FUNDAMENTALS OF PROGRAMMING

INTRODUCTION TO PROGRAMMING

CONTENT

UNIT- I

Introduction: Algorithms & flowcharts, Overview of C, features of C, Structure of C program,

Compilation & execution of C program. Identifiers, variables, expression, keywords, data types,
constants, scope and life of variables, and local and global variables. Operators: arithmetic,
logical, relational, conditional and bitwise operators. Special operators: sizeof () & comma (,)
operator. Precedence and associativity of operators & Type conversion in expressions. Input
and output statements.

Algorithms & Flowcharts

The sequence of steps to be performed in order to solve a problem by the computer is
known as an Algorithm. The Algorithm often refers to the logic of a program. Algorithms can be
expressed in many different notations, including natural languages, pseudocode, flowcharts and
programming languages.

Flowchart is a graphical or symbolic representation of an algorithm. It is the

diagrammatic representation of the step-by-step solution to a given problem.

Flow Chart Symbols:

Flow Line Symbol

 These are the left, right, top & bottom line connection symbols
 These lines shows the flow of control through the program

Terminal Symbol
Start  The oval shape symbol always begins and ends the flowchart
 The Start symbol have only one flow line but not entering flow line
Stop
 The stop symbol have an entering flow line but not exit flow line

Input / Output Symbol

 The parallelogram is used for both Input(read) and output(write)
operations

Process symbol

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  The rectangle symbol is used primarily for calculations and
initialization of memory location, all the arithmetic operations, data
movements and initializations

Decision Symbol
Yes  The diamond symbol is used in a flowchart to indicate the point at
which a decision has to be made and a branch of two or more
alternatives are possible
 There are always two exits from a decision symbol - one is labeled
No Yes or True and other labeled No or False.

Connector Symbol
 A connector symbol is represented by a circle with a letter or digit
n inside to specify the link.
 Used if the flowchart is big and needs continuation in next page
n

Let us take a small problem and see how can we write an algorithm using natural
language and draw flowchart for the same.
Illustration
Consider the problem of finding the largest number in a given set of three numbers.
Algorithm
1. Get three numbers from the user
2. Compare the first two numbers
3. The larger of the first two numbers is compared with the third number
4. The larger number obtained as a result of the above execution is the largest number
5. Print the that number as output

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 Flowchart

Start

Read 3 No.s –a,b,c

Yes Yes
If (a>b) If (a>c) Print ‘a’ as the largest

No No

If (b>c) Print ‘c’ as the largest

No

Yes

Print ‘b’ as the largest no.

Stop

Fig 1. Flow chart for the program-finding the largest of 3 given no. s

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 Overview of C

A brief history

C is a programming language developed at “AT & T’s Bell Laboratories” of USA in 1972.
It was written by Dennis Ritchie (Fig 2).

Fig 2. Dennis Ritchie

The programming language C was first given by Kernighan and Ritchie, in a classic book
called “The C Programming Language, 1st edition”. For several years the book “The C
Programming Language, 1st edition” was the standard on the C programming. In 1983 a
committee was formed by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
to develop a modern definition for the programming language C . In 1988 they delivered the final
standard definition ANSI C.

Features of C

 Portability

 Modularity

 Extensible

 Speed

 Mid-level programming language

 Flexibility

 Rich Library

Advantages of C

1. C programming is the building block for many other high level programming
languages existing today

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 2. A C program written in one computer can easily run on another computer without
making any change

3. It has variety of data types and powerful operators

4. A C program is a collection of functions supported by the C library. So we can easily

add our own functions to C library. Hence we can extend any existing C program
according to the need of our applications

5. Since C is a structured language, we can split any big problem into several sub
modules. Collection of these modules makes up a complete program. This modular
concept makes the testing and debugging easier

Structure of a C program

Documentation Section

Preprocessor Section

Definition Section

Global Declaration Section

main()
{

Declaration Section

Execution Section

}
Sub Program Section
{

Body of the program

}
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 Documentation Section:

