0% found this document useful (0 votes)
10 views5 pages

Basic Mathematics

The document covers essential mathematical concepts including logarithms, trigonometry, differentiation, integration, graphs, and maxima/minima. It provides formulas and properties for each topic, such as the properties of logarithms, trigonometric identities, differentiation rules, and integration techniques. Additionally, it discusses the graphical representation of functions and the conditions for determining maxima and minima.

Uploaded by

Nathanael Noah
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
10 views5 pages

Basic Mathematics

The document covers essential mathematical concepts including logarithms, trigonometry, differentiation, integration, graphs, and maxima/minima. It provides formulas and properties for each topic, such as the properties of logarithms, trigonometric identities, differentiation rules, and integration techniques. Additionally, it discusses the graphical representation of functions and the conditions for determining maxima and minima.

Uploaded by

Nathanael Noah
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 5

Logarithms

i) e=2.7183 (ii) Ife =


y, then x log, y= In
=

(iii) If10* = y, then x = log1o y iv) log10 y=0.4343 loge y=0.4343 In


(v) log (ab) = log (a) + log (b) (vi) loslog (a)- log (b)
(vii) log a" =n log (a)

Trigonometry
(i) sin 9 +cos* 0 =1
(ii) 1+tan 6 =sec 0
(i) 1+cot 6 =cosec0
(iv) sin 20 =2 sin Gcos
(v)cos 20=2cos* 0 -1=1-2sin 0=cos2 e-sin2 e
(vi) sin (A tB) = sin A cos B tcos A sin B
(vii) cos (A AB) =cos A cos B + sin A sin B

(vii) sin C +sin D =2 sin 2


(ix) sin C -sin D =2 sin
(- 2

(x) cos C+cos D =2 cos C+DC-D


2 2
(xi) cos C-cos D =2 sin sin 2
2
2 tan 9
(xii) tan 20=-
1- tan 0
tan A t tan B
(xiii) tan (A tB)=1T tan A tan B
(xiv) sin (90° +0) = cos0
(xv) cos (90° +0) = -sin 6
(xvi) tan (90° +0) =-cot 6
(xvii) sin (90°-0) = cos e (xviii) cos (90° - 0) = sin 0

(xix) tan (90°-0) =cot 6


(xx) sin (180° - 0) = sin
(xxi) cos (1 80° 8)=- cos
-

(xxii) tan (180°-0) =-


tan

xxii)sin (180° +0) =-sin


(xxiv) cos (180° +0)=-cos
(xxv) tan (180°+0) tan 0
=

(xxvi) sin (-0)=-sin 8


(xxvii) cos (-0)=cos 50
(xxvii) tan (-0) =- tan
Differentiation

)(constant)
dx
=0 i) dx
) =nx"-

ii)og
dx x)orIn
dx x)= X
(iv)(sin x) =cos x
d
(v)(cos
dx
x) =- sin x (vi)tan x) =sec
dx x

d
(vii)(cot x) =- cosec x (vii) (sec x)= sec x tan1x
dx U

d
(ix)(cosec x) =-cosec x cot x
dx ax

i)hsM=f) )+S)h
dx dx ax

Rii)S Sar) dx )-fi)a)


ax
dx S2x) S)}
d
(xii)f (ax + b) = a
*dx S(X), where X = ax + b

Integration
(i)x dx =n +1 +c(nt-1) (ii) =log, x+c or
In x+c
Cii) | sin x dx =- cos x +c (iv) cosr dx =sin x+c

(v)e dr =e +c (vi) secx dx =tanx+c


(vii) cosec x dx =- cot x + Cc (viii) sec x tan x dr =sec x +c
1x)cosec x cot x dx =- cosec x +C

JSlax +b) dx =sx) dX, where X =ax+b

Here, c is constant of integration.


Graphs used in Physics.
Following graphs and their corresponding equations are frequently
tan 6 is also called the slope
() y=mx, represents a straight 1ine passing through origin. Here,
m =

of line, where 0 is the angle which the line makes with positive x-axis, when drawn in
anticlockwise direction from the positive x-axis towards the line.

The two possible cases are shown in Fig. 1.1. In Fig. 1.1 (i), 0<90°.Therefore, tan or
slope of
line is positive. In Fig. 1.1 (ii), 90° <e <180°.Therefore, tan or slope of line is negative.

()
Fig. 1.1

Note That y mxory


= « Xalso means that value ofy becomes 2 times ifx is doubled. Or it will remain th if
x becomestimes.
(1) y=mx +6 represents a straight line not passing through origin. Here, is the
discussed above andc the
m
slope of line as
intercept on y-axis.
AY AY

C +ve
X
C+Ve
X X
C-Ve

(i) (ii)
Flg. 1.2
In figure (i): slope and intercept both are positive.
In figure (i) : slope is negative but
intercept is positive and
In figure (ii) : slope is positive but
intercept is negative.
Note That in y = mx+ C.y does not become two times if x is doubled
1 2
iii) yoe-or y=etc., represents a rectangular hyperbola in first and third
quadrants. The shape of
rectangular hyperbola is shown in Fig. 1.3().

() ()
Flg. 1.3
From the graph we can see that y 0 a s x > co orr > 0as y> co
4
Similarly, y= --represents a rectangular hyperbola in second and fourth quadrants as shown in

Fig. 1.3(ii).
Note That in case of rectangular hyperbola if x is doubled y will become half
(iv) yo«x or y=2x^, etc., represents a parabola passing through origin as shown in Fig. 1.46i).
y

x -X

Fig. 1.4

Note That in the parabola y = 2x* or y e x, ifx is doubled, y will become four times.

Graphx o y or x = 4y is again a parabola passing through origin as shown in Fig 1.4 (i). In

this case ify is doubled, x will become four times.


(v) y=x+4 or x =y'-6 will represent a parabola but not passing through origin. n the first
equation (y=x* +4), ifx is doubled,y will not become four times.
(vi) y= Ae; represents exponentially decreasing graph. Value ofy decreases exponentially from
A to 0. The graph is shown in Fig. 1.5.

Fig. 1.5

From the graph and the equation, we can see that y= A atx =0 and y> 0 as x > o.
(vii) y= A0-e*), represents an exponentially increasing graph. Value of y increases
exponentially from 0 to A. The graph is shown in Fig. 1.6.

Fig. 1.6
From the graph and the equation we can see that y=0 at x =0 and y- A as x 0o,
Maxima and Minimna
Suppose yis a function ofx. Or y=f (x).
as shown in Fig. 1.7.
Then we can draw a graph between r and y. Let the graph is

Fig. 1.7
value ofy slope or ato the graph is
Then from the graph we can see that at maximum or minimum
zero.

Thus. 0 at maximum or minimum value ofy.


dr

By putting=0we
putting d will get different values ofx. At these values ofx, value ofy is maximum if
dx
minimum if
(double differentiation ofy with respect to x) is negative at this value ofx. Similarly yis
dy
i s positive. Thus,
d2

4=-ve for maximum value of y

d"y=+ve for minimum value ofy


and 2

is
Note That at constant value ofy also
dx
=0 but in this case d2 zero.

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy