Measure of

Noncompactness,
Fixed Point Theorems,
and Applications
The theory of the measure of noncompactness has proved its significance in
various contexts, particularly in the study of fixed point theory, differential equa-
tions, functional equations, integral and integrodifferential equations, optimiza-
tion, and others. This edited volume presents the recent developments in the the-
ory of the measure of noncompactness and its applications in pure and applied
mathematics. It discusses important topics such as measures of noncompactness
in the space of regulated functions, application in nonlinear infinite systems of
fractional differential equations, and coupled fixed point theorem.

Key Highlights:
• Explains
  numerical solution of functional integral equation through coupled
fixed point theorem, measure of noncompactness, and iterative algorithm
•  Showcases applications of the measure of noncompactness and Petryshyn’s
fixed point theorem functional integral equations in Banach algebra
•  Explores the existence of solutions of the implicit fractional integral equation
via extension of the Darbo’s fixed point theorem
•  Discusses best proximity point results using measure of noncompactness and
its applications
•  Includes solvability of some fractional differential equations in the holder space
and their numerical treatment via measures of noncompactness

This reference work is for scholars and academic researchers in pure and applied
mathematics.
 Measure of
Noncompactness,
Fixed Point Theorems,
and Applications
Edited by
S.A. Mohiuddine
Department of General Required Courses, Mathematics,
The Applied College, King Abdulaziz University,
Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
Operator Theory and Applications Research Group,
Department of Mathematics, King Abdulaziz University,
Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
M. Mursaleen
Department of Mathematics, Aligarh Muslim University,
Aligarh 202002, India
Department of Medical Research,
China Medical University Hospital, China Medical
University (Taiwan), Taichung 40402, Taiwan
Dragan S. Djordjević
Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics,
Department of Mathematics, University
of Niš, Niš, Serbia
First edition published 2024
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Mohiuddine, S. A., editor. | Mursaleen, M., editor. | Djordjević,

Dragan S., 1970- editor.
Title: Measure of noncompactness, fixed point theorems, and applications /
edited by S.A. Mohiuddine, M. Mursaleen, and Dragan S. Djordjević.
Description: First edition. | Boca Raton : CRC Press, 2024. | Includes
bibliographical references and index. | Summary: "Presents the recent
development and research in the theory of the measure of noncompactness
and its applications in pure and applied mathematics. It will further
discuss important topics such as measures of noncompactness in the space
of regulated functions, application in nonlinear infinite systems of
fractional differential equations, coupled fixed- point theorem"--
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Identifiers: LCCN 2023048326 (print) | LCCN 2023048327 (ebook) | ISBN
9781032560090 (hardback) | ISBN 9781032566474 (paperback) | ISBN
9781003436577 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Fixed point theory. | Measure theory.
Classification: LCC QA329.9 .M43 2024 (print) | LCC QA329.9 (ebook) | DDC
515/.42--dc23/eng/20240201
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2023048326
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2023048327

ISBN: 978-1-032-56009-0 (hbk)

ISBN: 978-1-032-56647-4 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-003-43657-7 (ebk)

DOI: 10.1201/9781003436577

Typeset in CMR10 font

by KnowledgeWorks Global Ltd.

Publisher’s note: This book has been prepared from camera-ready copy provided by the authors.
Contents

Preface ix

Editors xi

Contributors xiii

1 The existence and numerical solution of functional integral

equation via coupled fixed point theorem, measure of
noncompactness and iterative algorithm 1
Reza Arab and Mohsen Rabbani
1.1 Introduction and auxiliary facts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 New fixed point theorem for α−admissible functions . . . . . 2
1.3 New fixed point theorems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.4 Coupled fixed point theorems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.5 Existence of solutions of integral equations system . . . . . 10
1.6 Computing approximate solution of (1.21) via an iterative
algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

2 Applications of measure of noncompactness and Petryshyn’s

fixed point theorem for a class of functional integral equations
in a Banach algebra 24
Amar Deep, Parul Saini and Deepika Saini
2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.2 Preliminaries and definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.3 Main results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.4 Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

3 Some Darbo fixed point theorems and solutions of the

implicit fractional integral equation 39
Bhuban Chandra Deuri and Anupam Das
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3.2 Fixed point theorems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
3.3 Fractional integral equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

v
vi Contents

3.4 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

4 A survey on recent best proximity point results using

measure of noncompactness and applications 52
Inzamamul Haque and Javid Ali
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
4.2 Notations, definitions and auxiliary facts . . . . . . . . . . . 53
4.2.1 Measure of noncompactness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
4.2.2 Best proximity points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
4.3 Cyclic and noncyclic condensing operators . . . . . . . . . . 57
4.3.1 Application to a system of differential equations . . . 58
4.4 Cyclic (noncyclic) Meir-Keeler condensing operator . . . . . 59
4.4.1 Application to integro-differential equations . . . . . . 60
4.5 Cyclic (noncyclic) φ-condensing operator . . . . . . . . . . . 62
4.5.1 Existence of optimal solution for a system of differential
equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
4.6 Cyclic (noncyclic) ξν -condensing operator . . . . . . . . . . . 64
4.6.1 Application to system of non-local integro-differential
equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
4.7 A new extension of Darbo’s fixed point theorem . . . . . . . 67
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

5 A Petryshyn-based approach to the existence of solutions for

Volterra functional integral equations with Hadamard-type
fractional integrals 71
Satish Kumar, Manochehr Kazemi and Soniya Singh
5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
5.2 Preliminaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
5.3 Main results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
5.4 Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

6 Coupled fixed point theorem and measure of noncompact-

ness for existence of solution of functional integral equations
system and iterative algorithm to solve it 85
Mohsen Rabbani and Reza Arab
6.1 Introduction and auxiliary facts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
6.2 New fixed point theorem for α−admissible functions . . . . . 86
6.3 New coupled fixed point theorem for α−admissible functions 90
6.4 Application of systems of quadratic integral equations of Ham-
merstein type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
6.5 An iterative algorithm to solve functional integral equations
system (6.19) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
 Contents vii

7 Optimum solution of integral equation via measure of

noncompactness 105
Mallika Sarmah and Anupam Das
7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
7.2 Preliminaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
7.3 Main results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
7.4 Particular cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
7.5 Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119

8 Approximate finite dimensional additive mappings in

modular spaces by fixed point method 121
K. Tamilvanan, N. Revathi and A. Charles Sagayaraj
8.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
8.2 General solution of (8.2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
8.3 Stability of (8.2): Direct technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
8.4 Stability of (8.2): Fixed point technique . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135

9 Ulam stability results of the quadratic functional equation in

Banach space and multi-normed space by using direct and
fixed point methods 138
K. Tamilvanan, N. Revathi, K. Sethukumarasamy and A. Charles
Sagayaraj
9.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
9.2 Preliminaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
9.3 Ulam stability in Banach spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
9.3.1 Hyers technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
9.3.2 Fixed point technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
9.4 Ulam stability in multi-normed spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
9.4.1 Hyers technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
9.4.2 Fixed point method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154

10 Solution of simultaneous nonlinear integral equations by

generalized contractive condition 157
Shiv Kant Tiwari, Laxmi Rathour and Vishnu Narayan Mishra
10.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
10.2 Preliminaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
10.3 Main results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
viii Contents