 It consist of a set of comment lines

 The comment lines begins with /* and ends with */ or a single set of // in the beginning
of the line
 These lines are not executable
 Comments are very helpful in identifying the program features

Preprocessor Section:
 It is used to link system library files, for defining the macros and for defining the
conditional inclusion
 Eg: #include<stdio.h>, #include<conio.h>, #define MAX 100, etc.,

Global Declaration Section:

 The variables that are used in more than one function throughout the program are
called global variables
 Should be declared outside of all the functions i.e., before main().

main():

Every ‘C’ program must have one main() function, which specifies the starting of a ‘C’ program.
It contains the following two parts

Declaration Part:

 This part is used to declare the entire variables that are used in the executable part of
the program and these are called local variables

Execution Part:

 It contains at least one valid C Statement.

 The Execution of a program begins with opening brace ’{‘ and ends with closing brace
’}’
 The closing brace of the main function is the logical end of the program

Sub Program section:

 Sub programs are basically functions are written by the user (user defined functions)
 They may be written before or after a main () function and called within main ()
function
 This is optional to the programmer

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 Constraints while writing a C program
 All statements in ‘C’ program should be written in lower case letters. Uppercase letters
are only used for symbolic constants
 Blank space may be inserted between the words. Should not be used while declaring a
variable, keyword, constant and function
 The program statements can be written anywhere between the two braces following the
declaration part
 All the statements should end with a semicolon (;)

Example Program

/* addition.c – To find the average of two numbers and print them out
together with their average */

#include <stdio.h>

void main( )
{
int first, second;
float avg;
printf("Enter two numbers: ");
scanf("%d %d", &first, &second);
printf("The two numbers are: %d, %d", first, second);
avg = (first + second)/2;
printf("Their average is %f", avg);
}

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 Compilation and Execution of C program

1. Creating the program

2. Compiling the Program
3. Linking the Program with system library
4. Executing the program

Creating the program:

 Type the program and edit it in standard ‘C’ editor and save the program with .c as an
extension.
 This is the source program

Compiling (Alt + F9) the Program:

 This is the process of converting the high level language program to Machine level
Language (Equivalent machine instruction) -> Compiler does it!
 Errors will be reported if there is any, after the compilation
 Otherwise the program will be converted into an object file (.obj file) as a result of the
compilation
 After error correction the program has to be compiled again

Linking the program with system Library:

 Before executing a c program, it has to be linked with the included header files and
other system libraries -> Done by the Linker

Executing the Program:

 This is the process of running (Ctrl + F9) and testing the program with sample data. If
there are any run time errors, then they will be reported.

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 Creating the
program

Compilation
and Linking

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 Executing

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 The above illustration provides a lucid description of how to compile and execute a C
program.

C Tokens

C tokens, Identifiers and Keywords are the basic elements of a C program. C tokens are the
basic buildings blocks in C. Smallest individual units in a C program are the C tokens. C tokens
are of six types. They are,

1. Keywords (eg: int, while),

2. Identifiers (eg: main, total),
3. Constants (eg: 10, 20),
4. Strings (eg: “total”, “hello”),
5. Special symbols (eg: (), {}),
6. Operators (eg: +, /,-,*)

1. Keywords

Keywords are those words whose meaning is already defined by Compiler. They cannot be
used as Variable Names. There are 32 Keywords in C. C Keywords are also called
as Reserved words. There are 32 keywords in C. They are given below:

auto double int struct

break else long switch

case enum register typedef

char extern return union

const float short unsigned

continue for signed void

default goto sizeof volatile

do if static while

2. Identifiers

Identifiers are the names given to various program elements such as variables , arrays &
functions. Basically identifiers are the sequences of alphabets or digits.

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 Rules for forming identifier name

 The first character must be an alphabet (uppercase or lowercase) or an underscore.

 All succeeding characters must be letters or digits.
 No space and special symbols are allowed between the identifiers.
 No two successive underscores are allowed.
 Keywords shouldn’t be used as identifiers.

