Whispering

Whispery

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Whispering
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Whispering is an unvoiced mode of phonation in which the vocal cords are abducted so that they do not
vibrate; air passes between the arytenoid cartilages to create audible turbulence during speech.[1]
Supralaryngeal articulation remains the same as in normal speech.

In normal speech, the vocal cords alternate between states of voice and voicelessness. In whispering, only
the voicing segments change, so that the vocal cords alternate between whisper and voicelessness (though
the acoustic difference between the two states is minimal).[2] Because of this, implementing speech
recognition for whispered speech is more difficult, as the characteristic spectral range needed to detect
syllables and words is not given through the total absence of tone.[3] More advanced techniques such as
neural networks may be used, however, as is done by Amazon Alexa.[4]

There is no symbol in the IPA for whispered phonation, since it is not used phonemically in any language.
However, a sub-dot under phonemically voiced segments is sometimes seen in the literature, as [ʃʊ̣ḍ] for
whispered should.

Social role
Whispering is generally used quietly, to limit the hearing of speech to those closest to the speaker; for
example, to convey secret information without being overheard or to avoid disturbing others in a quiet
place such as a library or place of worship. Loud whispering, known as a stage whisper, is generally
used only for dramatic or emphatic purposes. Whispering can strain the vocal cords more than regular
speech in some people, for whom speaking softly is recommended instead.[5]
ASMR

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A girl whispers to another girl.

An ASMR video wherein the performer

In 2010, it was discovered that whispering is one of the many
whispers to the camera.
triggers of ASMR,[6] a tingling sensation caused by listening
to soft, relaxing sounds. This phenomenon made news
headlines after videos on YouTube of people speaking up close to the camera in a soft whisper, giving the
viewer tingles.[7] People often listen to these videos to help them sleep and to relax.[8]

In non-humans
The prevalence and function of low-amplitude signaling by non-humans are poorly characterized.[9] As
such, it is difficult to ascertain the existence of whispering in non-humans. This is made more difficult by
the specific physiology of human whispering. By sufficiently relaxing the definition of whispering, it can
be argued any number of non-human species demonstrate whisper-like behaviors. Often these behaviors
function to increase fitness.[9]

If whispering is more broadly defined as the "production of short-range, low-amplitude acoustic signals,"
whispering is observed in myriad animals including non-human mammals, fish, and insects.[9]

If whispering is restricted to include only acoustic signals which are significantly different than those
produced at high amplitude, whispering is still observed across biological taxa.[9] An unlikely example is
the croaking gourami. Croaking gouramis produce a high-amplitude "croak" during agonistic disputes by
beating specialized pectoral fins.[10] Female gouramis additionally use these fins to produce an
acoustically distinct, low-amplitude "purr" during copulation.[11]

If whispering is restricted to include only creatures possessing vocal folds (i.e., mammals and some
reptiles),[12] whispering has been observed in species including cotton-top tamarins and a variety of
bats.[9] In captive cotton-top tamarins, whisper-like behavior is speculated to enable troop communication
while not alerting predators.[a][13] Numerous species of bats (e.g., spotted bats,[14] northern long-eared
bats,[15] and western barbastelles)[16] alter their echolocation calls[b] to avoid detection by prey.[c]

Such a relaxed definition of whispering (i.e., production of short-range, low-amplitude acoustic signals
which are significantly different than those produced at high amplitude) cannot be applied to humans
without including vocalizations distinct from human whispering (e.g., creaky voice, and falsetto). Further
research is needed to ascertain the existence of whispering in non-humans as established in the larger
article.
Notes
a. The low-amplitude vocalizations of cotton-top tamarins are believed to be an alternative to
high-amplitude mobbing calls. If true, both vocalizations would be distinct instances of anti-
predator adaptations.[13]
b. These alterations come at the cost of spatial awareness.
c. All mentioned species of bats prey on eared moths.

