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The document provides an overview of the Philippine legal system, highlighting the structure of government and key laws relevant to civil engineering, including licensing and safety regulations. It discusses the ethical responsibilities of engineers, outlining fundamental ethical theories and the Civil Engineering Code of Ethics. Additionally, it covers the phases of civil engineering projects, the nature of obligations and contracts, and the essential elements required for valid contracts.

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7 views3 pages

CE Reviewer ImageExact Copy 2pages

The document provides an overview of the Philippine legal system, highlighting the structure of government and key laws relevant to civil engineering, including licensing and safety regulations. It discusses the ethical responsibilities of engineers, outlining fundamental ethical theories and the Civil Engineering Code of Ethics. Additionally, it covers the phases of civil engineering projects, the nature of obligations and contracts, and the essential elements required for valid contracts.

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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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■ Chapter 1: Introduction and Overview of Fundamental Laws

■■ The Philippine Legal System


- Our laws are based on Spanish and American systems.
- Government is divided into 3 branches:
• Executive – Enforces laws (President).
• Legislative – Makes laws (Senate + House of Representatives).
• Judicial – Interprets laws (Supreme Court + lower courts).
■■ Laws Related to Civil Engineering
- RA 4566 – Contractors must have a license to work legally.
- PD 1096 – National Building Code (sets safety rules for buildings).
- PD 1185 – Fire Code of the Philippines.
- PD 856 – Sanitation Code (about public health and hygiene).
- BP 344 – Accessibility Law (makes buildings safe for PWDs).
- RA 9184 – Law on government procurement (bidding and contracts).
- RA 544 – The Civil Engineering Law (defines who can be a civil engineer and what they can do).
■■■■ Who is a Civil Engineer (according to RA 544)?
- A registered person who can design, supervise, and estimate:
• Roads, bridges, buildings, tunnels, canals, ports, etc.
- Must pass a board exam and meet these qualifications:
• Filipino citizen, 21 years old or above.
• Good moral character.
• Civil engineering graduate from a recognized school.

■ Chapter 2: Introduction to Ethics


■ What is Ethics?
- Ethics = Knowing what’s right or wrong.
- Engineering ethics = Following good behavior and fairness when working as an engineer.
- Engineers must make decisions that are honest, safe, and fair for everyone.
■ 4 Basic Ethical Theories:
1. Utilitarianism (John Stuart Mill)
• Do what gives the most benefit to the most people.
• Example: Save more lives even if a few are affected.
2. Duty Ethics (Immanuel Kant)
• Follow your responsibility no matter the result.
• Example: Don’t lie, even if it benefits someone.
3. Rights Ethics (John Locke)
• Respect everyone’s rights (life, property, freedom).
• Everyone has the right to be treated fairly.
4. Virtue Ethics
• Focuses on good character (honesty, courage, etc.).
• A good person will naturally make good choices.
■ What is a Code of Ethics?
- A set of rules that guide engineers on how to act properly.
- Helps engineers decide what’s right or wrong in tough situations.
■■ Civil Engineering Code of Ethics (Philippines)
Civil Engineers must:
• Use skills to help people and the environment.
• Be honest, fair, and loyal to the public, clients, and coworkers.
• Improve their profession and help others grow.
■ 7 Fundamental Canons (Summarized):
1. Put public safety and health first.
2. Only do work you are trained for.
3. Be honest in all public statements.
4. Avoid conflict of interest.
5. Compete fairly and do not steal others’ work.
6. Always protect the dignity of the profession.
7. Continue learning and help train others.
■ Chapter 3: Civil Engineering – A People Serving Profession
■■ What is Civil Engineering?
- Civil Engineers design and build things that improve daily life:
• Roads, bridges, buildings, water systems, airports, dams, etc.
■ Short History
- First known civil engineer: John Smeaton (1761, England).
- In the Philippines:
• PSCE (Philippine Society of Civil Engineers) – started in 1928.
• PACE (Philippine Association of Civil Engineers) – later formed by private engineers.
• Merged into one PRC-accredited organization in 1973.
■■ Civil Engineering Project Phases:
1. Planning – Identify the problem and gather ideas.
2. Design – Create drawings and technical plans.
3. Construction – Build the actual project.
4. Operation/Maintenance – Keep the structure working properly.
5. Rehabilitation – Restore damaged or old parts.
■ Specializations in Civil Engineering:
- Construction Engineering – Manages workers, budget, and timeline.
- Structural Engineering – Designs strong buildings and bridges.
- Environmental Engineering – Solves pollution and waste issues.
- Geotechnical Engineering – Studies soil and foundations.
- Transportation Engineering – Designs roads, traffic systems.
- Water Resources Engineering – Manages water supply and drainage.
- Surveying – Maps land for construction.

■ Chapter 4: Introduction to Obligations and Contracts


■ What is an Obligation?
- A legal duty to give, do, or not do something.
■ Where Obligations Come From:
1. Law – Example: Paying taxes.
2. Contracts – Agreements between two parties.
3. Quasi-contracts – Not formal, but based on fairness.
4. Acts or crimes – When the law requires payment or action due to damage.
5. Quasi-delicts – Accidents caused by carelessness.
■ Elements of Obligation:
- Creditor – the person who expects something.
- Debtor – the person who must do something.
- Prestation – the action (to give, to do, or not to do).
■ Kinds of Obligations:
- To Give – Delivering an item or property.
- To Do – Performing an action or service.
- Not To Do – Avoiding a specific action.
■ What is a Contract?
- Definition: An agreement between two people to do or give something.
- Must be:
• Legal
• Agreed by both parties
• Fair and in good faith
■ Valid Contracts
- Both parties agree voluntarily.
- Not against the law or morals.
- Contract terms must be clear and followed.
■ Contract Terms
- Expressed Terms – Clearly written in the contract.
- Implied Terms – Assumed, like following building codes.
■ Contract Interpretation

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