FACULTY OF SCIENCE

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTING
2024/2025 ACADEMIC SESSION
FIRST SEMESTER LECTURE MATERIAL
COURSE CODE: CSC 112 CREDIT UNIT: 2 UNITS
COURSE TITLE: INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY
DURATION: 2 HOURS CLASS CODE: gkjpo6z LECTURE MATERIAL – WEEK 3

COMPUTER BASED INFORMATION SYSTEM

A computer-based information system (CBIS) is a collection of systems that use computers to

process and manipulate data to achieve specific goals.

A Computer-Based Information System (CBIS) is a comprehensive system that utilizes computer

technology to collect, process, store, and disseminate information. Here is a detailed overview of
CBIS:

Components of CBIS
1. Hardware: The physical components of the system, including computers, servers,
printers, and networking devices.
2. Software: The programs and operating systems that manage and process data, including
application software, system software, and utility programs.
3. Database: A collection of organized data that is stored and managed by the system.
4. Network: The communication infrastructure that connects the hardware components and
allows data to be shared and exchanged.
5. Procedures: The rules and guidelines that govern the use and operation of the system.

Types of CBIS
1. Transaction Processing System (TPS): A system that processes and records business
transactions, such as sales and inventory management.
2. Management Information System (MIS): A system that provides managers with
reports and data analysis to support decision-making.
3. Decision Support System (DSS): A system that provides interactive analysis and
modeling tools to support decision-making.
4. Executive Information System (EIS): A system that provides senior executives with
strategic information and data analysis.
5. Expert System: A system that mimics the decision-making abilities of a human expert in
a particular field.
Characteristics of CBIS
1. Speed: CBIS processes data quickly and efficiently.
2. Accuracy: CBIS reduces errors and improves data accuracy.
3. Reliability: CBIS provides consistent and dependable performance.
4. Security: CBIS protects data from unauthorized access and breaches.
5. Flexibility: CBIS can be adapted and modified to meet changing business needs.

Benefits of CBIS
1. Improved Efficiency: CBIS automates many tasks, freeing up staff to focus on higher-
value activities.
2. Enhanced Decision-Making: CBIS provides timely and accurate data, enabling better
decision-making.
3. Increased Productivity: CBIS streamlines processes and improves workflow.
4. Better Customer Service: CBIS provides quick and easy access to customer information
and history.
5. Competitive Advantage: CBIS can provide a business with a competitive edge by
enabling it to respond quickly to changing market conditions.

Limitations of CBIS
1. High Initial Cost: Implementing a CBIS can be expensive, especially for small
businesses.
2. Dependence on Technology: CBIS relies on technology, which can be prone to errors
and downtime.
3. Security Risks: CBIS can be vulnerable to cyber threats and data breaches.
4. Training and Support: CBIS requires ongoing training and support to ensure that users
can effectively utilize the system.
5. Obsolescence: CBIS can become outdated quickly, requiring ongoing maintenance and
upgrades.

Methods Of Input and Processing

Input is the data or instructions that you enter into a computer program in order to make it run.
Examples of input include typing on a keyboard, clicking the mouse or using voice commands.
Input can be anything from simple text to complicated images and audio recordings. Input
devices are used to feed data into a computer for processing. The following are some common
methods of input:

1. Keyboard
A keyboard is a primary input device used to enter text, numbers, and commands into a
computer.

2. Mouse
A mouse is a pointing device used to interact with graphical user interfaces (GUIs) and select
items on the screen.

3. Scanner
A scanner is an input device used to capture images or text from physical documents and convert
them into digital format.

4. Microphone
A microphone is an input device used to capture audio signals and convert them into digital
format.

5. Camera
A camera is an input device used to capture images or video and convert them into digital
format.

6. Touchpad
A touchpad is an input device used to interact with GUIs and select items on the screen by
tapping or gesturing on the touchpad.

7. Fingerprint Reader
A fingerprint reader is an input device used to capture and authenticate fingerprints for security
purposes.

8. Barcode Reader
A barcode reader is an input device used to capture and decode barcode data from products or
documents.

9. RFID Reader
An RFID reader is an input device used to capture and decode RFID tag data from products or
objects.
10. Game Controller
A game controller is an input device used to interact with video games and other interactive
applications.

