DJANGO

1. For making requirement.txt

Pip freeze > requirements.txt

2. Create Virtual Environment:

a. python -m venv env
b. .\env\Scripts\activate

Django Installation

3. python manage.py startapp myapp

 Cd ..
 Pip install Django
 Django-admin startproject projectname
 Cd projectname
 python manage.py runserver
4. Create App
 python manage.py startapp app
 in settings.py, mention “app”,
5. Templates
 Inside app create templates folder and inside it create your html files.
 python manage.py migrate
 inside urls.py of app:
o from django.urls import path
o from . import views
 {% include 'footer.html' %} ->>> used to include header or footer file in
required page
6. Authentication complete Procedure:
a. In main project, urls.py:
 path(' ', include('app.urls')),
b. in settings.py
 STATIC_URL = "static/"
 LOGIN_REDIRECT_URL = '/home/'
 LOGOUT_REDIRECT_URL = '/login/'
 Include app in setting also
 'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware',
c. In app/urls.py
 path("home/", views.HomeView, name="home"), # Home view
 path("signup/", views.signup_view, name="signup"), # Signup view
 path("login/", views.login_view, name="login"), # Login view (no leading slash)
 path("logout/", views.logout_view, name="logout"),

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 d. In app/views.py

from django.shortcuts import render,redirect

from django.contrib.auth.forms import UserCreationForm, AuthenticationForm
from django.contrib.auth import authenticate,login,logout
from django.contrib import messages
from django.contrib.auth.decorators import login_required
from .form import StudentForm
# Create your views here.
@login_required
def HomeView(request):
return render(request,"home.html")

def signup_view(request):
if request.method=='POST':
form=UserCreationForm(request.POST)
if form.is_valid():
form.save()
return redirect('login')
else:
form=UserCreationForm()
return render(request,'signup.html',locals())

def login_view(request):
if request.method == 'POST':
form = AuthenticationForm(request, data=request.POST)
if form.is_valid():
user = form.get_user()
login(request, user) # Log the user in
next_url = request.GET.get('next') # Get the next URL from the query
parameters
if next_url: # If there is a next URL, redirect there
return redirect(next_url)
return redirect('home') # Default redirect to home if no next URL
else:
messages.error(request, "Invalid username or password")
else:
form = AuthenticationForm()
return render(request, 'login.html', {'form': form})

def logout_view(request):
logout(request)
messages.success(request,"Logout Successfully")
return redirect('login')

e. in templates:
#signup:
<form method="POST">
{% csrf_token %}

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 {% for field in form %}
<div class="form-group">
<ul class="bullets" style="list-style-type: none; padding-left: 0; margin: 0;">
<li> {{ field.label_tag }} </li>
<li> {{ field }}</li>
</ul>
</div>
{% endfor %}
<br>
<button type="submit" class="btn btn-primary">Register</button>
</form>

{% if messages %}
<div class="message-container">
{% for message in messages %}
<div class="alert {{ message.tags }}">
{{ message }}
</div>
{% endfor %}
</div>
{% endif %}
<a href="{% url 'login' %}">Already have an account? Login</a>
# login
<form method="post">
{% csrf_token %}
{{ form.as_p }}
<button type="submit">Login</button>
</form>

{% if messages %}
<ul>
{% for message in messages %}
<li>{{ message }}</li>
{% endfor %}
</ul>
{% endif %}
<a href="{% url 'signup' %}">Don't have an account? Sign up</a>
#home
<a href="{% url 'logout' %}">Logout</a>

7. User Created Form

 Pip install pillow – for images
 In settings.py

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 o MEDIA_ROOT = BASE_DIR / 'media'
o MEDIA_ROOT = os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'media')
 In app/urls.py
o from django.conf import settings
o from django.conf.urls.static import static
o if settings.DEBUG:
urlpatterns += static(settings.MEDIA_URL, document_root=settings.MEDIA_ROOT)
o path('registration/',views.Studentview,name='registration')
 models.py

from django.db import models

# Choices for the educational programs

choices_program = [
('cse', "Computer Science and Engineering"),
('bba', "Bachelor in Business Administration")
]

class Student(models.Model):
first_name = models.CharField(max_length=255)
last_name = models.CharField(max_length=255)
id = models.CharField(primary_key=True,max_length=10) # Use AutoField
for an auto-incrementing primary key
photo = models.ImageField(upload_to='images/')
phone = models.CharField(max_length=15) # Change to CharField to allow
phone number formatting
branch = models.CharField(choices=choices_program, default='cse',
max_length=3)

def __str__(self):
return f"{self.first_name} {self.last_name} - {self.branch}"


