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Insecure Direct Object References (IDOR) are vulnerabilities in web applications caused by broken access control, allowing attackers to manipulate identifiers like database keys or session IDs. Common types of IDOR include body manipulation, cookie or JSON ID manipulation, and path traversal, which can lead to severe impacts on data confidentiality, integrity, and availability. Preventative measures include implementing proper authorization checks, using indirect object references, and conducting regular security testing and monitoring.

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13 views4 pages

Ports Wigger

Insecure Direct Object References (IDOR) are vulnerabilities in web applications caused by broken access control, allowing attackers to manipulate identifiers like database keys or session IDs. Common types of IDOR include body manipulation, cookie or JSON ID manipulation, and path traversal, which can lead to severe impacts on data confidentiality, integrity, and availability. Preventative measures include implementing proper authorization checks, using indirect object references, and conducting regular security testing and monitoring.

Uploaded by

shreeguttedar123
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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InsecureDirect object reference

Insecure direct object references are common, potentially devastating


vulnerabilities resulting from broken access control in web applications. IDOR
bugs allow an attacker to maliciously interact with a web application by
manipulating a “direct object reference,” such as a database key, query
parameter, or filename.

Four common types of IDOR


These days, identifiers are more commonly found in headers or APIs than
right in a user’s address bar. However, the dynamic nature of most websites
means that identifiers and parameters are still heavily used in some form or
another. Identifiers might include:

 Database keys
 Query parameters
 User or session IDs
 Filenames

How to identify IDOR vulnerabilities


IDOR vulnerabilities are often simple to exploit but can be difficult for
developers to identify. Tools and techniques like code analysis and
automated scanning aren’t as good at spotting IDOR bugs as many other
common security issues, which means identifying these vulnerabilities may
require manual security testing.

Some ways to identify vulnerabilities include:

 Performing basic tests using the built-in developer tools in a web


browser
 Using a tool like Burp Suite or the Open Web Application Security
Project Zed Attack Proxy (OWASP ZAP) to increase the effectiveness of
manual testing
 Participating in a vulnerability disclosure program
 Hiring an external penetration testing firm to review critical web
applications

2. Body manipulation
Body manipulation is very similar to URL tampering, except that the attacker
is modifying one or more values in the body of the document instead of in
the URL. This can mean changing the values of radio buttons, checkboxes, or
other form elements. It might also be possible to change hidden form values.

Perhaps a contact has a hidden form value that passes on the user ID for the
currently logged-in account. If we can change that hidden value prior to form
submission, we can make our request appear to come from a different user.

3. Cookie or JSON ID manipulation


Cookies and JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) are both widely used behind
the scenes to store and exchange data between client and server, helping
make web pages more dynamic. When we log into a website, for example,
the server may store a user or session ID value inside a cookie or JSON
object. If the application contains an IDOR vulnerability, an attacker could
change these values.

4. Path traversal
Path traversal, also called directory traversal, is a unique type of IDOR
vulnerability that an attacker leverages to access or manipulate files or
folders directly on the server that runs the web application. This is a level
deeper than other types of IDOR attacks because it allows direct access to
file system resources instead of database records. Path traversal can allow
an attacker to access configuration files, discover user credentials, or even
obtain a fully functional shell on the target.

How IDOR impacts data


IDOR vulnerabilities can be simple to exploit, but the impacts of this type of
attack are potentially catastrophic. Below are just a few ways an IDOR can
impact the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of your organization’s
data:

 Confidentiality - As we saw in my university example, a successful


IDOR attack gives an attacker access to something they shouldn’t be
able to view. This could be anything from a discount code for frequent
shoppers on a digital storefront to sensitive personal health
information or trade secrets.
 Integrity - In some cases, an attacker might be able to use an IDOR to
modify data. Usually, these types of attacks manipulate parameters in
an HTTP POST request. In 2020, a security researcher discovered an
IDOR vulnerability that would have allowed an attacker to change the
password of user accounts on U.S. Department of Defense web
servers. Attackers can use similar vulnerabilities to add unauthorized
data such as falsified financial information or incriminating documents
onto an unsuspecting user.
 Availability - IDOR can also be abused to impact the availability of
resources. Imagine a function in a PHP application that deletes
documents by filename. Without proper authorization checks, an
attacker may be able to change the filename and delete documents
they don‘t even have access to!
 Preventing IDOR:
o Proper Authorization Checks: Ensure that the application
performs robust authorization checks to verify that the
authenticated user has the right to access a particular object.
o Indirect Object References: Instead of directly using user-
supplied input as references (e.g., IDs), use indirect references
that are mapped to the actual objects on the server-side.
o Least Privilege Principle: Apply the principle of least privilege,
meaning that users should only have the minimum level of
access necessary to perform their tasks.
 Testing and Mitigation:
o Automated Testing: Employ automated security testing tools
to scan for potential IDOR vulnerabilities.
o Manual Code Reviews: Conduct manual code reviews to
identify and fix security issues, including inadequate access
controls.
o Penetration Testing: Conduct penetration testing to simulate
real-world attacks and identify potential vulnerabilities.
 Ongoing Monitoring and Maintenance:
o Security is an ongoing process. Regularly monitor and update the
application to address new security threats and vulnerabilities.
o Keep abreast of security best practices and incorporate them
into the development and maintenance processes.

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