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Open Pit Optimization

The document outlines the objectives and methods for open pit optimization, focusing on designing ultimate pit limits and production scheduling. It discusses various algorithms and procedures for determining the optimal extraction sequence and highlights the impact of economic factors on pit size. Additionally, it provides examples of significant open pit mines and their characteristics.

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jumakulov.lv
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
16 views42 pages

Open Pit Optimization

The document outlines the objectives and methods for open pit optimization, focusing on designing ultimate pit limits and production scheduling. It discusses various algorithms and procedures for determining the optimal extraction sequence and highlights the impact of economic factors on pit size. Additionally, it provides examples of significant open pit mines and their characteristics.

Uploaded by

jumakulov.lv
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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open pit optimization

objectives for open pit optimization


• Two objectives for open pit optimization
❑ Design ultimate pit limits
❑ the production scheduling Problem
❑ Determining an optimal sequence of extracting the mineralized material from the ground
(Short-term and Long-term production scheduling).
Block model
Block model
Open Pit Optimization
Affects the Optimal Outline?
In general:
- If the price increases, the pit gets bigger
- - If the costs increase, the pit gets smaller
- - If the slopes increase, the pit gets
Precedence
1. Size of a Mining Operation
2. Ultimate Pit Limit – Manual Procedure
3. Ultimate Pit Limit – Floating Cone Algorithm
4. Ultimate Pit Limit – Lerchs Grossmann (LG) 2D Algorithm
5. Ultimate Pit Limit – Lerchs Grossmann (LG) 3D Algorithm
6. Ultimate Pit Limit – Pseudo Flow Method
7. Ultimate Pit Limit – Software Applications

7
1. Size of a Mining Operation
2. Ultimate Pit Limit – Manual Procedure
3. Ultimate Pit Limit – Floating Cone Algorithm
4. Ultimate Pit Limit – Lerchs Grossmann (LG) 2D Algorithm
5. Ultimate Pit Limit – Lerchs Grossmann (LG) 3D Algorithm
6. Ultimate Pit Limit – Pseudo Flow Method
7. Ultimate Pit Limit – Software Applications

8
• Ultimate pit limit identifies the size or extent of extraction

• Objective - Maximises the undiscounted value of future cash flows

• Constraints - Satisfies the precedence – slope constraint

Bingham Canyon (copper) Chuquicamata copper The Super Pit (gold),


mine located south-west of mine, situated 1,650km located on south-east
Salt Lake City, Utah, US, is north of Santiago, Chile, is edge of Kalgoorlie, Western
the deepest open pit mine the second deepest open- Australia, is the sixth
in the world. pit mine in the world. deepest open-pit mine in
the world.
The Bingham Canyon pit is Chuquicamata open pit, is
more than 1.2km deep and 4.3km long, 3.0km wide The gold producing open
approximately 4km wide. and more than 850m deep. pit mine is 3.8km long,
1.5km wide and up to 600m
deep.

9
1. Size of a Mining Operation
2. Ultimate Pit Limit – Manual Procedure
3. Ultimate Pit Limit – Floating Cone Algorithm
4. Ultimate Pit Limit – Lerchs Grossmann (LG) 2D Algorithm
5. Ultimate Pit Limit – Lerchs Grossmann (LG) 3D Algorithm
6. Ultimate Pit Limit – Pseudo Flow Method
7. Ultimate Pit Limit – Software Applications

10
Method of Sections
𝑉𝑤 24.65𝑚3
Hypothetical section showing current pit outline OSR (Overall Stripping Ratio) corresponds to ultimate pit limit. 𝑶𝑺𝑹 = = = 0.52
𝑉𝑜 47.00𝑚3
• Sec tion thic kness =1m
𝑉 $1.90 per m3 of ore
• Slope angle =45° BESR (Breakeven Stripping Ratio) corresponds to ultimate pit limit. 𝑩𝑬𝑺𝑹 = = = 1.90
𝑆𝐶 $1.00 per m3 of waste
• Value of ore =V ($ per m3 of ore) =$1.90
• Stripping c ost =SC ($ per m3 of waste) =$1.00 𝑁𝑉 = $1.90 per m3 of ore x 47.00 m3 – $1.00 per m3 of waste x 24.65 m3 =$64.65