 Forms.py

from django import forms

from .models import Student

class StudentForm(forms.ModelForm):

class Meta:
model = Student
fields = ['first_name', 'last_name', 'id', 'photo', 'phone',
'branch']

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 Admin.py

from django.contrib import admin

from .models import Student
class StudentAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
list_display = ("first_name", "last_name", "id",)
admin.site.register(Student, StudentAdmin)

 Views.py

def Studentview(request):
if request.method=='POST':
form=StudentForm(request.POST, request.FILES)
if form.is_valid():
form.save()
messages.success(request,"saved successfully")
else:
form=StudentForm()
return render(request,'registration.html',locals())

 Registration.html

<form method="POST" enctype="multipart/form-data">

{% csrf_token %}
{% for field in form %}
<div class="form-group">
<ul class="bullets" style="list-style-type: none; padding-left: 0; margin: 0;">
<li> {{ field.label_tag }} </li>
<li> {{ field }}</li>
</ul>
</div>
{% endfor %}
<br>
<button type="submit" class="btn btn-primary">Register</button>
</form>

{% if messages %}
<div class="message-container">
{% for message in messages %}
<div class="alert {{ message.tags }}">
{{ message }}
</div>

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 {% endfor %}
</div>
{% endif %}

User made admin

def Adminview(request):
students = Student.objects.all()
return render(request, 'admin.html', {'students': students})

{% for student in students %}

<ul>
<li>{{ student.id }} {{ student.first_name }} <a href="{% url 'update' student.id %}">update</a>
</ul>
{% endfor %}
Update Member:
1. views.py
@login_required
def update_vendor(request, vendor_id):
vendor = get_object_or_404(Vendor_Registration, id=vendor_id)

if request.method == 'POST':
form = VendorUpdateForm(request.POST, instance=vendor)
if form.is_valid():
form.save()
messages.success(request, 'Vendor details updated successfully.')
return redirect('vendor_list')
else:
form = VendorUpdateForm(instance=vendor)

return render(request, 'update_vendor.html', {'form': form, 'vendor': vendor})

2. urls.py:

path('vendor/update/<int:vendor_id>/', views.update_vendor, name='update_vendor'),

3. templates/html(same as above registration form)

4. to make button for update:

<a href="{% url 'update_vendor' vendor.id %}" class="btn btn-danger">Update</a>

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Delete Member or Student
def delete_student(request,id):
student=get_object_or_404(Student,id=id)
student.delete()
return redirect('adminview')
Note: everything is same as above update.

To Access the person who logged in

@login_required
def profile(request):
user = request.user # Retrieve the currently logged-in user
context = {'user': user} # Pass user to context explicitly
return render(request, 'profile.html', context)

in html page, {{user.firstname}}

Admin Panel
 py manage.py createsuperuser
 To include the Member model in the admin interface, we have to tell Django that this model should
be visible in the admin interface.
 In app/admin.py
o from .models import Member
o
o # Register your models here.
o admin.site.register(Member)
 set list display:
o We can control the fields to display by specifying them in in a list_display property in the
admin.py file.
o In admin.py of app

from django.contrib import admin

from .models import Member

class MemberAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):

list_display = ("firstname", "lastname", "joined_date",)

admin.site.register(Member, MemberAdmin)
QuerySelect
 A QuerySet is built up as a list of objects.

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  QuerySets makes it easier to get the data you actually need, by allowing you to filter
and order the data at an early stage.

from django.shortcuts import render

from .models import Member

def testing(request):
mydata = Member.objects.all()
context = {'mymembers': mydata}
return render(request, 'template.html', context)
//this will give all data from member table.
//template should be:
{% for x in mymembers %}
<tr>
<td>{{ x.id }}</td>
<td>{{ x.firstname }}</td>
<td>{{ x.lastname }}</td>
</tr>
{% endfor %}

Note:
 mydata = Member.objects.all().values() -this will return data in dictionary format
 mydata = Member.objects.values_list('firstname')- to make a list
 mydata = Member.objects.filter(firstname='Emil').values()  to return
particular row
 mydata = Member.objects.filter(lastname='Refsnes', id=2).values() AND
query
 mydata = Member.objects.filter(firstname='Emil').values() |
Member.objects.filter(firstname='Tobias').values() OR query
 mydata = Member.objects.all().order_by('firstname').values() ascending
order
 mydata = Member.objects.all().order_by('-firstname').values()
descending order

1. Add Static File

 Create static folder in app
 Create css file in static folder
 {% load static %} write this before including css file or images
 <link rel="stylesheet" href="{% static 'myfirst.css' %}">
 pip install whitenoise (to access static files)
 'whitenoise.middleware.WhiteNoiseMiddleware', include in middleware
 In setting.py

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 STATIC_ROOT = BASE_DIR / 'productionfiles'

STATIC_URL = 'static/'

 py manage.py collectstatic
2. for images upload
 pip install Pillow
 in models.py

MVT
The MVT (Model View Template) is a software design pattern. It is a collection of three important components Model
View and Template. The Model helps to handle database. It is a data access layer which handles the data.

