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BEE Notes Unit-5

The document provides an overview of electrical installations, focusing on switchgear, which is essential for switching, controlling, and protecting electrical circuits. It classifies switchgear based on voltage levels (low, medium, and high) and discusses various components such as circuit breakers, fuses, and earthing systems. Additionally, it covers types of wires, cables, and batteries, emphasizing their applications and importance in electrical engineering.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
16 views16 pages

BEE Notes Unit-5

The document provides an overview of electrical installations, focusing on switchgear, which is essential for switching, controlling, and protecting electrical circuits. It classifies switchgear based on voltage levels (low, medium, and high) and discusses various components such as circuit breakers, fuses, and earthing systems. Additionally, it covers types of wires, cables, and batteries, emphasizing their applications and importance in electrical engineering.

Uploaded by

sonusaini827927
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Basic Electrical Engineering

UNIT-V

ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS
Definition of Switchgear: The apparatus used for switching, controlling and protecting the electrical
circuits and equipment is known as switchgear.

It also includes the combination of switching devices (circuit breakers, switch fuse units,
contactors, miniature circuit breakers etc.) with associated control, measuring, protecting and
regulating equipment. The switchgear devices and their assemblies are used in connection with the
generation, transmission, distribution, and conversion of electrical energy.

Switchgear has to perform the functions of carrying, making and breaking the normal load
current like a switch. It has to perform the function of clearing the fault current for which sensing
devices like current transformers, potential transformers and various types of relays, depending on
the application, are employed.

Classification of Switchgear

Depending upon the voltage to be handled, switchgear may be broadly classified into

1. Outdoor type Switchgear


2. Indoor type Switchgear

1. Outdoor Switchgear

 For voltages beyond 66 kV, install outdoor switchgear equipment.


 It is because, for such voltages, the space required for switches, circuit breakers,
transformers, and others equipment is not economical to install the equipment indoor.

2. Indoor Switchgear

 For voltages below 66 kV, switchgear is generally installed indoor because of economic
considerations.
 It is generally of metal-clad type. In this type of construction, all parts are completely
enclosed in an earthed metal casing.

Depending upon the voltage level, Switchgear can be classified into

1. Low voltage (LV) Switchgear


2. Medium voltage (MV) Switchgear
3. High voltage (HV) Switchgear

1. Low Voltage Switchgear

 Switchgear for low voltage applications is generally rated up to 1000 V AC and 1500V DC.
 The commonly used low voltage devices include oil circuit breakers(OCBs), air circuit
breakers (ACBs), switch fuse units (SFUs), off-load isolators, HRC fuses, earth leakage
circuit breakers (ELCBs), Residual Current Protective Devices (RCCB & RCBO), miniature
circuit breakers (MCB) and moulded case circuit breakers (MCCB) etc i.e. all the accessories
required to protect the LV system.

Mr. K. Shankar, Asst. Prof, EEE


Basic Electrical Engineering
 The most common use of this is in LV distribution board.

2. Medium Voltage Switchgear

 Switchgear for medium voltage applications is rated from 3.3 kV to 33 kV class.


 Medium voltage switchgear is mainly used for the distribution of electrical energy connected
to various electrical networks. They include most of the substation equipment such as
minimum oil circuit breakers, bulk oil circuit breakers, air magnetic, SF6 gas-insulated,
vacuum, and gas-insulated switchgear.

3. High Voltage Switchgear

 The power system deal with the voltage above 36kV is referred to as high voltage.
 As the voltage level is high the arcing produced during switching operation is also very high.
So, special care to be taken during designing of high voltage switchgear.
 High voltage circuit breakers (such as SF6 Circuit breaker or Vacuum Circuit breaker) are the
main component of HV switchgear. Hence high voltage circuit breaker should have special
features for safe and reliable operation.

Components of LT Switchgear

Switchgear essentially consists of switching and protecting devices such as switches, fuses,
isolators, circuit breakers, protective relays, control panels, lightning arrestors, current transformers,
potential transformers, auto reclosures, and various associated equipment.

