emphasis

 Cotton Agronomy  Identification of Cotton Pests
 Varieties
 Seed Treatment Seed Rate and Diseases
 Weed Control Thinning
 Pest Management
 Irrigation
 Pest Scouting
 Fertilizer
 Control of Sucking Pests
 Control of Bollworms
 Helicoverpa Management

Phase-V Phase-VI

Duration: Jul 16 - Oct 15 Duration: Oct 16 - Oct 30

Points of Emphasis Points of Emphasis

 Pest Management  Cotton Contamination
 Pest Scouting
 Control of Sucking Pests
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 Control of Boll Worms

Wheat
After Rice / Sugarcane

Faisalabad, Toba Tek Singh, Jhang, Gujranwala, Hafizabad, Gujrat, Sialkot, Mandi Bahauddin,
Narowal, Lahore, Sheikhupura, Okara, Kasur, Mianwali, Khushab, Sargodha and Bhakkar
Phase-I Phase-II

Duration: Oct 01 - Oct 15 Duration: Dec 15 - Jan 01

Points of Emphasis
Points of Emphasis
 Land Preparation
 Dry Sowing
 Selection of Variety
 Seed Rate
 Quality Seed and Seed Rate
 Seed Treatment
 Seed Treatment
 Second Application of Nitrogen
 Timely Sowing in Residual
 Weed Control
Moisture
 Irrigation at Critical Stages
 Balanced Use of Fertilizer
 Pest Management
 Crop Lodging
 High Temperature Management
 Harvesting and Thrashing
 Grading of Seed for Next Crop
 Storage
 Marketing

After Cotton

Multan, Kahror Pacca, Vehari, Khanewal, Sahiwal, Pakpattan, Bahawalpur, Bahawalnagar,

Rahim Yar Khan, D.G. Khan, Muzaffargarh, Rajanpur, Layyah, Faisalabad, Toba Tek Singh,
Jhang, Okara and Bhakkar
Phase-I Phase-II
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Duration: Oct 15 - Nov 30 Duration: Nov 16 - Dec 31

Points of Emphasis
Points of Emphasis
 Land Preparation
 Weed Control
 Selection of Variety
 Second / Third Dose of Nitrogen
 Quality Seed and Seed Rate
 Irrigation at Critical Stages
 Seed Treatment
 Pest Management
 Timely Sowing
 Crop Lodging
 Balanced Use of Fertilizer
 High Temperature Management
 Irrigation at Critical Stages
 Harvesting and Thrashing
 Grading of Seed for Next Crop
 Storage
 Marketin
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Rice

Phase-I Phase-II

Duration: Apr 01 - May 15 (Core Duration: Jul 20 - Aug 31

Area)
Apr 16 - May 31 (Non-Core Area)

Points of Emphasis Points of Emphasis

(Under Normal Supply of Water)
 Transplanting Time (Basmati Varieties)
 Land Preparation
 Plant Population
 Selection of Varieties
 Balanced Used of Fertilizer at Proper Time
 Seed Rate and Treatment
 Zinc Application
 Nursery Sowing (Not
 Weed Control with Chemicals
Before May 20)
 Control of Insect Pests and Diseases
 Nursery Treatment
 Transplantation Time
 Plant Population
 Balanced Used of Fertilizer
at Proper Time
 Weed Control with
Chemicals
 Application of Zinc
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Sulphate

(Under Water Shortage Situation)

 Pudding (only for three

days)
 Weed Control with
Chemicals
 Standing Water (only for 15
days)
 Plant Population (100,000
hills / acre after Jul 15)
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Farmer'
Training
s
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Farmers' trainings refer to organized educational sessions, workshops, or field-based

programs aimed at improving the knowledge, skills, and practices of farmers. These
trainings are designed to introduce modern agricultural techniques, increase productivity,
promote sustainable farming, and improve livelihoods in rural communities.

Objectives of Farmers' Trainings:

 Enhance Technical Knowledge

Teach farmers about improved seeds, irrigation methods, crop rotation, pest control, etc.
 Introduce Modern Technologies
Train farmers in the use of machinery, mobile apps, precision farming tools, and
weather forecasting.
 Promote Sustainable Practices
Encourage organic farming, soil conservation, water management, and climate-smart
agriculture.
 Improve Farm Management Skills
Provide training on financial literacy, record-keeping, marketing, and agribusiness.
 Facilitate Access to Resources
Link farmers with government schemes, cooperatives, microloans, and market networks.