USER MADE AUTHENTICATION

1. model.py

class Vendor_Registration(models.Model):
username = models.CharField(max_length=150, unique=True)
email = models.EmailField()
password = models.CharField(max_length=255)
confirm_password = models.CharField(max_length=255)

def __str__(self):
return self.username

2. forms.py

from django import forms

from .models import Vendor_Registration,Product,User_Registration

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class VendorForm(forms.ModelForm):
class Meta:
model = Vendor_Registration
fields = ['username', 'email', 'password', 'confirm_password']
widgets = {
'password': forms.PasswordInput(),
'confirm_password': forms.PasswordInput(),
}
def clean(self):
cleaned_data = super().clean()
password = cleaned_data.get("password") # Fixed typo here
confirm_password = cleaned_data.get("confirm_password")

if password and confirm_password and password != confirm_password:

raise forms.ValidationError("Passwords do not match.")

return cleaned_data
class LoginForm(forms.Form):
username = forms.CharField(max_length=150)
password = forms.CharField(widget=forms.PasswordInput)

3. views.py

def HomeView(request):
return render(request,"home.html")

def Vendor_Registration_View(request):
if request.method=="POST":
form=VendorForm(request.POST)
if form.is_valid():
form.save()
messages.success(request,"registration successfull")
return redirect("vendor_login")
else:
messages.error(request,"please correct the error below")
else:
form=VendorForm()
return render(request,"vendor_registration.html",{'form':form})

def Login_View(request):
form = LoginForm(request.POST or None)

if request.method == 'POST' and form.is_valid():

username = form.cleaned_data['username']
password = form.cleaned_data['password']
try:
user = Vendor_Registration.objects.get(username=username)

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 if user.password == password:
request.session['vendor_id'] = user.id
return redirect('vendor_home')
else:
messages.error(request, "Invalid credentials.")
except Vendor_Registration.DoesNotExist:
messages.error(request, "Vendor does not exist. Please register.")
return render(request, 'vendor_login.html', {'form': form})

def Logout_View(request):
if 'vendor_id' in request.session:
del request.session['vendor_id']
messages.success(request, "You have successfully logged out.")
else:
messages.info(request, "You are not logged in.")

return redirect('home')

4. urls.py

path("", views.HomeView, name="home"),

path("vendor_registration/",views.Vendor_Registration_View,name="vendor_registra
tion"),
path("vendor_login/",views.Login_View,name="vendor_login"),
path("logout_vendor/",views.Logout_View,name="logout_vendor"),

5. templates/html files are same as above. (most important part is in form and login.view)

MODEL
 Each model class maps to a single table in the database.
 Django Model is a subclass of django.db.models.Model and each field of the model class represents a
database field (column).
 Django provides us a database-abstraction API which allows us to create, retrieve, update and delete a
record from the mapped table.
 Model is defined in Models.py file.

For Example:

from django.db import models

class Employee(models.Model):
first_name = models.CharField(max_length=30)
last_name = models.CharField(max_length=30)
Field Name Class Particular

It An IntegerField that automatic

AutoField class AutoField(**options)
increments.

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 It is a 64-bit integer, much like
AutoField except that it is guaranteed t
BigAutoField class BigAutoField(**options)
numbers from 1
9223372036854775807.

It is a 64-bit integer, much like

IntegerField except that it is guarantee
BigIntegerField class BigIntegerField(**options) fit numbers from
9223372036854775808
9223372036854775807.

BinaryField class BinaryField(**options) A field to store raw binary data.

A true/false field. The default form wi

BooleanField class BooleanField(**options)
for this field is a CheckboxInput.

class DateField(auto_now=False, It is a date, represented in Python b

CharField
auto_now_add=False, **options) datetime.date instance.

class DateTimeField(auto_now=False, It is a date, represented in Python b

DateTimeField
auto_now_add=False, **options) datetime.date instance.

class DateTimeField(auto_now=False, It is used for date and time, represente

DateTimeField
auto_now_add=False, **options) Python by a datetime.datetime instanc

It is a fixed-precision decimal num

class DecimalField(max_digits=None,
DecimalField represented in Python by a Dec
decimal_places=None, **options)
instance.