1. SFU (Switch Fuse Unit)


2. MCB (Miniature Circuit Breaker)
3. ELCB ( Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker)
4. MCCB (Moulded Case Circuit Breaker)

1. Switch Fuse Unit (SFU)

• The switch fuse units are used for distributing power and protecting electrical devices and
cables from damage due to fluctuations. This fuse unit is housed in an enclosure made using
quality CR steel sheet
Salient Features:
• Pre-treated or powder coated finish
• For cable connections, knock outs are provided at bottom, top and rear side
• High conductivity due to nickel or silver plated contact
• Durable and rewirable.
Application: used in industrial, residential and commercial buildings for electrical fittings

Fuse
Fuse is an electrical safety device that operates to provide over current protection of an
electrical circuit. It’s essential component is a metal wire or strip that melts when too much
current flows through it, thereby stopping or interrupting the current.
Types of fuses

Mr. K. Shankar, Asst. Prof, EEE


Basic Electrical Engineering
a) Rewirable or Kit-Kat type fuse unit
b) Cartridge type fuse unit
c) HRC type fuse unit
d) Semiconductor type fuse unit
a) Rewirable or Kit-Kat type fuse unit:

• The fuse base is generally made up of porcelain


• Fuse element is made up of tinned copper, aluminium etc
• When the fuse is blown due to over current, it can be easily replaceable the fuse wire.
• They are most commonly used in house wiring, small industries and other small current
applications

b) Cartridge type fuse unit

• A cartridge fuse including a tubular insulating body


• Integrally formed ferrule terminals secured over the respective ends of the insulating
body.
• A fusible strip extending within the insulating body electrically interconnecting the
ferrule terminals.
• They are available up to 600A and 600V AC and widely used in industries, commercial
as well as home distribution panels.

c) HRC type fuse unit

• HRC-High Rupturing Capacity


• HRC Fuse consists of highly heat resistant material (such as ceramic) body having metal-
end caps, which is welded by silver current carrying element.
• The fuse body internal space is completely packed with a filling powder which may be
plaster of Paris, quartz, chalk, marble, dust and cooling mediums etc.
• The heat produced under abnormal condition vaporizes the silver melted element.
Chemical reaction taking place between silver vapour and filling powder results in high
resistance substance, which helps in quenching the arc in fuse
• HRC fuses are also available in a capacity of 16000A to 30000A at 400V
• HRC Fuses are also used for protection on low voltage distribution systems against
overload and short circuit conditions

Mr. K. Shankar, Asst. Prof, EEE


Basic Electrical Engineering

d) Semiconductor type fuse unit

• A semiconductor fuse is simply a very fast acting conventional fuse, designed to prevent
damage to a semiconductor device
• It is usually used with larger semiconductor devices rated to switch 100A or more (SCRs,
IGBTs, Power transistors, etc.)
• The I2t of the semiconductor fuse is less than the I2t of the semiconductor device and thus
the fuse gets blown off before the device fails.

2. Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCB)

• MCB – Miniature circuit breaker. It automatically switches OFF electrical circuit during any
abnormal condition in the el
electrical
ectrical network such as overload & Short circuit conditions
• The MCB is an electromechanical device which guards the electric wires & electrical load
from over current so as to avoid any kind of fire or electrical hazards.

• Whenever continuous over cur current


rent flows through MCB, the bimetallic strip is heated and
deflects by bending. This deflection of bimetallic strip releases a mechanical latch.
• But during short circuit condition, the current rises suddenly, causing electromechanical
displacement of plungerer associated with a tripping coil or solenoid
• The plunger strikes the trip lever causing immediate release of latch mechanism consequently
open the circuit breaker contacts.
• To restart the flow of current the MCB must be manually turned ON.

Mr. K. Shankar, Asst. Prof, EEE


Basic Electrical Engineering
3. Earth Leakage
kage Circuit Breaker (ELCB): Voltage operated ELCB

• ELCB- Earth Leakage Circuit breaker


• ELCB is basically an electrical wiring device that disconnects the circuit whenever there is
leakage of current flow through the human body or the current is not balance
balanced between the
phase conductors.
• It is the safest device to detect and trip against electrical leakage currents, thus ensure
protection against electric shock caused by direct contacts.