See also
Aspiration (phonetics)
Chinese whispers
Cocktail party effect
Egressive sound vs. ingressive speech
Whispering campaign
Whispering gallery
Whispery voice
Other forms of unvoiced vocalization: gasping, sighing and panting
Autonomous sensory meridian response

References
1. Principles of Phonetics. John Laver, 1994, Cambridge Textbooks in Linguistics.
2. Language History: An Introduction. Andrew L. Sihler, 1999, John Benjamins,
ISBN 1556199686.
3. John Coleman; Esther Grabe; Bettina Braun. "Larynx movements and intonation in
whispered speech" (http://www.phon.ox.ac.uk/jcoleman/project_larynx_summary.pdf) (PDF).
Phon.ox.ac.uk. Retrieved 2022-03-15.
4. "Whisper to Alexa, and She'll Whisper Back" (https://developer.amazon.com/blogs/alexa/pos
t/c0e7798d-32bc-4549-9c24-97d204a7bf3a/whisper-to-alexa-and-she-ll-whisper-back).
Retrieved 2018-10-28.
5. O'Connor, Anahad (7 February 2011). "The Claim: Whispering Can be Hazardous to Your
Voice" (https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/08/health/08really.html). The New York Times.
6. Seal, Rebecca (22 March 2019). "HOW ASMR Become a Sensation" (https://www.ft.com/co
ntent/5c52fc2e-4a9b-11e9-bbc9-6917dce3dc62). Financial Times.
7. "The weirdest YouTube craze yet" (https://www.news.com.au/technology/online/asmr-therap
y-is-this-the-weirdest-youtube-craze/news-story/1bb2eb0a018c4fc3f673cb9fd909ae04).
NewsComAu. 2014-11-05. Retrieved 2019-08-29.
8. "GentleWhispering and ASMR: The voice that triggers euphoria and seven" (http://www.inde
pendent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/features/gentlewhispering-the-voice-that-triggers
-euphoria-and-seven-million-youtube-views-9929538.html). The Independent. 2014-12-16.
Retrieved 2019-08-29.
 9. Reichard, Dustin; Anderson, Rindy (July 2015). "Why signal softly? The structure, function
and evolutionary significance of low-amplitude signals" (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.anbeha
v.2015.04.017). Animal Behaviour. 105: 253–265. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2015.04.017 (http
s://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.anbehav.2015.04.017). S2CID 53188816 (https://api.semanticschol
ar.org/CorpusID:53188816).
10. Ladich, Friedrich; Brittinger, Waltraud; Kratochvil, Helmut (1992). "Significance of agonistic
vocalization in the croaking gourami (Trichopsis vittatus, Teleostei)". Ethology. 90 (4): 307–
314. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1992.tb00841.x (https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1439-0310.199
2.tb00841.x). ISSN 0179-1613 (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0179-1613).
11. Ladich, Friedrich (2007). "Females whisper briefly during sex: context- and sex-specific
differences in sounds made by croaking gouramis" (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar
ticle/pii/S0003347206004283)). Animal Behaviour. 73 (2): 379–387.
doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2006.04.014 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.anbehav.2006.04.014).
S2CID 53164055 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53164055).
12. Brumm, Henrik; Zollinger, Sue Anne (31 May 2017). "Vocal plasticity in a reptile" (https://ww
w.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5454267). Proceedings. Biological Sciences. 284
(1855). doi:10.1098/rspb.2017.0451 (https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2017.0451).
PMC 5454267 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5454267). PMID 28539517
(https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28539517).
13. Morrison, Rachel; Diana, Reiss (2013). "Whisper‐like behavior in a non‐human primate".
Zoo Biology. 32 (6): 626–631. doi:10.1002/zoo.21099 (https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fzoo.2109
9). PMID 24038444 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24038444).
14. Fullard, J; Dawson, J (1997). "The echolocation calls of the spotted bat Euderma maculatum
are relatively inaudible to moths". The Journal of Experimental Biology. 200 (Pt 1): 129–137.
doi:10.1242/jeb.200.1.129 (https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.200.1.129). PMID 9317482 (http
s://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9317482).
15. Faure, PA; Fullard, JH; Dawson, JW (1993). "The gleaning attacks of the northern long-
eared bat, Myotis septentrionalis, are relatively inaudible to moths". The Journal of
Experimental Biology. 178: 173–189. doi:10.1242/jeb.178.1.173 (https://doi.org/10.1242%2F
jeb.178.1.173). PMID 8315370 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8315370).
16. Goerlitz, Holger; ter Hofstede, Hannah; Zeale, Matt; Jones, Gareth; Holderied, Marc (2010).
"An Aerial-hawking bat uses stealth echolocation to counter moth hearing" (https://doi.org/1
0.1016%2Fj.cub.2010.07.046). Current Biology. 20 (17): 1568–1572.
doi:10.1016/j.cub.2010.07.046 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2010.07.046).
PMID 20727755 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20727755). S2CID 15939048 (https://api.
semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15939048).

External links
Functional Neuroanatomy of Human Vocalization: An H215O PET Study (http://cercor.oxford
journals.org/cgi/content/full/15/12/1835)

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