Geography research project

SBA 9
Name:Amahle
Surname:Bhengu
Grade:12KN
School:Isipingo Secondary School

Topic 2:The HOUSING SHORTAGE,along with the shortage of housing

subsidies,means that many South Africans there is no alternative but to live
in INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS OR SQUATTER CAMPS.

Supervisor:Mrs N.Singh
Due date:23 April 2025
Defining the Problem: Housing Shortage and Informal Settlements in South
Africa
The housing shortage, exacerbated by a shortage of housing subsidies, is a pervasive issue
in South Africa. This problem is characterized by a severe lack of affordable formal housing
options, resulting in a significant shortage of housing supply. Consequently, many South
Africans are forced to reside in informal settlements or squatter camps, which are typically
overcrowded, lack basic services such as water, sanitation, and electricity, and are often
plagued by poverty, crime, and poor living conditions. Informal settlements and squatter
camps are makeshift residential areas that have sprung up in response to the housing
shortage, often on land that is not formally designated for residential use.

Describing Malagazi
The place I am researching is Malagazi.The housing shortage,along with the shortage of
housing subsidies,means that many people living in Malagazi have no alternative but to live in
Informal settlements or squatter camps. Malagazi is an area located in the province of
KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. It is situated near the city of Durban and is characterized by a
mix of formal and informal housing.Malagazi is a densely populated area with a diverse
community, and it faces various challenges related to poverty, unemployment, and limited
access to basic services.
Personal Account of Being Surrounded by Malagazi
As someone living in an urban area near Malagazi, I am constantly reminded of the housing
shortage and its effects on the community. Every day, I see people living in informal
settlements and squatter camps, struggling to access basic services like water, sanitation,
and electricity. The area is overcrowded, and the lack of formal housing options has led to
the increase of makeshift shelters. Despite the challenges the community is resilient, and
there are efforts to improve living conditions and provide access to basic services. However,
the housing shortage remains a pressing issue, and it's a constant reminder of the need for
affordable and sustainable housing solutions.

Map of Durban showing informal settlements

Map of Durban showing Malagazi
Informal Settlements in KwaZulu-Natal
Informal settlements in KwaZulu-Natal, particularly in the eThekwini Metropolitan
Municipality (which includes Durban), are characterized by inadequate housing, limited
access to basic services such as water, sanitation, and electricity, and increased
vulnerability to natural disasters like flooding.

Statistics on Informal Settlements

While I couldn't find specific statistics on Malagazi, according to the South African National
Census of 2011, approximately 1.3 million households in South Africa lived in informal
dwellings. In KwaZulu-Natal, about 22.5% of households lived in informal dwellings.

Types of Roads and Infrastructure

The roads in informal settlements around Durban are often unpaved, narrow, and lack proper
drainage, making them prone to flooding and erosion. The settlements themselves are often
built on marginal land, such as floodplains or steep slopes, which increases their
vulnerability to natural disasters.

Electricity and Basic Services

Access to electricity and basic services like water and sanitation is limited in informal
settlements. Many households rely on informal connections to the electricity grid, which can
be hazardous and lead to accidents.

Recent Floodings and Response

Recent floods in Durban have highlighted the vulnerability of informal settlements to natural
disasters. The floods have resulted in loss of life, property damage, and displacement of
people. The government and humanitarian organizations have responded by providing
emergency aid, shelter, and relief services. However, more needs to be done to address the
root causes of vulnerability in informal settlements, such as inadequate housing, poor
infrastructure, and limited access to basic services.

Materials Used in Informal Settlements

Informal settlements in Durban are often built using makeshift materials such as:

- Corrugated iron sheets: for walls and roofs

- Wooden planks: for framing and support
- Plastic Sheets: for roofing and walls
- Mud and clay: for building walls and floors
These materials are often inadequate for withstanding natural disasters like floods and
storms, and can lead to accidents and injuries.

History of the development of this urban problem

Group Areas Act (1950)
The Group Areas Act was a cornerstone of apartheid legislation in South Africa, enacted in
1950. The act divided urban areas into separate zones, designated for different racial
groups. The primary objective was to enforce racial segregation and relocate non-white
populations to areas designated for their specific racial group.

Implementation and Forced Removals

The Group Areas Act led to the forced removal of hundreds of thousands of people from their
homes and communities. In Durban, where Malagazi is located, many Indian and African
residents were forcibly removed from their homes and relocated to areas designated for their
racial group.

Malagazi: A Brief History

Malagazi, located in the province of KwaZulu-Natal, has a complex and tumultuous history.
During the apartheid era, Malagazi was designated as an Indian area under the Group Areas
Act. Many Indian residents were forcibly removed from other areas of Durban and relocated
to Malagazi.

Development of the Urban Problem

The urban problem in Malagazi developed over time due to a combination of factors:

1. Forced removals: The Group Areas Act led to the displacement of many communities,
resulting in overcrowding and poverty in areas like Malagazi.
2. Lack of investment: Apartheid policies restricted investment in non-white areas, leading
to inadequate infrastructure, housing, and services.
3. Rapid urbanisation: As people moved from rural areas to cities in search of work, informal
settlements like those in Malagazi grew rapidly, exacerbating the urban problem.
4. Legacy of apartheid: The lingering effects of apartheid policies continue to impact
Malagazi, with ongoing challenges related to poverty, inequality, and inadequate access to
basic services.