Residual Current Circuit Breaker (RCCB): Current operated ELCB)


• RCCB – Residual current circuit breaker.
• The polarity of the phase winding and neutral winding on the core is so chosen that in normal
condition MMF of one winding opposes that of other.
• Under fault condition there is difference in to MMF so a resultant flux ex
exists and trip coil is
energized.
• Trip coil further isolated the supply to the load.

4. Moulded Case Circuit Breaker (MCCB)

• MCCB- moulded case circuit breaker


• It is a protecting device which protects the circuit form overloading, short circuit faults and
for switching the circuits.
• It is mainly used in a place where adjustable tripping requires.
• The current rating of MCCB is up to 2500A. It is mainly used for high current applications.
• The MCCB are used for high energy applications.
• MCCB can be used for pprotection
rotection of generator protection and main electric feeder
distribution.

Mr. K. Shankar, Asst. Prof, EEE


Basic Electrical Engineering
Types of Wires & Cables

A wire is a single conductor strand or a group of conductor strands (copper or aluminium)


while cable is two or more insulated wires wrapped in one jacket. Multiple conductors that have no
insulation around would be classified as a single conductor.

There are mainly four types of wires, those are

1. Single strand wires


2. Multi strand wires
3. ACSR
4. AAAC

1. Single Strand Wires

Single strand wire also uses THHN (thermoplastic high heat resistant nylon coated) wire,
though there are other variants. Each wire is separate and multiple wires can be drawn together
through a pipe easily. Single strand wires are the most popular choice for layouts that use pipes to
contain wires.

2. Multi Strand Wires

Multi strand wiring is more flexible and less susceptible to cracking and metal fatigue than
single stranded conductors. This makes it the preferable solution for wiring that will need to bend
without experiencing metal fatigue. The increased surface area of multi stranded conductors
decreases the amount of resistance that currents or signal passing through the wire will
encounter.

3. ACSR

ACSR means Aluminium conductor steel reinforced. ACSR is a type of high capacity, high
strength stranded conductor typically used in overhead power lines. The outer strands are high
purity aluminium, chosen for its good conductivity, low weight and low cost. The center strand is
steel for additional strength to help support the weight of the conductor.

4. AAAC

AAAC means All aluminium alloy conductors. Concentric lay stranded aluminium alloy
conductors (AAAC) are made out of high strength aluminium-magnesium-silicon alloy. These
Mr. K. Shankar, Asst. Prof, EEE
Basic Electrical Engineering
conductors are designed to get better strength to weight ration and offer improved electrical
properties, when compared with ACSR.

According to the type of insulation, cables are classified as:

1. VIR insulated cable


2. CTS/TRS Cable
3. PVC Cable
4. Lead Sheathed Cable
1. VIR insulated Cable

It consists of a copper conductor covered with an insulation layer of vulcanized Indian rubber
(VIR). A cotton tape covering is provided over this insulation layer to protect the wire from moisture
and to provide mechanical strength to the wire. It is used for low or medium voltage and for indoor
wiring.

2. Cab type Sheathed (CTS) / Tough Rubber Sheathed (TRS) Cable

Cab type sheathed (CTS) or TRS (Tough Rubber Sheathed) wires consist of vulcanized
rubber insulated conductor. This insulation layer is covered by a layer made of tough rubber (or)
tough rubber sheathed covering. This covering is very hard and protects the wire from moisture
and provides mechanical strength. It is used for some outdoor application 250-440V.

3. Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) wires


These wires consist of a conductor over which an insulation layer made up of polyvinyl
chloride is provided. These wires cannot resist much heat and they have relatively low melting
points, so they aren’t used in hot places and also these wires are not used with heating appliances.
PVC wires are available in almost all colours. These are available in 250/440V grades.

Mr. K. Shankar, Asst. Prof, EEE


Basic Electrical Engineering

4. Lead Sheathed wires

These wires consist of vulcanized Indian rubber insulated conductor over which Lead sheath
is provided which gives mechanical strength to wire & also protects from moisture. As lead is
conductor of electricity, the lead covering is provided with earth wire. these are available in
24/415V grade.

