1.

Percentages
1. A number is increased by 20% and then decreased by 25%. What is the net percentage change?
2. If 35% of a number is 210, find the number.
3. A’s income is 20% more than B’s. By what percent is B’s income less than A’s?
4. In an election, the winning candidate got 55% of total valid votes and won by 3000 votes. Find
the total number of valid votes.
5. A student scored 60% in 5 subjects with total marks 500. He scored 95 in Math and 80 in
English. What is his average percentage in the remaining 3 subjects?
6. A population increases by 10% annually. What will be the population after 3 years if the current
population is 5000?
7. If A is 25% of B and B is 50% of C, then what percent is A of C?
8. The price of an article increases by 15% every year. If the current price is ₹529, what was the
price 2 years ago?
2. Profit, Loss & Discounts
9. A shopkeeper sells an article at 20% profit. If the cost price is ₹600, find the selling price.
10. An article is sold for ₹880 at a loss of 12%. Find the cost price.
11. By selling a watch for ₹540, a shopkeeper gains 20%. If it had been sold for ₹480, what would
be the percentage profit or loss?
12. A man bought two bicycles for ₹4000 each. He sold one at a profit of 20% and the other at a
loss of 20%. Find the overall profit/loss percentage.
13. A trader allows 10% discount and still makes a profit of 8%. Find the marked price of an article
if its cost price is ₹500.
14. A shopkeeper marks up goods by 30% and allows a discount of 10%. Find his profit
percentage.
15. If the selling price of an item is 125% of the cost price, find the profit percentage.
16. A man sells two articles at the same selling price — one at 15% profit and the other at 15%
loss. Find the overall gain or loss percentage.
3. Discounts
17. An item is marked at ₹1600. A series of successive discounts of 10% and 5% is offered. What
is the final price?
18. An article is marked at ₹1200. A customer gets two successive discounts of 20% and 10%.
What is the final price?
19. A store offers a discount of 25% and still makes a 20% profit. If the cost price is ₹600, what is
the marked price?
20. A trader marks an item 50% above cost and gives 20% discount. Find his profit percentage.
21. A product is sold for ₹450 after a discount of 10%. Find the marked price.
22. What single discount is equivalent to successive discounts of 20% and 15%?
 23. A dealer allows two successive discounts of 25% and 5%. Find the net discount percentage.
24. A product was sold for ₹680 after giving a 15% discount. Find the marked price.
4. Ratios & Proportions
25. Divide ₹720 in the ratio 4:5:6.
26. A mixture contains milk and water in the ratio 7:3. How much water must be added to 20 liters
of this mixture to make the ratio 3:2?
27. The ratio of ages of A and B is 3:4. After 5 years, the ratio becomes 4:5. Find their current ages.
28. If a:b = 2:3 and b:c = 4:5, find a:c.
29. Two numbers are in the ratio 5:7. If the difference between them is 48, find the numbers.
30. If A and B can do a job in the ratio 3:2, how long will they take together to finish a job that A
can do alone in 15 days?
31. A sum of ₹3600 is divided among A, B, and C in the ratio 3:4:5. How much does C get?
32. If the ratio of boys to girls in a class is 5:6 and there are 55 students, how many girls are there?
5. Problems on Ages
33. The present age of a father is 3 times the age of his son. After 5 years, the father will be twice
as old as the son. Find their present ages.
34. The sum of ages of A and B is 48. After 4 years, A will be twice as old as B. Find their present
ages.
35. A is 4 years older than B. After 3 years, A will be 1.5 times B’s age. Find their present ages.
36. The ages of three siblings are in the ratio 3:4:5. If the sum of their ages is 48, find each age.
37. The father is 40 years old and the son is 10. After how many years will the father be twice as
old as the son?
38. The average age of a family of 5 is 28 years. A baby is born. What is the new average age of
the family after 1 year?
39. A man’s present age is 1/3 of his father’s age. After 10 years, he will be half his father’s age.
Find their present ages.
40. The present age of a mother is twice the age of her daughter. 5 years ago, the mother’s