3. Constants

The constants refer to fixed values that the program may not change or modify during
its execution. Constants can be of any of the basic data types like an integer constant, a
floating constant and a character constant. There is also a special type of constant called
enumeration constant.

Eg:

Integer Constants- 45, 215u

Floating Constants- 3.14, 4513E-5L

Character Constants- \t, \n

4. Strings

A string in C is actually a one-dimensional array of characters which is terminated by

a null character '\0'.
Eg:
char str = {‘S’, ’A’, ’T’, ’H’, ’Y’, ’A’, ’B’, ’A’, ’M’, ’A’}
5. Special Symbols

The symbols other than alphabets, digits and white spaces for example - [] () {} , ; : * … = #
are the special symbols.

6. Operators

An Operator is a symbol that specifies an operation to be performed on the operands. The

data items that operators act upon are called operands. Operators which require two operands
are called Binary operators. Operators which require one operand are called Unary Operators.

Types of Operators

Depending upon their operation they are classified as

1. Arithmetic Operators
2. Relational Operators
3. Logical Operators
4. Assignment Operators

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 5. Increment and Decrement Operators
6. Conditional Operators
7. Bitwise Operators
8. Sizeof() Operators

Arithmetic Operators

Arithmetic Operators are used to perform mathematical calculations like addition,

subtraction, multiplication, division and modulus.

S.NO Operators Operation Example

1 + Addition A+B

2 - Subtraction A-B

3 * multiplication A*B

4 / Division A/B

5 % Modulus A%B

Rules For Arithmetic Operators

1. C allows only one variable on left hand side of = eg. c=a*b is legal, but a*b=c is not
legal.
2. Arithmetic operations are performed on the ASCII values of the characters and not on
characters themselves
3. Operators must be explicitly written.
4. Operation between same type of data yields same type of data, but operation between
integer and float yields a float result.

Example Program

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int m=40,n=20, add,sub,mul,div,mod;
add = m+n;
sub = m-n;
mul = m*n;
div = m/n;
mod = m%n;

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 printf(“Addition of m, n is : %d\n”, add);
printf(“Subtraction of m, n is : %d\n”, sub);
printf(“Multiplication of m, n is : %d\n”, mul);
printf(“Division of m, n is : %d\n”, div);
printf(“Modulus of m, n is : %d\n”, mod);
}
Output

Addition of m, n is : 60
Subtraction of m, n is : 20
Multiplication of m, n is : 800
Division of m, n is : 2
Modulus of m, n is : 0

Relational Operators

Relational Operators are used to compare two or more operands. Operands may
be variables, constants or expression

S.NO Operators Operation Example

1 > is greater m>n

than

2 < is less than m <n

3 >= is greater m >= n

than or equal
to

4 <= is less than m <= n

or equal to

5 == is equal to m == n

6 != is not equal m!=n

to

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 Example Program

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int m=40,n=20;
if (m == n)
{
printf(“m and n are equal”);
}
else
{
printf(“m and n are not equal”);
}
}

Output

m and n are not equal

Logical Operators

Logical Operators are used to combine the results of two or more conditions. It is
also used to test more than one condition and make decision.

S.NO Operators Operation Example Description

1 && logical (m>5)&&(n<5) It returns true when both

AND conditions are true

2 || logical OR (m>=10)||(n>=10) It returns true when at-

least one of the condition
is true

3 ! logical !((m>5)&&(n<5)) It reverses the state of the

NOT operand “((m>5) &&
(n<5))”

If “((m>5) && (n<5))” is

true, logical NOT operator
makes it false

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 Example Program

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a=40,b=20,c=30;
if ((a>b )&& (a >c))
{
printf(“ a is greater than b and c”);
}
else
if(b>c)
printf(“b is greater than a and c”);
else
prinf(“c is greater than a and b”);
}

Output

a is greater than b and c.

Conditional Operator

It itself checks the condition and executed the statement depending on the condition.

Syntax:

Condition? Exp1:Exp2

Example:

X=(a>b)?a:b

The ‘?:’ operator acts as ternary operator. It first evaluate the condition, if it is true then
exp1 is evaluated, if condition is false then exp2 is evaluated. The drawback of
Assignment operator is that after the ? or : only one statement can occur.