Electrical Earthing
Definition: The process of transferring the immediate discharge of the electrical energy directly to
the earth by the help of the low resistance wire is known as the electrical earthing. The electrical
earthing is done by connecting the non-current carrying part of the equipment or neutral of supply
system to the ground.

Mostly, the galvanised iron is used for the earthing. The earthing provides the simple path to
the leakage current. The short circuit current of the equipment passes to the earth which has zero
potential. Thus, protects the system and equipment from damage.

Types of Electrical Earthing


Depending on the type of installation earthing can be classified into following types

• Plate earthing
• Pipe earthing
• Rod earthing
• Strip earthing

Importance of Earthing
The earthing is essential because of the following reasons
 The earthing protects the personnel from the short circuit current.
 The earthing provides the easiest path to the flow of short circuit current even after the failure of
the insulation.
 The earthing protects the apparatus and personnel from the high voltage surges and lightning
discharge.

Earthing can be done by electrically connecting the respective parts in the installation to some
system of electrical conductors or electrodes placed near the soil or below the ground level. The

Mr. K. Shankar, Asst. Prof, EEE


Basic Electrical Engineering
earthing mat or electrode under the ground level have flat iron riser through which all the non-
current-carrying metallic parts of the equipment are connected.

Fig: Electrical System without Earthing

When the fault occurs the fault current from the equipment flows through the earthing system
to the earth and thereby protect the equipment from the fault current. At the time of the fault, the
earth mat conductors rise to the voltage which is equal to the resistance of the earth mat multiplied
by a ground fault.

Fig: Electrical System with Earthing

The contacting assembly is called earthing. The metallic conductors connecting the parts of
the installation with the earthing are called electrical connection. The earthing and the earthing
connection together called the earthing system.

Types of Batteries

Batteries generally can be classified into two major types;

1. Primary Batteries
2. Secondary Batteries

1. Primary Batteries

Primary batteries are batteries that cannot be recharged once depleted. Primary batteries are
made of electrochemical cells whose electrochemical reaction cannot be reversed.

Mr. K. Shankar, Asst. Prof, EEE


Basic Electrical Engineering
Primary batteries exist in different forms ranging from coin cells to AA batteries. They are
commonly used in standalone applications where charging is impossible. A good example of which
is in military grade devices and battery powered equipment. It will be impractical to use rechargeable
batteries as recharging a battery will be the last thing in the mind of the soldiers. Primary batteries
always have high specific energy and the systems in which they are used are always designed to
consume low amount of power to enable the battery last as long as possible.

Primary Batteries

Applications:

 Pace makers
 Animal trackers
 Wrist watches
 Remote controls
 children toys
 Portable entertainment devices
 Flashlights etc.

2. Secondary Batteries

Secondary batteries are batteries with electrochemical cells whose chemical reactions can be
reversed by applying a certain voltage to the battery in the reversed direction. Also referred to as
rechargeable batteries, secondary cells unlike primary cells can be recharged after the energy on the
battery has been used up.

They are typically used in high drain applications and other scenarios where it will be either
too expensive or impracticable to use single charge batteries. Small capacity secondary batteries are
used to power portable electronic devices like mobile phones, and other gadgets and appliances
while heavy-duty batteries are used in powering diverse electric vehicles

There are basically four major chemistries for rechargeable batteries;

1. Nickel Cadmium(Ni-Cd)
2. Nickel-Metal Hydride(Ni-MH)
3. Lithium-ion(Li-ion)
4. Lead-Acid

1. Nickel-Cadmium Batteries

The nickel–cadmium battery (NiCd battery or NiCad battery) is a type of rechargeable


battery which is developed using nickel oxide hydroxide and metallic cadmium as electrodes. Ni-Cd
batteries are good at maintaining voltage and holding charge when not in use.

Mr. K. Shankar, Asst. Prof, EEE


Basic Electrical Engineering

Nickel – Cadmium battery

In comparison with other types of rechargeable cells, Ni-Cd batteries offer good life cycle
and performance at low temperatures with a fair capacity but their most significant advantage
will be their ability to deliver their full rated capacity at high discharge rates. Nominal Cell
Voltage is 1.2V

Applications:

 The small packs are used in portable devices, electronics and toys
 The bigger ones find in aircraft starting batteries, Electric vehicles and standby power supply.