𝑉𝑤1 7.50
𝐼𝑆𝑅1 = = = 1.5 ➔ ISR=Inc remental Stripping Ratio
𝑉𝑜1 5.00
OSR (Overall Stripping Ratio)
𝑁𝑉1 = $1.90 per m3 of ore x 5.00 m3 – $1.00 per m3 of waste x 7.50 m3 =$2.00
𝑉𝑤 24.65 + 7.50 + 8.40 + 9.45
𝑂𝑆𝑅 = = = 0.81
𝑉𝑤2 8.40 𝑉𝑜 47.00 + 5.00 + 5.00 + 5.00
𝐼𝑆𝑅2 = = = 1.68
𝑉𝑜2 5.00
OSR and ISR at ultimate pit limit relationship
𝑁𝑉1 = $1.90 per m3 of ore x 5.00 m3 – $1.00 per m3 of waste x 8.40 m3 =$1.10
OSR is always less than ISR at ultimate pit limit

𝑉𝑤3 9.45 OSR =0.81 <ISR =1.90


𝐼𝑆𝑅3 = = = 1.89
𝑉𝑜3 5.00 Net value (NV) for the section
𝑁𝑉3 = $1.90 per m3 of ore x 5.00 m3 – $1.00 per m3 of waste x 9.45 m3 ≈$0.00 𝑉𝑤 = 24.65 + 7.50 + 8.40 + 9.45 =50.00 m3

𝑉𝑜 = 47.00 + 5.00 + 5.00 + 5.00=62.00 m3


𝑉𝑤4 10.50
𝐼𝑆𝑅4 = = = 2.10 𝑁𝑉1 = $1.90 x (62.00 m3) – $1.00 x (50.00 m3) =$68.00
𝑉𝑜4 5.00
𝑁𝑉3 = $1.90 per m3 of ore x 5.00 m3 – $1.00 per m3 of waste x 10.50 m3 =- $1.00

11
Method of Sections
Economic Data

Metal price (𝑝) $4000.00 per tonne


$ per gram or $ per tonne of metal (or $ per troy ounce
of metal) Value of an ore block

Refining cost (𝑟) $500.00 per tonne


$ per gram or tonne of metal or $ per troy ounce of metal 𝐕 = 𝑝 − 𝑟 𝑔𝑦 − 𝑚 − 𝑐
Mining cost (𝑚) $10.00 per tonne, 2.15 90
$ per tonne of material 𝐕 = 4,000 − 500 . − 15 − 10
100 100
Processing cost (𝑐) $15.00 per tonne,
𝐕 = $𝟒𝟐. 𝟕𝟑
$ per tonne of ore
Metallurgical recovery (𝑦) 90% Value of a waste block
%

𝐕 = −𝑚
Block Grades (Cu%)
𝐕 = $ − 𝟏𝟎
0.00 2.15 0.08 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.05
0.00 2.25 2.15 1.15 0.00 Economic block model
m+c 10 + 15
g= = = 0.0079 = 0.79% 3.13 1.15 0.78
p−r y 4,000 − 500 0.9
-10.00 42.73 -10.00 -10.00 -10.00 -10.00 -10.00
Block Grades (Cu%) above breakeven cut-off grade
-10.00 45.88 42.73 11.23 -10.00
0.00 2.15 0.08 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.05 73.60 11.23 -10.00
0.00 2.25 2.15 1.15 0.00
3.13 1.15 0.78

