Structural Analysis and Design

of Circular Manhole
(DN=1.2m and H<5m)

November, 2023
 Manhole Flotation Analysis
Circular Wall (Flush Base) Manhole analysis an Design:
Check for Flotation (Bouyancy Force)

Determine if the manhole installation shown below is stable with respect to buoyancy, and has a minimum factor of safety of 2.0.

In this straight wall manhole, it is the

weight of the structure itself combined
with the downward frictional resistance
of the soil surrounding the manhole
which resists the upward buoyant force.

Shear strength as referred to in soils

mechanics is the resistance to sliding of
one soil mass against another in a
uniform system.

Certain analyses (such as the present

problem) require the determination of
shear strength between dissimilar
substances - soil and concrete in this
case. This shear strength is an apparant
rather than true shear resistance and is
more accurately referred to as sliding
resistance.

1. Find Weight of Structure where:

gc = 24 unit weight of concrete - KN/m3

Di = 1.2 inside diameter of structure - m

tw = 0.125 wall thickness - m

Bd = Di + (2∙tw) = 1.45 outside diameter of structure - m

H = 5 depth of manhole - m

tb = 0.225 thickness of bottom slab -m

ts = 0.16 thickness of top slab - m

Dc = 0.6 diameter of cover - m

Wcover = 1.65 weight of cover - KN

Wt = Wwalls + Wbase + Wtop + Wcover total structure weight -KN

2 2 2 2
    B   D   
Wt =   Bd 
D 
  i   H  tb  ts    c     Bd  tb   c      d    c    ts   c  Wcover
2

 2 2 4    2   2   

Wt = 73 total structure weight - KN

2. Sliding Resistance

Because a high groundwater condition is being analyzed, the effective unit weight if the saturated soil must be determined.

gs = 18 unit weight dry soil - KN/m3

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 Manhole Flotation Analysis
SG = 2.75 specific gravity of soil - dimensionless
 1 
gsub =  s  1   = 11 effective weight of submerged soil -KN/m3
 SG 
Normal Pressure
In order to quantify sliding resistance, it is necessary to determine the lateral pressure on the walls of the manhole - Fig. below. As
shown in Fig. above, the top of the manhole is at the ground surface and, since we are concerned about flotation, the critical case will be
considered where the ground water elevation is at the top of the manhole.

f = 0.30 friction coefficient - dimensionless.

f = 30 degree internal friction angle of soil
Ka (1-Sinf)/(1-Cosf) Rankine's active earth pressure coefficient
Ka = 0.33
H 
P =Ka   sub  H    total resultant lateral pressure acting on the manhole - KN/m
 2 
P = 47 KN/m

Rsliding = P  f    Bd surface sliding resistance (downward) - KN

Rsliding = 65 KN

3. Buoyant Force

gw = 10 unit weight of water KN/m3

 B 2 
B =  W     d   H
 upward buoyand force - KN
  4  

B = 83 KN

4. Factor of Safety

Generally, if the weight of the structure is the primary force resisting flotation, then a safety factor of 1.0 is adequate. If, however, friction
and/or cohesion are the primary forces resisting flotation, then a higher safety factor would be in order to account for the variability of the
soil properties.

W t  R sliding
FS =
B
FS = 1.67

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 Manhole Flotation Analysis
The calculated safety factor is < the required factor of 2.0. Therefore, try an extended base
with a 10cm extension (lip) around the entire diameter as in Fig. below.

5. Weight of Extended Base Structure:

Db = 1.65 Diameter of base - m

tb(ext) = 0.23 Thickness of extended base - m

H1 = 4.78 Height of fill to extended base

H2 = 0.23 Height of extended base

 2 
Wbase =   D b  tb   c  Wbase = 11.5 Weight of base - KN
4 

 Db 2  Bd 2 
Wsoil =          H  tb    sub Wsoil = 26.6 Weight of soil - KN
 2   2  

 Bd  2  Dc  2 
Wtop =         ts   c Wtop = 5.3 Weight of top - KN
 2   2  

 Bd 2  Di 2 
Wwalls =           H  tb  t s    c Wwalls = 57.6 Weight of walls -KN
 2   2  
Wtotal = Wbase + Wsoil + Wwalls + Wtop + Wcover Wtotal = 102.7 Total Weight - KN