Current Challenges
Today, Malagazi faces numerous challenges, including:

1. Overcrowding: Inadequate housing and rapid urbanization have led to severe

overcrowding.
2. Poverty: Limited access to education, employment, and basic services perpetuates
poverty.
3. Inadequate infrastructure: Insufficient investment in infrastructure, such as roads,
sanitation, and electricity, hinders development.

By understanding the historical context and development of the urban problem in Malagazi,
we can better appreciate the complexities and challenges faced by this community.

Further Challenges Faced By People In Informal Settlements

Sanitation
Sanitation refers to the provision of facilities and services for the safe disposal of human
waste, garbage, and other waste materials. In Malagazi, residents face significant sanitation
challenges:

- Inadequate access to toilets and latrines

- Overcrowding and poor maintenance of existing sanitation facilities
- Limited waste collection and disposal services
- Prevalence of open defecation and urination
- Increased risk of waterborne diseases like cholera, diarrhea, and typhoid

Electricity
Electricity is a fundamental necessity for modern life, powering homes, businesses, and
essential services. In Malagazi:

- Many residents lack access to formal electricity connections

- Informal connections to the grid are common, posing safety risks and increasing the
likelihood of accidents
- Power outages and load shedding are frequent, disrupting daily life and economic activities
- Limited access to electricity hinders education, healthcare, and economic development

Water Accessibility
Access to clean, potable water is essential for human health and well-being. In Malagazi:

- Residents often lack access to reliable, clean water sources

- Water scarcity and rationing are common, particularly during droughts or infrastructure
failures
- Many households rely on informal, unregulated water sources, increasing the risk of
waterborne diseases
- Limited access to clean water hinders hygiene, health, and economic productivity
Flooding
Flooding is a recurring problem in Malagazi, exacerbated by inadequate drainage
infrastructure and the area's low-lying topography:

- Heavy rainfall and storm surges frequently flood homes and businesses
- Flooding contaminates water sources, damages property, and disrupts daily life
- Residents are often forced to evacuate their homes, seeking temporary shelter elsewhere
- Flooding increases the risk of waterborne diseases, injuries, and fatalities

Stigma
Residents of Malagazi often face stigma and social exclusion due to their living
circumstances:

- Negative perceptions and stereotypes about informal settlements perpetuate social

isolation
- Limited access to education, employment, and healthcare opportunities reinforces feelings
of marginalization
- Stigma can lead to decreased self-esteem, mental health issues, and social withdrawal

Lack of Employment
Unemployment is a pervasive challenge in Malagazi, with limited job opportunities and few
resources for skills development:

- High levels of unemployment lead to poverty, frustration, and desperation

- Limited access to education and training programs hinders employability
- Informal employment and precarious work arrangements are common, offering little job
security or benefits

Quality of Life:in the perspective of a person living there

“Living in Malagazi is a daily struggle. I wake up every morning wondering if I'll have access
to clean water, electricity, or sanitation. The flooding is a constant threat, and the stigma of
living in an informal settlement weighs heavily on my self-esteem. I've lost count of the
number of times I've applied for jobs, only to be rejected due to my address. It's a vicious
cycle of poverty, unemployment, and marginalization. Despite the challenges, I remain
hopeful that one day, things will improve, and I'll be able to provide a better life for my
family.”-Anonymous Resident living in Malagazi

Additional Challenges
Residents of Malagazi also face:
- Alcohol and drug abuse: Easy access to substances and lack of opportunities contribute
to addiction and related social problems.
- Teenage pregnancy: Limited access to education, healthcare, and family planning
resources increases the risk of unintended pregnancies.
- Frustration and desperation: The cumulative effect of poverty, unemployment, and lack of
opportunities can lead to feelings of hopelessness and despair.

These challenges are interconnected and reinforcing, creating a complex web of problems
that residents of Malagazi face daily.

Problems faced by formal residents living near informal settlements in

Malagazi:

Safety and Security Concerns

Formal residents living near informal settlements in Malagazi often experience safety and
security concerns:

- Increased crime rates: Proximity to informal settlements can lead to higher crime rates,
including theft, robbery, and hijacking.
- Fear of violence: Residents may feel threatened by the presence of informal settlements,
particularly if there are reports of violence or gang activity.
-Vandalism and property damage : Formal residents may experience vandalism and
property damage, such as broken fences or stolen outdoor equipment.

Stereotype and Stigma

Formal residents may hold negative stereotypes and stigmatize those living in informal
settlements:

- Negative perceptions: Formal residents may view informal settlements as breeding

grounds for crime, poverty, and disease.
- Social exclusion: Formal residents may socially exclude those living in informal
settlements, perpetuating marginalization and isolation.

Hijacking and Property Crime

Hijacking and property crime are significant concerns for formal residents living near
informal settlements:

- Hijacking: Residents may be at risk of hijacking, particularly if they live in areas with high
crime rates.
- Property crime: Formal residents may experience property crime, such as theft, burglary,
or vandalism.

Land Value and House Value

The presence of informal settlements can negatively impact land value and house value:

- Decreased property values: Formal residents may experience decreased property values
due to the proximity of informal settlements.
- Reduced demand: The presence of informal settlements can reduce demand for housing in
the area, leading to decreased property values.

Environmental Concerns
Formal residents may also experience environmental concerns due to the presence of
informal settlements:

- Pollution: Informal settlements may generate pollution, including waste and sewage, which
can impact the environment and public health.
- Health risks: The proximity of informal settlements can increase health risks, including the
spread of diseases and exposure to environmental hazards.