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 Example Program

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int x,a=5,b=3;
x = (a>b) ? a : b ;
printf(“x value is %d\n”, x);
}

Output

x value is 5

Bitwise Operators

Bitwise Operators are used for manipulation of data at bit level. It operates on integer
only.

S.NO Operators Operation Example Description

1 & Bitwise AND X&Y Will give 1 only when both

inputs are 1

2 | Bitwise OR X|Y Will give 1 when either of

input is 1

3 ^ Bitwise XOR X ^ Y Will give 1 when one input

is 1 and other is 0

4 ~ 1’s ~X Change all 1 to 0 and all 0

Complement to 1

5 << Shift left X<<Y X gets multiplied by

2Ynumber of times

6 >> Shift right X>>Y X gets divided by 2Y

number of times

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 Example Program
#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
int c1=1,c2;
c2=c1<<2;
printf(“Left shift by 2 bits c1<<2=%d”,c2);
}

Output

Left shift by 2 bits c1<<2=4

Special operators:

sizeof () operator:

1. Sizeof operator is used to calcualte the size of data type or variables.

2. Sizeof operator will return the size in integer format.
3. Sizeof operator syntax looks more like a function but it is considered as an operator in c
programming

Example of Size of Variables

#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int ivar = 100;
char cvar = 'a';
float fvar = 10.10;
printf("%d", sizeof(ivar));
printf("%d", sizeof(cvar));
printf("%d", sizeof(fvar));
return 0;
}

Output :

214

In the above example we have passed a variable to size of operator. It will print the value of
variable using sizeof() operator.

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 Example of Sizeof Data Type

#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
printf("%d", sizeof(int));
printf("%d", sizeof(char));
printf("%d", sizeof(float));
return 0;
}

Output :

214

In this case we have directly passed an data type to an sizeof.

Example of Size of constant

#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{

printf("%d", sizeof(10));
printf("%d", sizeof('A'));
printf("%d", sizeof(10.10));
return 0;
}
Output :

214

In this example we have passed the constant value to a sizeof operator. In this case sizeof
will print the size required by variable used to store the passed value.

Example of Nested sizeof operator

#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int num = 10;
printf("%d", sizeof(sizeof(num)));
return 0;
}
Output:

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 We can use nested sizeof in c programming. Inner sizeof will be executed in normal fashion
and the result of inner sizeof will be passed as input to outer sizeof operator.
Innermost Sizeof operator will evaluate size of Variable “num” i.e 2 bytes Outer Sizeof will
evaluate Size of constant “2” .i.e 2 bytes

Comma(,) Operator:

1. Comma Operator has Lowest Precedence i.e it is having lowest priority so it is evaluated
at last.
2. Comma operator returns the value of the rightmost operand when multiple comma
operators are used inside an expression.
3. Comma Operator Can acts as –
 Operator : In the Expression
 Separator: Function calls, Function definitions, Variable declarations and Enum
declarations

Example:

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int num1 = 1, num2 = 2;
int res;
res = (num1, num2);
printf("%d", res);
}

Output
2

Consider above example

int num1 = 1, num2 = 2;// In variable Declaration as separator
res = (num1, num2);// In the Expression as operator

In this case value of rightmost operator will be assigned to the variable. In this case value of
num2 will be assigned to variable res.

Examples of comma operator:

Type 1 : Using Comma Operator along with Assignment

#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{

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 int i;
i = 1,2,3;
printf("i:%d\n",i);
return 0;
}
Output:

i:1

Explanation:

i = 1,2,3;

1. Above Expression contain 3 comma operator and 1 assignment operator.

2. If we check precedence table then we can say that “Comma” operator has lowest
precedence than assignment operator
3. So Assignment statement will be executed first .
4. 1 is assigned to variable “i”.