12
Ultimate pit @ slope angle =45°

-10.00 42.73 -10.00 -10.00 -10.00 -10.00 -10.00

-10.00 45.88 42.73 11.23 -10.00

73.60 11.23 -10.00

13
Ultimate pit @ slope angle =45°

-10.00 42.73 -10.00 -10.00 -10.00 -10.00 -10.00

-10.00 45.88 42.73 11.23 -10.00

73.60 11.23 -10.00

Overall undiscounted value =$42.73

14
Ultimate pit @ slope angle =45°

-10.00 42.73 -10.00 -10.00 -10.00 -10.00 -10.00

-10.00 45.88 42.73 11.23 -10.00

73.60 11.23 -10.00

Overall undiscounted value =$68.61

15
Ultimate pit @ slope angle =45°

-10.00 42.73 -10.00 -10.00 -10.00 -10.00 -10.00

-10.00 45.88 42.73 11.23 -10.00

73.60 11.23 -10.00

Overall undiscounted value =$101.34

16
Ultimate pit @ slope angle =45°

-10.00 42.73 -10.00 -10.00 -10.00 -10.00 -10.00

-10.00 45.88 42.73 11.23 -10.00

73.60 11.23 -10.00

Overall undiscounted value =$102.57

17
Ultimate pit @ slope angle =45°

-10.00 42.73 -10.00 -10.00 -10.00 -10.00 -10.00

-10.00 45.88 42.73 11.23 -10.00

73.60 11.23 -10.00

Overall undiscounted value =$156.17

18
Ultimate pit @ slope angle =45°

-10.00 42.73 -10.00 -10.00 -10.00 -10.00 -10.00

-10.00 45.88 42.73 11.23 -10.00

73.60 11.23 -10.00

At ultimate pit
• Overall undiscounted value =$167.40 per tonne
• Overall stripping ratio (SR) =6/6 =1; (a ratio that relates the waste to be removed to mine ore)

19
Method of Sections
Economic Data Value of an ore block

Metal price (𝑝) $4,000.00 per tonne


𝐕 = 𝑝 − 𝑟 𝑔𝑦 − 𝑚 − 𝑐
$ per gram or $ per tonne of metal (or $ per troy ounce
of metal) 2.15 90
𝐕 = 4,000 − 500 . − 15 − 10
Refining cost (𝑟) $500.00 per tonne 100 100
$ per gram or tonne of metal or $ per troy ounce of metal
𝐕 = $𝟒𝟐. 𝟕𝟑
Mining cost (𝑚) $10.00 per tonne,
$ per tonne of material
Value of a waste block
Processing cost (𝑐) $15.00 per tonne,
$ per tonne of ore
𝐕 = −𝑚
Metallurgical recovery (𝑦) 90%
% 𝐕 = $ − 𝟏𝟎

Block Grades (Cu%) Economic block model

0.00 2.15 0.08 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.05 -10.00 42.73 -10.00 -10.00 -10.00 -10.00 -10.00
0.00 2.25 2.15 1.15 0.00 -10.00 45.88 42.73 11.23 -10.00
𝑚+𝑐 10 + 15
𝑔= = = 0.0079 = 0.79% 3.13 1.15 0.78 73.60 11.23 -10.00
𝑝−𝑟 𝑦 4,000 − 500 0.9

Block Grades (Cu%) Ultimate Pit Limit

0.00 2.15 0.08 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.05 -10.00 42.73 -10.00 -10.00 -10.00 -10.00 -10.00

0.00 2.25 2.15 1.15 0.00 -10.00 45.88 42.73 11.23 -10.00

3.13 1.15 0.78 73.60 11.23 -10.00

20
Method of Sections
Economic Data Value of an ore block

Metal price (𝑝) $7,500.00 per tonne


𝐕 = 𝑝 − 𝑟 𝑔𝑦 − 𝑚 − 𝑐
$ per gram or $ per tonne of metal (or $ per troy ounce
of metal) 2.15 90
𝐕 = 7,500 − 500 . − 15 − 10
Refining cost (𝑟) $500.00 per tonne 100 100
$ per gram or tonne of metal or $ per troy ounce of metal
𝐕 = $𝟏𝟏𝟎. 𝟒𝟓
Mining cost (𝑚) $10.00 per tonne,
$ per tonne of material
Value of a waste block
Processing cost (𝑐) $15.00 per tonne,
$ per tonne of ore
𝐕 = −𝑚
Metallurgical recovery (𝑦) 90%
% 𝐕 = $ − 𝟏𝟎