Types of Farmers' Trainings:

 On-Farm Demonstrations – Practical, field-based training in real farming conditions.

 Workshops & Seminars – Classroom-style learning for knowledge exchange.
 Farmer Field Schools (FFS) – Group-based experiential learning programs.
 Digital or Mobile-Based Trainings – e-Learning modules, apps, or SMS services for
remote areas.
 Extension Services – Continuous support and follow-up provided by
agricultural extension officers.

Topics Commonly Covered:

 Crop production and protection

 Livestock and dairy farming
 Soil health and fertility management
 Integrated pest management (IPM)
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 Post-harvest handling and value addition

 Agribusiness and market access

Benefits of Farmers' Trainings:

 Increased crop yield and income

 Reduced input costs through efficient practices
 Improved food security and sustainability
 Better adaptation to climate change
 Empowerment of smallholder farmers and rural communit
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Individual
Activity
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activity refers to a task, exercise, or project that is completed independently by one person without
collaboration with others. These activities are designed to encourage self-reliance,
personal responsibility, and independent thinking.

Purpose of Individual Activities:

 To assess a person’s skills or understanding without external assistance.

 To promote self-discipline and time management.
 To help individuals build confidence in their own abilities.
 To allow for personalized learning or work pace.

f Individual Activities (by Context): In Education:

 Writing an essay or report

 Solving math problems independently
 Reading comprehension exercises
 Creating a personal project or presentation

In Training or Workshops:

 Self-assessment forms
 Case study analysis
 Goal-setting worksheets
 Reflection journals

In Agriculture (e.g., Farmers' Training):

 Identifying pests or diseases on sample crops

 Preparing a basic farm budget
 Recording personal farm data
 Practicing seed selection or spacing on a small plot

Benefits of Individual Activities:

 Encourages critical thinking and problem-solving

 Builds a sense of ownership over one’s work or learning
 Highlights areas of strengths and weaknesses
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MAJOR CROPS GROWN IN Tehsil

KAHROR PACCA
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Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)

1. Introduction

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) is a vital cash crop of Pakistan, commonly referred to as

"White Gold" due to its economic importance. It forms the backbone of Pakistan's textile
industry and contributes significantly to GDP and export earnings. During my internship
with the Agriculture Extension Department of Kahror Pacca, I had the opportunity to learn,
observe, and participate in various field-level activities related to cotton cultivation and
farmer education.

2. Importance of Cotton in Pakistan

 Cotton contributes around 8-9% to GDP and over 50% of foreign exchange earnings.
 Provides employment to millions, especially in rural areas.
 It is the primary raw material for the textile industry, which is the largest industrial
sector in Pakistan.
 Cottonseed is also used for oil extraction and animal feed.

3. Area and Production in District Kahror Pacca

District Kahror Pacca, located in South Punjab, lies in the cotton belt of Pakistan.

 Total cultivated area in Kahror Pacca (approx.): 250,000+ acres

 Major tehsils: Kahror Pacca, Dunyapur, Kehror Pakka
 Production Challenges: Pest infestations, improper seed quality, water scarcity.

4. Soil Preparation

Proper soil preparation is essential for good germination and plant growth.

 Ploughing: 2–3 deep ploughings with moldboard plough

 Harrowing: To break clods and level the soil
 Bed formation: For improved water management and pest control
 Soil Testing: S tion
Conducted before e
sowing to determine l The selection
nutrient status and pH 5. Variet e
of
y c
 36

suitable v e s ensures
and a t high yield
approve r i and pest
d cotton i e resistance.

6. Seed Rate and Sowing Method

Seed Rate:

 Bed sowing: 6–8 kg/acre

 Flat sowing: 10–12 kg/acre

Sowing Method

Drill Sowing (Recommended):

 Seeds are sown in rows using a seed drill machine, ensuring uniform spacing (about 30
inches between rows and 8-12 inches between plants).
 Benefits include better seed placement, uniform plant stand, and efficient weed control.
 Improves water use efficiency and nutrient uptake.
 37

Broadcasting:

 Seeds are scattered manually or mechanically over the prepared soil surface.
 This method is less efficient as it leads to uneven plant distribution, overcrowding in
some areas, and wastage of seed.
 Often used where mechanized drills are not available but generally discouraged.

Ridge or Bed Planting:

 Seeds are sown on raised beds or ridges, which improves drainage and
root development.
 Common in areas with heavy or poorly drained soils.
 Helps in better water management and reduces disease incidence.