Social and Economic Impacts

The presence of informal settlements can have broader social and economic impacts on
formal residents:

- Social cohesion: The presence of informal settlements can erode social cohesion and
community trust.
- Economic opportunities: Formal residents may experience reduced economic
opportunities due to the presence of informal settlements, including limited access to
employment and services.

Furthermore young people, in particular, suffer from a lack of nightlife due to safety
concerns, which can be detrimental to their social development and overall well-being.

The financial burden of hiring private security companies is another issue faced by these
residents. This expense could be better spent on improving living conditions or addressing
other pressing concerns.

The area is plagued by social issues such as:

- Drug and Alcohol Abuse: The lack of opportunities and resources can lead to substance
abuse, which exacerbates other problems in the community.
- Prostitution: This issue is often linked to poverty, lack of education, and unemployment,
which are prevalent in informal settlements.
- Extreme Poverty: The cycle of poverty is difficult to break, and residents may feel trapped
in a situation with little hope for improvement.

These challenges are complex and deeply intertwined, requiring a comprehensive approach
to address them. It is essential for the government, civil society, and community
stakeholders to work together to find solutions and improve the lives of residents in
Malagazi.

Problems encountered by Durban Metropolitan Authorities

The Durban Metropolitan authorities face numerous challenges in addressing the urban
problem in Malagazi. Despite their efforts to provide basic services, they encounter several
issues:

Lack of Ownership and Maintenance

The authorities provide infrastructure and services, but the lack of ownership and
maintenance leads to:

- Vandalism and destruction of facilities

- Poor condition of roads, stormwater drainage, and other infrastructure
- Inadequate waste management and sanitation services

Insufficient Funding and Resources

The authorities often struggle with:

- Limited budget allocations for maintenance and upgrading of infrastructure

- Inadequate human resources and capacity to manage and maintain services
- Insufficient equipment and materials to address infrastructure challenges

Community Apathy and Lack of Participation

The authorities face challenges in engaging with the community, including:

- Low levels of community participation in decision-making processes

- Limited awareness and understanding of the authorities' role and responsibilities
- Apathy and disillusionment among community members due to unfulfilled promises and
lack of service delivery
Minimizing the Problems
To address these challenges, the Durban Metropolitan authorities have implemented various
strategies:

1. Community engagement and outreach programs: The authorities have established

community liaison offices and conduct regular outreach programs to engage with residents,
raise awareness about their services, and encourage community participation.
2. Public-private partnerships: The authorities have partnered with private sector
companies to provide additional resources, expertise, and funding for infrastructure
development and maintenance.
3. Infrastructure upgrading and maintenance programs: The authorities have initiated
programs to upgrade and maintain infrastructure, including roads, stormwater drainage, and
sanitation systems.
4. Capacity building and training: The authorities have invested in training and capacity-
building programs for their staff to improve their skills and ability to manage and maintain
services.
5. Alternative housing solutions: The authorities have explored alternative housing
solutions, such as social housing and community land trusts, to address the housing
shortage and provide affordable housing options.

Successes and Challenges

While the authorities have made efforts to address the urban problem in Malagazi, there are
still significant challenges to overcome:

- Limited progress: Despite the authorities' efforts, the pace of progress has been slow, and
many challenges persist.
- Inadequate resources: The authorities continue to face funding and resource constraints,
which hinder their ability to effectively address the urban problem.
- Community skepticism: Some community members remain skeptical about the
authorities' intentions and ability to deliver services, which can hinder community
engagement and participation.

Overall, addressing the urban problem in Malagazi requires a sustained and collaborative
effort from the authorities, community members, and other stakeholders.

According to my research, the urban problem in Malagazi, Durban, is a complex and

multifaceted issue, characterized by a severe housing shortage, inadequate access to basic
services, and social and economic challenges. The proliferation of informal settlements, lack
of affordable housing options, and limited access to sanitation, electricity, and water
exacerbate the problem. Furthermore, formal residents living near informal settlements
experience safety concerns, stereotype, and stigma, decreased property values, and
environmental concerns. The Durban Metropolitan authorities face challenges in providing
basic services, including lack of ownership, insufficient funding, and community apathy.
Interview 1
Q1: What is your primary source of income?
A1: Informal trading,selling goods on the street

Q2: Do you have access to clean water?

A2: No, we rely on communal taps or purchase from vendors

Q3: What type of housing do you live in?

A3: A shack made of corrugated iron and wood

Q4: How do you access healthcare services?

A4: We go to a nearby clinic that offers basic services

Q5: Are you employed formally or informally?

A5: Informally, as a street vendor

Q6: Do you have children in school?

A6: Yes, but they often miss days due to financial constraints

Q7: How long have you lived in this settlement?

A7: About 5 years, since moving from a rural area for better opportunities
Interview 2
Q1: What is your primary source of income?
A1: I'm a domestic worker, cleaning houses for several families.

Q2: Do you have access to clean water?

A2: Yes, we have a tap in our yard, but sometimes it's unreliable.

Q3: What type of housing do you live in?

A3: A small RDP house, it's not perfect, but it's home.

Q4: How do you access healthcare services?

A4: I use the local clinic nearby, and sometimes I can afford private care.

Q5: Are you employed formally or informally?