11 Compactness via Hausdorff measure of noncompactness on

q-Pascal difference sequence spaces 169
Taja Yaying and S. A. Mohiuddine
11.1 Introduction and preliminaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
11.1.1 Sequence space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
11.1.2 Compact operators via Hausdorff measure of noncom-
pactness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
11.1.3 Literature review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
11.1.4 Pascal sequence spaces and motivation of the study . 172
11.2 The sequence spaces c0 (G) and c(G) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
11.3 α-, β- and γ-duals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
11.4 Compactness via HMNC on c0 (G) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181

Index 185
Preface

This book features original chapters on the theory of measure of noncom-

pactness, fixed point theorems and their involvement in finding the solution
of differential and integral equations in the classical and fractional sense, as
well as in obtaining the Darbo-type fixed point theorems. Each chapter de-
scribes the problem of current importance, summarizes ways of their solution
and possible applications methods, and improves the current understanding
pertaining to measure of noncompactness and fixed point theorems. The pre-
sentation of the chapters is clear and self-contained throughout the entire
book. The list of chapters is arranged alphabetically by the last name of the
first author of each chapter.
Chapter 1 is devoted to some generalized fixed theorems containing Darbo
and other researchers via fixed point and coupled fixed point theorems, and
measure of noncompactness. Application of results is given by an example in
a functional integral equation. For validity of this work, an iterative algorithm
to approximate the solution of the above problem with an acceptable accuracy
is constructed.
Chapter 2 establishes the existence of solution of nonlinear functional in-
tegral equations in Banach algebra by using the concept of Petryshyn’s fixed
point theorem and measure of noncompactness. Some interesting examples to
examine the validity of our results are provided.
Chapter 3 is devoted to prove some fixed theorems in Banach space via
the measure of noncompactness and proves the existence of solutions to an
implicit functional equation involving a fractional integral with respect to a
few functions which generalizes the Riemann-Liouville fractional integral and
the Hadamard fractional integral. In order to illustrate the result, an example
is constructed with the help of an integral equation.
Chapter 4 presents a brief survey of cyclic (noncyclic) condensing operators
and utilizes them to investigate the existence of the best proximity points
(pair) by using the measure of noncompactness. Also, some applications in
the existence of optimum solutions for differential equations are described.
Chapter 5 investigates a class of Volterra functional integral equations with
fractional-order and Hadamard-type fractional integrals. The main objective
is to establish the existence of solutions for these equations using Petryshyn’s
fixed point theorem in Banach algebra. The findings of this chapter provide
important insights into the behavior of fractional-order Volterra functional
integral equations and contribute to the ongoing research in this field.

ix
x Preface

Chapter 6 is devoted to generalized Darbo fixed point theorem via measure

of noncompactness, α−admissible function, and coupled fixed point theorem.
Applications of the proved theorems and results are given by some examples.
Therefore, the numerical solution of quadratic integral equations system is
given via an iterative convergent algorithm with an acceptable accuracy.
Chapter 7 proves best proximity point (pair) theorems for newly defined
cyclic and noncyclic contractive operators. By using these results, the optimum
solution of an integral equation is obtained including illustrative examples.
Chapter 8 is devoted to obtaining the general solution and investigating
alternative H-U stability results for the finite dimensional additive functional
equation in a modular space via direct method. Moreover, the stability results
for the same additive functional equation in modular space by using fixed
point method with the help of Fatou property are investigated.
Chapter 9 explores the Ulam stability results of the quadratic functional
equation in Banach space and multi-normed space by means of two different
approaches, namely, Hyers and fixed point techniques.
Chapter 10 proves the existence of a solution of some nonlinear integral
equations with the help of common fixed point theorems satisfying the gener-
alized contractive condition in complete metric space for two pairs of weakly
compatible mappings.
Chapter 11 introduces q-Pascal difference sequence spaces c(P (q)∇) :=
cP (q)∇ and c0 (P (q) := (c0 )P (q)∇ . This chapter also obtains the Schauder bases
and determines Alpha-(α-), Beta-(β-) and Gamma-(γ-) duals of c(P (q)∇) and
c0 (P (q)∇). The final section has been devoted to compactness via Hausdorff
measure of noncompactness on the space c0 (P (q)∇).
Editors

S. A. Mohiuddine is a full professor of Mathematics at King Abdu-

laziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. An active researcher, he has co-
authored five books: Convergence Methods for Double Sequences and Applica-
tions (Springer, 2014), Advances in Summability and Approximation Theory
(Springer, 2018), Soft Computing Techniques in Engineering, Health, Math-
ematical and Social Sciences (CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, 2021),
Approximation Theory, Sequence Spaces and Applications (Springer, 2022),
Sequence Space Theory with Applications (CRC Press, Taylor & Francis
Group, 2023), and a number of chapters in several edited books, and has
contributed more than 170 research papers in various leading journals. He is
the referee of many scientific journals and a member of the editorial board of
various scientific journals, international scientific bodies and organizing com-
mittees. He has visited several international universities including Imperial
College London, UK. He was a guest editor of a number of special issues in
some journals. His research interests are in the fields of sequence spaces, sta-
tistical convergence, matrix transformation, measures of noncompactness and
approximation theory. His name has appeared in the list of World’s Top 2%
Scientists (for the four consecutive years 2020–2023) prepared by Stanford
University, California, through Scopus data provided by Elsevier.
M. Mursaleen has served Aligarh Muslim University in the capacity
of Lecturer to Full Professor since 1982, and as a Chairman, Department
of Mathematics from 2015 to 2018. He has published nine books and more
than 400 research papers in several highly reputed journals. Besides guiding
several master’s students, he has guided 21 Ph.D. students. He has also served
as a reviewer for various international scientific journals. He is a member
of editorial boards of many international scientific journals. He has received
several awards for his research achievements. Recently, he has been recognized
as a Highly Cited Researcher 2019 by Web of Science.
Dragan Djordjević was born on March 17, 1970. He received his Bach-
elor’s (1992), Master’s (1996) and Ph.D. (1998) degrees in mathematics at
the University of Niš, Serbia. Dragan Djordjević has worked at the University
of Niš continuously since 1992, and from 2006 as a full professor at the Fac-
ulty of Sciences and Mathematics. He taught several courses in various levels
of education (Functional analysis, Operator theory, Complex analysis, Mea-
sure and integration, and Algebras of operators). He was Dean of the Faculty
of Sciences and Mathematics, and a member of several scientific boards of

xi
xii Editors

the University of Niš (Senat, Scientific council for sciences and mathematics),
Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of Serbia (Sci-
entific council for mathematics, mechanics and computer science, Head of the
council), as well as in the Republic of Serbia (National council for higher edu-
cation). He was the head and a member of several scientific projects financed
by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of Ser-
bia. He is a member and vice president of the association Serbian Scientific
Mathematical Society. Dragan Djordjević supervised 10 Ph.D. theses (eight in
Niš, one in Belgrade and one in Skopje). He published 130 scientific papers,
including 104 papers in JCR journals. He collaborated with more than 30
authors, most of whom were his students. His results are cited approximately
1400 times, and the Hirsch index is 22. Dragan Djordjević served as the in-
vited speaker at several mathematical conferences (Korea, Japan, Turkey). He
also organized conferences in mathematical or functional analysis in Niš and
Novi Sad. He also reviewed papers for many mathematical journals, includ-
ing Mathematical Reviews. His scientific work includes operator theory, with
some aspects of functional analysis, linear algebra, general algebra and numer-
ical analysis. His main focus is on operators on Banach and Hilbert spaces,
their ordinary and generalized invertibility properties, Fredholm and spectral
theory, as well as applications to general ring theory and operator equations
in various structures. He also has some results related to majorization and
doubly stochastic operators, theory of spaces with indefinite inner products
and Hilbert C*-modules. Dragan Djordjević is a member of boards of some
mathematical journals: Filomat (one of editors-in-chief), Functional Analy-
sis, Approximation and Computation (founder and editor-in-chief), Applied
Mathematics and Computer Science (founder and one of the editors-in-chief),
Advances in the Theory of Nonlinear Analysis and its Application (member of
the board), Publications de l’Institute Mathematique (member of the board)
and Advances in Operator Theory (member of the board).
Contributors

