MT636 HISTOLOGY LECTURE DEVELOPMENT OF SKELETAL MUSCLE

MUSCULAR TISSUE 1. Starts as a MESENCHYMAL CELL

-that would eventually become myoblast
OVERVIEW AND GENERALITIES 2. MYOBLAST
• Embryonic origin: Mesoderm (mesenchyme) -individual cells composed of one nucleus
• Primary tissue for motion and contraction -fuse together to make longer, multinucleated
• Thermogenesis: contraction generates heat tubes called MYOTUBES
• Storage and movement of substances within the 3. MYOTUBES
body (different visceral organs) -synthesize proteins to make up myofilaments
• muscle tissue is in a syncytium (synchronized) -myofilaments causes cross-striations
SKELETAL: anatomic syncytium
4. MATURE MYOTUBES
-composed of multinucleated cells
-myotubes continue differentiating to form
-primitive cells fuse together to form
functional myofilaments
multinucleated cell during development
-nuclei are displaced against the sarcolemma
-well coordinated movement
-become muscle fiber cell
CARDIAC: functional syncytium • SATELLITE CELLS
-mononucleated cells -not all myoblast fuse together
-individual cardiac muscle fibers are -those that remained mononucleated
connected together by intercalated discs, -stayed as group of mesenchymal cells
linking neighboring cells -found near the skeletal muscle fibers
ORGANIZATION OF A SKELETAL MUSCLE
• All muscle types are:
-elongated in shape FASCIA: dense irregular CT that covers the whole
-fibrillar sarcoplasm: cytoplasm with fibers muscle (Not a part only a covering)
-abundant mitochondria needed for ATP EPIMYSIUM: underneath the fascia;
-contains MYOFILAMENTS -first covering of the whole muscle
-contractile elements -external sheath composed of dense irregular CT
-actin: thin filament -presence of BV, nerves & lymphatic vessels
-myosin: thick filament PERIMYSIUM: thin CT; surrounds each muscle bundle
-other contractile associated proteins called fascicle
FASCICLE: bundle of muscle fibers
• SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM
-which forms the whole muscle
-specialized smooth endoplasmic reticulum
-surrounds myofilaments ENDOMYSIUM
-necessary for calcium storage and sequestration -covering of each muscle fiber
o CALCIUM: cation needed for contraction to happen -more delicate; composed of reticular fibers
-presence of cisterns and T-tubules -presence of capillaries that supplies oxygen and
nutrients to muscle fibers
• SARCOPLASM: muscle cell cytoplasm
TENDONS: connect muscle to bone (periosteum)
• SARCOLEMMA: sarcoplasm + external lamina -collagen fibers of tendons are continuous with those in
-cell membrane complex the connective tissue coverings in the muscle
-external lamina: basal lamina and reticular fibers • Forms a strong unit; allows muscle contraction to
move the skeleton
• SARCOSOME: sarcoplasmic granules (mitochondria)
MYOTENDINOUS JUNCTION: point where skeletal muscle
and tendon meets and joins together
• MYOFIBRILS: threadlike structures in the sarcoplasm
-composed of bundles of myofilaments SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBER: ONE MUSCLE CELL
-long cylindrical cell
• SARCOMERE: basic contractile unit of striated muscle -covered by endomysium and sarcolemma
-extending from one Z disc to next Z disc (repeating) -striations of alternating dark (A) and light (I) bands
DIFFERENT STRUCTURES:
• SARCOPLASM
I. SKELETAL MUSCLE • MYOFIBRILS: actin and myosin
-elongated, cylindrical, striated fibers/cell • SARCOSOMES: mitochondria
o Myofibrils are arranged in dark and light pattern • TRANSVERSE T TUBULES: thousands of tiny
giving it striated appearance invaginations of the sarcolemma
-Nuclei: elongated, multinucleated, periphery -encircle each myofibril
-SATELLITE CELLS: appears on the cross-section -ensures that action potential will exact all the
o Adjacent to most skeletal muscle fibers parts of the muscle fibe at the same time
o Found on the external surface of muscle • SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM: connected to cisterns
fibers inside the developing external lamina -storage and sequestration of calcium
o Mesenchymal cells that allows muscle • TERMINAL CISTERNS
regeneration -dilated end sacs of the sarcoplasmic reticulum
o Proliferate and produce new muscle fibers -where calcium ions are released during muscle
following muscle injury contraction