A5: Formally, my employer deducts UIF.

Q6: Do you have children in school?

A6: Yes, two kids are in high school, and one is in primary school.

Q7: How long have you lived in this settlement?

A7: About 10 years, we've built a community here.
Interview 3
Q1: What is your primary source of income?
A1: I sell second-hand clothes at a market stall.

Q2: Do you have access to clean water?

A2: No, we share a communal tap with neighbors.

Q3: What type of housing do you live in?

A3: A small shack made of wood and corrugated iron.

Q4: How do you access healthcare services?

A4: I go to a public hospital nearby when I can afford transport.

Q5: Are you employed formally or informally?

A5: Informally, as a market vendor.

Q6: Do you have children in school?

A6: Yes, three kids attend a nearby public school.

Q7: How long have you lived in this settlement?

A7: About 7 years, since moving from a rural area.

The interviews reveal that residents in the informal settlement face significant challenges,
including limited access to basic services like clean water and reliable healthcare, and
inadequate housing. Many rely on informal sources of income, such as street vending or
market trading, to make ends meet. Despite these difficulties, residents show resilience and
resourcefulness in finding ways to survive and build community. The experiences of
residents vary, with some having slightly better access to resources and opportunities than
others, but overall, the interviews paint a picture of a community struggling to meet its basic
needs.
QUESTIONNAIRES
1st Person
Demographic Information
1. What is your gender?
-A)Male

-B)Female
2. What is your age?
- A) 18-24

- B) 25-34

- C) 35-44

- D) 45-54

- E) 55+
3. What is your highest level of education?
- A) Primary school

- B) High school

- C) Diploma/Certificate

- D) Degree

- E) Postgraduate degree
4. What is your employment status?
- A) Employed full-time

- B) Employed part-time

- C) Unemployed

- D) Self-employed

- E) Retired
5. What is your monthly income?
- A) R0-R5,000

- B) R5,001-R10,000

- C) R10,001-R20,000

- D) R20,001-R50,000
 - D) R20,001-R50,000

- E) R50,001+

Housing and Living Conditions

1. What type of housing do you live in?
- A) Formal house

- B) Informal shack

- C) Flat/Apartment

- D) Other
2. How long have you been living in Malagazi?
- A) Less than 1 year

- B) 1-5 years

- C) 5-10 years

- D) More than 10 years

3. Do you have access to electricity?
- A) Yes

- B) No
4. Do you have access to piped water?
- A) Yes

- B) No
5. How would you rate the condition of your housing?
- A) Good

- B) Fair

- C) Poor

Safety and Security

1. How safe do you feel in your community?
-A)Very safe

- B) Somewhat safe

- C) Not very safe

- D) Not at all safe

2. Have you or a family member been a victim of crime in the past 6 months?
- A) Yes
 - A) Yes

- B) No
3. Do you feel that the police are effective in addressing crime in your community?
- A) Yes

- B) No

- C) Unsure

Health and Well-being

1. How would you rate your overall health?
- A) Good

- B) Fair

- C) Poor
2. Do you have access to healthcare services?
- A) Yes

- B) No
3. Have you or a family member experienced any health problems in the past 6 months?
-A)No

-B)Yes
2nd Person
Demographic Information
1. What is your gender?
-A)Male

-B)Female
2. What is your age?
- A) 18-24

- B) 25-34

- C) 35-44

- D) 45-54

- E) 55+
3. What is your highest level of education?
- A) Primary school

- B) High school

- C) Diploma/Certificate

- D) Degree

- E) Postgraduate degree
4. What is your employment status?
- A) Employed full-time

- B) Employed part-time

- C) Unemployed

- D) Self-employed

- E) Retired
5. What is your monthly income?
- A) R0-R5,000

- B) R5,001-R10,000

- C) R10,001-R20,000

- D) R20,001-R50,000

- E) R50,001+
 - E) R50,001+

Housing and Living Conditions

1. What type of housing do you live in?
- A) Formal house

- B) Informal shack

- C) Flat/Apartment

- D) Other
2. How long have you been living in Malagazi?
- A) Less than 1 year

- B) 1-5 years

- C) 5-10 years

- D) More than 10 years

3. Do you have access to electricity?
- A) Yes

- B) No
4. Do you have access to piped water?
- A) Yes

- B) No
5. How would you rate the condition of your housing?
- A) Good

- B) Fair

- C) Poor

Safety and Security

1. How safe do you feel in your community?
- A) Very safe

- B) Somewhat safe

- C) Not very safe

- D) Not at all safe

2. Have you or a family member been a victim of crime in the past 6 months?
- A) Yes

- B) No
 - B) No
3. Do you feel that the police are effective in addressing crime in your community?
- A) Yes

- B) No

- C) Unsure

Health and Well-being

1. How would you rate your overall health?
- A) Good

- B) Fair

- C) Poor
2. Do you have access to healthcare services?
- A) Yes

- B) No
3. Have you or a family member experienced any health problems in the past 6 months?
-A)No

-B)Yes
3 rd Person
Demographic Information
1. What is your gender?
-A)Male

-B)Female
2. What is your age?
- A) 18-24

- B) 25-34

- C) 35-44

- D) 45-54

- E) 55+
3. What is your highest level of education?
- A) Primary school

- B) High school

- C) Diploma/Certificate

- D) Degree

- E) Postgraduate degree
4. What is your employment status?
- A) Employed full-time