Seed Treatment:

Seeds should be treated with recommended fungicides (e.g., Thiram, Captan) and
insecticides before sowing to protect against seed rot and early pests like
thrips and jassids.

Sowing Time in Kahror Pacca:

Mid-April to end-May (optimal time for maximum yield)

7. Thinning

 Performed 20–25 days after sowing

 Ensures optimum plant population (~20,000–25,000 plants per acre)
 Weak, diseased, or clustered seedlings are removed

8. Fertilizer Application

Fertilizer management is critical for achieving high cotton yields and maintaining soil fertility.
Proper application of nutrients ensures healthy plant growth, optimum boll development,
and better fiber quality.
 38

Recommended Fertilizer Dose (per acre):

 Nitrogen (N): 80–100 kg

 Phosphorus (P2O5): 60 kg
 Potassium (K2O): 40 kg (if soil test indicates deficiency)
 Zinc (Zn): 5 kg (if deficiency is identified through soil testing)

Application Schedule:

Basal Application:

 Apply full dose of phosphorus (DAP or SSP) and potassium at the time of sowing or
during soil preparation.
 Incorporate the fertilizers well into the soil to improve availability.

Nitrogen Application:

Nitrogen should be applied in split doses to maximize uptake and reduce losses:

 First dose: At sowing or just before planting (about one-third of total N).
 Second dose: At the start of flowering (first square stage).
 Third dose: At the boll formation stage.

Micronutrients:

 Zinc and other micronutrients should be applied based on soil test results.
 Foliar sprays of micronutrients can be done if deficiency symptoms appear during crop
growth.

Fertilizer Sources:

 Nitrogen: Urea (46% N) is the most common source.

 Phosphorus: Diammonium phosphate (DAP) or Single super phosphate (SSP).
 Potassium: Potassium sulfate or muriate of potash (KCl).
 Zinc: Zinc sulfate or chelated zinc for foliar application.

Use of bio-fertilizers and compost is also encouraged to improve soil health.

 39

9. Irrigation Management

Effective irrigation management is vital for cotton cultivation, as water availability directly
affects plant growth, boll development, and yield quality. Proper scheduling and method of
irrigation help optimize water use efficiency and prevent water stress or waterlogging.

Irrigation Scheduling

Cotton requires about 600–800 mm of water during its entire growing season.

The crop is sensitive to water stress during key growth stages:

 Vegetative stage (squaring): Adequate moisture is needed for healthy leaf and shoot
development.
 Flowering and boll formation: Critical stage; water stress during this period severely
reduces yield.
 Boll maturation: Reduced water supply helps in boll opening and fiber quality.
 Typical irrigation intervals vary from 7 to 10 days, depending on soil type, weather,
and crop stage.

Number and Timing of Irrigations

 Usually, 6 to 8 irrigations are applied during the cotton growing season.

 The first irrigation is given just after sowing or at seedling emergence.
 Subsequent irrigations are scheduled based on soil moisture status and crop
requirements, with special attention during flowering and boll formation
stages.

Methods of Irrigation

Flood Irrigation:

 Traditional and commonly used method in Kahror Pacca.

 Requires well-leveled fields to ensure uniform water distribution.
 Can lead to water wastage and salinity problems if not managed properly.

Furrow Irrigation:

 Water is applied in furrows between rows, reducing water use compared to flood
irrigation.
 40

 Suitable for flat and gently sloping fields.

Drip Irrigation (Modern Method):

 Highly efficient water-use method delivering water directly to the root zone.
 Reduces water consumption and minimizes weed growth and disease incidence.
 Not yet widely adopted but promoted by the Agriculture Extension Department in pilot
projects.

Sprinkler Irrigation:

 Suitable for light soils and uneven fields.

 Provides uniform moisture and reduces labor.

Water Stress Indicators

 Leaf rolling and wilting: Early signs of water deficiency.

 Dry and cracked soil surface: Indicates the need for irrigation.
 Reduced boll size and shedding: Result from prolonged water stress.

Water Management Tips

 Avoid over-irrigation to prevent waterlogging and root diseases.

 Use soil moisture gauges or tensiometers if available for precise irrigation scheduling.
 Combine irrigation with mulching to reduce evaporation losses.

10. Weed Management

Weed management is crucial in cotton farming because weeds compete with the crop for
nutrients, water, light, and space—especially during the first 6–8 weeks after sowing, which
is the critical period for weed control. Poor weed control can reduce cotton yield by 30–
40%.