Block Grades (Cu%) Economic block model

0.00 2.15 0.08 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.05 -10.00 110.45 -10.00 -10.00 -10.00 -10.00 -10.00
0.00 2.25 2.15 1.15 0.00 -10.00 116.75 110.45 47.45 -10.00
𝑚+𝑐 10 + 15
𝑔= = = 0.0040 = 0.40% 3.13 1.15 0.78 172.19 47.45 24.14
𝑝−𝑟 𝑦 7,500 − 500 0.9

Block Grades (Cu%) Ultimate Pit Limit

0.00 2.15 0.08 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.05 -10.00 110.45 -10.00 -10.00 -10.00 -10.00 -10.00

0.00 2.25 2.15 1.15 0.00 -10.00 116.75 110.45 47.45 -10.00

3.13 1.15 0.78 172.19 47.45 24.14

21
Method of Sections
Economic Data Value of an ore block

Metal price (𝑝) $2,800.00 per tonne


𝐕 = 𝑝 − 𝑟 𝑔𝑦 − 𝑚 − 𝑐
$ per gram or $ per tonne of metal (or $ per troy ounce
of metal) 2.15 90
𝐕 = 2,800 − 500 . − 15 − 10
Refining cost (𝑟) $500.00 per tonne 100 100
$ per gram or tonne of metal or $ per troy ounce of metal
𝐕 = $𝟏𝟗. 𝟓𝟏
Mining cost (𝑚) $10.00 per tonne,
$ per tonne of material
Value of a waste block
Processing cost (𝑐) $15.00 per tonne,
$ per tonne of ore
𝐕 = −𝑚
Metallurgical recovery (𝑦) 90%
% 𝐕 = $ − 𝟏𝟎

Block Grades (Cu%) Economic block model

0.00 2.15 0.08 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.05 -10.00 19.51 -10.00 -10.00 -10.00 -10.00 -10.00
0.00 2.25 2.15 1.15 0.00 -10.00 21.59 19.51 -10.00 -10.00
𝑚+𝑐 10 + 15
𝑔= = = 0.0121 = 1.21% 3.13 1.15 0.78 39.79 -10.00 -10.00
𝑝−𝑟 𝑦 2,800 − 500 0.9

Block Grades (Cu%) Ultimate Pit Limit

0.00 2.15 0.08 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.05 -10.00 19.51 -10.00 -10.00 -10.00 -10.00 -10.00

0.00 2.25 2.15 1.15 0.00 -10.00 21.59 19.51 -10.00 -10.00

3.13 1.15 0.78 39.79 -10.00 -10.00

22
23
1. Size of a Mining Operation
2. Ultimate Pit Limit – Manual Procedure
3. Ultimate Pit Limit – Floating Cone Algorithm
4. Ultimate Pit Limit – Lerchs Grossmann (LG) 2D Algorithm
5. Ultimate Pit Limit – Lerchs Grossmann (LG) 3D Algorithm
6. Ultimate Pit Limit – Pseudo Flow Method
7. Ultimate Pit Limit – Software Applications

24
Ultimate pit limit identifies the size or extent of extraction

Objective - Maximises the undiscounted value of future cash flows

Constraints - Satisfies the precedence – slope constraint

Steps of the algorithm

• Float the cone from left to right along the top row of blocks.