2. Nickel-Metal Hydride Batteries

Nickel metal hydride (Ni-MH) is another type of chemical configuration used for
rechargeable batteries. The chemical reaction at the positive electrode of batteries is similar to that of
the nickel–cadmium cell (NiCd), with both battery type using the same nickel oxide hydroxide
(NiOOH). However, the negative electrodes in Nickel-Metal Hydride use a hydrogen-absorbing
alloy instead of cadmium which is used in NiCd batteries. Nominal Cell voltage is 2V.

Ni-MH Battery

Applications:

 Used in high drain devices because of their high capacity and energy density.

3. Lithium-ion Batteries

Lithium ion batteries are one of the most popular types of rechargeable batteries. Lithium-ion
batteries are a type of rechargeable battery in which lithium ions from the negative electrode migrate

Mr. K. Shankar, Asst. Prof, EEE


Basic Electrical Engineering
to the positive electrode during discharge and migrate back to the negative electrode when the
battery is being charged. Nominal cell voltage is 3.6-3.85V.

Lithium-Ion Battery

Applications:

 Mobile phones
 Smart devices
 Aerospace
 Military applications due to light weight in nature.

4. Lead-Acid Batteries

Lead acid batteries are a low-cost reliable power workhorse used in heavy duty applications.
They are usually very large and because of their weight. The lead-acid is the oldest type of
rechargeable battery and still very relevant and important into today’s world. Lead acid batteries
have very low energy to volume and energy to weight ratios but it has a relatively large power to
weight ratio. These are low in cost and attractive for use in several high current applications.
Nominal cell voltage is 2V.

Lead Acid Batteries

Applications:

 Solar-panel energy storage


 Vehicle ignition and lights
 High current application like powering automobile starter motors
 Backup power and load levelling in power generation/distribution.

Factors for selecting the battery

1. Energy Density: The energy density is the total amount of energy that can be stored per unit
mass or volume. This determines how long your device stays on before it needs a recharge.

2. Power Density: Maximum rate of energy discharge per unit mass or volume.
Low power: laptop, i-pod.
Mr. K. Shankar, Asst. Prof, EEE
Basic Electrical Engineering
High power: power tools.
3. Safety: At high temperatures, certain battery components will breakdown and can undergo
exothermic reactions. High temperatures generally reduce the performance of most batteries.

4. Life cycle durability: The stability of energy density and power density of a battery with
repeated cycling (charging and discharging) is needed for the long battery life required by most
applications.

5. Cost: It is important that the cost of your battery choice is commensurate with its performance
and will not increase the overall cost of the project abnormally.

Calculation of Energy Consumption


 Calculate Watt-hours per Day

Device Wattage (watts) x Hours Used Per Day = Watt-hours (Wh) per Day

Example: A 125-watt television used three hours per day


125 watts x 3 hours = 375 Wh/Day

However, electricity on your bill is measured in kilowatt-hours (kWh), not watt-hours. One
kilowatt is equal to 1000 watts, so to calculate how many kWh a device uses, divide the watt-hours
from the previous step by 1000.

 Convert Watt-Hours to Kilowatts

Device Usage (Wh) / 1000 (Wh/kWh) = Device Usage in kWh

Example: A television using 375 Wh of electricity per day


375 / 100 = 0.375 kWh

Now that we know how many kilowatt-hours the appliance uses per day, we have to estimate
that usage over a month. Let’s multiply by 30 days to simulate an average month.

 Find Your Usage over a Month

Daily Usage (kWh) x 30 (Days) = Approximate Monthly Usage (kWh/Month)

Example: A television using 0.375 kWh of electricity per day


0.375 kWh x 30 Days = 11.25 kWh/Month

So, a 125-watt television that you use for three hours per day adds up to 11.25 kilowatt-hours
of energy per month. This is your television’s energy consumption.

Calculation of Electricity bill

Monthly Usage (kWh) x Electric Rate (Rs./kWh) = Approximate Cost per Month

Example: A television using 11.25 kWh/Month with an electric rate of Rs. 2.60/kWh
11.25 kWh x Rs. 2.60 = Rs.29.25/Month

Based on these calculations, this television would cost Rs. 29.25 per month.