Methods of Processing
Computer processing refers to the series of operations managed by a computer's central
processing unit (CPU), which interprets and executes software instructions. This involves
transforming input data into output data, facilitating functionalities across various devices.
Processing involves the execution of instructions and the manipulation of data by the computer's
central processing unit (CPU). The following are some common methods of processing:

1. Central Processing Unit (CPU)

The CPU is the primary processing component of a computer, responsible for executing
instructions and performing calculations.

2. Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)

The GPU is a specialized processing component designed to handle graphics and video
processing tasks.

3. Co-Processing
Co-processing involves the use of multiple processing components, such as CPUs and GPUs, to
perform tasks concurrently.

4. Parallel Processing
Parallel processing involves the use of multiple processing components to perform tasks
simultaneously, improving overall processing speed and efficiency.

5. Distributed Processing
Distributed processing involves the use of multiple computers or processing components,
connected via a network, to perform tasks concurrently.

6. Cloud Processing
Cloud processing involves the use of remote computing resources, accessed via the internet, to
perform tasks and store data.

7. Artificial Intelligence (AI) Processing

AI processing involves the use of specialized algorithms and processing components, such as
neural networks and deep learning processors, to perform tasks that mimic human intelligence.

8. Machine Learning (ML) Processing

ML processing involves the use of specialized algorithms and processing components, such as
ML processors and accelerators, to perform tasks that involve pattern recognition and prediction.

Output Methods
Output is the visual, auditory, or tactile perceptions provided by the computer after processing
the provided information. Examples include: text, images, sound, or video displayed on a
monitor or through speaker as well as text or Braille from printers or embossers. Output devices
are used to display or produce the results of processing. The following are some common output
methods:

1. Monitor
A monitor is an output device used to display visual information, such as text, images, and
videos.

2. Printer
A printer is an output device used to produce physical copies of documents, images, and other
visual information.

3. Speaker
A speaker is an output device used to produce audio signals, such as music, voice, and sound
effects.

4. Projector
A projector is an output device used to display visual information, such as presentations, videos,
and images, onto a screen or surface.
5. Braille Display
A Braille display is an output device used to produce tactile output, such as Braille text, for
visually impaired users.

6. Haptic Feedback
Haptic feedback is an output method used to produce tactile sensations, such as vibrations and
forces, to simulate realistic interactions with virtual objects.

7. Virtual Reality (VR) Headset

A VR headset is an output device used to produce immersive and interactive virtual reality
experiences, including visual, audio, and haptic feedback.

8. Augmented Reality (AR) Display

An AR display is an output device used to produce interactive and overlayed digital information
onto the real world, using devices such as smart glasses or mobile devices.

COMMUNICATIONS PORT
A communications port, also known as a serial port or COM port, is a hardware interface on a
computer that allows you to connect external devices for data transfer. It serves as a bridge
between your computer and peripherals like printers, modems, and scanners, enabling
communication between them. A communications port is a physical or virtual interface that
enables communication between devices, computers, or networks. In this section, we will delve
into the details of communications ports, including their types, functions, and applications.

Types of Communications Ports

1. Physical Ports
Physical ports are tangible interfaces that connect devices using cables or wires. Examples
include:

 RJ-45 (Ethernet) ports: Used for wired internet connections.

 USB (Universal Serial Bus) ports: Used for connecting peripherals like keyboards,
mice, and flash drives.
  Serial ports: Used for connecting devices like modems, printers, and scanners.

2. Virtual Ports
Virtual ports are software-based interfaces that enable communication between devices or
applications over a network. Examples include:

 TCP/IP ports: Used for communication between devices over the internet.
 UDP ports: Used for communication between devices over the internet, particularly for
real-time applications.

Functions of Communications Ports

1. Data Transfer: Communications ports enable the transfer of data between devices,
computers, or networks.
2. Device Communication: Communications ports facilitate communication between
devices, allowing them to exchange information and instructions.
3. Network Connectivity: Communications ports enable devices to connect to networks,
such as the internet or local area networks (LANs).