• Remove a bloc k with positive economic value


-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 -1

• After traversing the first row, move the apex of the cone to the -2 -2 4 -2 -2
rows below
7 1 -3
• Float the cone from left to right, stop when it encounters a block
with positive economic value

• If sum of the economic values of all blocks falling within the cone
is positive (or zero), remove these blocks, otherwise, float the
cone to find the next block with positive economic value

• Continue the floating process moving from left to right and top to
bottom until no more bloc ks may be removed

25
Ultimate pit limit identifies the size or extent of extraction

Objective - Maximises the undiscounted value of future cash flows

Constraints - Satisfies the precedence – slope constraint

Steps of the algorithm

• Float the cone from left to right along the top row of blocks.
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 -1
• Remove a block with positive economic value

• After traversing the first row, move the apex of the cone to the -2 -2 4 -2 -2
rows below
7 1 -3
• Float the cone from left to right, stop when it encounters a block
with positive economic value
Value = +1.0
• If sum of the economic values of all blocks falling within the cone
is positive (or zero), remove these blocks, otherwise, float the
cone to find the next block with positive economic value

• Continue the floating process moving from left to right and top to
bottom until no more bloc ks may be removed

26
Ultimate pit limit identifies the size or extent of extraction

Objective - Maximises the undiscounted value of future cash flows

Constraints - Satisfies the precedence – slope constraint

Steps of the algorithm

• Float the cone from left to right along the top row of blocks.
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 -1
• Remove a bloc k with positive economic value

• After traversing the first row, move the apex of the cone to the
-2 -2 4 -2 -2
rows below
7 1 -3
• Float the cone from left to right, stop when it encounters a block
with positive economic value
Value = +1.0
• Ifsum of the economic values of all blocks falling within the cone
is positive (or zero), remove these blocks, otherwise, float the
cone to find the next block with positive economic value

• Continue the floating process moving from left to right and top to
bottom until no more bloc ks may be removed

27
Ultimate pit limit identifies the size or extent of extraction

Objective - Maximises the undiscounted value of future cash flows

Constraints - Satisfies the precedence – slope constraint

Steps of the algorithm

• Float the cone from left to right along the top row of blocks.
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 -1
• Remove a bloc k with positive economic value

• After traversing the first row, move the apex of the cone to the -2 -2 4 -2 -2
rows below
7 1 -3
• Float the cone from left to right, stop when it encounters a block
with positive economic value
Value = +2.0
• If sum of the economic values of all blocks falling within the cone
is positive (or zero), remove these blocks, otherwise, float the
cone to find the next block with positive economic value

• Continue the floating process moving from left to right and top to
bottom until no more blocks may be removed

28
Ultimate pit limit identifies the size or extent of extraction

Objective - Maximises the undiscounted value of future cash flows

Constraints - Satisfies the precedence – slope constraint

Steps of the algorithm

• Float the cone from left to right along the top row of blocks.
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 -1
• Remove a bloc k with positive economic value

• After traversing the first row, move the apex of the cone to the -2 -2 4 -2 -2
rows below
7 1 -3
• Float the cone from left to right, stop when it encounters a block
with positive economic value
Value = -2.0
• If sum of the economic values of all blocks falling within the cone
is positive (or zero), remove these blocks, otherwise, float the
cone to find the next block with positive economic value

• Continue the floating process moving from left to right and top to
bottom until no more blocks may be removed

29
Ultimate pit limit identifies the size or extent of extraction -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 -1
Objective - Maximises the undiscounted value of future cash flows
-2 -2 4 -2 -2
Constraints - Satisfies the precedence – slope constraint
7 1 -3
Steps of the algorithm Value = +2.0

• Float the cone from left to right along the top row of blocks.
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 -1
• Remove a bloc k with positive economic value

• After traversing the first row, move the apex of the cone to the -2 -2 4 -2 -2
rows below
7 1 -3
• Float the cone from left to right, stop when it encounters a block
with positive economic value
Value = +3.0
• If sum of the economic values of all blocks falling within the cone
SR = 7/3
is positive (or zero), remove these blocks, otherwise, float the
cone to find the next block with positive economic value

• Continue the floating process moving from left to right and top to
bottom until no more blocks may be removed