Javid Ali Satish Kumar

Department of Mathematics, Aligarh Department of Applied Sciences,
Muslim University Panjab University SSG Regional
Aligarh, UP, India Centre
Hoshiarpur, Punjab, India
Reza Arab
Department of Mathematics, Sari Vishnu Narayan Mishra
Branch, Islamic Azad University
Sari, Iran Department of Mathematics, Indira
Gandhi National Tribal University
Anupam Das Lalpur, Amarkantak, Madhya
Pradesh, India
Department of Mathematics, Cotton
University
S. A. Mohiuddine
Guwahati, Assam, India
Department of General Required
Amar Deep Courses, Mathematics, The
Applied College, King Abdulaziz
Department of Applied Science,
University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi
IIMT Engineering College
Arabia
Meerut, UP, India Operator Theory and Applications
Research Group, Department of
Bhuban Chandra Deuri Mathematics, Faculty of Science,
Department of Mathematics, Rajiv King Abdulaziz University,
Gandhi University Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
Rono Hills, Doimukh,
Arunachal Pradesh, India
Mohsen Rabbani
Inzamamul Haque Department of Mathematics, Sari
Branch, Islamic Azad University
Department of Mathematics, Aligarh
Muslim University Sari, Iran
Aligarh, UP, India
Laxmi Rathour
Manochehr Kazemi Department of Mathematics,
Department of Mathematics, Ashtian National Institute of Technology,
Branch, Islamic Azad University Mizoram, India
Ashtian, Iran

xiii
xiv Contributors

N. Revathi K. Sethukumarasamy
Department of Computer Science Department of Mathematics, School
and Applications, SRM Institute of Advanced Sciences, Vellore
of Science and Technology Institute of Technology
Ramapuram Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
Soniya Singh
A. Charles Sagayaraj Department of Applied Mathematics
Department of Mathematics, and Scientific Computing, IIT
Kandaswami Kandar’s College Roorkee
Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
P. Velur, Tamil Nadu, India
K. Tamilvanan
Deepika Saini Department of Mathematics, Faculty
Department of Mathematics, Babu of Science & Humanities, R.M.K.
Shivnath Agrawal PG College Engineering College
Mathura, UP, India Kavaraipettai, Tiruvallur,
Tamil Nadu, India
Mallika Sarmah
Shiv Kant Tiwari
Department of Mathematics, Cotton
Department of Mathematics,
University
Lukhdhirji Engineering College
Guwahati, Assam, India Morbi, Gujarat, India

Parul Saini Taja Yaying

Mathematics Discipline, Department of Mathematics, Dera
PDPM-IIITDM Natung Government College
Jabalpur, MP, India Itanagar, India
Chapter 1
The existence and numerical solution
of functional integral equation via
coupled fixed point theorem,
measure of noncompactness and
iterative algorithm

Reza Arab
Islamic Azad University, mathreza.arab@iausari.ac.ir

Mohsen Rabbani
Islamic Azad University, mo.rabbani@iau.ac.ir

1.1 Introduction and auxiliary facts

Darbo’s fixed point theorem [11] is a very important generalization of
Schauder’s fixed point theorem and includes the existence part of Banach’s
fixed point theorem. To generalize some fixed theorems and coupled fixed
point theorems with the help of measure of noncompactness, we introduce
notations, definitions, and preliminary facts which are used throughout this
chapter. Denote by R the set of real numbers and put R+ = [0, +∞). Let
(E, ∥ · ∥) be a real Banach space with zero element 0. Let B(x, r) denote the
closed ball centered at x with radius r. The symbol B r stands for the ball
B(0, r). For X, a nonempty subset of E, we denote by X and ConvX the
closure and the closed convex hull of X, respectively. Moreover, let us denote
by ME the family of nonempty bounded subsets of E and by NE its subfamily
consisting of all relatively compact sets. We use the following definition of the
measure of noncompactness given in [8].
Definition 1.1.1. A mapping µ : ME → R+ is said to be a measure of
noncompactness in E if it satisfies the following conditions:
(10 ) The family kerµ = {X ∈ ME : µ(X) = 0} is nonempty and kerµ ⊂ NE ,
(20 ) X ⊂ Y ⇒ µ(X) ≤ µ(Y ),

DOI: 10.1201/9781003436577-1 1
2 Measure of Noncompactness, Fixed Point Theorems, and Applications

(30 ) µ(X̄) = µ(X),

(40 ) µ(ConvX) = µ(X),

(50 ) µ(λX + (1 − λ)Y ) ≤ λµ(X) + (1 − λ)µ(Y ) for λ ∈ [0, 1],
(60 ) If (Xn ) is a sequence of closed sets from mE such that Xn+1T⊂ Xn (n =
∞
1, 2, ...) and if lim µ(Xn ) = 0, then the set X∞ = n=1 Xn is
n−→∞
nonempty.
The family kerµ defined in axiom (10 ) is called the kernel of the measure
of noncompactness µ.
One of the properties of the measure of noncompactness is X∞ ∈ kerµ.
Indeed, from the inequality µ(X∞ ) ≤ µ(Xn ) for n = 1, 2, 3, ..., we infer that
µ(X∞ ) = 0. Further, facts concerning measures of noncompactness and their
properties may be found in [3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 15].
Theorem 1.1.2. (Schauder’s theorem) [1] Let C be a closed and convex subset
of a Banach space E. Then every compact and continuous map T : C → C
has at least one fixed point.
In the following, we state a fixed point theorem of Darbo type proved by
Banaś and Goebel [8].
Theorem 1.1.3. Let C be a nonempty, closed, bounded and convex subset of
the Banach space E and T : C → C be a continuous mapping. Assume that
there exists a constant k ∈ [0, 1) such that µ(T X) ≤ kµ(X) for any nonempty
subset of C. Then T has a fixed point in the set C.

1.2 New fixed point theorem for α−admissible functions

Definition 1.2.1. Let Ω be a nonempty subset of Banach space E. Let F :
Ω −→ Ω be a map and α : R+ → R be a function. Then we say that operator
F is a α−admissible if for any subset X of Ω

α(µ(X)) ≥ 1 =⇒ α(µ(F X)) ≥ 1. (1.1)

where µ is an arbitrary measure of noncompactness.