- B) Employed part-time

- C) Unemployed

- D) Self-employed

- E) Retired
5. What is your monthly income?
- A) R0-R5,000

- B) R5,001-R10,000

- C) R10,001-R20,000

- D) R20,001-R50,000

- E) R50,001+
Housing and Living Conditions
1. What type of housing do you live in?
- A) Formal house

- B) Informal shack

- C) Flat/Apartment

- D) Other
2. How long have you been living in Malagazi?
- A) Less than 1 year

- B) 1-5 years

- C) 5-10 years

- D) More than 10 years

3. Do you have access to electricity?
- A) Yes

- B) No
4. Do you have access to piped water?
- A) Yes

- B) No
5. How would you rate the condition of your housing?
- A) Good

- B) Fair

- C) Poor

Safety and Security

1. How safe do you feel in your community?
- A) Very safe

- B) Somewhat safe

- C) Not very safe

- D) Not at all safe

2. Have you or a family member been a victim of crime in the past 6 months?
- A) Yes

- B) No
 - B) No
3. Do you feel that the police are effective in addressing crime in your community?
- A) Yes

- B) No

- C) Unsure

Health and Well-being

1. How would you rate your overall health?
- A) Good

- B) Fair

- C) Poor
2. Do you have access to healthcare services?
- A) Yes

- B) No
3. Have you or a family member experienced any health problems in the past 6 months?
-A)No

-B)Yes
4th Person
Demographic Information
1. What is your gender?
-A)Male

-B)Female
2. What is your age?
- A) 18-24

- B) 25-34

- C) 35-44

- D) 45-54

- E) 55+
3. What is your highest level of education?
- A) Primary school

- B) High school

- C) Diploma/Certificate

- D) Degree

- E) Postgraduate degree
4. What is your employment status?
- A) Employed full-time

- B) Employed part-time

- C) Unemployed

- D) Self-employed

- E) Retired
5. What is your monthly income?
- A) R0-R5,000

- B) R5,001-R10,000

- C) R10,001-R20,000

- D) R20,001-R50,000

- E) R50,001+
Housing and Living Conditions
1. What type of housing do you live in?
- A) Formal house

- B) Informal shack

- C) Flat/Apartment

- D) Other
2. How long have you been living in Malagazi?
- A) Less than 1 year

- B) 1-5 years

- C) 5-10 years

- D) More than 10 years

3. Do you have access to electricity?
- A) Yes

- B) No
4. Do you have access to piped water?
- A) Yes

- B) No
5. How would you rate the condition of your housing?
- A) Good

- B) Fair

- C) Poor

Safety and Security

1. How safe do you feel in your community?
- A) Very safe

- B) Somewhat safe

- C) Not very safe

- D) Not at all safe

2. Have you or a family member been a victim of crime in the past 6 months?
- A) Yes

- B) No
 - B) No
3. Do you feel that the police are effective in addressing crime in your community?
- A) Yes

- B) No

- C) Unsure

Health and Well-being

1. How would you rate your overall health?
- A) Good

- B) Fair

- C) Poor
2. Do you have access to healthcare services?
- A) Yes

- B) No
3. Have you or a family member experienced any health problems in the past 6 months?
-A)No

-B)Yes
5th Person
Demographic Information
1. What is your gender?
-A)Male

-B)Female
2. What is your age?
- A) 18-24

- B) 25-34

- C) 35-44

- D) 45-54

- E) 55+
3. What is your highest level of education?
- A) Primary school

- B) High school

- C) Diploma/Certificate

- D) Degree

- E) Postgraduate degree
4. What is your employment status?
- A) Employed full-time

- B) Employed part-time

- C) Unemployed

- D) Self-employed

- E) Retired
5. What is your monthly income?
- A) R0-R5,000

- B) R5,001-R10,000

- C) R10,001-R20,000

- D) R20,001-R50,000

- E) R50,001+

Housing and Living Conditions

1. What type of housing do you live in?
- A) Formal house

- B) Informal shack

- C) Flat/Apartment

- D) Other
2. How long have you been living in Malagazi?
- A) Less than 1 year

- B) 1-5 years

- C) 5-10 years

- D) More than 10 years

3. Do you have access to electricity?
- A) Yes

- B) No
4. Do you have access to piped water?
- A) Yes

- B) No
5. How would you rate the condition of your housing?
- A) Good

- B) Fair

- C) Poor

Safety and Security

1. How safe do you feel in your community?
- A) Very safe

- B) Somewhat safe

- C) Not very safe

- D) Not at all safe

2. Have you or a family member been a victim of crime in the past 6 months?
- A) Yes

- B) No
3. Do you feel that the police are effective in addressing crime in your community?
- A) Yes
 - A) Yes

- B) No

- C) Unsure

Health and Well-being

1. How would you rate your overall health?
- A) Good

- B) Fair

- C) Poor
2. Do you have access to healthcare services?
- A) Yes

- B) No
3. Have you or a family member experienced any health problems in the past 6 months?
-A)No

-B)Yes
6th Person
Demographic Information
1. What is your gender?
-A)Male

-B)Female
2. What is your age?
- A) 18-24

- B) 25-34

- C) 35-44

- D) 45-54

- E) 55+
3. What is your highest level of education?
- A) Primary school

- B) High school

- C) Diploma/Certificate

- D) Degree

- E) Postgraduate degree
4. What is your employment status?
- A) Employed full-time