Type 2 : Using Comma Operator with Round Braces

#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int i;
i = (1,2,3);
printf("i:%d\n",i);
return 0;
}

Output:

i:3
Explanation:
i = (1,2,3);
1. Bracket has highest priority than any operator.
2. Inside bracket we have 2 comma operators.
3. Comma operator has associativity from Left to Right.
4. Comma Operator will return rightmost operand
i = (1,2,3) Assign 3 to variable i.

Type 3 : Using Comma Operator inside printf statement

#include<stdio.h>
#include< conio.h>
void main()

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 {
clrscr();
printf("Computer","Programming");
getch();
}

Output:

Computer

You might feel that answer of this statement should be “Programming” because comma
operator always returns rightmost operator, in case of printf statement once comma is read
then it will consider preceding things as variable or values for format specifier.

Type 4 : Using Comma Operator inside Switch cases.

#include<stdio.h>
#include< conio.h>
void main()
{
int choice = 2 ;
switch(choice)
{
case 1,2,1:
printf("\nAllas");
break;

case 1,3,2:
printf("\nBabo");
break;

case 4,5,3:
printf("\nHurray");
break;
}
}
Output :

Babo

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 Type 5 : Using Comma Operator inside For Loop

#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int i,j;
for(i=0,j=0;i<5;i++)
{
printf("\nValue of J : %d",j);
j++;
}
return(0);
}

Output:

Value of J : 0
Value of J : 1
Value of J : 2
Value of J : 3
Value of J : 4

Type 6 : Using Comma Operator for multiple Declaration

#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int num1,num2;
int a=10,b=20;
return(0);
}
Note : Use of comma operator for multiple declaration in same statement.

Variable:

 A variable is an identifier that is used to represent some specified type of information

within a designated portion of the program.
 A variable may take different values at different times during the execution

Rules for naming the variable

 A variable name can be any combination of 1 to 8 alphabets, digit, or underscore

 The first character must be an alphabet or an underscore (_ ).
 The length of variable should not exceed 8 characters length, and some of the ‘C’
compiler can be recognize upto 31 characters.

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 Data Types in C

C has a concept of 'data types' which are used to define a variable before its use. The
definition of a variable will assign storage for the variable and define the type of data that will be
held in the location.

The value of a variable can be changed any time.

C has the following basic built-in datatypes.

 int
 float
 double
 char

The bytes occupied by each of the primary data types are

Data type Description Memory bytes Control String Example

Int Integer Quantity 2 bytes %d or %i int a=12;

Char Single Character 1 bytes %C char s=’n’;

float Floating Point 4 bytes %f float f=29.777

Double Double precision 8 bytes %lf double d=5843214

floating pointing
no’s

Scope of a variable

A scope in any programming is a region of the program where a defined variable can have
its existence and beyond that variable cannot be accessed. There are three places where
variables can be declared in C programming language:

1. Inside a function or a block is called local variable,

2. Outside of all functions is called global variable.

3. In the definition of function parameters which is called formal parameters.

Local Variables
Variables that are declared inside a function or block are called local variables. They
can be used only by statements that are inside that function. Local variables are not known to
functions outside their own. Following is the example using local variables. Here all the
variables a, b and c are local to main() function.

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 #include <stdio.h>
main ()
{
/* local variable declaration */
int a, b, c;

/* actual initialization */
a = 10;
b = 20;
c = a + b;
printf ("value of a = %d, b = %d and c = %d\n", a, b, c);
}

Global Variables
Global variables are defined outside of a function, usually on top of the program. The global
variables will hold their value throughout the lifetime of your program and they can be
accessed inside any of the functions defined for the program.

A global variable can be accessed by any function. That is, a global variable is available for
use throughout your entire program after its declaration. Following is the example using global
and local variables:

#include <stdio.h>
/* global variable declaration */
int g;
main ()
{
/* local variable declaration */
int a, b;
/* actual initialization */
a = 10;
b = 20;
g = a + b;
printf ("value of a = %d, b = %d and g = %d\n", a, b, g);
}

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 PRECEDENCE AND ASSOCIATIVELY OF OPERATORS

If an arithmetic expression is given, there are some rules to be followed to evaluate the
value of it. These rules are called as the priority rules. They are also called as the hierarchy
rules. According to these rules, the expression is evaluated as follows;

Rule 1 :- If an expression contains parentheses , the expression within the parentheses will be
performed first. Within the parentheses , the priority is to be followed.
Rule 2 :- If it has more than parentheses , the inner parenthesis is performed first.
Rule 3:- If more than one symbols of same priority , it will be executed from left to right.