We start this section with the first of our main theorems.
Theorem 1.2.2. Let Ω be a nonempty, bounded, closed and convex subset
of a Banach space E, µ is an arbitrary measure of noncompactness and F :
Ω −→ Ω be a map. Suppose that the following conditions are satisfied:
 The existence and numerical solution of functional integral equation 3

(1) F is α−admissible;

(2) F is continuous;
(3) there exists Ω0 ⊆ Ω such that α(µ(Ω0 )) ≥ 1;
(4) for any nonempty subset X of Ω

α(µ(X))ψ(µ(F X)) ≤ φ(µ(X)), (1.2)

where ψ, φ : [0, ∞) → [0, ∞) are continuous, φ(t) < ψ(t) for each t > 0 and
φ(0) = ψ(0) = 0. Then F has at least one fixed point, and the set of all fixed
points of F in Ω is compact.
Proof. Let Ω0 ⊆ Ω such that α(µ(Ω0 )) ≥ 1. Define a sequence {Ωn } by Ωn =
Conv(F Ωn−1 ), n ≥ 1. F Ω0 = F Ω ⊆ Ω = Ω0 , Ω1 = Conv(F Ω0 ) ⊆ Ω = Ω0 ,
therefore by continuing this process, we have

Ω0 ⊇ Ω1 ⊇ Ω2 ⊇ · · · . (1.3)

If there exists an integer N ≥ 0 such that µ(ΩN ) = 0, then ΩN is relatively

compact and since F ΩN ⊆ Conv(F ΩN ) = ΩN +1 ⊆ ΩN . Thus theorem 1.1.2
implies that F has a fixed point. So we assume that µ(Ωn ) = ̸ 0 for n ≥ 0. So,
from (6.13) and (20 ), we deduce that {µ(Cn )} is a non-negative non increasing
sequence and consequently there exists δ ≥ 0 such that

lim µ(Cn ) = δ.
n→∞

We claim that δ = 0. On the contrary, assume that

lim µ(Cn ) = δ > 0. (1.4)

n→∞

By condition (3), we have α(µ(Ω0 )) ≥ 1. Since, by hypothesis, F is

α−admissible, we obtain

α(µ(Ω1 )) = α(µ(conv(F (Ω0 )))) = α(µ(F (Ω0 ))) ≥ 1 =⇒ α(µ(F (Ω1 ))) ≥ 1,
α(µ(Ω2 )) = α(µ(conv(F (Ω1 )))) = α(µ(F (Ω1 ))) ≥ 1 =⇒ α(µ(F (Ω2 ))) ≥ 1.

By induction, we get

α(µ(Ωn )) ≥ 1 f or all n ∈ N ∪ {0}.

Now, by (1.2), we have

ψ(µ(Ωn+1 )) = ψ(µ(Conv(F (Ωn )))) = ψ(µ(F (Ωn ))) (1.5)

≤ α(Ωn )ψ(µ(F (Ωn )))
≤ φ(µ(Ωn )). (1.6)
4 Measure of Noncompactness, Fixed Point Theorems, and Applications

Since

φ(µ(Ωn )) ≤ ψ(µ(Ωn )), (1.7)

then from (1.5) and (1.7), we get

ψ(µ(Ωn+1 )) ≤ φ(µ(Ωn )) ≤ ψ(µ(Ωn )). (1.8)

Since φ and ψ are continuous, then from (1.4) and (1.8), we have

ψ(δ) = lim ψ(µ(Ωn )) = lim φ(µ(Ωn )) = φ(δ),

n→∞ n→∞

and so δ = 0, a contradiction. Thus

lim µ(Ωn ) = 0.
n→∞

T∞ Ωn+1 ⊆ Ωn and F (Ωn ) ⊆ Ωn for all n ≥ 1, then from (A6 ), Ω∞ =

Since
n=1 Ωn is a nonempty convex closed set, invariant under T, and belongs to
Kerµ. Therefore Theorem 1.2.2 completes the proof.
From Theorem 1.2.2 if the function α : R+ → R is such that α(t) = 1 for
all t ∈ R, we deduce the following theorem.
Theorem 1.2.3. Let Ω be a nonempty, bounded, closed and convex subset of
a Banach space E and F : Ω −→ Ω be a continuous operator satisfying

ψ(µ(F X)) ≤ φ(µ(X))

for any subset X of Ω where µ is an arbitrary measure of noncompactness on

E and ψ, φ : [0, ∞) → [0, ∞) are continuous, φ(t) < ψ(t) for each t > 0 and
ψ(0) = φ(0) = 0. Then F has at least one fixed point.
From Theorem 1.2.2 if the function α : R+ → R is such that α(t) = 1
for all t ∈ R, ψ(t) = ψ1 (t) and φ(t) = ψ1 (t) − φ1 (t) for each t ∈ R+ where
ψ1 , φ1 : R+ −→ R+ are continuous and increasing function such that ψ1 (t) =
φ1 (t) = 0 if and only if t = 0, we deduce the following theorem.
Theorem 1.2.4. [4] Let Ω be a nonempty, bounded, closed and convex subset
of a Banach space E and let F : Ω → Ω be continuous operator satisfying

ψ1 (µ(F X)) ≤ ψ1 (µ(X)) − φ1 (µ(X)),

for any nonempty X ⊆ Ω, where µ is an arbitrary measure of noncompactness

and ψ1 , φ1 : R+ −→ R+ are continuous and increasing function such that
ψ1 (t) = φ1 (t) = 0 if and only if t = 0. Then F has at least one fixed point in
Ω.
From Theorem 1.2.2 if the function α : R+ → R is such that α(t) = 1 for
all t ∈ R, ψ(t) = t and φ(t) = β(t)t which β ∈ S, we deduce the following
theorem.
 The existence and numerical solution of functional integral equation 5

Theorem 1.2.5. [2] Let C be a nonempty, bounded, convex and closed subset
of a Banach space E and let T : C −→ C be a continuous operator such that

µ(T X) ≤ β(µ(X))µ(X)

for any subset X of C where µ is an arbitrary measure of noncompactness on

E and β ∈ S. Then T has at least one fixed point.
From Theorem 1.2.2 if the function α : R+ → R is such that α(t) = 1 for
all t ∈ R, ψ(t) = t, we deduce the following theorem.
Theorem 1.2.6. [4] Let Ω be a nonempty, bounded, closed and convex subset
of a Banach space E and let T : Ω −→ Ω be a continuous mapping such that

µ(T X) ≤ φ(µ(X)) (1.9)

for any nonempty subset X of Ω where µ is an arbitrary measure of noncom-

pactness and φ : R+ −→ R+ is non decreasing and continuous from the right.
Then T has at least one fixed point in the set Ω.
The following corollary gives us a fixed point theorem with a contractive
condition of integral type.
Corollary 1.2.7. Let C be a nonempty, bounded, closed and convex subset of
a Banach space E, k ∈ (0, 1) and T : C → C be a continuous operator such
that for any X ⊆ C one has
Z µ(T (X)) Z µ(X)
f (s) ds ≤ k f (s) ds,
0 0

where µ is an arbitrary measure of noncompactness and f : [0, ∞) → [0, ∞)

is a Lebesgue-integrable mapping which is summable (i.e., with finite integral)
R ϵ each compact subset of [0, ∞), non-negative and such that for each ϵ > 0,
on
0
f (s) ds > 0. Then T has at least one fixed point in C.
Rt
Proof. Let α(t) = 1, ψ(t) = 0 f (s) ds and φ(t) = k G(t) and apply Theorem
1.2.2.