TRIAD: 1 T Tubule + 2 Terminal Cisterns

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MYOFIBRIL ACCESSORY PROTEINS
-threadlike contractile elements within sarcoplasm of muscle -essential in regulating the spacing, attachment,
fibers that extend the entire length of fiber and alignment of the myofilaments
-composed of actin, myosin and other associated proteins
• Thick filaments (+) myosin
1. TITIN: largest protein in the body
• Thin filaments (+) actin, tropomyosin & troponin
-it connects Z disc to M line
o DARK BAND: Anisotropic band (myosin) -to stabilize thick filament position
o LIGHT BAND: Isotropic band (actin) -elasticity: can stretch & spring back unharmed
-do not alter polarized light
2. a-ACTININ
o Z (ZWISCHEN) DISC: dark transverse line that
-structural protein of Z discs that attached to actin
bisects each I band (middle)
molecules of thin filaments and to titin molecules
-connects positive end of tropomyosin to z disc
SARCOMERE: portion of an I band; whole A band
o H (HENSEN’S) ZONE 3. MYOMESIN
-narrow zone in the center of each A band -structural protein that forms M line
-contains thick but not thin filament -binds to titin molecules and connects adjacent
o M (MIDDLE OF THE SARCOMERE) LINE thick filaments to one another
-supporting proteins that hold the thick filaments -holds thick filament in place
together at the center of the H zone
4. C PROTEIN
-almost the same function with myomesin
-found on either side of the M line
o Distinct transverse stripes
5. TROPOMODULIN
-actin-binding protein
-attached to the free portion of the thin filament
-found on the negative of tropomyosin
6. NEBULIN
-structural inelastic protein
-anchors thin filaments to Z discs
-regulates the length of thin filaments during
CONTRACTILE PROTEINS
development
1. MYOSIN: main component of thick filaments
7. CREATINE KINASE
-composed of two heavy chains of proteins and
-enzyme necessary for the muscles
2 pairs of light chains
-present in the M line
-myosin head: globular; myosin tail
o Protruding part; bind to actin 8. DYSTROPHIN
o Cross-bridges between thick and thin -structural protein
-links laminin proteins to actin filaments
2. ACTIN: main component of thin filaments
-arranged and twisted into a helix
-on each actin molecule is a myosin-binding site
where a myosin head can attach

F-ACTIN (FIBROUS)
-consists of chains or strings of G-actin
-arranged in a double helix
-also have binding site for myosin

3. TROPOMYOSIN
-regulatory protein of thin myofilaments
-2 elongated polypeptide chains; in the groove
of 2 actin strands EVENTS OF MUSCLE CONTRACTION
-have positive (attaches to the z disc by alpha
actinin) and negative (extends up to the 1. A nerve impulse triggers release of ACh
junction of A and I band; tropomodulin) end (acetylcholine) from the synaptic knob into the
synaptic cleft
4. TROPONIN COMPLEX o Synapitic cleft is found in between synaptic knob
and muscle (neuromuscular junction)
-a regulatory proteins of thin myofilaments
-present in 1 tropomyosin 2. ACh binds to ACh receptors in the motor end plate
-composed of 3 globular subproteins: of the neuromuscular junction
• Troponin T (TnT) 3. A muscle impulse (action potential) is initiated in the
-binds to tropomyosin sarcolemma of the muscle fiber
-anchors the complex 4. The muscle impulse spreads quickly from the
• Troponin I (TnI) sarcolemma along T tubules
-regulates actin-myosin interaction 5. Due to depolarization, calcium ions are released
-binds to actin from terminal cisternae into the sarcoplasm
• Troponin C (TnC
-binds to calcium

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6. Calcium ions bind to troponin changing it shape, Capacity for generating Intermediate; aerobic respiration
moving tropomyosin on the actin to expose active ATP & method use & anaerobic glycolysis
sites on actin molecules of thin filaments Rate of ATP hydrolysis by Fast
myosin ATPase
7. Myosin heads of thick filaments attach to exposed
Contraction velocity Fast
active sites to form crossbridge Fatigue resistance Intermediate
8. Myosin heads pivot, moving thin filaments toward Creatine kinase Intermediate amount
the sarcomere center Glycogen stores Intermediate due to anaerobic
9. ATP binds myosin heads and is broken down into glycolysis
ADP and P. Location where fibers Lower limb muscle
10. Myosin heads detach from thin filaments and return are abundant
to their pre-pivot position Primary function of fibers Walking, sprinting
11. The repeating cycle of attach-pivot-detach-return
slides thick and thin filaments past one another 3. FAST GLYCOLYTIC FIBERS (FG) or Type II b
12. The sarcomere shortens and the muscle contracts -small amount of myoglobin
13. The cycle continues as long as calcium ions remain o Pale white in color
bound to troponin to keep active sites exposed -few mitochondria and capillaries
14. When impulse stops, calcium ions are actively Capacity for generating Low by anaerobic glycolysis
transported into the sarcoplasmic reticulum ATP & method use -high amount of lactic acid
15. Tropomyosin recovers active sites, and filaments Rate of ATP hydrolysis by Fast
passively slide back to their relaxed state myosin ATPase
Contraction velocity Fast
Fatigue resistance Low
Creatine kinase Highest amount
Glycogen stores High
Location where fibers Upper limb muscles, extraocular
are abundant muscles
Primary function of fibers Rapid, intense movements, short
duration