C operators in order of precedence (highest to lowest). Their associativity indicates in what

order operators of equal precedence in an expression are applied

Operator Operation Associativity Priority

() Parentheses
[] Brackets (array subscript) left-to-right 1
. Dot operator
-> Structure operator
++ -- Postfix increment/decrement
++ -- Prefix inc/decrement right-to-left 2
+ - Unary plus/minus
! ~ Not operator,complement
(type) Type cast
* Pointer operator
& Address operator
sizeof Determine size in bytes
*/ % Multiplication/division/modulus left-to-right 3
+- Addition/subtraction left-to-right 4
<< Bitwise shift left left-to-right 5
>> Bitwise shift right
< Relational less than left-to-right 6
<= less than or equal to
> Relational greater than
>= greater than or equal to
== Relational is equal to left-to-right 7
!= is not equal to
& Bitwise AND Bitwise left-to-right 8
exclusive
^ Bitwise exclusive OR left-to-right 9
| Bitwise inclusive OR left –to-right 10
&& Logical AND left-to-right 11
|| Logical OR left-to-right 12
?: Ternary conditiona right-to-left 13

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 = Assignment right-to-left 14
+= -= Addition/subtraction
*= /= assignment
%= &= Multiplication/division
^= |= assignment
<<= >>= Modulus/bitwise AND
assignment
Bitwise exclusive/inclusive OR
assignment
Bitwise shift left/right
assignment
, Comma left-to-right 15

Example for evaluating an expression

Let X = 2 , Y =5 then the value of the expression

((( Y - 1 ) / X ) * ( X + Y ) ) is calculated as:-
( Y - 1) = ( 5 - 1 ) = 4 = T1
( T 1 / X ) = ( 4 / 2 ) = 2 = T2
( X + Y ) = ( 2 + 5 ) = 7 = T3
( T2 * T3 ) = ( 2 * 7 ) = 14
The evaluations are made according to the priority rule.

Type conversion in expressions.

Type conversion is the method of converting one type of data into another data type.

There are two types of type conversion.

1. Automatic type conversion

2. Type casting

Automatic type conversion

 This type of conversion is done automatically. The resultant value of an expression

depends upon the operand which occupies more space, which means the result value
converted into highest data type.
 The compiler converts all operands into the data type of the largest operand.
 This type of type conversion is done implicitly,this method is called as implicit type
conversion.

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 Eg.1

float a,b,c;
a=10,b=3;

c=a/b

output= > c= 3.3 {4 bytes(float) (All the variables are same datatype}

Eg.2

int a,b,c;

a=10,b=3;

c=a/b;

output= >c=3{2 bytes(int)}

Eg.3

int a;

float b,c;

a=10,b=3;

c=a/b;

output=> c=3.3 {4 bytes(float) highest datatype is float}

Type casting

 This method is used,when user wants to change the type of the data.

General Format for type casting is

(datatype)operand

Eg.1

int x=10, y=3;

z=(float)x/y;(ie z=10.0/3;)

output=>z=3.3(float)

Eg:2

int x=10,y=3;

z=x/(float)y;(ie z=10/3.0;)

output=>3.3(float)
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  The type of the x is not changed, only the type of the value can be changed
 Since the type of conversion is done explicitly, this type conversion is called as
explicittype conversion

The following rules have to be followed while converting the expression from one type to
another to avoid the loss of information:

1. All integer types to be converted to float.

2. All float types to be converted to double.
3. All character types to be converted to integer

Input and Output statements

In ‘c’ language several functions are available for input/output operations. These
functions are collectively known as the standard I/O library.