- B) Employed part-time

- C) Unemployed

- D) Self-employed

- E) Retired
5. What is your monthly income?
- A) R0-R5,000

- B) R5,001-R10,000

- C) R10,001-R20,000

- D) R20,001-R50,000

- E) R50,001+
Housing and Living Conditions
1. What type of housing do you live in?
- A) Formal house

- B) Informal shack

- C) Flat/Apartment

- D) Other
2. How long have you been living in Malagazi?
- A) Less than 1 year

- B) 1-5 years

- C) 5-10 years

- D) More than 10 years

3. Do you have access to electricity?
- A) Yes

- B) No
4. Do you have access to piped water?
- A) Yes

- B) No
5. How would you rate the condition of your housing?
- A) Good

- B) Fair

- C) Poor

Safety and Security

1. How safe do you feel in your community?
- A) Very safe

- B) Somewhat safe

- C) Not very safe

- D) Not at all safe

2. Have you or a family member been a victim of crime in the past 6 months?
- A) Yes

- B) No
3. Do you feel that the police are effective in addressing crime in your community?
- A) Yes

- B) No

- C) Unsure

Health and Well-being

1. How would you rate your overall health?
- A) Good

- B) Fair

- C) Poor
2. Do you have access to healthcare services?
- A) Yes

- B) No
3. Have you or a family member experienced any health problems in the past 6 months?
-A)No

-B)Yes
7th Person
Demographic Information
1. What is your gender?
-A)Male

-B)Female
2. What is your age?
- A) 18-24

- B) 25-34

- C) 35-44

- D) 45-54

- E) 55+
3. What is your highest level of education?
- A) Primary school

- B) High school

- C) Diploma/Certificate

- D) Degree

- E) Postgraduate degree
4. What is your employment status?
- A) Employed full-time

- B) Employed part-time

- C) Unemployed

- D) Self-employed

- E) Retired
5. What is your monthly income?
- A) R0-R5,000

- B) R5,001-R10,000

- C) R10,001-R20,000

- D) R20,001-R50,000

- E) R50,001+

Housing and Living Conditions

1. What type of housing do you live in?
- A) Formal house

- B) Informal shack

- C) Flat/Apartment

- D) Other
2. How long have you been living in Malagazi?
- A) Less than 1 year

- B) 1-5 years

- C) 5-10 years

- D) More than 10 years

3. Do you have access to electricity?
- A) Yes

- B) No
4. Do you have access to piped water?
- A) Yes

- B) No
5. How would you rate the condition of your housing?
- A) Good

- B) Fair

- C) Poor

Safety and Security

1. How safe do you feel in your community?
- A) Very safe

- B) Somewhat safe

- C) Not very safe

- D) Not at all safe

2. Have you or a family member been a victim of crime in the past 6 months?
- A) Yes

- B) No
3. Do you feel that the police are effective in addressing crime in your community?
- A) Yes
 - A) Yes

- B) No

- C) Unsure

Health and Well-being

1. How would you rate your overall health?
- A) Good

- B) Fair

- C) Poor
2. Do you have access to healthcare services?
- A) Yes

- B) No
3. Have you or a family member experienced any health problems in the past 6 months?
-A)No

-B)Yes
8th Person
Demographic Information
1. What is your gender?
-A)Male

-B)Female
2. What is your age?
- A) 18-24

- B) 25-34

- C) 35-44

- D) 45-54

- E) 55+
3. What is your highest level of education?
- A) Primary school

- B) High school

- C) Diploma/Certificate

- D) Degree

- E) Postgraduate degree
4. What is your employment status?
- A) Employed full-time

- B) Employed part-time

- C) Unemployed

- D) Self-employed

- E) Retired
5. What is your monthly income?
- A) R0-R5,000

- B) R5,001-R10,000

- C) R10,001-R20,000

- D) R20,001-R50,000

- E) R50,001+
Housing and Living Conditions
1. What type of housing do you live in?
- A) Formal house

- B) Informal shack

- C) Flat/Apartment

- D) Other
2. How long have you been living in Malagazi?
- A) Less than 1 year

- B) 1-5 years

- C) 5-10 years

- D) More than 10 years

3. Do you have access to electricity?
- A) Yes

- B) No
4. Do you have access to piped water?
- A) Yes

- B) No
5. How would you rate the condition of your housing?
- A) Good

- B) Fair

- C) Poor

Safety and Security

1. How safe do you feel in your community?
- A) Very safe

- B) Somewhat safe

- C) Not very safe

- D) Not at all safe

2. Have you or a family member been a victim of crime in the past 6 months?
- A) Yes

- B) No
3. Do you feel that the police are effective in addressing crime in your community?
- A) Yes

- B) No

- C) Unsure

Health and Well-being

1. How would you rate your overall health?
- A) Good

- B) Fair

- C) Poor
2. Do you have access to healthcare services?
- A) Yes

- B) No
3. Have you or a family member experienced any health problems in the past 6 months?
-A)No

-B)Yes
9th Person
Demographic Information
1. What is your gender?
-A)Male

-B)Female
2. What is your age?
- A) 18-24

- B) 25-34

- C) 35-44

- D) 45-54

- E) 55+
3. What is your highest level of education?
- A) Primary school

- B) High school

- C) Diploma/Certificate

- D) Degree

- E) Postgraduate degree
4. What is your employment status?
- A) Employed full-time