30
Mining too little – mutual support is missing Mining too much

-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1

-2 -2 -2 -2 -2 5 -2 -2

10 -3 10 5

-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
-2 -2 -2 -2 -2 -2 -2 -2 -2 -2 5 -2 -2 5 -2 -2

10 -3 10 10 -3 10 5 5

Value = -1.0 Value = -1.0 Value = +2.0 Value = +1.0

-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1

-2 -2 -2 -2 -2

10 -3 10

Value = +3.0
SR = 12/2 = 6

31
Combination of both problems

-1 -1 -1 -1 -1

5 -4 5

-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1

5 -4 5 5 -4 5 5 -4 5

3 3 3

Value = +2 Value = +2 Value = +4.0

-1 -1 -1 -1 -1

5 -4 5

Value = +5.0
SR = 5/2 = 2.5

32
1. Size of a Mining Operation
2. Ultimate Pit Limit – Manual Procedure
3. Ultimate Pit Limit – Floating Cone Algorithm
4. Ultimate Pit Limit – Lerchs Grossmann (LG) 2D Algorithm
5. Ultimate Pit Limit – Lerchs Grossmann (LG) 3D Algorithm
6. Ultimate Pit Limit – Pseudo Flow Method
7. Ultimate Pit Limit – Software Applications

33
Example 1

-1 -1 -1 -1 -1
5 -4 5
3

𝒊ൗ 0 1 2 3 4
𝒋

0 0 0 0 0 0
1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1

2 5 -4 5
4 -5 4

3 3
-2

34
Example 1

-1 -1 -1 -1 -1
5 -4 5
3

𝒊ൗ 0 1 2 3 4
𝒋

0 0 0 0 0 0
1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1
-1
2 5 -4 5
4 -5 4
3
3 3
-2

35
Example 1

-1 -1 -1 -1 -1
5 -4 5
3

𝒊ൗ 0 1 2 3 4
𝒋

0 0 0 0 0 0
1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1
-1 2
2 5 -4 5
4 -5 4
3 -2
3 3
-2
1

36
Example 1

-1 -1 -1 -1 -1
5 -4 5
3

𝒊ൗ 0 1 2 3 4
𝒋

0 0 0 0 0 0
1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1
-1 2 -1
2 5 -4 5
4 -5 4
3 -2 6
3 3
-2
1

37
Example 1

-1 -1 -1 -1 -1
5 -4 5
3

𝒊ൗ 0 1 2 3 4
𝒋

0 0 0 0 0 0
1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1
-1 2 -1
2 5 -4 5
4 -5 4
3 -2 6
3 3
-2
1

38
Example 1

-1 -1 -1 -1 -1
5 -4 5
3

𝒊ൗ 0 1 2 3 4
𝒋

0 0 0 0 0 0
1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1
-1 2 -1 5
2 5 -4 5
4 -5 4
3 -2 6
3 3
-2
1

39
Example 1

-1 -1 -1 -1 -1
5 -4 5
3

𝒊ൗ 0 1 2 3 4
𝒋

0 0 0 0 0 0
1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1
-1 2 -1 5
2 5 -4 5
4 -5 4
3 -2 6
3 3
-2
1

40
Example 1

-1 -1 -1 -1 -1
5 -4 5
3

𝒊ൗ 0 1 2 3 4
𝒋

0 0 0 0 0 0
1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1
-1 2 -1 5
2 5 -4 5 Value = +5.0
4 -5 4
3 -2 6 SR = 5/2 = 2.5

3 3
-2
1

41
Example 2
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 -1

-2 -2 4 -2 -2

7 1 -3

𝒊ൗ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
𝒋

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 -1
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 -1
-1 -1 -1 2 3 2

2 -2 -2 4 -2 -2 Value = +3.0
-3 -3 3 -3 -1
-4 -4 3 1 1
SR = 7/3
3 7 1 -3
4 4 -6
0 4 -2

42

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