Applications of Communications Ports

1. Computer Networking: Communications ports are used to connect devices to networks,
enabling communication and data transfer.
2. Internet of Things (IoT): Communications ports are used in IoT devices to enable
communication and data transfer between devices and the cloud.
3. Industrial Automation: Communications ports are used in industrial automation to
enable communication and control between devices and systems.

Security Considerations
1. Port Security: Communications ports can be vulnerable to security threats, such as
hacking and unauthorized access.
2. Firewalls: Firewalls can be used to block unauthorized access to communications ports.
3. Encryption: Encryption can be used to secure data transferred over communications
ports.

Best Practices
1. Regularly Update Port Configurations: Regularly update port configurations to ensure
they are secure and up-to-date.
2. Use Secure Protocols: Use secure protocols, such as HTTPS and SSH, to encrypt data
transferred over communications ports.
3. Monitor Port Activity: Monitor port activity to detect and respond to security threats.
Messages are generated by AI and may be inaccurate or inappropriate.

DATA TRANSMISSION
Data transmission is the process of transferring data from one device to another through a
communication channel. In this section, we will explore the fundamentals of data transmission,
including types, methods, protocols, and applications.

Types of Data Transmission

1. Analog Data Transmission
Analog data transmission involves transmitting data in the form of continuous signals, such as
audio or video.

2. Digital Data Transmission

Digital data transmission involves transmitting data in the form of discrete signals, such as
binary code.

Components of Data Communication

A communication system is made up of the following components:

1. Message: A message is a piece of information that is to be transmitted from one person

to another. It could be a text file, an audio file, a video file, etc.

1. Sender: It is simply a device that sends data messages. It can be a computer, mobile,
telephone, laptop, video camera, or workstation, etc.

1. Receiver: It is a device that receives messages. It can be a computer, telephone mobile,

workstation, etc.

1. Transmission Medium / Communication Channels: Communication channels are the

medium that connect two or more workstations. Workstations can be connected by either
wired media or wireless media.
 1. Set of rules (Protocol): When someone sends the data (The sender), it should be
understandable to the receiver also otherwise it is meaningless. For example, Sonali sends
a message to Chetan. If Sonali writes in Hindi and Chetan cannot understand Hindi, it is a
meaningless conversation.

Methods of Data Transmission

1. Wired Data Transmission
Wired data transmission involves transmitting data through physical cables, such as Ethernet or
coaxial cables.

2. Wireless Data Transmission

Wireless data transmission involves transmitting data through wireless communication channels,
such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, or cellular networks.

Data Transmission Protocols

1. TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol)
TCP/IP is a suite of protocols used for communication over the internet.

2. HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)

HTTP is a protocol used for transferring data over the web.
3. FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
FTP is a protocol used for transferring files over the internet.

Applications of Data Transmission

1. Internet Communication
Data transmission is used for communication over the internet, including email, social media,
and online messaging.

2. File Sharing
Data transmission is used for sharing files over the internet, including cloud storage and file
transfer protocols.

3. Remote Access
Data transmission is used for remote access to devices and networks, including virtual private
networks (VPNs) and remote desktop connections.

Data Transmission Media

1. Twisted-Pair Cable
Twisted-pair cable is a type of cable used for wired data transmission.

2. Coaxial Cable
Coaxial cable is a type of cable used for wired data transmission.

3. Fiber Optic Cable

Fiber optic cable is a type of cable used for high-speed data transmission.

Data Transmission Speed

1. Bandwidth
Bandwidth refers to the amount of data that can be transmitted over a communication channel in
a given amount of time.
2. Data Transfer Rate
Data transfer rate refers to the speed at which data is transmitted over a communication channel.

Data Transmission Security

1. Encryption
Encryption is a method of securing data transmission by converting data into a code that can only
be deciphered by authorized parties.

2. Authentication
Authentication is a method of verifying the identity of devices or users before allowing data
transmission.

3. Firewalls
Firewalls are network security systems that monitor and control incoming and outgoing network
traffic based on predetermined security rules.

Challenges in Data Transmission

1. Interference
Interference refers to the disruption of data transmission signals due to external factors, such as
electromagnetic radiation.

2. Attenuation
Attenuation refers to the loss of signal strength during data transmission.

3. Congestion
Congestion refers to the slowing down of data transmission due to high network traffic.