- B) Employed part-time

- C) Unemployed

- D) Self-employed

- E) Retired
5. What is your monthly income?
- A) R0-R5,000

- B) R5,001-R10,000

- C) R10,001-R20,000

- D) R20,001-R50,000

- E) R50,001+
Housing and Living Conditions
1. What type of housing do you live in?
- A) Formal house

- B) Informal shack

- C) Flat/Apartment

- D) Other
2. How long have you been living in Malagazi?
- A) Less than 1 year

- B) 1-5 years

- C) 5-10 years

- D) More than 10 years

3. Do you have access to electricity?
- A) Yes

- B) No
4. Do you have access to piped water?
- A) Yes

- B) No
5. How would you rate the condition of your housing?
- A) Good

- B) Fair

- C) Poor

Safety and Security

1. How safe do you feel in your community?
- A) Very safe

- B) Somewhat safe

- C) Not very safe

- D) Not at all safe

2. Have you or a family member been a victim of crime in the past 6 months?
- A) Yes

- B) No
3. Do you feel that the police are effective in addressing crime in your community?
- A) Yes

- B) No

- C) Unsure

Health and Well-being

1. How would you rate your overall health?
- A) Good

- B) Fair

- C) Poor
2. Do you have access to healthcare services?
- A) Yes

- B) No
3. Have you or a family member experienced any health problems in the past 6 months?
-A)No

-B)Yes
10 Person
Demographic Information
1. What is your gender?
-A)Male

-B)Female
2. What is your age?
- A) 18-24

- B) 25-34

- C) 35-44

- D) 45-54

- E) 55+
3. What is your highest level of education?
- A) Primary school

- B) High school

- C) Diploma/Certificate

- D) Degree

- E) Postgraduate degree
4. What is your employment status?
- A) Employed full-time

- B) Employed part-time

- C) Unemployed

- D) Self-employed

- E) Retired
5. What is your monthly income?
- A) R0-R5,000

- B) R5,001-R10,000

- C) R10,001-R20,000

- D) R20,001-R50,000

- E) R50,001+

Housing and Living Conditions

1. What type of housing do you live in?
- A) Formal house

- B) Informal shack

- C) Flat/Apartment

- D) Other
2. How long have you been living in Malagazi?
- A) Less than 1 year

- B) 1-5 years

- C) 5-10 years

- D) More than 10 years

3. Do you have access to electricity?
- A) Yes

- B) No
4. Do you have access to piped water?
- A) Yes

- B) No
5. How would you rate the condition of your housing?
- A) Good

- B) Fair

- C) Poor

Safety and Security

1. How safe do you feel in your community?
- A) Very safe

- B) Somewhat safe

- C) Not very safe

- D) Not at all safe

2. Have you or a family member been a victim of crime in the past 6 months?
- A) Yes

- B) No
3. Do you feel that the police are effective in addressing crime in your community?
- A) Yes
 - A) Yes

- B) No

- C) Unsure

Health and Well-being

1. How would you rate your overall health?
- A) Good

- B) Fair

- C) Poor
2. Do you have access to healthcare services?
- A) Yes

- B) No
3. Have you or a family member experienced any health problems in the past 6 months?
-A)No

-B)Yes

The survey of 10 respondents revealed diverse experiences in Malagazi. Key findings include
limited access to basic services like electricity and piped water, particularly among those
living in informal shacks. Safety concerns were also evident, with some respondents feeling
very safe while others felt not very safe or not at all safe. Health status varied, with some
reporting good health and others experiencing health problems. Employment status and
income levels also differed, with some respondents employed full-time or self-employed,
while others were unemployed or retired. Overall, the findings highlight the complexities and
challenges faced by residents in Malagazi.
Demographic Information

Pie Chart showing Gender

The gender distribution in Malagazi shows females making up 70% of the sample, while
males account for 30%.This imbalance may be related to various factors, such as migration
patterns, economic opportunities, or social dynamics. Further analysis of other demographic
factors and living conditions may provide more insight into the characteristics of the
community.

Pie Chart showing Age

The age distribution in Malagazi shows a mix of young and older adults, with the largest
proportion (30%) falling within the 25-34 age range. This could indicate a community with a
relatively young population, potentially influencing social dynamics and community
characteristics.

Pie Chart showing level of education

The data suggests a relatively educated population, with 50% of respondents holding a
diploma or higher qualification. However, 20% have only primary school education, indicating
potential disparities in educational attainment. This mix of educational backgrounds may
influence various aspects of community life and social interactions.

Pie Chart showing employment status

The employment status in Malagazi reveals a diverse range of situations, with 40% of
respondents employed part-time and 20% employed full-time. This suggests that many
individuals in the community may be working in non-traditional or flexible capacities. The
presence of unemployment (20%) and self-employment (10%) also indicates potential
economic challenges and entrepreneurial spirit. Given the relatively high level of education in
the community (50% with a diploma or higher), the prevalence of part-time employment may
be a choice rather than a necessity.

Pie Chart showing income

The monthly income distribution in Malagazi shows a bimodal pattern, with 30% of
respondents earning between R0-R5,000 and 40% earning between R20,001-R50,000. This
suggests that there may be a divide between lower-income and higher-income households in
the community. The education level may be a contributing factor to the higher income
bracket, as 50% of respondents have a diploma or higher qualification, which could be linked
to better job opportunities and higher earning potential. The presence of higher-income
earners (R20,001-R50,000 and R50,001+) may indicate a level of economic stability and
prosperity in the community.