II. CARDIAC MUSCLE

-striated, cylindrical and elongated muscle
o Shorter than skeletal muscle
o Branching fibers
-have 1-2 nuclei (found in the center)
-involuntary muscles
o contracts rhythmically and automatically
-stores glycogen used as a source of energy
PROPRIOCEPTORS o pale region under microscope
-sensory receptors found in the muscle - transverse lines called INTERCALATED DISCS
-provides data for CNS o unique feature of cardiac muscles
• MUSCLE SPINDLES: stretch detectors o separates one cardiac muscle to another
• GOLGI TENDON ORGANS o composed of cell junctions:
-detectors of changes in tension *DESMOSOMES & FASCIA ADHERENS
-promote strong intercellular adhesion
TYPES OF SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBERS *GAP JUNCTIONS: electrical synapse
-passage of the calcium
1. SLOW OXIDATIVE FIBERS (SO) or TYPE I
o acts like a Z disc
-darkly staining using immunohistochemistry
-fresh specimen: dark red muscle
-COMPOSITION:
o High amount of myoglobin
• 40% of cell volume: mitochondria
-has iron and allows oxygen storage
• Glycogen granules
Capacity for generating High; anaerobic respiration • Lipofuscin pigments
ATP & method use • Secretory granules near atrial muscle
Rate of ATP hydrolysis by Slow nuclei which release hormone known as
myosin ATPase
Contraction velocity
ATRIAL NATRIURETIC FACTOR
Slow
Fatigue resistance High
-targets kidneys; regulate sodium secretion
Creatine kinase Lowest amount and water balance
Glycogen stores Low
Location where fibers Postural muscle such as those PACEMAKER CELLS
are abundant of neck -regulate contraction and impulse
Primary function of fibers Maintaining posture and -found in Sinoatrial (SA) node
aerobic endurance activities
ORGANIZATION OF CARDIAC MUSCLE FIBER
2. FAST OXIDATIVE-GLYCOTIC FIBERS (FOG) or Type II a • have the same arrangement of actin and myosin and the
-intermediate between SO and FG same light and dark bands, zones, and Z discs as skeletal
-large content of myoglobin muscle fibers
o Red pink in color • Connective tissue covering: endomysium and perimysium
but lacks an epimysium
-many capillaries and mitochondria
• T tubules of cardiac muscle are much larger than that of
skeletal muscle
• Diads instead of triads: 1 T tubule and 1 Cistern

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PURKINJE FIBERS SKELETAL MUSCLE
-specialized muscle fibers
-found on the lower part of heart
-less branching, fewer myofibrils and mitochondria

-shorter, bigger in diameter

-for rapid conduction of electrical impulse

III. SMOOTH MUSCLE/ VISCERAL MUSCLE

-non-striated and involuntary
o myofilaments are not organized
-tapered, spindle shaped, fusiform shaped
-do not form a syncytium; one nucleus in the center
-enclosed by a endomysium (type III and I collagen)
-specialized for slow, steady contraction SMOOTH MUSCLE
o actin does not associate with troponin and tropomyosin
-uses proteins such as CALMODULIN, CALCIUM SENSITIVE MYOSIN
LIGHT CHAIN KINASE instead

o DENSE BODIES: where actin filaments insert

-contain a-actinin; similar to z discs
-found on the periphery of smooth muscle; therefore
used as attachment sites for adhesive junctions,
intermediate filaments

-lack transverse tubules and have only a small amount of

sarcoplasmic reticulum
o presence of numerous small plasmalemma
invaginations similar to Caveolae
-where the calcium is stored and released
-greatest potential for regeneration
o since it is smaller and less differentiated CARDIAC MUSCLE

ALL-OR-NONE LAW
-strength of the muscle reaction is independent to the
strength of the stimulus/ nerve impulse

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