System Analysis

It is the very first step in any system development and the critical phase
where developers come together to understand the problem, needs, and
objectives of the project.
Some of the key aspects of system analysis are:
1. Problem Identification : It involves identifying the issues that the
system is aiming to address. Whether it is automating a business
process, improving data management, or improving the user
experience, understanding the problem is the first and most important
step.
2. Requirements Gathering: Once the problem is identified, the next
step is to gather and write down the requirements. This involves
communicating with the customer and developer to gather information
about how the system is to be designed.
3. Feasibility study: Before going into development, it is important to
check the feasibility of the project. This includes the evaluation of
technical, operational, and financial aspects to determine the feasibility
of the proposed solution.
4. Analysis and modeling: To get a deep insight into the system,
analysts develop various models, such as Data Flow Diagrams(DFD),
Use Cases, and Entity-Relationship(ER) diagrams. These models help
the customer to visualize the system and its interactions.
5. Scope Definition: Defining the scope of the system is important to
prevent adding excessive features to the system and ensure that the
project stays within its limits. It identifies what is part of the system and
what is not.
Example:
Fraud Detection Systems: Studying transaction patterns and
inconsistencies in financial data to develop algorithms for detecting and
preventing fraudulent activities.
System Design
System design is where the project's blueprint is created. It involves
transforming the requirements identified in the analysis phase into a visual
solution. The main components of system design are as follows:
1. Architecture design: This phase describes the high level structure of
the system. This includes deciding software and hardware
components, their connectivity with each other and the overall design
of the system. Architects make critical designs ensuring scalability,
performance, and security.
2. Database configuration: The design phase includes defining the
database schema, data storage, and access methods. A database
programmer ensures that data is organized correctly, and that the
system can retrieve and process data efficiently.
3. Communication system: Communication controls are important
components of most systems. In this phase, designers create the
system’s visual elements and interactions.
4. Algorithm Design: Complex algorithms are designed in this phase.
Algorithms are the logic or program that makes systems work, and their
efficiency and accuracy are critical.
5. Security: Data security is a major concern in today’s digital world.
Developers must plan for security measures to protect the system and
its data, such as encryption, access control, and threat measures.
6. Test and Maintenance: System plans should also include plans for
testing and validation. The designer must specify how the system will
be tested to ensure that it meets specified requirements and performs
as planned.
7. Documentation: Suitable documentation is necessary to maintain the
system and enable future use. During the design phase, documentation
should be created or updated to ensure that the development team and
end users can access the necessary information.
Example :
Educational Management System:
 Components: Student database, course details, management module,
grading system.
 Modules: Enrollment, attendance tracking, assignment submission,
grades.
 Interfaces: Student portals, teacher interfaces, parents portal.

What is a System?
to A system is a set of things that work together as an interconnecting
network achieve a particular goal. The set of things can be hardware,
software, employees and much more. Systems are everywhere around us
such as computer systems which have both hardware and software to
execute certain functions.
Example: Biological system, Educational system, Physical system, etc.
Constraints of a System
Every system works within certain boundaries called constraints. These
constraints define the limits within which the system can operate. Typical
constraints include financial constraints, technical constraints, and time
constraints, which are important in guiding program development and
operation.
Properties of a System
Systems exhibit several key homes:
 Interconnectedness: Components inside a device are interconnected,
change in one system might cause change in the another system.
 Environment: Systems exist within an surroundings, interacting with it
and being influenced through it.
 Boundary: Systems have a described boundary that separates them
from the external environment. This is essential for studying how the
system interact with external environment.
 Purpose: Systems are designed with clear purpose and specific
objectives. The components of a system are organized in such a way
to perform intended tasks.
 Input and Output: Systems need input which leads to give the desired
output.
 Feedback: Feedbacks are most important part of the system as it
helps the developers to upgrade it with the user requirements.
Elements of a System
 Input: The data that the device gets from external source.
 Process: The activities that occur within the system.
 Output: The result after processing the input.
 Feedback: It is given by the customers end to improve the system.
Types of Systems
 Open Systems: An open system is the one that interacts freely with
the external factors. These systems are capable of adapting the
changes made within the system.
Example: business organizations.
 Closed Systems: A closed system is one which is contained within
itself. It does not have any interaction with the environment.
Example: A computer system.
 Adaptive Systems: Adaptive systems are those that change their
behavior with the changing environment.
Example: constantly changing market.
 Dynamic Systems: Dynamic systems are those that change and
evolve over a period of time.
Example: ecological system change with factors like climate change.
System Models
System models are simplified representations of real-world systems that
help us to understand, analyze, and design complex systems. These
models are important tools used in various fields such as engineering,
computer science, economics, and biology to study and predict behavior
of the system. System models can be visual, mathematical or conceptual.
They provide insights into program design, communication, and
development. Here are a few types of system models commonly used:
Mathematical, Simulation, Graphical, Physical, Conceptual.
Categories of Information
In the context of system, records may be categorized as follows:
 Operational Information: Information used to perform each day
operations.
 Management Information: Information utilized by managers for
decision-making.
 Strategic Information: Information related to long-term making plans
and approach formula.
Conclusion
In conclusion, system analysis and design form the cornerstone of
successful software development and problem-solving in different
domains. System analysis and design are fundamental processes that
help us navigate the complexities of modern systems and to make
innovation in a rapidly changing world.