1.3 New fixed point theorems

In this section, we introduce a new notion of a contraction and establish
new results for such mappings.
Recently Onsod et al. [19] introduced the notion Θ, e the set of all the
functions θ : (0, +∞) → (1, +∞) satisfying the following conditions:
e
6 Measure of Noncompactness, Fixed Point Theorems, and Applications

(θe1 ) θe is nondecreasing and continuous;

(θe2 ) inf t∈(0,∞) θ(t)

e = 1.

Also, let S denote the class of real functions β : [0, +∞) → [0, 1) satisfying
the condition
β(tn ) −→ 1 implies tn −→ 0.
Now, we are ready to state and prove our main result.
Definition 1.3.1. Let G be a nonempty subset of Banach space B. Let H :
G −→ G be a function. Then we say that operator H is a θ−contraction, if
there exist θ ∈ Θ
e and k ∈ (0, 1) and β ∈ S such that for any subset G of G
with µ(G) > 0,
1
µ(H(G)) < µ(G)) =⇒ θ(µ(H(G))) ≤ [θ(β(µ(G))µ(G))]k (1.10)
2
where µ is an arbitrary measure of noncompactness.
Theorem 1.3.2. Let G be a nonempty, bounded, closed and convex subset of
a Banach space B and H : G → G be a continuous operator and θ−contraction.
Then H has at least one fixed point in G.
Proof. Let G0 ⊆ G. Define a sequence {Gn } by Gn = Conv(HGn−1 ), n ≥ 1.
HG0 = HG ⊆ G = G0 , G1 = Conv(HG0 ) ⊆ G = G0 , therefore by continuing
this process, we have

G0 ⊇ G1 ⊇ · · · ⊇ Gn ⊇ Gn+1 ⊇ · · · . (1.11)

If there exists a natural number N such that µ(GN ) = 0, then GN is compact.

In this case, Theorem 1.2.2 implies that H has a fixed point. So we assume
that µ(Gn ) > 0 for n = 0, 1, 2, ...· Therefore ,
1
µ(H(Gn )) < µ(H(Gn )) = µ(Gn+1 ) ≤ µ(Gn )), ∀n ≥ 1. (1.12)
2
Hence from (1.12), for all n ≥ 1, we have

θ(µ(Gn+1 )) = θ(µ(Conv(H(Gn )))) = θ(µ(H(Gn ))) (1.13)

≤ [θ(β(µ(Gn ))µ(Gn )]k
< [θ(µ(Gn ))]k
2
< [θ(µ(Gn−1 ))]k
..
.
n+1
< [θ(µ(G0 ))]k (1.14)

Taking n −→ ∞, we obtain

θ(µ(Gn+1 )) −→ 1.
 The existence and numerical solution of functional integral equation 7

Therefore, from (θe2 ), it follows that

lim µ(Gn+1 ) = 0,
n→∞

Since Gn ⊇ Gn+1 and H(Gn ) ⊆ Gn for all n = 1, 2, ..., then from (60 ),
∞
\
G∞ = Gn is a nonempty convex closed set, invariant under H and belongs
n=1
to Kerµ. Therefore, Theorem 1.2.3 completes the proof.
The following corollary is an immediate consequence of Theorem 1.3.2.
Corollary 1.3.3. Let G be a nonempty, bounded, closed and convex subset of
a Banach space B and H : G → G be a continuous operator and there exist
θ∈Θe and k ∈ (0, 1) and β ∈ S such that for any subset G of G with µ(G) > 0,

θ(µ(H(G))) ≤ [θ(β(µ(G))µ(G))]k ,

Then H has at least one fixed point in G.

Putting β(t) = γ for each t ≥ 0, where 0 ≤ γ < 1 in Theorem 1.3.2, we
obtain:
Corollary 1.3.4. Let G be a nonempty, bounded, closed and convex subset of
a Banach space B and H : G → G be a continuous operator and there exist
θ ∈ Θ
e and k ∈ (0, 1) and 0 ≤ γ < 1 such that for any subset G of G with
µ(G) > 0,
1
µ(H(G)) < µ(G) =⇒ θ(µ(H(G))) ≤ [θ(γµ(G))]k
2
Then H has at least one fixed point in G.
Corollary 1.3.5. Let G be a nonempty, bounded, closed and convex subset
of a Banach space B and let H : G → G be a continuous operator and there
exist θ ∈ Θe and k ∈ (0, 1) and β ∈ S and nondecreasing such that for all
2
(x, y) ∈ G ,
θ(∥Hx − Hy)∥) ≤ [θ(β(∥x − y∥)∥x − y∥)]k . (1.15)
Then H has at least a fixed point.
Proof. Let µ : MB → R+ be a set quantity defined by the formula µ(X) =
diamX, where diamX = sup{∥x − y∥ : x, y ∈ X} stands for the diameter of
X. It is easily seen that µ is a measure of noncompactness in a space B in the
sense of Definition 1.1.1.
Since the function θ and β are nondecreasing, then from (1.15) we have

sup θ(∥H(x) − H(y))∥) ≤ θ( sup ∥H(x) − H(y))∥)

x,y∈X x,y∈X

≤ sup [θ(β(∥x − y∥)∥x − y∥)]k

x,y∈X
8 Measure of Noncompactness, Fixed Point Theorems, and Applications

≤ [θ(β( sup ∥x − y∥) sup ∥x − y∥)]k .

x,y∈X x,y∈X

This implies that

θ(µ(H(X))) ≤ [θ(β(µ(X))µ(X))]k .

Thus, following Corollary 1.3.3, we get the desired result.

1.4 Coupled fixed point theorems

Here we derive some new coupled fixed point (CFP) results by means of
the measure of noncompactness.
Definition 1.4.1. [12] An element (z, t) ∈ B 2 is called a CFP of a mapping
H : B 2 → B if H(z, t) = z and H(t, z) = t.
Theorem 1.4.2. [5] Suppose µ1 , µ2 , . . . , µn are measure of noncompactness in
Banach spaces B1 , B2 , . . . , Bn , respectively. Moreover assume that the function
H : [0, ∞)n → ß[0, ∞) is convex and H(x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ) = 0 if and only if xi = 0
for i = 1, 2, 3, . . . , n. Then

µ(C) = H(µ1 (C1 ), µ2 (C2 ), . . . , µn (Cn )),

Qn
defines a measure of noncompactness in i=1 Bi where Ci denotes the natural
projection of C into Bi , for i = 1, 2, 3, . . . , n.
The first coupled fixed point result is:

Theorem 1.4.3. Suppose that H : G 2 → G is continuous operator such that,

1
θ(µ(H(X1 × X2 ))) ≤ [θ(β(µ(X1 ) + µ(X2 ))(µ(X1 ) + µ(X2 )))]k , (1.16)
2

for all X1 , X2 in G, where β ∈ S, θ ∈ Θ

e and θ sub-additive. Then H has at
least a coupled fixed point.
Proof. Consider the map H : X 2 → X 2 defined by the formula

H(u,
b v) = (H(u, v), H(v, u)).