DurationField class DurationField(**options) A field for storing periods of time.

class EmailField(max_length=254, It is a CharField that checks that the v

EmailField
**options) is a valid email address.

class FileField(upload_to=None,
FileField It is a file-upload field.
max_length=100, **options)

It is a floating-point number represen

FloatField class FloatField(**options)
in Python by a float instance.

class ImageField(upload_to=None, It inherits all attributes and methods f

ImageField height_field=None, width_field=None, FileField, but also validates that
max_length=100, **options) uploaded object is a valid image.

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 It is an integer field. Values from
IntegerField class IntegerField(**options) 2147483648 to 2147483647 are safe i
databases supported by Django.

Like a BooleanField, but allows NUL

NullBooleanField class NullBooleanField(**options)
one of the options.

Like an IntegerField, but must be ei

positive or zero (0). Values from 0
PositiveIntegerField class PositiveIntegerField(**options)
2147483647 are safe in all datab
supported by Django.

It is like an IntegerField, but only all

SmallIntegerField class SmallIntegerField(**options) values under a certain (datab
dependent) point.

A large text field. The default form wi

TextField class TextField(**options)
for this field is a Textarea.

class TimeField(auto_now=False, A time, represented in Python b

TimeField
auto_now_add=False, **options) datetime.time instance.

Field Options Particulars

Null Django will store empty values as NULL in the database.

Blank It is used to allowed field to be blank.

An iterable (e.g., a list or tuple) of 2-tuples to use as choices

Choices
this field.

The default value for the field. This can be a value or a call
Default
object.

Extra "help" text to be displayed with the form widget. It's us

help_text
for documentation even if your field isn't used on a form.

primary_key This field is the primary key for the model.

Unique This field must be unique throughout the table.

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 Django Model Forms
from django import forms
from myapp.models import Student

class EmpForm(forms.ModelForm):
class Meta:
model = Student
fields = "__all__"
in views.py

1. def index(request):

2. stu = EmpForm()

3. return render(request,"index.html",{'form':stu}

forms can be used to create html forms

from django import forms

class StudentForm(forms.Form):
firstname = forms.CharField(label="Enter first name",max_length=50)
lastname = forms.CharField(label="Enter last name", max_length = 100)

o {{ form.as_table }} will render them as table cells wrapped in <tr> tags

o {{ form.as_p }} will render them wrapped in <p> tags

o {{ form.as_ul }} will render them wrapped in <li> tags

Django forms submit only if it contains CSRF tokens.

It uses uses a clean and easy approach to validate data.

The is_valid() method is used to perform validation for each field of the form, it is defined in Django Form class.

the forms.FileField() method is used to create a file input and submit the file to the server. While working with files,
make sure the HTML form tag contains enctype="multipart/form-data" property.

1. <form method="POST" class="post-form" enctype="multipart/form-data">

2. {% csrf_token %}

3. {{ form.as_p }}

4. <button type="submit" class="save btn btn-default">Save</button>

5. </form>

def index(request):
if request.method == 'POST':
student = StudentForm(request.POST, request.FILES)

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 Django Exception
Django core exceptions classes are defined in django.core.exceptions module. This module contains the following
classes.

Django Exception Classes

Exception Description

It is raised when attempting to use models before the app

AppRegistryNotReady
loading process.

ObjectDoesNotExist The base class for DoesNotExist exceptions.

If a query does not return any result, this exception is

EmptyResultSet
raised.

FieldDoesNotExist It raises when the requested field does not exist.

This exception is raised by a query if only one object is

MultipleObjectsReturned
expected, but multiple objects are returned.

This exception is raised when a user has performed an

SuspiciousOperation operation that should be considered suspicious from a
security perspective.

It is raised when a user does not have permission to

PermissionDenied
perform the action requested.

It is raised by django.urls when a requested view does not

ViewDoesNotExist
exist.

It is raised when a middleware is not used in the server

MiddlewareNotUsed
configuration.

The ImproperlyConfigured exception is raised when

ImproperlyConfigured
Django is somehow improperly configured.

FieldError It is raised when there is a problem with a model field.

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 It is raised when data validation fails form or model field
ValidationError
validation.

Django URL Resolver Exceptions

These exceptions are defined in django.urls module.

Exception Description

This exception raised when the path passed to resolve()

Resolver404
function does not map to a view.

It is raised when a matching URL in your URLconf cannot

NoReverseMatch
be identified based on the parameters supplied.

Exception Description

DatabaseError It occurs when the database is not available.

IntegrityError It occurs when an insertion query executes.

DataError It raises when data related issues come into the database.