Common Weeds in Cotton Fields (Kahror Pacca

District) Weed Name Botanical Name

 41

1. Cotton Leaf Curl Virus (CLCuV)

Cause: Whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) vector

Symptoms:

 Leaf curling and thickening

 Stunted growth and reduced boll formation

Control:

 Use of CLCuV-tolerant varieties (e.g., IUB-13, MNH-1020)

 Whitefly management (Imidacloprid, Buprofezin)
 Avoid late sowing and alternate host crops (e.g., tomato, okra)
 Remove and destroy infected plants early

2. Bacterial Blight (Angular Leaf Spot)

Pathogen: Xanthomonas campestris pv. malvacearum

Symptoms:

 Water-soaked angular lesions on leaves

 Stem cankers and boll rotting

Control:

 Use resistant varieties

 Treat seed with Streptomycin or Copper-based fungicides
 Avoid overhead irrigation
 Rotate crops and avoid dense sowing

3. Root Rot

Pathogen: Macrophomina phaseolina, Rhizoctonia solani

 42

Symptoms:

 Sudden wilting, root browning, and plant death

Control:

 Avoid over-irrigation and water stagnation

 Ensure proper field drainage
 Crop rotation and deep summer ploughing
 Seed treatment with fungicides (Carbendazim, Thiram)

4. Fusarium and Verticillium Wilt

Pathogens: Fusarium oxysporum, Verticillium dahliae

Symptoms:

 Yellowing and wilting of lower leaves

 Vascular browning in stem

Control:

 Use resistant/tolerant varieties

 Soil solarization and crop rotation
 Seed treatment with Trichoderma-based biopesticides

5. Boll Rot

Caused by: Complex of fungal and bacterial pathogens (e.g., Aspergillus, Fusarium,
Colletotrichum)

Symptoms:

 Brown to black rotting of bolls

 Foul smell and reduced fiber quality

Control:

 Avoid injury to bolls and excessive irrigation

 43

 Spray protective fungicides like Mancozeb or Copper Oxychloride

 Ensure proper spacing and air circulation

6. Anthracnose

Pathogen: Colletotrichum gossypii

Symptoms:

 Sunken dark lesions on stem and bolls

Control:

 Use disease-free seed

 Spray fungicides (Carbendazim or Mancozeb)
 Timely harvesting to avoid prolonged boll exposure

11. Topping / Tikking

Topping, also locally known as Tikking, is a recommended agronomic practice in cotton

cultivation aimed at improving the overall health, productivity, and boll retention of the crop.

What is Topping / Tikking?

Topping involves the removal of the terminal (main) growing point of the cotton plant
after it has developed sufficient height and vegetative growth. This practice helps redirect
the plant’s energy from vertical growth to lateral branching and boll development.

Purpose of Topping in Cotton

 Enhances side branching for more boll formation

 Reduces excessive height, which helps in better light penetration
 Helps in uniform boll setting and maturity
 Improves air circulation, reducing disease risk
 Facilitates mechanical picking and easier crop management

Ideal Timing for Topping

 30–40 days after sowing or when the plant has reached a height of 40–45 cm
 44

 Typically done when there are 8–10 fully developed nodes

 Avoid topping too early (before 6 nodes) or too late (after flowering begins)

Topping Procedure

 Pinch or cut off the terminal bud of the plant manually or with scissors
 In large fields, topping may be done using simple hand tools or mechanical trimmers
 Single topping is generally sufficient, but in some cases, a second light topping may
be done if growth resumes excessively

Precautions During Topping

 Do not top under stress conditions (e.g., drought, pest infestation)

 Ensure good nutrient and water availability before and after topping
 Avoid topping during or just before heavy rainfall

Benefits Observed in Kahror Pacca Region

 Up to 15–20% increase in yield observed in topped plots versus untopped

 More uniform boll distribution on sympodial branches
 Reduced pest pressure on terminal buds (especially from jassid and thrips)

12. Harvesting Time

 Cotton is ready for picking when bolls fully open and fibers are fluffy and dry.
 Harvesting generally starts from late September to early November in the Kahror
Pacca district.
 Picking should be delayed in the morning to avoid dew moisture, which can stain lint.

13. Harvesting Methods

A. Manual Picking (Common in Pakistan)

 Most widely used method in Kahror Pacca and across Punjab.