6. Sliding Resistance

P = 47 KN From Step 2

f = 0.3 friction coefficient - dimensionless. From Table 3, Design Data

Rsliding = P  f   D b surface sliding resistance (downward) - KN

Rsliding = 73 KN

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 Manhole Flotation Analysis

3. Buoyant Force

gw = 10 unit weight of water KN/m3


W  
Bd 2   H  Dd 2 


  H2 
B = 1 
 upward buoyand force -KN
 4   4  


B = 84 KN

7. Factor of Safety

FS =
W total  R sliding
B
FS = 2.11 > 2 \ a satisfactory condition

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 Manhole Cover Slab Analysis and Design

Design of Manhole Cover Slab

Dimensions
D = 1.6 Diameter in m including supports
t = 0.16 Thickness in m
Do = 0.6 Diameter of opening in m (Manhole Cover)
Grade of Concrete C-30/37
Reinforcement steel Grade Grade 60 (S-400)
gmc = 1.5 gms = 1.15 Partial safety factor for concrete and steel material
fck= 30 Mpa fcd 17.00 Mpa
fy= 400 Mpa fyd 347.83 Mpa
gc = 25 unit weight of Reinforced concrete KN/m3

IM = 0.3
Dead Loads;
2 3
Self Weight = 4 KN/m unit weight of Reinforced concrete KN/m
Weihgt of MH Frame and Cover = 165 Kg
DL due to MH Cover = 0.875 KN/m load distributed around opening
DL due to MH Cover = 0.05 KN load distributed around opening points
2
DL due to selected material = 3.60 KN/m
Live Load Truck = 38.5 KN/m load distributed around opening due to Design Truck
Live Load Truck = 2.01 KN load distributed around opening points
2
Live Load = 5.0 KN/m live load due to human and small vehicles on roof slab
Load Combination
Comb. 1 1.35DL+1.75(1+IM)LL IM is impact factor to consider truck vehicle impact action
Analysis Result Load Combination and Desgn as per AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications

A fininte Element method is used to analyse the top

Design Moment Msd = 31.00 KNm/m cover slab using SAP-2000 version 21.1.0

check slab depth for flexure Provided

D= 160 mm
d  M sd
= 78.6 mm Cover= 20 mm
0 . 2952 bfcd
f= 12 mm
b= 1000 mm
Drequired=d+cover+f +f /2 = 121.6 mm d= 134 mm
Dprovided=160mm > Drequired ok!
steel ratio r = 0.0052
2 2
Reinforcement Required As=rbd= 691.8 mm As min=0.3/fyk = 120 mm
spacing =
1000 a s
= 163 mm
A s

provide f= 12 mm c/c 150mm in both directions

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 Manhole Barel and Base Slab Analysis ad Design

Design of Manhole Vertical Wall (Barrel) and Base Slab

Dimensions
Dn = 1.2 m Internal Diameter in m
t = 0.125 m Thickness in m
H = 5m Max Height of Manhole
D = 0.225 m Thickness of Base slab below pipe
Grade of Concrete C-25/30
Reinforcement steel Grade Grade 60 (S-400)
gmc = 1.5 gms = 1.15 Partial safety factor for concrete and steel material
fck= 25 Mpa fcd 13.60 Mpa
fy= 400 Mpa fyd 347.826 Mpa
gc = 25 unit weight of Reinforced concrete KN/m3

Cover Slab Reaction Loads;

Dead Load = 0.41 KN

Live Load = 2.9 KN

case 1: Manhole with Water (seawage) filled but not back filled that is during leakage testing
gw = 10 KN/m3 unit weight of water (seawage) KN/m3
2
WP = gwZ KN/m water (seawage) pressure at any depth Z KN/m2

Z= 0 pressure top = 0 KN/m2

Z= 5 pressure at bottom = 50 KN/m2

case 2: Manhole with no Water (seawage) but back filled that is after leakage test and before operational
this is with the assumption that the ground water table level is same as top of manhole which is the worst condition
gs = 18 KN/m3 unit weight of Soil KN/m3
gw = 10 KN/m3 unit weight of water (seawage) KN/m3
3
gsub = 11.5 KN/m Submerged unit weight of Soil KN/m3
2
q = 5.0 KN/m Surcharge Load
EP = gwZ+kagsubZ KN/m2 Earth pressure at any depth Z KN/m2

Z= 0 pressure top = 1.67 KN/m2

Z= 5 pressure at bottom = 70.8 KN/m2

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 Manhole Barel and Base Slab Analysis ad Design