Since H is continuous, Ĥ is also continuous. Following [4], we define a new

measure of noncompactness in the space G 2 as

µ̂(X) = µ(X1 ) + µ(X2 )

 The existence and numerical solution of functional integral equation 9

where Xi , i = 1, 2 denote the natural projections of G. Now let X ⊂ G 2 be

a nonempty subset. Hence, due to (1.16) and the condition (20 ) of Definition
1.1.1 we conclude that

θ(µ̂(Ĥ(X))) ≤ θ(µ̂(H(X1 × X2 ) × H(X2 × X1 )))

= θ(µ(H(X1 × X2 ))) + θ(µ(H(X2 × X1 )))
1
≤ [θ(β(µ(X1 ) + µ(X2 ))(µ(X1 ) + µ(X2 ))]k
2
1
+ [θ(β(µ(X2 ) + µ(X1 ))(µ(X2 ) + µ(X1 ))]k
2
= [θ(β(µ(X1 ) + µ(X2 ))(µ(X1 ) + µ(X2 ))]k
= [θ(β(µ̂(X))(µ̂(X))]k ,

that is,

θ(µ̂(Ĥ(X))) ≤ [θ(β(µ̂(X))(µ̂(X))]k .

Following Theorem 1.3.2, we conclude that Ĥ has a fixed point, and hence H
has a coupled fixed point.
Theorem 1.4.4. Let G be a nonempty, bounded, closed and convex subset of
a Banach space B. Suppose that H : G 2 → G is continuous and satisfying,

θ(µ(H(X1 × X2 ))) ≤ [θ(β(max{µ(X1 ), µ(X2 )})(max{µ(X1 ), µ(X2 )}))]k ,

(1.17)

for all X1 , X2 in G, where β ∈ S and θ ∈ Θ.

e Then H has at least a coupled
fixed point.
Proof. Consider the map H : G 2 → G 2 defined by the formula

H(u,
e v) = (H(u, v), H(v, u)).

Since H is continuous, Ĥ is also continuous. Following [4], we define a new

measure of noncompactness in the space G 2 as

µ̂(X) = max{µ(X1 ), µ(X2 )},

where Xi , i = 1, 2 denote the natural projections of G. Now let X ⊂ G 2 be a

nonempty subset. Following previous theorem, we have

b(H(X))
µ b ≤ µ
b(H(X1 × X2 ) × H(X2 × X1 ))
= max{µ(H(X1 × X2 )), µ(H(X2 × X1 ))}.

Hence, due to (1.17) and the condition (20 ) of Definition 1.1.1, we conclude
that
10 Measure of Noncompactness, Fixed Point Theorems, and Applications

 
θ(µ̂(Ĥ(X))) ≤ θ max{µ(H(X1 × X2 )), µ(H(X2 × X1 ))}
n o
= max θ(µ(F (X1 × X2 ))), θ(µ(H(X2 × X1 ))})
n
≤ max [θ(β(max{µ(X1 ), µ(X2 )})(max{µ(X1 ), µ(X2 )}))]k ,
o
[θ(β(max{µ(X2 ), µ(X1 )})})(max{µ(X2 ), µ(X1 )})}))]k
= [θ(β(max{µ(X1 ), µ(X2 )})(max{µ(X1 ), µ(X2 )}))]k
= [θ(β(µ̂(X))(µ̂(X))]k ,

that is,

θ(µ̂(Ĥ(X))) ≤ [θ(β(µ̂(X))(µ̂(X))]k .

Hence by Theorem 1.3.2, we reached that H

b has at least one fixed point in
X 2 , and thus H has a CFP.

1.5 Existence of solutions of integral equations system

An application of Section 1.4 results to study the existence of solutions for
the following system of integral equations
Rt
  
 x(t) = h t, x(t), y(t), K(t, s)g (s, x(s), y(s)) ds


0 (1.18)
 Rt 
 y(t) = h t, y(t), x(t), K(t, s)g (s, y(s), x(s)) ds .


0

Our aim here is to find the existence of solutions of (1.18).

In what follows we will work in the classical Banach space B = BC(R+ )
consisting of all real functions defined, bounded and continuous on R+
equipped with the standard norm

∥x∥ = sup{|x(t)| : t ≥ 0}.

Now, we present the definition of a special measure of noncompactness in

B which will be used in the sequel, a measure that was introduced and studied
in [8]. In order to do this, fix a nonempty and bounded subset X of B and fix
a positive number T . For x ∈ X and ϵ > 0, denote by ω T (x, ϵ) the modulus
of continuity of function x on the interval [0, T ], i.e.,

ω T (x, ϵ) = sup{|x(t) − x(u)| : t, u ∈ [0, T ], |t − u| ≤ ϵ}.

 The existence and numerical solution of functional integral equation 11

Further, let us put

ω T (X, ϵ) = sup{ω T (x, ϵ) : x ∈ X},

ω0T (X) = lim ω T (X, ϵ),
ϵ→0

and
ω0 (X) = lim ω0T (X).
T →∞

Moreover, for a fixed number t ∈ R+ , let us the define the function µ on

the family MB by the following formula

µ(X) = ω0 (X) + α(X),

where α(X) = lim sup diam X(t), X(t) = {x(t) : x ∈ X} and diam X(t) =
t→∞
sup{|x(t) − y(t)| : x, y ∈ X}. Like [8] (cf. also [7]), it can be shown that
the function µ is a measure of noncompactness in the space B. Consider the
following assumptions:
(A1 ) The function h : R+ ×R×R×R → R is continuous and for all x, y, u, v ∈
R and t ≥ 0, there exists 0 ≤ λ < 1 such that
λ
|h(t, x, y, z) − h(t, u, v, w)| ≤ (|x − u| + |y − v|) + |z − w| ,
2

(A2 ) The function defined by t → |h(t, 0, 0, 0)| is bounded on R+ , i.e.,

M1 = sup{|h(t, 0, 0, 0)|) : t ∈ R+ } < ∞.

(A3 ) g : R+ ×R×R → R is continuous and there exists non-negative constant

G0 with |g(t, u(t), v(t))| ≤ G0 for all t ≥ 0 and all u, v ∈ B and there
exists constant 0 ≤ L < 1 such that for all t ∈ R+ and x ∈ B

|g(t, x, y) − g(t, u, v)| ≤ L(|x − u| + |y − v|).

Moreover,
Z t
lim | K(t, s)[g(s, x(s), y(s)) − g(s, u(s), v(s))]ds| = 0
t→∞ 0

uniformly respect to x, y ∈ B.
(A4 ) K : R+ × R+ → R+ is continuous with respect to the first variable,
integrable with respect to the second variable and there is a constant
Rt
K ∗ with K(t, s)ds ≤ K ∗ for all t ≥ 0 and M2 = K ∗ G0 .
0

λ
(A5 ) There exists a positive solution r0 of the inequality r0 +M2 +M1 ≤ r0 .
2
12 Measure of Noncompactness, Fixed Point Theorems, and Applications

Theorem 1.5.1. If the assumptions (A1 ) − (A5 ) are satisfied, then the Eq.
(1.18) has at least one solution x ∈ B.
Proof. Let H : B × B → B be defined by,

 Zt 
H(x, y)(t) = h t, x(t), y(t), K(t, s)g (s, x(s), y(s)) ds .
0

We know that B × B is a Banach space equipped with the norm,

∥ (x, y) ∥=∥ x ∥B + ∥ y ∥B .

It is obvious that H(x, y)(t) is continuous for any x, y ∈ B.