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 def getdata(request):
try:
data = Employee.objects.get(id=12)
except ObjectDoesNotExist:
return HttpResponse("Exception: Data not found")
return HttpResponse(data);

Session
A session is a mechanism to store information on the server side during the interaction with the web application.

In Django, by default session stores in the database and also allows file-based and cache based sessions. It is
implemented via a piece of middleware and can be enabled by using the following code.

Put django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware in MIDDLEWARE and django.contrib.sessions in

INSTALLED_APPS of settings.py file.

To set and get the session in views, we can use request.session and can set multiple times too.

The class backends.base.SessionBase is a base class of all session objects. It contains the following
standard methods.

Method Description

__getitem__(key) It is used to get session value.

__setitem__(key, value) It is used to set session value.

__delitem__(key) It is used to delete session object.

It checks whether the container contains the

__contains__(key)
particular session object or not.

get(key, default=None) It is used to get session value of the specified key.

def setsession(request):
request.session['sname'] = 'irfan'

request.session['semail'] = 'irfan.sssit@gmail.com'

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 return HttpResponse("session is set")
1. path('ssession',views.setsession),
2. path('gsession',views.getsession)

Cookie
The set_cookie() method is used to set a cookie and get() method is used to get the cookie.

The request.COOKIES['key'] array can also be used to get cookie values.

from django.shortcuts import render

from django.http import HttpResponse

def setcookie(request):
response = HttpResponse("Cookie Set")
response.set_cookie('java-tutorial', 'javatpoint.com')
return response
def getcookie(request):
tutorial = request.COOKIES['java-tutorial']
return HttpResponse("java tutorials @: "+ tutorial);

1. path('scookie',views.setcookie),

2. path('gcookie',views.getcookie)

Django PDF
To generate PDF, we will use ReportLab Python PDF library that creates customized dynamic PDF.

1. $ pip install reportlab

// views.py

1. from reportlab.pdfgen import canvas

2. from django.http import HttpResponse

3.

4. def getpdf(request):

5. response = HttpResponse(content_type='application/pdf')

6. response['Content-Disposition'] = 'attachment; filename="file.pdf"'

7. p = canvas.Canvas(response)

8. p.setFont("Times-Roman", 55)

9. p.drawString(100,700, "Hello, Javatpoint.")

10. p.showPage()

11. p.save()

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 12. return response

First, provide MIME (content) type as application/pdf, so that output generates as PDF rather than HTML,

Set Content-Disposition in which provide header as attachment and output file name.

Pass response argument to the canvas and drawstring to write the string after that apply to the save() method and
return response.

// urls.py

1. path('pdf',views.getpdf)

Relationship model
1. One-to-One Relationship
from django.db import models

class User(models.Model):
name = models.CharField(max_length=100)

class Profile(models.Model):
user = models.OneToOneField(User, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
bio = models.TextField()
2. 2. Many-to-One Relationship (ForeignKey)
class Author(models.Model):
name = models.CharField(max_length=100)

class Book(models.Model):
title = models.CharField(max_length=200)
author = models.ForeignKey(Author, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
3. 3. Many-to-Many Relationship
class Student(models.Model):
name = models.CharField(max_length=100)

class Course(models.Model):
title = models.CharField(max_length=100)
students = models.ManyToManyField(Student)

PDF
 pip install WeasyPrint
 # pdfapp/views.py

 from django.shortcuts import render
 from django.http import HttpResponse
 from weasyprint import HTML

 def generate_pdf(request):
 # Render the HTML template
 html_string = render(request, 'pdfapp/template.html', {}).content.decode()

 # Create PDF from rendered HTML
 pdf = HTML(string=html_string).write_pdf()

 # Return PDF as response

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 response = HttpResponse(pdf, content_type='application/pdf')
 response['Content-Disposition'] = 'inline; filename="output.pdf"'
 return response

# pdfapp/urls.py

from django.urls import path

from .views import generate_pdf

urlpatterns = [

path('generate-pdf/', generate_pdf, name='generate_pdf'),

# myproject/urls.py

from django.contrib import admin

from django.urls import path, include

urlpatterns = [

path('admin/', admin.site.urls),

path('pdfapp/', include('pdfapp.urls')), # Include PDF app URLs

<!-- pdfapp/templates/pdfapp/template.html -->

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html lang="en">

<head>

<meta charset="UTF-8">

<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">

<title>PDF Report</title>

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 <style>

body { font-family: Arial, sans-serif; }

h1 { color: #333; }

</style>

</head>

<body>

<h1>Welcome to PDF Generation in Django!</h1>

<p>This PDF was generated using WeasyPrint.</p>

</body>

</html>

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