 Involves hand-picking opened bolls in multiple pickings (2–3 rounds).
 First picking includes clean, high-quality lint; later pickings may include stained or
lower-quality lint.

Advantages:
 45

 Preserves fiber length and quality

 Selective picking avoids immature or insect-damaged bolls

Disadvantages:

 Labor-intensive and time-consuming

 Labor shortage can delay harvesting and increase losses

B. Mechanical Harvesting (Emerging Practice)

 Used in large-scale commercial farms or research stations

 Machines like spindle pickers or strippers are employed

Requirements:

 Uniform boll opening

 Clean, well-managed field (minimal weeds/stalks)
 Defoliant application before machine picking

Benefits:

 Rapid harvesting with reduced labor cost

 Timely completion reduces risk of weather damage

Limitations:

 High initial cost of machinery

 Possible contamination with plant debris if not managed properly

3. Pre-Harvest Preparations

 Defoliants (e.g., Thidiazuron + Diuron) may be applied to shed leaves and reduce
trash in harvested cotton.
 Remove weeds and senescent plants to ease picking.
 Ensure field sanitation to minimize fiber contamination.

4. Post-Harvest Handling

 Keep picked cotton in clean, dry cloth bags or baskets.

 46

 Avoid mixing of clean and stained lint.

 Store in dry, shaded areas to prevent moisture-related spoilage.
 Ginning should be done promptly to preserve fiber properties

Practice Benefit

Training on proper picking techniques Reduces leaf trash and foreign matter

Use of cotton picking bags Minimizes soil and dirt contamination

Encouraging timely picking Maintains lint brightness and staple

Demonstrations on defoliant use Facilitates clean mechanical harvesting

15. Average Market Rate and Yield

Average Yield in Kahror Pacca:

 18–25 maunds per acre, depending on variety and management

Market Rate (2024 Estimate):

 Rs. 7,000–8,500 per maund, fluctuates based on quality and demand

Government Support:

 MSP (Minimum Support Price)

 Cotton procurement through registered ginning factories

14. Role of Agriculture Extension Department

During my internship, I observed the department's responsibilities:

 Field visits to monitor crop health and guide farmers

 47

 Pest scouting and ETL-based spraying recommendations

 Organizing farmer field schools (FFS) and Kisan melas
 Providing inputs like certified seeds, fertilizers (in some schemes)
 Training on climate-smart agriculture

Wheat (Triticum aestivum)

1. Introduction

Wheat (Triticum aestivum) is one of the most important cereal crops in the world and holds a
vital position in Pakistan’s agriculture. It is the principal food grain for a majority of the
population and contributes significantly to the nation's food security. Wheat is grown
throughout Pakistan, especially in the Punjab province, due to its favorable agro-climatic
conditions and availability of irrigation water. The crop is planted during the Rabi season
(winter) and harvested in spring. It is consumed in various forms such as flour, bread (roti),
and other bakery products. Besides being a staple food, wheat is also essential for the socio-
economic stability of farming communities across Pakistan. During my internship at the
Agriculture Extension Department, Kahror Pacca, I gained valuable insights into modern
wheat production practices, farmer education programs, and the department's role in
boosting wheat yield and profitability. This report outlines the detailed processes and
observations related to wheat cultivation in the Kahror Pacca district.

2. Importance of Wheat in Pakistan

 Staple Food Crop: Wheat contributes to over 60% of the daily caloric intake in
Pakistan. It is a fundamental part of the Pakistani diet, especially in rural areas.
 Strategic Crop for Food Security: As the main food crop, wheat ensures national food
security. Self-sufficiency in wheat production reduces reliance on imports and stabilizes
the economy.
 48

 Economic Contributor: Wheat cultivation contributes significantly to the GDP and

serves as a source of income for millions of farmers, particularly in Punjab, which
accounts for nearly 75% of the total wheat production.
 Employment Generation: The wheat sector provides employment through farming,
harvesting, transportation, and processing, especially in rural communities.
 Policy Focus: The government often announces minimum support prices (MSP) and
introduces subsidies on inputs like fertilizer and seed to encourage wheat production.
 Role in Crop Rotation: Wheat plays an essential role in sustainable farming practices
through rotation with crops like cotton, rice, and sugarcane to maintain soil fertility.

3. Area and Production in District Kahror Pacca

 Total wheat cultivation area in Kahror Pacca: ~400,000 acres

 Tehsils: Kahror Pacca, Dunyapur, Kehror Pakka
 Average yield: 28–35 maunds per acre
 Key production challenges include delayed sowing, lack of certified seed, and irrigation
issues.

