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Fybcom Sem 1 Maths & Stats

Unit 4 discusses measures of central tendency, including the arithmetic mean, median, quartiles, and mode, along with their calculation methods for both ungrouped and grouped data. It emphasizes the requisites for an ideal average and introduces the concept of measures of dispersion, detailing absolute and relative measures. Key measures of dispersion such as range and quartile deviation are also outlined.

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126 views3 pages

Fybcom Sem 1 Maths & Stats

Unit 4 discusses measures of central tendency, including the arithmetic mean, median, quartiles, and mode, along with their calculation methods for both ungrouped and grouped data. It emphasizes the requisites for an ideal average and introduces the concept of measures of dispersion, detailing absolute and relative measures. Key measures of dispersion such as range and quartile deviation are also outlined.

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Rohan Lahigude
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UNIT 4 - MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

Measures of Central Tendency / Averages:


There is a tendency in almost every statistical data that most of the values concentrate at the centre
which is referred as ‘Central Tendency’. The typical values which measure the central tendency are called
measures of central tendency. Measures of central tendency are commonly known as ‘Averages’.

Requisites for an Ideal Average: REBELS


1. It should be Rigidly defined
2. It should be Easy to calculate and easy to understand
3. It should be Based on all observations
4. It should not be affected by Extreme values
5. It should be Least affected by the fluctuations of sampling
6. It should be Suitable for further mathematical treatment

ARITHMETIC MEAN or MEAN (A.M.)


a. For simple or Ungrouped data (where frequencies are not given)
x = sum of all observations number of observations
number of observations
X = ∑x/n
The symbol ∑ is the Greek letter capital sigma and is used in Mathematics to denote the sum of
the values.
Steps: (1) Add together all the values of the variable x and obtain the total, i.e, ∑x.
(2) Divide this total by the number of observations.

b. For Grouped data (or) discrete data: (values and frequencies are given )
Steps : (1) Multiply the frequency of each row with the variable x and obtain the total ∑fx.
(2) Divide the total ∑fx by the total frequency.

c. Grouped data (class intervals and frequencies are given )


Steps : (1) Obtain the mid-point of each class interval ( Mid-point = lower limit + upper limit )/2
(2) Multiply these mid-points by the respective frequency of each class interval and obtain
the total ∑fx.
(3) Divide the total obtained by step (2) by the total frequency N.

WEIGHTED ARITHMETIC MEAN


Xw = ∑xw
∑w
Steps: (1) Multiply the weights w by the variable x and obtain the total ∑xw.
(2) Divide the total ∑xw by the sum of the weights ∑w.

COMBINED MEAN
If there are two or more groups:
X = n1x1 + n2x2
n1 + n2

MEDIAN
The median by definition refers to the middle value in a distribution.
a. For Simple data or ungrouped data:
Steps: 1) Arrange the data in ascending or descending order of magnitude. (Both arrangements would give the
same answer).
2) When n is odd: Median= value of n+1th/ 2
3) When n is even: Median= Arithmetic Mean of value of n/2 & n + 1th / 2
i.e, adding the two middle values and divided by two. where n = number of observations.

b. For ungrouped frequency distribution:


Steps: 1) Arrange the data in ascending or descending order of magnitude with respective frequencies.
2) Find the cumulative frequency (c. ƒ) less than type.
3) Find N/2 , N = total frequency.
4) See the c. ƒ column either equal or greater than N/2 and determine the value of the variable
corresponding to it . That gives the value of Median.

c. For grouped data:


Steps: 1) Find the c.f less than type
2) Find N/2, N= total frequency.
3) See the c.f column just greater than N/2.
4) The Corresponding class interval is called the Median class.
5) To find Median, use the following formula.

M = L1 + [ (N/2 - c.f) / f ] (L2 - L1)


Where L1 = lower class-bounding of the median class.
L2= upper class-bounding of the median class.
ƒ= frequency of the median class.
c.ƒ= cumulative frequency of the class interval preceding the median class.

QUARTILES
To find Q1: (First Quartile)
Steps: 1) Find the c.ƒ less than type.
2) Find N/4, N=total frequency.
3) See the c.ƒ. column just greater than N/4.
4) The corresponding class interval is called the quartile class.
5) To find Q1, use the following formula:

Q1 = L1 + [ (N/4 - c.f) / f ] (L2 - L1)

To find Q3: (Third Quartile)


Steps: 1) Find the c.ƒ less than type.
2) Find 3N/4, N=total frequency.
3) See the c.ƒ column just greater than 3N/4
4) The corresponding class interval is called the quartile class.
5) To find Q3, use the following formula.

Q3 = L1 + [ (3N/4 - c.f) / f ] (L2 - L1)

MODE
a. For raw data
Mode is the value which occurs most frequently, in a set of observations.

b. For ungrouped frequency distribution


Mode is the value of the variable corresponding to the highest frequency.

c. For grouped data


In a Continuous distribution first the modal class is determined. The class interval corresponding to the
highest frequency is called modal class.
Z = L1 [ (f1 - f0) / (f1 - f0) + (f1 - f2) ] (L2 - L1)
UNIT 5 - MEASURES OF DISPERSION
In measuring dispersion, it is necessary to know the amount of variation and the degree of variation.
The amount of variation is designated as absolute measures of dispersion and expressed in the
denomination of original variates such as inches, cms, tons, kilograms etc while the degree of variation is
designated as related measures of dispersion.
We use the absolute measures of dispersion when we compare two sets of data with the same units and
the same average type. If the two sets of data do not have the same units then we cannot use the absolute
measures and we use the relative measures of dispersion.
Absolute measures can be divided into positional measures based on some items of the series such as
(I) Range, (ii)Quartile deviation or semi– inter quartile range and those which are based on all items in series
such as (I) Mean deviation, (ii)Standard deviation. The relative measure in each of the above cases are called
the coefficients of the respective measures.

RANGE
Range is the simplest measure of dispersion. When the data are arranged in an array the difference between
the largest and the smallest values in the group is called the Range.
Symbolically: Absolute Range = L - S,
[where L is the largest value and S is the smallest value]
Relative Range = Absolute Range
sum of the two extremes

QUARTILE DEVIATION

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