bus Lesson 5; Managing Waste cment. Solid waste: the throwaway rials; where does the trash qu g less waste, reusing, materials we use. or are intended to be disposed off or visions of international law” (Basel ced by the United Nations Statistics Division (U.N.S.D.): “Wastes are materials that are not e market) for which the generator has no furthi Joses prime products (that is products produced er use in terms of his/her own tion, and of which he/she wants 'S May be generated during the extraction of raw Materials, the materials into intermediate and final Products, the consumption of and other human activities. Residuals recycled or reused at the place ” are excluded.” of roduction, transformation or consump Waste: 19 of raw vironmental Protection Act 1990 indicated waste includes eo titutes a scrap material, an effluent or other unwanted surplus arisinga from the application of any process or any substance or article which disposed of which has been broken, worn out, contaminated or other this is supplemented with anything which is discarded otherwise dealt were waste shall be presumed to be waste unless the contrary is Proved, CLASSIFICATION OF WASTES As matter exists in three states, i.e. solid liquid and gas, we have wastes. Solid Wastes : Includes domestic garbage and other waste in solid state i.e. food left-over, decaying fruits and vegetables and articles like plastics wrappers, body parts of dead animals. It can also originate industries, hospitals, restaurants, offices, malls etc. Liquid Wastes: It includes sewage from toilets of houses, hospitals, offices, etc., effluents from the industries, runoff from agricultural i | spills. Gaseous Wastes: These are mainly the gaseous pollutants released the exhausts from automobile, chimney of factories, brick kilns, burning of. thermal power plants etc. The gases released are mainly carbon dio: monoxide, oxides of sulphur and nitrogen, methane, hydrocarbons, CFC BIO-DEGRADABLE AND NON BIO-DEGRADABLE WASTES Biodegradable Waste: Wastes that can be degraded or broken down through microbial acti and bacteria are called biodegradable wastes. House hold and agi which are of organic origin (from plants or animals) are included in These wastes do not cause harm to the environment as they with the natural ecosystem, They can be composted and manures. | Non Biodegradable Wastes: Wastes which cannot be degraded or broken down through microbial called non-biodegradable wastes . Such wastes include petroleum, pesticides, thermocol etc. Non biodegradable wastes persist in the a long time, get biomagnified, become toxic and cause health WASTE MANAGEMENT Definition: Waste management are the activities and manage waste from its inception to its final disposal. It is a processes of collection, transport, treatment and disposal of monitoring and regulation of the waste management process. The main objective of waste management is to avoid itsenvironment. Methods mi - and env Tidential areas t ‘pdustarnenagement ctf oo 3 to RO from urban to rural wunicipal_ corporation is for waste Managem ipie for wast gement in the urban and ru has to be managed by the industries itself, ral areas where as industrial yn WASTE MANAGEMENT Pin waste Management are illus viven alongside reas Fe in the household and oth ge"reas or industrial areas must be first ted bY categories of dry waste, wet waste by “waste etc. This will decrease the treatment and disposal. jiected by the people assigned by corporation and brought to the chart the waste is transported to the nt site which maybe @ composting area or tor. The recyclable items are sent to the recycling cente! .. A rs. e useful maa which can be recovered. EA 2, eaetageae cot d by burning o' waste (energy recovery) or biogas can 6 Sic matter. 9 ye produced from the waste which cannot be processed any further are sent to the final | site which is usually a landfill. a HIRARCHY cept refers to the 3R policy, which means’ y Reuse, Recycle. This waste management’ its basis on waste reduction or’ ation. The aim is to utilize the product to ximum and generate least amount of end) waste means to prevent generation of, Examples: of cloth or jute bags for shopping told — lent the usage of plastic or paper bags: of steel, melamine or ceramic crockery instead of disposable of cloth napkins and handkerchiefs instead of tissues- nic kitchen waste can be composted to produce humus. ir the old electronic items instead of buying a new one- ‘od for travel or picnic. reusable containers for packing fo waste means to find alternative use of waste. Examples! ic bags can be reused as bin bags- containers: ig the glass or plastic jars ( €-9- Jam bottles) as storeg®3. Using shoe boxes to keep ! 4. Decorating cans and jars 2 5. Big cans and plastic 6. Newspapers and b 7. Old cloth and g Recycle waste mee means converting it new items. Example: a 2 (i) Open sites spoil the (ii) It becomes breeding ) They give out foul odo (iv) The burning of the (v) During rainfall the contaminate them. 2. Landfills Landfill as the name suggests is and covered with soil again. In a then buried. This method is p eventually composted under the grou it. Advantages _ ¢ (i) The site is covered with earth which p (ii) Less chances of spread of pathogenic the wastes. The waste is disposed without (ili) No foul smell due to the rotting of garbjas produced due to decomposition of wastes can be used as a nane Sirce of energy. It can be used in boilers, internal combustion polluting Sesines, fuel cells etc, gas es decomposition and compaction of wastes can be used for suitably. “4 after re 1a “and carbon dioxide ate {WG major Gases “produced trom the ne ore the organic fraction of solid waste the landfill. Methane gas on aed global warming potential compared to carbon dioxide (CO2). ® been implicated as the largest source of atmospheric methane in the ov to a natural phenomenon called “global warming”. e30e gal warming, traditional landfills. {iq from Gatic environment. One of the great ith sanitary land filling is the gene “process, one tonne