4. Soil Preparation

Proper soil preparation is a critical step for successful wheat cultivation, as it directly influences
seed germination, root development, nutrient uptake, and water retention. In the Kahror Pacca
district, the Agriculture Extension Department recommends the following practices for
optimal soil preparation:

1. Primary Tillage

 Deep Ploughing: Performed 1–2 times using a moldboard or chisel plough to break the
hardpan and improve soil aeration.
 Purpose: Helps eliminate deep-rooted weeds, loosens the soil for better root
penetration, and improves moisture conservation.

2. Secondary Tillage
 49

 Harrowing: Conducted 2–3 times to crush clods and level the soil. Disc harrows or tine
cultivators are commonly used.
 Planking: Done after harrowing to ensure a fine seedbed and good soil-to-seed contact.

3. Land Leveling

 Laser Land Leveling: Promoted widely by the Extension Department to ensure

uniform water distribution and reduce irrigation losses. It also facilitates even
crop growth and reduces weed pressure.

4. Soil Testing

 Pre-Sowing Soil Analysis: Farmers are encouraged to test soil before sowing to
determine nutrient status (NPK, organic matter, pH, salinity). Based on test results,
balanced fertilizer recommendations are made to ensure better crop performance.

5. Field Sanitation

 Removing crop residues and managing previous crop stubbles helps minimize pest and
disease carryover and improves the overall field environment for sowing wheat.

5. Variety Selection

Recommended Wheat Varieties in Kahror Pacca:

Punjab-2011, Galaxy-2013, Ujala-2016, Akbar-2019, and Anaj-21

Selection Criteria:

 Drought and disease resistance

 Suitable for local agro-climatic conditions
 Certified by Punjab Seed Corporation

6. Seed Rate

 Drill sowing: 50 kg/acre (certified seed)

 50

 Broadcasting: 60–65 kg/acre (less efficient)

 Higher seed rate for late sowing to ensure plant population

7. Sowing Method

The sowing method plays a vital role in achieving optimal plant population, uniform emergence,
and efficient resource use in wheat cultivation. In the Kahror Pacca district, the Agriculture
Extension Department emphasizes modern and scientifically backed sowing techniques to
improve wheat productivity. Below are the commonly practiced methods:

1. Recommended Fertilizer Dose (Per Acre):

Nutrient Quantity Common Fertilizer No. of Bags

Nitrogen (N) 100–120 kg Urea 2–2.5 bags

Phosphorus DAP
(P₂O₅) 60 kg 1.5 bags
(Diammonium
Phosphate)

Potassium 30 kg 0.5–1 bag (based

SOP or MOP
(K₂O) (if on test)
needed)

Note: Fertilizer recommendations may vary depending on soil fertility status

and crop history.

2. Application Timing and Method:

Phosphorus (DAP):

 Apply the full dose at the time of sowing.

 Mix with seed or apply through seed-cum-fertilizer drill.

Nitrogen (Urea):

Apply in two equal splits:

 51

 First Split: At tillering stage (25–30 days after sowing)

 Second Split: At booting stage (just before ear emergence)
Potassium (if required):
 52

Weed Management

Weed control is a crucial aspect of wheat production, as weeds compete with the crop for
nutrients, water, light, and space. Poor weed management can reduce wheat yields by 20–
40%, particularly during the first 30–45 days after sowing. Effective weed control in Kahror
Pacca is actively promoted by the Agriculture Extension Department.

1. Common Weeds in Wheat Fields (Kahror Pacca Region)

Common Name Botanical Name Type

Wild oats Avena fatua Grassy weed

Phalaris (Dumbi Sitti) Phalaris minor Grassy weed

Bathu Chenopodium album Broadleaf weed

Krund Convolvulus arvensis Broadleaf weed

Jangli Hulhul Fumaria parviflora Broadleaf weed

 53

2. Weed Control Methods

A. Cultural Methods

 Crop Rotation: Breaks weed cycles and reduces weed seed bank.
 Proper Sowing Time: Timely sowing gives wheat a competitive advantage.
 Optimal Seed Rate and Row Spacing: Ensures dense canopy and reduces
weed growth.
 Clean Field Preparation: Land is ploughed and harrowed well before sowing.