Housing and Living Conditions

Pie Chart showing types of housing

The housing types in Malagazi are predominantly informal, with 50% of respondents living in
informal shacks and 40% in formal houses. Considering the income distribution, where 30%
of respondents earned between R0-R5,000 and 40% earned between R20,001-R50,000, the
prevalence of informal shacks may be linked to lower-income households. The 40% residing
in formal houses might correspond to the higher-income earners (R20,001-R50,000). This
suggests a potential correlation between housing type and income level.

Pie Chart showing years of residency

The length of residency in Malagazi indicates a relatively stable community. Notably, 30% of
respondents have lived there for more than 10 years, suggesting long-term roots.
Considering the housing types, it's interesting that 50% of respondents reside in informal
shacks, yet many have lived in the area for an extended period. This might imply that informal
housing is not solely a temporary or transitional arrangement but rather a long-term reality
for some residents. The mix of new and long-term residents may contribute to the
community's dynamics, with potential implications for social cohesion and development
initiatives.

Pie Chart showing access to electricity

The divide in electricity access, with 50% of respondents having access and 50% not, may
be linked to the type of housing and income levels. Given that 50% of respondents live in
informal shacks, it's possible that many without electricity access reside in these informal
dwellings. This disparity in access to electricity may exacerbate existing socioeconomic
challenges, particularly for lower-income households (30% earning R0-R5,000).

Pie Chart showing access to piped water

The majority of respondents (60%) have access to piped water, which is a positive indicator
for health and hygiene in the community. However, 40% without access may face challenges
in obtaining clean water, potentially affecting their well-being. Considering the housing
types, it's possible that those living in informal shacks (50% of respondents) are more likely
to lack access to piped water.

Pie Chart showing ratings of the condition of houses

The self-rated condition of houses shows that 50% of respondents consider their homes to
be in good condition, while 20% rate them as fair and 30% as poor. Given the prevalence of
informal shacks (50% of respondents), it's notable that half of the respondents still rate their
homes as good. This might suggest resilience and adaptability among residents. However,
the 30% rating their homes as poor may correspond to those living in the most vulnerable
conditions, potentially linked to lower income levels (R0-R5,000) and limited access to
services like electricity.

Safety and Security

Pie Chart showing level of safety

The majority of respondents (50%) feel somewhat safe in their community, while 20% feel
very safe, 20% not very safe, and 10% not at all safe. This suggests a mix of perceptions,
with some residents feeling secure and others vulnerable.

Pie Chart showing crime victims

40% of respondents have experienced crime personally or through a family member in the
past 6 months, while 60% have not. This indicates a notable level of crime in the community,
which may contribute to feelings of insecurity.

Pie Chart showing police effectiveness

70% of respondents believe the police are effective in addressing crime, 20% do not, and
10% are unsure. This suggests a relatively high level of trust in law enforcement, which may
contribute to feelings of safety among some residents. However, the 40% crime experience
rate may indicate room for improvement in policing or community safety initiatives.

Health and Well-being

Pie Chart showing overall health

60% of respondents rate their overall health as good, 30% as fair, and 10% as poor.
Considering the income levels, it's possible that those with higher incomes (40% earning
R20,001-R50,000) may have better access to healthcare and nutrition, contributing to their
good health. The relatively good health ratings might also be linked to the community's
access to piped water (60% of respondents) and electricity (50% of respondents), which
can impact health and hygiene.

Pie Chart showing access to health services

The vast majority of respondents (90%) have access to healthcare services, which is a
positive indicator for health outcomes in the community. Given the socioeconomic diversity,
with 50% living in informal shacks and varying income levels, the high access to healthcare
is notable. This access may be crucial in addressing health disparities and supporting
vulnerable populations.

Pie Chart showing if they’ve experienced health problems

40% of respondents have experienced health problems personally or through a family
member in the past 6 months, while 60% have not. Considering the housing conditions,
where 50% of respondents live in informal shacks, it's possible that environmental factors
may contribute to health issues. However, the high access to healthcare services (90% of
respondents) may help mitigate these challenges

Recommendations
Based on the findings from the questionnaires and analysis, I would suggest that access to
affordable housing options be increased through subsidies and financing models. I would
also recommend upgrading infrastructure in informal settlements to include reliable
electricity, piped water, and sanitation services. Furthermore, I suggest supporting local
economic development through job training, entrepreneurship programs, and small business
funding to help residents enhance their socioeconomic status. Additionally, ensuring reliable
access to healthcare services and strengthening police presence and community policing
initiatives would be beneficial for creating a safer and healthier community. By implementing
these measures, Malagazi residents could experience positive change and improved overall
well-being.

Conclusion
Based on the findings from the questionnaires,interviews and analysis, I accept the
hypothesis that the housing shortage along with a shortage of housing subsidies means that
for many people living in Malagazi, there is no alternative but to live in informal settlements
or squatter camps. The data shows that 50% of respondents live in informal shacks,
indicating a significant reliance on these types of dwellings. Additionally, the majority of
respondents face challenges in accessing basic services, which further supports the notion
that housing shortages and limited subsidies force many into informal living arrangements.
These findings suggest that the lack of affordable housing options and subsidies is a major
contributor to the prevalence of informal settlements in Malagazi, thereby validating the
hypothesis.