Let B̄r = {x ∈ B :∥ x ∥B ≤ r} . By considering conditions of theorem, we
infer that H(x, y) is continuous on R+ . Now we prove that H(x, y) ∈ B̄r for
any x, y ∈ B̄r . For a fixed t ∈ R+ , we have

 Zt 
|H(x, y)(t)| ≤ h t, x(t), y(t), K(t, s)g (s, x(s), y(s)) ds − h(t, 0, 0, 0)
0
+|h(t, 0, 0, 0)|
Zt
λ

≤ (|x(t)| + |y(t)|) + K(t, s)g s, x(s), y(s) ds + M1
4
0
λ
≤ (||x|| + ||y||) + M2 + M1 .
4


Thus, H is well defined, and condition (A5 ) implies that H B̄r × B̄r ⊆ B̄r .
Now, we must prove that H is continuous on B̄r × B̄r . For this, take
(x, y) ∈ B̄r0 × B̄r0 and ε > 0 arbitrarily. Moreover consider (x1 , y1 ) ∈ B̄r0 × B̄r0
ϵ
with ∥(x, y) − (x1 , y1 )∥ < . Then we have
2
|H(x, y)(t) − H(x1 , y1 )(t)|
 
Zt
= h t, x(t), y(t), K(t, s)g (s, x(s), y(s)) ds
0
 
Zt
−h t, x1 (t), y1 (t), K(t, s)g (s, x1 (s), y1 (s)) ds
0
λ
≤ (|x(t) − x1 (t)| + |y(t) − y1 (t)|)
4
Zt
+ K(t, s)|g(s, x(s), y(s)) − g(s, x1 (s), y1 (s))|ds
0
 The existence and numerical solution of functional integral equation 13
λ
≤ (||x − x1 || + ||y − y1 ||)
4
Zt
+ K(t, s)|g(s, x(s), y(s)) − g(s, x1 (s), y1 (s))|ds.
0

By applying assumption (A1 ) and (A3 ), we get for ϵ > 0 there exists T > 0
Rt ϵ
such that if t > T then K(t, s)|g(s, x(s), y(s)) − g(s, x1 (s), y1 (s))|ds ≤ , for
0 2
any x, x1 , y, y1 ∈ B.
Case 1: If t > T, then
λϵ ϵ ϵ ϵ
|H(x, y)(t) − H(x1 , y1 )(t)| ≤ + < + = ϵ.
42 2 2 2

Case 2: If t ∈ [0, T ], then

λϵ ϵ
|H(x, y)(t) − H(x1 , y1 )(t)| ≤ + K ∗L
8 2
ϵ ϵ
< + K ∗L .
8 2
Thus, H is a continuous function from B̄r × B̄r into B̄r .
We have, T, ϵ ∈ R+ and X1 , X2 are arbitrary non empty subset of B̄r and
let t, s ∈ [0, T ] such that |t − s| ≤ ϵ.
Without loss of generality we can assume that t < s. Also, let x ∈ X1 , y ∈
X2 and

K1 = T G0 sup {|K(t, s)| : t, s ∈ [0, T ]} ,

T
ωr (h, ϵ) = sup{|h(t, x, y, z) − h(s, u, v, w)| : t, s ∈ [0, T ], |t − s| ≤ ϵ,
x, y, u, v ∈ [−r, r], z, w ∈ [−K1 , K1 ]}
k̂ = T sup {|g(u, x(u), y(u))| : u ∈ [0, T ], x, y ∈ [−r, r]} ,
T
ω (K, ϵ) = sup {|K (t, u) − K (s, u)| : t, s, u ∈ [0, T ], |t − s| ≤ ϵ}
T
ω (x, ϵ) = sup {|x(t) − x(s)| : t, s ∈ [0, T ], |t − s| ≤ ϵ, } ,
ω T (y, ϵ) = sup {|y(t) − y(s)| : t, s ∈ [0, T ], |t − s| ≤ ϵ, }

k̂ = T sup {|g(u, x(u), y(u))| : u ∈ [0, T ], x, y ∈ [−r, r]} ,

ω T (K, ϵ) = sup {|K (t, u) − K (s, u)| : t, s, u ∈ [0, T ], |t − s| ≤ ϵ}
T
ω (x, ϵ) = sup {|x(t) − x(s)| : t, s ∈ [0, T ], |t − s| ≤ ϵ, } ,
T
ω (y, ϵ) = sup {|y(t) − y(s)| : t, s ∈ [0, T ], |t − s| ≤ ϵ, }

Then, we get
14 Measure of Noncompactness, Fixed Point Theorems, and Applications

|H(x, y)(t) − H(x, y)(s)|

 
Zt
= h t, x(t), y(t), K(t, u)g (u, x(u), y(u)) du
0
 
Zs
−h s, x(s), y(s), K(s, u)g (u, x(u), y(u)) du
0
 
Zt
≤ h t, x(t), y(t), K(t, u)g (u, x(u), y(u)) du
0
 
Zt
−h t, x(s), y(s), K(t, u)g (u, x(u), y(u)) du
0
 
Zt
+ h t, x(s), y(s), K(t, u)g (u, x(u), y(u)) du
0
 
Zt
−h s, x(s), y(s), K(t, u)g (u, x(u), y(u)) du
0
 
Zt
+ h s, x(s), y(s), K(t, u)g (u, x(u), y(u)) du
0
 
Zt
−h s, x(s), y(s), K(s, u)g (u, x(u), y(u)) du
0
 
Zt
+ h s, x(s), y(s), K(s, u)g (u, x(u), y(u)) du
0
 
Zs
−h s, x(s), y(s), K(s, u)g (u, x(u), y(u)) du
0
λ
≤ (|x(t) − x(s)| + |y(t) − y(s)|)) + ωrT (h, ϵ) + K̂ω T (K, ϵ)
4
Zt
+ K(s, u)g(u, x(u), y(u))du
s
λ
≤ (ω T (x, ϵ) + ω T (y, ϵ)) + ωrT (h, ϵ) + K̂ω T (K, ϵ)
4
Zt
+ K(s, u)g(u, x(u), y(u))du .
s
 The existence and numerical solution of functional integral equation 15

By the uniform continuity of h on [0, T ] × [−r, r] × [−r, r] × [−K1 , K1 ] and

k on [0, T ] × [0, T ], we have as ϵ → 0, gives ω T (K, ϵ) → 0, ωrT (h, ϵ) → 0. Thus,
as ϵ → 0 we have
Zt Zs
K(s, u)g(u, x(u), y(u))du − K(s, u)g(u, x(u), y(u))du → 0.
0 0

Now taking the limit as ϵ → 0 we have

λ T
ω0T (H(X1 × X2 ) ≤ (ω (X1 ) + ω0T (X2 ))).
4 0
As T → ∞ we get
λ
ω0 (H(X1 × X2 ) ≤ (ω0 (X1 ) + ω0 (X2 )). (1.19)
4
For arbitrary (x, y), (x1 , y1 ) ∈ X1 × X2 and t ∈ R+ , we have

|H(x, y)(t) − H(x1 , y1 )(t)|

λ
≤ (|x(t) − x1 (t)| + |y(t) − y1 (t)|)
4
Z t
+ K(t, s)[g(s, x(s), y(s)) − g(s, x1 (s), y1 (s))]ds
0

λ
≤ (diam (X1 (t)) + diam (X2 (t)))
4
Z t
+ K(t, s)[g(s, x(s), y(s)) − g(s, x1 (s), y1 (s))]ds .
0