B. Mechanical Methods

 Manual Weeding: Done with hands or hand hoes, especially in small fields.
 Inter-row Cultivation: Using wheel hoe or tine cultivator in wide row planting.
 Weeder Implements: Extension department promotes the use of mechanical weeders.

C. Chemical Methods

Herbicide use is efficient and economical in larger fields.

Time of
Type Herbicide Name Target Weeds
Application

Post- Clodinafop-propargyl 25–30 days

Grassy weeds
emergence (Topik 15WP) after sowing

Post- 25–30 days Mixed grassy and

emergence Isoproturon
after sowing some broadleaf

Broadleaf- 30–35 days

specific 2,4-D Amine Broadleaf weeds
after sowing

Precaution: Apply herbicides when weeds are in 2–4 leaf stage. Avoid
spraying during windy or rainy conditions.

3. Integrated Weed Management (IWM)

The Extension Department encourages an integrated approach:

 54

 Combining mechanical and chemical methods

 Promoting weed-free seed
 Encouraging farmer field schools for hands-on training

4. Benefits of Timely Weed Management

 Enhanced nutrient availability to wheat plants

 Improved tillering and grain development
 Higher water-use efficiency
 Overall increase in yield and profitability

8. Cultivation Practices

 Inter-row cultivation in early stages to reduce compaction

 Use of rotavator for seedbed preparation
 Harvesting done when crop moisture reaches 20–22%

9. Pest Management

Pests can significantly reduce wheat yield by damaging roots, leaves, stems, and developing
grains. Effective pest management in wheat requires timely monitoring, identification, and
control measures. The Agriculture Extension Department of Kahror Pacca conducts regular
field surveys and awareness campaigns to educate farmers on integrated pest management
(IPM).

1. Major Insect Pests of Wheat (Kahror Pacca Region)

Common Name Scientific Name Damage Caused

Rhopalosiphum padi, Suck sap from leaves and stems;

Aphids
Schizaphis graminum transmit viral diseases

Feed on leaves and can destroy

Armyworm Mythimna separata
entire crop patches

Termites Odontotermes obesus Attack roots and stems, causing

 55

Common Name Scientific Name Damage Caused

lodging

Cutworms Agrotis ipsilon Cut young plants at ground level

Root Damage roots and reduce plant

Aphids Pemphigus spp.
vigor
(minor)

2. Pest Monitoring and Economic Threshold Levels (ETLs)

 Aphids: 10–15 aphids per tiller on 10% plants

 Armyworm: 1–2 larvae per square meter
 Termites: Presence of holes/tunnels in 5–10% plants

Regular scouting is essential from the tillering stage to grain filling.

3. Control Measures

A. Cultural Control

 Early sowing (within the first 10–15 days of November) helps the crop escape peak
aphid infestation.
 Deep ploughing during summer to destroy pest hibernation sites.
 Removal of weeds and alternate hosts from field borders.

B. Biological Control

 Use of natural predators like ladybird beetles (Coccinellidae) and green lacewings
(Chrysoperla carnea) to control aphids.
 Installation of bird perches to attract insectivorous birds.

C. Mechanical Control

 Use of yellow sticky traps for aphids.

 Light traps for monitoring and controlling armyworm adults.
 56

1. Farmer Training & Awareness

 Organizes farmer field schools (FFS) and seminars on:

 Improved wheat varieties
 Fertilizer management
 Pest and disease control
 Weed management techniques

2. Distribution of Certified Seed

 Collaborates with Punjab Seed Corporation and private seed companies.

 Ensures availability of certified, high-yielding, and disease-resistant varieties such as
Galaxy-2013, Anaj-21, Akbar-2019.
 Promotes early booking and subsidized seed distribution.

3. Pest and Disease Surveillance

 Conducts regular field surveys for:

Aphids and armyworm , Rusts (leaf, stripe, stem)

 Issues alerts and advisories via SMS, field visits, and local radio.

4. Fertilizer and Soil Health Guidance

 Encourages soil testing for balanced nutrient management.

 Promotes efficient use of inputs (DAP, Urea, Potash).
 Advises on split application of nitrogen to reduce losses.

5. Water Management Support

 Promotes laser land leveling and bed planting for water efficiency.
 Educates farmers on critical irrigation stages.
 Supports adoption of new irrigation technologies where feasible.

6. Demonstration Plots

 Establishes model farms showcasing recommended wheat practices.

 Encourages neighboring farmers to replicate successful techniques.
 57

7. Mechanization and Post-Harvest

 Promotes use of drill sowing machines and harvesters.