1. Unformatted input /output statements

2. Formatted input /output statements

Unformatted Input /Output statements

These statements are used to input /output a single /group of characters from/to the
input/output devices .Here the user cannot specify the type of data that is going to be
input/output.
The following are the Unformatted input /output statements available in ‘C’.
Input Output
getchar( ) putchar( )
getc( ) putc( )
gets( ) Puts( )

single character input-getchar( ) function:

A getchar( ) function reads only one character through the keyboard.
Syntax: char variable=getchar( );
Example:
char x;
x=getchar( );

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 single character output-putchar( ) function:
A putchar( ) function is used to display one character at a time on the standard output
device.

Example:

Syntax: putchar(charvariable);

char x; putchar(x);

the getc( ) function

This is used to accept a single character from the standard input to a character variable.
Syntax: character variable=getc( );
Example:
char c;
c=getc( );
the putc( ) function
This is used to display a single character variable to standard output device.
Syntax: putc(character variable);
Example:
char c;
putc(c );
the gets( ) and puts( ) function
The gets( ) function is used to read the string from the standard input device.
Syntax: gets(string variable);
Example:
gets( s);
The puts( ) function is used to display the string to the standard output device.
Syntax: puts(string variable);
Example:
puts( s);

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 Proram using gets and puts function

#include<stdio.h>
main()
{
char scientist[40];
puts("Enter name");
gets(scientist);
puts("Print the Name");
puts(scientist);
}
output:
Enter Name:Abdul Kalam
Print the Name:Abdul Kalam

Formatted input /output statements

The function which is used to give the value of variable through keyboard is called input
function. The function which is used to display or print the value on the screen is called output
function.
Note : - In C language we use two built in functions, one is used for reading and another is used
for displaying the result on the screen. They are scanf() and printf() functions. They are stored in
the header file named stdio.h.
General format for scanf( ) function
scanf(“control string”, &variable1, &variable2,……)
The control sting specifies the field format in which the data is to be entered.
%d –integer
%f – float
%c- char
%s – string
% ld – long integer
%u – Unsigned Integer
Example:
scanf(“%d”,&x) – reading an integer value, the value will be stored in x
scanf(“%d%f”,&x,&a) - reading a integer and a float value In the above scanf ( ) function , we
don’t use any format. This type of Input is called as the Unformatted Input function.

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 Formatted Input of Integer

The field speciation for reading the integer number is:

%wd
Where The percentage sign(%) indicates that a conversion specification follows. w – is
the field width of the number to be read. d will indicates as data type in integer number.
Example:

scanf(“%2d %5d”, &num1,&num2);

data line is 50 31425
the value 50 is assigned to num1 and 31425 is assigned to num2. suppose the input data is as
follows
31425 50 , then the variable num1 will be assigned 31 and num2 will be assigned to 425 and
the 50 is unread.
An input field may be skipped by specifying * in the place of field width.
Example the statement scanf(“%d %*d %d), &a,&b); will assign the data 123 456 789
as follows: 123 is assigned to a , 456 skipped because of * and 789 to b

Output Function : To print the value on the screen or to store the value on the file, the output
functions are used. printf() is the function which is use to display the output on the screen.
The General format of the printf() function is

printf(“control string”,variable1,variable2,…..);
Example

printf(“%d”,x) – printing the integer value x.

printf(“%d%f”, x,a)- printing a integer and float value using a single printf function.

