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Ocn Viva

The document provides an overview of optical fiber communication, including its definition, advantages, and disadvantages. It covers key concepts such as optical bands, types of fibers, transmission characteristics, and network components. Additionally, it discusses various technologies and applications related to optical fibers, emphasizing their importance in modern communication systems.

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Anil yadav
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20 views4 pages

Ocn Viva

The document provides an overview of optical fiber communication, including its definition, advantages, and disadvantages. It covers key concepts such as optical bands, types of fibers, transmission characteristics, and network components. Additionally, it discusses various technologies and applications related to optical fibers, emphasizing their importance in modern communication systems.

Uploaded by

Anil yadav
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Module 1: Introduction and Basics of Optical Fiber

Communication
➔ What is optical fiber communication? Why is it needed?
It is sending data using light through fiber cables.
It is needed because it is very fast, covers long distances, and has low loss.

➔ What are Optical Bands and Optical Windows?


Bands are frequency ranges where light works best.
Windows are ranges with lowest loss, so we use them for communication.

➔ What are the advantages and disadvantages of optical fibers?


Advantages: High speed, large bandwidth, no electric interference.
Disadvantages: Fragile, expensive installation, difficult to repair.

➔ Explain Ray theory and Wave theory.


Ray theory: Light moves in straight lines inside fiber.
Wave theory: Light behaves like a wave and spreads.

➔ Types of Optical Fibers? (SMF vs MMF)


SMF: Single mode, one light path, long distance.
MMF: Multiple modes, short distance, cheaper.

➔ What is Mode Field Diameter (MFD)?


It shows the width of light inside fiber.
Bigger MFD means light spreads more.

➔ What is MCVD technique?


It is a method to make fiber by putting chemicals inside a glass tube and heating it.

➔ What is a Photonic Crystal Fiber?


It is a special fiber that uses tiny air holes to control light better.

Module 2: Transmission Characteristics of Optical Fiber


➔ What is Dispersion? Types of dispersion?
Dispersion means spreading of light signals, causing blurring.
Types: Chromatic, Modal, and Polarization dispersion.

➔ How is dispersion compensated?


By using special fibers or devices to cancel the spreading of signals.

➔ What is OTDR?
A machine that sends light pulses to find breaks and faults in fiber.

➔ Types of Transmission losses in optical fiber?


Absorption loss
Scattering loss
Bending loss
Connector loss

➔ What is Attenuation?
Loss of light power as it travels through fiber.

Module 3: Optical Communication Systems


➔ Difference between LED and LASER as light sources?
LED: Wide light, less power, cheap, short distance.
LASER: Sharp light, high power, costly, long distance.

➔ What is VCSEL?
A laser that sends light straight up from its surface.
It is small, fast, and low-cost.

➔ Explain PIN and APD photodiodes.


PIN: Simple light detector, good for normal signals.
APD: Boosts weak signals, used when light is very low.

➔ What is an Eye diagram? What information can you get from it?
A graph showing signal quality.
Clear eye opening means good signal, small eye means errors.

➔ What is Bit Error Rate (BER)?


The number of wrong bits divided by total bits sent.

Module 4: Optical Network System Components and Optical


Networks
➔ What is the function of an Optical Coupler, Isolator, and Circulator?
Coupler: Joins or splits light.
Isolator: Allows light to pass in one direction only.
Circulator: Sends light in a circular one-way path.

➔ What is WDM?
WDM sends many lights (colors) together in one fiber to increase data capacity.

➔ Explain SONET and SDH.


SONET: USA standard for fiber networks.
SDH: International standard, same like SONET.

➔ What is an Add Drop Multiplexer?


A device that can add or remove specific channels from the fiber without stopping others.
➔ What are different types of WDM Networks?

Access Network: Small area (like buildings)


Metro Network: City-level
Long Haul Network: Country-level or bigger

Module 5: Packet Switching and Access Networks


➔ What is OTDM?
It sends different data one by one at different times through the same fiber.

➔ What is FTTH?
Bringing fiber cable directly to homes for very fast internet.

➔ What is Optical Burst Switching?


Sending data packets in bursts instead of continuous flow.

Module 6: Network Design and Management


➔ What is Power Penalty?
Extra power needed at receiver if system is not perfect.

➔ What is Crosstalk in optical networks?


Signal leaking from one channel to another, causing noise.

➔ What are different Network Management functions?

Configuration (setting devices)


Performance (checking working)
Fault Management (fixing problems)

➔ What is Free Space Optics? What are its challenges?


It is sending data through air using laser beams.
Problems: Weather issues like rain, fog, and dust can block the signal.

Bonus Common VIVA Questions


➔ Draw and explain the basic block diagram of an optical communication system.
Blocks:
Transmitter → Optical Fiber → Receiver.
Transmitter changes data to light, fiber carries light, receiver changes it back to data.

➔ Compare optical fiber vs copper cables.


Fiber: Faster, longer distance, less loss.
Copper: Slower, shorter distance, more loss.

➔ Applications of optical fiber in real life?


Internet
Medical imaging
Military
Cable TV

➔ Why do we prefer LASER light for communication?


Laser light is strong, focused, and can travel very far without spreading.

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