Since (x, y), (x1 , y1 ) and t are arbitrary, therefore we have,

λ
diamH(X1 × X2 ) ≤ (diam (X1 (t)) + diam (X2 (t)))
4
Z t
+ K(t, s)[g(s, x(s), y(s)) − g(s, x1 (s), y1 (s))]ds .
0

As t → ∞, by applying (A3 ), we get

λ
lim sup diamH(X1 × X2 ) ≤ (lim sup diam (X1 (t))
t→∞ 4 t→∞
+ lim sup diam(X2 (t))). (1.20)
t→∞

From (1.19) and (1.20) we have

16 Measure of Noncompactness, Fixed Point Theorems, and Applications

µ(H(X1 × X2 ) = ω0 (H(X1 × X2 )) + lim sup diamH(X1 × X2 )(t)

t→∞
λ λ
≤ (ω0 (X1 ) + ω0 (X2 )) + (lim sup diam (X1 (t))
4 4 t→∞
+ lim sup diam(X2 (t)))
t→∞
λ
= ω0 (X1 + lim sup diamX1 (t)) + ω0 (X2 )
4 t→∞

+ lim sup diamX2 (t)
t→∞
λ
= (µ(X1 ) + µ(X2 )).
4
Therefore
λ λ
µ(H(X1 × X2 ) ≤ (µ(X1 ) + µ(X2 )) ≤ max{µ(X1 ), µ(X2 )}.
4 2
√
t
Since θ(t) = e ∈ Θ,
e t > 0 and β ∈ S, we have
√λ
≤ e 2 max{µ(X1 ),µ(X2 )}
√1
= e √2 β(max{µ(X1 ),µ(X2 )})(max{µ(X1 ),µ(X2 )}
β(max{µ(X1 ),µ(X2 )})(max{µ(X1 ),µ(X2 )} k
= [e ]
= [θ(β(max{µ(X1 ), µ(X2 )})(max{µ(X1 ), µ(X2 )})]k ,
r
1
where k = and β(max{µ(X1 ), µ(X2 )}) = λ. Therefore by Theorem 1.4.4,
2
H has at least a coupled fixed point in the space B × B. Thus, the system of
Eq. (1.18) has at least a solution in B × B.
Now, we illustrate how our main result can be used to guarantee the exis-
tence of a solution of the following functional integral equation:
Example 1.5.2. Consider the following functional integral equation

1 −3t2 t2 ln(1 + |x(t)|) e−t ln(1 + |y(t)|)



 x(t) = e + +


 8 8(1 + t4 ) 16
Rt 2s h s |x(s)| |y(s)| i 




 + ln 1 + 4 s+1
+ + ds
0 1+t 2(1 + |x(s)|) 2(1 + |y(s)|)

1 2 t2 ln(1 + |y(t)|) e−t ln(1 + |x(t)|)
y(t) = e−3t + +


8(1 + t4 )



 8 16


 Rt 2s h s |x(s)| |y(s)| i 

 + ln 1 + 4 s+1
+ + ds
0 1+t 2(1 + |x(s)|) 2(1 + |y(s)|)
(1.21)
 The existence and numerical solution of functional integral equation 17

for t ≥ 0 . Observe that this equation is a special case of Eq. (1.18) with

1 −3t2 t2 ln(1 + |x|) e−t ln(1 + |y|)

h(t, x, y, z) = e + + + ln (1 + |z|)
8 8(1 + t4 ) 16
2s
k(t, s) =
1 + t4
t |x| |y|
g(t, x, y) = + + .
t + 1 2(1 + |x|) 2(1 + |y|)
2
Its obvious that h is a continuous function and |h(t, 0, 0, 0)| = 18 e−3t
bounded for t ≥ 0 and M1 = 18 .
Let t ∈ R+ , x, y, z, u, v, w ∈ R with |x| ≥ |u| , |y| ≥ |v| and λ = 18 . Then
by using Mean Value Theorem on ln (1 + |z|), we can derive the following
estimates
t2
|h(t, x, y, z) − h(t, u, v, w)| ≤ |ln(1 + |x| − ln(1 + |u|))|
8(1 + t4 )
e−t
+ |ln(1 + |y|) − ln(1 + |v|)|
16
+ |ln (1 + |z|) − ln (1 + |w|)|
t2
 
1 + |x|
≤ ln
8(1 + t4 ) 1 + |u|
e−t
 
1 + |y|
+ ln + ||z| − |w||
16 1 + |v|
 
1 1 + |x|
≤ ln
16 1 + |u|
 
1 1 + |y|
+ ln + ||z| − |w||
16 1 + |v|
 
1 |x| − |u|
= ln 1 +
16 1 + |u|
 
1 |y| − |v|
+ ln 1 + + ||z| − |w||
16 1 + |v|
1 1
≤ |x − u| + |y − v| + ||z| − |w||
16 16
1
≤ (|x − u| + |y − v|) + |z − w|
16
λ
≤ (|x − u| + |y − v|) + |z − w| ,
2
which shows condition (A1 ) and (A2 ) are valid.
t |x| |y|
Clearly g(t, x, y) = t+1 + + is continuous and assume
2(1 + |x|) 2(1 + |y|)
18 Measure of Noncompactness, Fixed Point Theorems, and Applications

that t ≥ 0 and x, y ∈ R. Then we get

t |x| |y| t
|g(t, x, y) − g(t, u, v)| = + + −
t + 1 2(1 + |x|) 2(1 + |y|) t + 1
|u| |v|
− −
2(1 + |u|) 2(1 + |v|)
1 |x| − |u| 1 |y| − |v|
≤ +
2 (1 + |x|)(1 + |u|) 2 (1 + |y|)(1 + |v|)
1 
≤ |x − u| + |y − v|
2 
= L |x − u| + |y − v| .

Also,
Z t
K(t, s)[g(s, x(s), y(s)) − g(s, u(s), v(s))]ds
0
Z t
2s h s |x(s)| |y(s)|
≤ 4
+ +
0 1+t s + 1 2(1 + |x(s)|) 2(1 + |y(s)|)
s |u(s)| |v(s)| i
− − − ds
s + 1 2(1 + |u(s)|) 2(1 + |v(s)|)
Z t
4s
≤ 4
ds
0 1+t
2t2
≤ ,
1 + t4
uniformly with respect to x, y ∈ B. This implies that
Z t
lim | K(t, s)[g(s, x(s), y(s)) − g(s, u(s), v(s))]ds| = 0.
t→∞ 0

Thus assumption (A3 ) is satisfied and G0 = 2. Further, notice that the func-
2s
tion K(t, s) = is continuous in t ≥ 0 for every s ≥ 0 and integrable in
1 + t4
1
s ≥ 0 for all t ≥ 0 and K(t, s) ≥ 0 and K ∗ = . Moreover, for all t ≥ 0 we
2
have,
Z t Z t
2s t2 1
K(t, s)ds = 4
ds = 4
≤ = K ∗,
0 0 1 + t 1 + t 2
and M2 = K ∗ G0 = 1. This shows that assumption (A4 ) holds. Furthermore,
let us notice the inequality from condition (A5 ), having form
λ 1 1
r0 + M2 + M1 ≤ r0 −→ r0 + 1 + ≤ r0 ,
2 16 8
18
has a positive solution r0 ≥ . With this calculations, Theorem 1.5.1 guar-
15
antees that (1.21) has a solution.
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