Load Combination
Comb. 1 1.35DL+1.35EP+1.75LL (1+IM)
Comb. 2 1.35DL+1.35WP+1.75LL (1+IM)
Comb. 3 1.35DL+1.75LL (1+IM)
Analysis Result
Check for Wall stress
Hoop Stress

A fininte Element method is used

to analyse the Manhole wall and
base slab using SAP-2000
version 21.1.0

Hoop Compression due to Load Combination-1

Hoop Tension due to Load Combination-2

Maximum hoop tension = 333.00 KN/m2

Maximum hoop Comprension = 454.00 KN/m2
check for Concrete tensile strength

fctk = 0.21(fck)2/3 = 1.7955 Mpa

2
fctd = 0.85fctk = 1.0174 Mpa = 1017.4 KN/m
1.5
Design tensile strength of Concrete fctd=1017.4KN/m2 > Design hoop tension stress developed =333KN/m2
check for Concrete Compressive strength

fck = (fcu) = 25 Mpa

1.25
2
fcd = 0.85fck = 14.167 Mpa = 14166.7 KN/m
1.5

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 Manhole Barel and Base Slab Analysis ad Design
Design Compressive strength of Concrete fcd=14166.7KN/m2 > Design vertical Compressive stress developed =454KN/m2
Hence, there is need of reinforcement bars to be provided in the circumfirantial direction

Vertical stress

A fininte Element method is used to

analyse the Manhole wall and base
slab using SAP-2000 version
21.1.0

Vertical wall stress (Outer Face) due to Load Combination-3

Maximum vertical Compression stress = 740.00 KN/m2 in Compression Combination-3

check for Concrete Compressive strength

fck = (fcu) = 25 Mpa

1.25
2
fcd = 0.85fck = 14.167 Mpa = 14166.7 KN/m
1.5
Design Compressive strength of Concrete fcd=11333.3KN/m2 > Design Vertical Axial stress developed =740KN/m2
Hence, the Concrete can resist the stress without the need of providing reinforcement bars in the vertical direction
check for Base slab stress

Base Slab Direct stress due to Load Combination-2 (water Pressure)

Maximum tension stress = 422.60 KN/m2

Maximum Compressive stress = 422.60 KN/m2
check for Concrete tensile strength

fctk = 0.21(fck)2/3 = 1.80 Mpa

2
fctd = 0.85fctk = 1.0174 Mpa = 1017.4 KN/m
1.5
Design ternsile strength of Concrete fctd=1017.4KN/m2 > Design tensile stress developed =422.6KN/m2
Hence, there is need of reinforcement bars to be provided in the base slab just provide minimum reinforcement only.

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 Manhole Barel and Base Slab Analysis ad Design

Section Properties
Slab Thickness (D) = 225 mm
Width (b) = 1000 mm
Concrete Cover = 50 mm
bar diameter = 10 mm
Effective Depth (d) = 170 mm
Design Moment
Mu= 3.60 KNm/m
fctm =0.3fck2/3 = 2.56 Mpa
rmin =0.26fctm/fyk ≥ 0.0013 = 0.0017
m = f yd /f cd = 25.58
2
Rn = Mu/bd =
Rn,11 support = 0.125
r = 0.0017
As = 283.43 mm2
Using f 10 as = 78.54 mm2
Calculated Spacing = 277 mm
Provide f 10c/c 200mm bars both ways

Check for bearing capacity

Assume bearing capacity of soil =100Kpa weak soil (critical Case)
 2 
Wbase =   Db  tb   c  Wbase = 11.5 Weight of base - KN
 4 

 Db 2  Bd 2 
Wsoil =          H  tb    sub Wsoil = 26.6 Weight of soil - KN
 2   2  

 Bd  2  Dc  2 
Wtop =         ts   c Wtop = 5.3 Weight of top - KN
 2   2  

 Bd 2  Di 2 
Wwalls =          H  tb  ts    c Wwalls = 57.6 Weight of walls -KN
 2   2  
2
W water =  Bd   wwater = 52.2 Weight of water -KN
      H  t b  t s    w
  2  

Wtotal = Wbase + Wsoil + Wwalls + Wtop + Wcover Wtotal = 154.9 Total Weight - KN

upward stress due to applied loads = W total = 72.45 KN/m2

A
upward stress due applied load is 72.45KN/m2< the bearing capcity of soil =100KN/m2
Hence safe against bearing capacity

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