Formatted Output of Integer: Similar to formatted input , there is a formatted output also to
have the output in a format manner.
In this control string consists of three types of items.
 Characters that will be printed on the screen as they appear
 Format specification that define the output format for display of each item
 Escape sequence characters such as
\n – new line

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 \b – back space
\f – form feed
\r – carriage return
\t - horizontal tab
\v – vertical tab
The format speciation is as follows
%wd
Where w – is the field width of the number to be write . d will indicates as data type in
integer number.
Examples:
Printf(“%d”,9876); // output: 9876
printf(“%6d”,9876);
output:
1 2 3 4 5 6
9 8 7 6

printf(“%-6d”,9876);
output:
1 2 3 4 5 6
9 8 7 6

printf(“%06”,9876);
output:
1 2 3 4 5 6
0 0 9 8 7 6

Formatted input of Real(float) Numbers:

. The field speciation for reading the real number is:
%w.pf
Where w – is the field width of the number to be read . p indicates the number of digits
to be read after the decimal point f – indicates that data type in float(real) number.
Example

scanf(“%2.1f %5.2f”,&num1,&num2);
data line is 50.1 31425.20

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 the value 50.1 is assigned to num1 and 31425.20 is assigned to num2.
An input field may be skipped by specifying * in the place of field width.
Example: the statement scanf(“%f %*f %f), &a,&b); will assign the data 12.3 4.56 78.9
as follows: 12.3 is assigned to a , 4.56 skipped because of * and 78.9 to b.

Formatted output of Real(float) Numbers:

The field speciation for reading the real number is:
%w.pf
Where w – is the field width of the number to be read . p indicates the number of digits
to be displayed after the decimal point f – indicates that data type in float(real) number.
Example:
Float y = 98.7682
Printf(“ %f ”, y); // output: 98.7682
printf(“%7.2f ”,y);

output:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
9 8 . 7 6

printf(“%-7.2f ”,y);

output:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
9 8 . 7 6

Formatted input of Single characters or strings:

The field speciation for reading the character strings:

%ws or %wc
where,
%c is used to read a single character.
Example:
Char name;
Scanf(“%c”, &name); \\ I / P : a

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 Char name[20];
Scanf(%s”,&name); \\ I / P : sathyabama

Printing of a Single Character:

The field speciation for reading the character strings:
%ws or %wc

where,
%s – A sequence of characters can be displayed.
%c – A single character can be displayed.
The character will be displayed right-justified in the field of w, left-justified by placing
a minus sign before the integer w.

Example:
Char x = ‘a’;
Char name[20] = “anil kumar gupta”;
Printf(“%c”, x); // output: a
Printf(“%s”,name); // output: anil kumar gupta
Printf(“%20s”, name);

Output:
1 2 3 4 5 6 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
a n i l k u m a r g u p t a

Printf(“%-20.10s”, name);

Output:
1 2 3 4 5 6 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
a n i l k u m a r

Printf(“%.5s”, name);

Output:

g u p t a

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 Questions for practice

1. Write the algorithm a) to calculate the average of three numbers. b) to check whether an
entered number is odd or even.
2. Draw flowchart to find whether the given number is a prime number.
3. Write a program in ‘C’ to display your details like Name, Regno, Branch, 10 th marks, 12th
marks and your native state.
4. Write a program in ‘C’ to get two numbers as input from the user and then swap them.
5. Write a program in ‘C’ to print the numbers from 1 to 10 and their squares
6. Find the value for the following expression with a=10,b=5 and c=1
i) a>9 && b!=3
ii) a==5 || b!=3
iii) !(a>14)
iv) !(a>9 && y!=23)
v) % &&b != 8|| 0
vi) 3<<2
vii) 4>>3
7. What will be output of the following program?

#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
printf("%d %d %d",sizeof(3.14),sizeof(3.14f),sizeof(3.14L));
return 0;
}
8. What will be output of the following program?

#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a;
a=sizeof(!5.6);
printf("%d",a);
return 0;
}
9. Write a c program to find the grade of a student using operators.
10. Write a c program to perform calculator operation using operators.
11. Write a c program to find the roots of the Quadratic Equation.

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 12. Define Type conversion.
13. What are the different types of type conversion?
14. Write about implicit conversion with example.
15. Write about Type casting with example.
16. Explain in detail about Type conversion with example.
17. What are the formatted input\output statements?
18. Write the syntax for scanf() and printf() functions.
19. What are the unformatted input\output functions?
20. Write the difference between getc() and getchar(), putc() and putchar().
21. What is the use of gets() and puts().
22. Explain in detail about all the input\output statements with example.

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