Mr. K. Shankar, Asst. Prof, EEE


Basic Electrical Engineering
Note: we can take the reading form a meter, which is fixe
fixed
d to our homes. Then we can multiply the
number of kWh for that month by the electric rate, which is behind the electric bill.

Methods for Improving Power Factor


The following devices and equipment are used for Power Factor Improvement.
1. Static Capacitor
2. Synchronous Condenser
3. Phase Advancer
1. Static Capacitor
It is know that most of the industries and power system loads are inductive that take lagging
current which decrease the system power factor
factors.. For Power factor improvement purpose, Static
capacitors are connected in parallel with those devices which work on low power factor.
These static capacitors provide leading curre
current
nt which neutralize (totally or approximately) the
lagging inductive
ctive component of load current. Thus power factor of the load circuit is improved.

Advantages:
 Losses are low in static capacitors
 There is no moving part, therefore need low maintenance
 It can work in normal conditions (i.e. ordinary atmospheric conditions)
 Do not require a foundation for installation
 They are lightweight so it is can be easy to installed

Disadvantages:
 The age of static capacitor bank is less (8 – 10 years)
 If the rated voltage increases, then it causes to damage
 Once the capacitors spoiled, then repairing is costly

2. Synchronous Condenser
When a Synchronous motor operates at NoNo-Load and over-exited
exited then it’s called a
synchronous Condenser. Whenever a Sync
Synchronous motor is over-exited
exited then it provides leading
current and works like a capacitor.
When a synchronous condenser is connected across supply voltage (in parallel) then it draws
leading current and partially eliminates the re
re-active
active component and this way, power factor is
improved. Generally, synchronous condenser is used to improve the power factor in large industries.

Mr. K. Shankar, Asst. Prof, EEE


Basic Electrical Engineering

Advantages:

 Long life (almost 25 years)


 High Reliability
 The faults can be removed easily
 It’s not affected by harmonics.
 Require Low maintenance.
Disadvantages:
 It is expensive and therefore mostly used by large power users.
 It produces noise

3. Phase Advancer
Phase advancer is a simple AC exciter which is connected on the main shaft of the motor and
operates with the motor’s rotor circuit for power factor improvement. Phase advancer is used to
improve the power factor of induction motor in industries.

As the stator windings of induction motor takes lagging current 90° out of phase with
Voltage, therefore the power factor of iinduction
nduction motor is low. If the exciting ampere-turns
ampere are
excited by external AC source, then there would be no effect of exciting current on stator windings.
Therefore the power factor of induction motor will be improved. This process is done by Phase
advancer.

Advantages:
 The phase advancer can be easily used where the use of synchronous motors is Unacceptable
Disadvantage:
 Using Phase advancer is not economical for motors below 200 H.P. (about 150kW)

Battery Backup

A battery backup, or uninterruptible power supply (UPS), is primarily used to provide a


backup power source to important desktop computer hardware components.

In most cases, those pieces of hardware include the main computer housing and the monitor,
but other devices can be plugged into a UPS for backup power as well, depending on the size of th
the
UPS.
Mr. K. Shankar, Asst. Prof, EEE
Basic Electrical Engineering
Battery backup is also called as Uninterruptible power supply, uninterruptible power source,
on-line
line UPS, standby UPS, and UPS are the different ways to refer to a battery backup.

Online-UPS:

In this type of UPS,, double conversion method is used. Here, first the AC input is converted
into DC by rectifying process for storing it in the rechargeable battery. This DC is converted into AC
by the process of inversion and given to the load or equipment. This type of UPS is used where
electrical isolationn is mandatory. This system is a bit more costly due to the design of constantly
running converters and cooling systems. Here, the rectifier which is powered with the normal AC
current is directly driving the inverter. Hence it is also known as Double conversion UPS. The block
diagram is shown below

Applications of a UPS include:

 Data Centers
 Industries
 Telecommunications
 Hospitals
 Banks and insurance

Mr. K. Shankar, Asst. Prof, EEE

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