Percentages
1. A number is increased by 25% and then decreased by 20%. What is the net percentage change?
Solution: et the number be 100. After increasing by 25% → 100 + 25 = 125
Then decrease by 20% → 125 – 25 = 100 Final value = 125 × 0.8 = 100
Net change = 0%
2. A salary is first increased by 10% and then decreased by 10%. What is the overall percentage
change?
Solution: Let salary = 100 Increase by 10% → 110
Decrease by 10% of 110 = 11 → 110 – 11 = 99 Loss = 1% net
3. A student scores 40% in one paper and 60% in another. The maximum marks are the same. What is
his average percentage?
Solution: Average = (40% + 60%) / 2 = 50%
4. A’s income is 20% more than B’s. By what percent is B’s income less than A’s?
Solution: Let B = 100 → A = 120 % less = (20/120) × 100 = 16.67%
5. The population of a town increased by 20% in the first year and decreased by 20% in the second.
What is the net percentage change?
Solution: Let population = 100 After 20% increase → 120
After 20% decrease → 120 × 0.8 = 96 Net loss = 4%
6. A number is decreased by 10% and then increased by 10%. What is the final percentage change?
Solution: Let number = 100 Decrease → 90
Increase → 90 × 1.1 = 99 Loss = 1%
7. If 30% of A is equal to 40% of B, what percent is A of B?
Solution: 0.3A = 0.4B → A/B = 4/3 → A = 133.33% of B
8. A student got 75 marks and failed by 25 marks. If the pass % is 40, what is the maximum mark?
Solution: Total marks = x Passing mark = 75 + 25 = 100
40% of x = 100 → x = 250
9. A’s income is 25% less than B’s. How much percent is B’s income more than A’s?
Solution: Let B = 100 → A = 75 % more = (25/75)×100 = 33.33%
10. A’s weight is increased by 25%. By what percent should he reduce his weight to get back to the
original?
Solution: Let original = 100 → increased = 125
Required reduction = (25/125)×100 = 20%

Profit, Loss & Discount

11. An item costs ₹600. If it is sold at 10% loss, what is the selling price?
Solution: SP = 600 – 10% of 600 = ₹540
12. A sells a pen to B at 10% profit. B sells it to C at 20% profit. If C paid ₹132, find the cost price for
A.
Solution: Let A's cost price = x A to B = 10% profit → B's CP = 1.1x
B to C = 20% profit → 1.1x × 1.2 = ₹132 x = 132 / 1.32 = ₹100
13. If the marked price is ₹200 and a discount of 20% is given, find the selling price.
Solution: SP = 200 – 20% of 200 = ₹160

14. A man gains 10% by selling an item for ₹990. Find the cost price.
Solution: CP = 990 / 1.1 = ₹900
15. By selling an item for ₹720, a man incurs 10% loss. What is the cost price?
Solution: CP = 720 / 0.9 = ₹800
16. A shopkeeper marks goods at 40% above cost and gives a discount of 10%. Find profit %.
Solution: Let CP = ₹100 MP = ₹140, SP = 140 – 14 = ₹126 Profit = 26%, Answer: 26%
17. A man sells an article at a loss of 10%. If he had sold it for ₹100 more, he would have gained 10%.
Find the cost price.
Solution: Let CP = x SP1 = 0.9x, SP2 = 1.1x 1.1x – 0.9x = 100 → 0.2x = 100 → x =
₹500
18. If a trader wants to earn a profit of 25% after giving 10% discount, how much should he mark a
product costing ₹360?
Solution: Let MP = x SP = 0.9x = 360 × 1.25 = ₹450 x = 450 / 0.9 = ₹500
19. An article is sold for ₹1760 at a discount of 20%. What is the marked price?
Solution: Let MP = x 80% of x = 1760 → x = 1760 / 0.8 = ₹2200
20. A dishonest shopkeeper uses 800g weight instead of 1 kg and still marks up his goods by 25%.
Find his overall profit %.
Solution: He gives only 800g but charges for 1kg. So profit from weight = 200/800 = 25%
Combined with markup Overall Profit % = (25 + 25 + (25×25)/100) = 56.25%