of land filled solid waste generates about 0.2 oo of toxic leachate, depending on the typ hreatens the aquatic environment, enters ti atic species. i site may produce leachate with a hi serious hazards to the environment and to Public health. chate often enters the agricultural fields al long with runoff during rainfall, enter the food chain and affect the health of the human beings. ry landfills are not fit for human settlements because methane and carbon ide start coming out within a years when rapid decomposition of the waste Ss ry landfill means disposal of the solid iis, cover be at least 3 meters separation between the drock or ground water table, os bottom of landfill and the ite Control Methane gas | Tecovery system Leachate 8zardous-waste landfill must| Trash Cy cap ‘treatment 'mpermeable liners ollection systems, : d leachate ‘Ss pumped to a to the jJcduce the amount of Ne landfill and minimize the vironmental damage, an “ap OF Cover is Placed over a | laiiv. A groundwater monitoring syst and around the site is also req 3. Composting ( biologica’ Composting is a disposal methe decomposition of organion and maintenance cost is high. on, OPrergy to run the incinerator. ot i ie, polluting gas which may also contain toxic particulate. ces oe amount of fly ash. 4g a 18 +t from burning pulverized coal in electric power generating ants: Mineral impurities in the coal float out as suspended Pijong with the exhaust gases. The fly ash from the solid waste matte! tors May contain high levels of hazardous contaminants. More ine be roduced from the thermal power plants end up in landfills and of flY “A containing trace elements or heavy metals contaminate ground y ast uman health. Through the surface runoff drain into the water food chain and result in biomagnifications. erat toxic to h ; the aquatic ion ‘ ee. to separate according to some category or classification. Wastes nee biodegradable, non biodegradable, hazardous, recyclable, be segregated accordingly into different bins. Various bin can and can 7 paper, plastic, glass, metal, organic wastes etc. gregate, e advantage of segregating waste is that it reduces the load of waste disposal ind management by removing the biodegradable and recyclable waste. The non jodegradable and hazardous waste can be then disposed appropriately makes the waste disposal easier and cost effective. makes Reduce- reuse- recycle of wastes easier. technology in waste management fioremediation ucts (chemicals) generated by the modem technologies are posing 2 to the natural breakdown processes and the natural mechanisms of logical balance as they are complex in nature and are difficult to The application of biotechnology has_helped_in the environmental * of such hazardous contaminants by bioremediation. This process is 8s bio-restoration or bio-treatment. Bioremediation involves the use sting microorganisms to speed up the br 9 down of biological egradation of various materials. ~~~ ple of bioremediation is the breaking down of 0! ompounds like carbon dioxide, water, salts_and 0 ‘other harmless Media cinoy,. C@M help clean up the environment in two ways Pion of ' ™Icrobial growth in situ (in the soil) can be achieved by addition onutrients. The microbes acclimatize themselves to these period of time, the microbes use up these compounds, thu 2. Second option is to genetically engineer mit organic pollutant molecules. For instance, biorer American organisation used the ‘Flavobac' pentachlorophenol from contaminated soil. This treating wastes from Uranium mining. ‘algasorb’, recovery Systems Company, absorbs heavy | water. Several companies in the US sell a mix clean up chemical wastes including oil 3. Plants are also being used to cl referred to as Phytoremediation. The This practice of growing such metals in the environment has | TREATMENT OF WASTE The process of removal household and industries is te waste water treatment is | releasing the waste recycled for uses such filtration, precipitation, etc Secondary treatment - Remove It removes dissolved and si using micro organisms. Thespension, breakdown organic matter into sludge which settles down fn tank and is removed through sludge digester, ntatio ement - Removal of harmful chemicals nvolves removal of suspended and dissolved material which remain primary and secondary treatment. It involves the use of chemicals to ne B Be, precipitate. The water is then treated with chlorine to disinfect it ther harmful micro organisms, tof anY er’ f piodegradable organics yal o organic material of plant or animal origin is usually possible to treat : d conventional wastewater treatment processes such as activated er ckling fitter. Problems can arise if the wastewater is excessively diluted or de water or is highly concentrated such as with blood or milk. The of cleaning agents, disinfectants, pesticides, or antibiotics can have mpacts on treatment processes. es semi-solid slurry that is produced from a range of industrial water wastewater treatment or on-site sanitation, It may also be referred as . is produced by anaerobic decomposition of organic component by rent eae trea gable ge. I can be used as bio fertilizers in croplands and as soil amendment ay be recovered from sludge through methane gas production during digestion. provides economic benefit to farmers, because the nutrients they contain will ibstitute for purchased inorganic fertilizers. ING ALTERNATIVES TO MATERIALS WE USE ative materials are waste materials and other products that provides an to traditional materials which are both economic and environmental f synthetic fabric use of natural materials like cotton, hemp, silk etc. s to plastic ware are stainless steel which is reusable, glass which is nensive and recyclable, ceramic and bamboo table ware which are bags can be replaced by reusable cloth bags , jute bags and recycled atural , biodegradable plastics made from natural substances tic folders use of folders made of cardboard and jute should be using wood for furniture, particle boards and engineered wood made ‘an be used.