 Educates farmers on grain storage, pest-safe packaging, and moisture testing.

8. Linkage with Government Schemes

Facilitates access to:

 Subsidies on inputs and machinery

 Government wheat procurement programs
 Crop insurance and relief in case of calamities
 58

INDIVIUAL
CONTACTS IN
FIELD
 59

Total
Parentage Land
Farmer Date of Name
of
Contact No. Sowing of
Farmer
Variety
(Acres)

Ameer
3069020762 cs200
Pur Sadat

Ameer
3000849696 FH333
Pur Sadat
muhammad faisal bhuttaS/O Hussain
Ameer
3066423537 fh333
Pur Sadat

Kareem Hussain
3017783084 tristar

0302-
FH333
6780987

Ameer
3047232318 FH333
Pur Sadat

Ameer
3008724542 FH333
Pur Sadat

Ameer
3000098019 FH333, 315
Pur Sadat

Ameer
3017753002
Pur Sadat

Ameer 0301-
FH-333
Pur Sadat 7438394

Ameer 0300-
CKC-6
Pur Sadat 8684316

Ghulam
Ameer 0303-
Super Gold
Pur Sadat 6830785

Kareem
Ameer 0304-
FH-333
Pur Sadat 1821454

Ameer
3041075911 FH-333
Pur Sadat
Ameer
3041075911 FH-333
Pur Sadat
Ameer FH-
3018923260
Pur Sadat 333,1148,888
Ameer
3054690708 BS-352
Pur Sadat
 60

18 Salsadar Salsadar M zahid 3215123233 2.5 1 8/2/2025 BS-352

Ahmad
Nawaz S/o
Ameer Jageer 0301- 24-02-
19 Haji 19 7 FH-333
Pur Sadat Kikri 7705589 2025
Muhammad
Bux
Ghulam
Muhammad
Ameer Jageer 0301-
20 S/o 7 1 15-2-2025 FH-333
Pur Sadat Kikri 8527856
Muhammad
Bux
Ghulam
Ameer Jageer Hassan S/o 0300-
21 43 5 15-2-2025 FH-333
Pur Sadat Kikri Ghulam 7878466
Rasool
Hafiz Fiaz
Ameer Jageer 0300- FH-
22 S/o Allah 12 5 27-2-2025
Pur Sadat Kikri 1083314 333,1148,888
Ditta
Mushtaq
Ameer Jageer 0300-
23 Ahmad S/o 12 7 22-2-2025 BS-352
Pur Sadat Kikri 9686714
Allah Ditta
M Saleem
Ameer Jageer 0300-
24 S/o M 15 5 18-2-2025 BS-352
Pur Sadat Kikri 7810128
Nawaz
M Sideq
Ameer 0300- 24-02-
25 95/M S/o Abdul 14 5 MR-2
Pur Sadat Rehman 6836860 2025
Abdul
Shakoor
Ameer 0301-
26 95/M S/o 10 5 15-2-2025 FH-333
Pur Sadat 4924184
Muhammad
Bux
M Akram
Ameer 0300-
27 95/M S/o Barkat 8 4 15-2-2025 FH-333
Pur Sadat 6806431
Ali
M Arshad
Ameer 0300-
28 95/M S/o Barkat 8 4 2/2/2025 FH-333
Pur Sadat 6821997
Ali
M Boota
Ameer 0300-
29 97/M S/o Abdul 6 5 15/2/2025 FH-333
Pur Sadat Latif 6801273
M Hussian
Ameer 0306-
30 97/M S/o M 5 5 2/2/2025 FH-333
Pur Sadat Boota 9318012
 61

Total Sowing Area in Lodhran Tehsil Kahror Pacca

Achievement
(acres)
Target area
# Name of crop
in (acres) Last Curre
year year

16129
1 Wheat 160000 173500
4

2 Gram 0 0 0

3 Lentil 0 0 0

4 Onion 4052 3970 6628

5 Tomato 0 470 210

6 Canola 0 115 1255

7 All Vegetables 8078 4095 4105

8 Sunflower 0 2600 1020

9 Maize 0 12300 11220

10 Fodder 0 8940 6540

11 Balango 0 120 210

12 Chillies 0 220 445

13 Musk Melon 0 540 1125

14 Water Melon 0 325 545

15 Cotton 86000 56420 70949

16 Sesame 0 1210 490

17 Mong 0 310 47