Ratios
21. The ratio of A:B is 3:4 and B:C is 2:5. Find A:C.
Solution: A:B = 3:4 → B = 4x B:C = 2:5 → B = 2y
LCM of B = 4x = 2y → x = 1, y = 2 A = 3, C = 5 So A:C = 3:10
22. If the ratio of two numbers is 7:9 and their difference is 40, find the numbers.
Solution: Let numbers = 7x, 9x 9x – 7x = 2x = 40 → x = 20 Numbers = 140, 180
23. Divide ₹5600 among A, B and C in ratio 5:6:3.
Solution: Total parts = 5+6+3 = 14 A = (5/14)×5600 = ₹2000, B = ₹2400, C = ₹1200
24. A sum of money is divided among A and B in ratio 3:5. If A gets ₹1500, find B's share.
Solution: A:B = 3:5 → A = ₹1500 → 1 part = 500 B = 5×500 = ₹2500
25. The ratio of boys to girls is 3:2. If there are 120 students, find the number of boys and girls.
Solution: Total parts = 3+2 = 5 Boys = (3/5)×120 = 72 Girls = 48
26. Two numbers are in the ratio 4:5. If 8 is added to each, the ratio becomes 5:6. Find the numbers.
Solution: Let 4x+8 / 5x+8 = 5/6
Cross-multiplication gives: 6(4x+8) = 5(5x+8) → 24x+48 = 25x+40 → x = 8 Numbers = 32, 40
27. In a mixture of 60 Liters, the ratio of milk to water is 2:1. How much water must be added to make
it 1:2?
Solution: Milk = 40L, Water = 20L Let x be added → (40)/(20+x) = 1/2 → 80 = 20+x → x = 60L
28. Divide ₹960 between A and B so that A gets 20% more than B.
Solution: Let B = x → A = 1.2x x + 1.2x = 960 → 2.2x = 960 → x = ₹436.36 A=
₹523.64
29. The ratio of incomes of A and B is 5:3 and their expenditures are in ratio 3:2. If A saves ₹1600 and
B saves ₹600, find their incomes.
Solution: Let incomes = 5x, 3x and expenses = 3y, 2y
So 5x – 3y = 1600 and 3x – 2y = 600 Solve From 2nd: 3x = 600 + 2y → x = (600 + 2y)/3
Put in 1st 5(600+2y)/3 – 3y = 1600 → solve to get x = 2400 A’s income = ₹12000, B’s = ₹7200
30. If a:b = 4:5, b:c = 6:7, find a:b:c
Solution: Make b common: LCM of 5 and 6 = 30 a:b = 24:30, b:c = 30:35 → a:b:c = 24:30:35

Problems on Ages
31. The sum of the ages of A and B is 50. After 10 years, the ratio becomes 3:2. Find their present ages.
Solution: A + B = 50 (A+10)/(B+10) = 3/2
Cross-multiplication: 2A + 20 = 3B + 30 → 2A – 3B = 10Solve with A + B = 50 → A = 32, B = 18
32. A is twice as old as B. 5 years ago, A was three times as old as B. Find their present ages.
Solution: A = 2B A–5 = 3(B–5) → 2B–5 = 3B–15 → B = 10, A = 20
33. The sum of ages of a father and son is 60. Five years ago, the father's age was 4 times the son's.
Find current ages.
Solution: Let son's age = x → father's = 60–x (60–x)–5 = 4(x–5)
55–x = 4x–20 → x = 15, father = 45
34. A is 4 years older than B. In 4 years, A will be twice B’s age. Find current ages.
Solution: A = B + 4 A+4 = 2(B+4) → B+8 = 2B + 8 → B = 4, A = 8
35. The age of a father is 5 times that of his son. After 10 years, the father will be 3 times as old. Find
their present ages.
Solution: F = 5S F+10 = 3(S+10) → 5S+10 = 3S+30 → S = 10, F = 50
36. The ratio of present ages of A and B is 7:5. After 6 years, ratio will be 11:9. Find present ages.
Solution: (7x+6)/(5x+6) = 11/9 Cross-multiplication: 63x + 54 = 55x + 66 → x = 1.5
A = 10.5, B = 7.5

Solution: (A–3) – (B–3) = A–B = 3 ⇒ Yes. Statement is consistent.

37. A is 3 years older than B. 3 years ago, A was 4 years older than B. Is this possible?

38. A father is 5 times older than his son. In 5 years, he will be three times the son's age. Find their
ages.
Solution: F = 5S F+5 = 3(S+5) → 5S+5 = 3S+15 → S = 5, F = 25
39. The ages of A and B are in ratio 4:3. After 6 years, the ratio will be 10:9. Find their present ages.
Solution: Let ages = 4x, 3x (4x+6)/(3x+6) = 10/9
Cross-multiplication: 36x + 54 = 30x + 60 → x = 1 A = 4, B = 3
40. The difference between ages of father and son is 30 years. After 5 years, the father’s age will be
twice the son’s. Find present ages.
Solution: F – S = 30 F+5 = 2(S+5) → F = 2S + 10 2S + 10 – S = 30 → S = 20, F = 50