Basic Mathematics
Basic Mathematics
Trigonometry
(i) sin 9 +cos* 0 =1
(ii) 1+tan 6 =sec 0
(i) 1+cot 6 =cosec0
(iv) sin 20 =2 sin Gcos
(v)cos 20=2cos* 0 -1=1-2sin 0=cos2 e-sin2 e
(vi) sin (A tB) = sin A cos B tcos A sin B
(vii) cos (A AB) =cos A cos B + sin A sin B
)(constant)
dx
=0 i) dx
) =nx"-
ii)og
dx x)orIn
dx x)= X
(iv)(sin x) =cos x
d
(v)(cos
dx
x) =- sin x (vi)tan x) =sec
dx x
d
(vii)(cot x) =- cosec x (vii) (sec x)= sec x tan1x
dx U
d
(ix)(cosec x) =-cosec x cot x
dx ax
i)hsM=f) )+S)h
dx dx ax
Integration
(i)x dx =n +1 +c(nt-1) (ii) =log, x+c or
In x+c
Cii) | sin x dx =- cos x +c (iv) cosr dx =sin x+c
of line, where 0 is the angle which the line makes with positive x-axis, when drawn in
anticlockwise direction from the positive x-axis towards the line.
The two possible cases are shown in Fig. 1.1. In Fig. 1.1 (i), 0<90°.Therefore, tan or
slope of
line is positive. In Fig. 1.1 (ii), 90° <e <180°.Therefore, tan or slope of line is negative.
()
Fig. 1.1
C +ve
X
C+Ve
X X
C-Ve
(i) (ii)
Flg. 1.2
In figure (i): slope and intercept both are positive.
In figure (i) : slope is negative but
intercept is positive and
In figure (ii) : slope is positive but
intercept is negative.
Note That in y = mx+ C.y does not become two times if x is doubled
1 2
iii) yoe-or y=etc., represents a rectangular hyperbola in first and third
quadrants. The shape of
rectangular hyperbola is shown in Fig. 1.3().
() ()
Flg. 1.3
From the graph we can see that y 0 a s x > co orr > 0as y> co
4
Similarly, y= --represents a rectangular hyperbola in second and fourth quadrants as shown in
Fig. 1.3(ii).
Note That in case of rectangular hyperbola if x is doubled y will become half
(iv) yo«x or y=2x^, etc., represents a parabola passing through origin as shown in Fig. 1.46i).
y
x -X
Fig. 1.4
Note That in the parabola y = 2x* or y e x, ifx is doubled, y will become four times.
Graphx o y or x = 4y is again a parabola passing through origin as shown in Fig 1.4 (i). In
Fig. 1.5
From the graph and the equation, we can see that y= A atx =0 and y> 0 as x > o.
(vii) y= A0-e*), represents an exponentially increasing graph. Value of y increases
exponentially from 0 to A. The graph is shown in Fig. 1.6.
Fig. 1.6
From the graph and the equation we can see that y=0 at x =0 and y- A as x 0o,
Maxima and Minimna
Suppose yis a function ofx. Or y=f (x).
as shown in Fig. 1.7.
Then we can draw a graph between r and y. Let the graph is
Fig. 1.7
value ofy slope or ato the graph is
Then from the graph we can see that at maximum or minimum
zero.
By putting=0we
putting d will get different values ofx. At these values ofx, value ofy is maximum if
dx
minimum if
(double differentiation ofy with respect to x) is negative at this value ofx. Similarly yis
dy
i s positive. Thus,
d2
is
Note That at constant value ofy also
dx
=0 but in this case d2 zero.