Q1.

Diamond and graphite have giant covalent structures made of carbon atoms.

The figure below represents the structures of diamond and graphite.

(a) Give two differences between the structures of diamond and graphite.

Use the figure above.

1 _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

2 _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) Which is a property of diamond?

Tick ( ✓ ) one box.

Conducts electricity

Dissolves in water

Hard

(1)

(c) Explain why diamond has a high melting point.

Use the figure above.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Page 1 of 52
 ___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(d) Graphite also has a high melting point.

Give one other property of graphite.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(e) Which of the following has a giant covalent structure?

Tick ( ✓ ) one box.

Chlorine

Iron

Magnesium oxide

Silicon dioxide

(1)
(Total 8 marks)

Q2.
Iron is used (as steel) to make the body panels for cars.

The iron panels have to be bendable so that they can be pressed into the shape required,
but must also be strong. The panels must also be able to conduct electricity because they
form part of the electrical circuits of the car.

(a) Iron is a typical metal. Describe the structure and bonding in a metal such as iron.
You may use a diagram if you wish.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Page 2 of 52
 ___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)

(b) Explain how the structure and bonding of iron:

(i) allows the body panels to conduct electricity;

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(ii) allows the body panels to be bent into shape;

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(iii) gives the body panels strength.

______________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 8 marks)

Q3.
Sodium chloride is an ionic compound.

(Total 2 marks)

Q4.
Calcium and magnesium are elements. They are found in the Earth’s crust as compounds,
often carbonates and sulphates. Magnesium is also found as its chloride.

(a) Calcium and magnesium are in the same Group in the Periodic Table.
State which Group this is.

Page 3 of 52
 ___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) Use the Data Sheet to help you to answer this question.

(i) Write the chemical formula of magnesium chloride.

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) Name the type of bonding in magnesium chloride.

______________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 3 marks)

Q5.
The diagram represents the structure of graphite.

Use your knowledge and understanding of the structure of graphite to explain why
graphite can be used:

(a) in the ‘leads’ of pencils;

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

(b) as an electrical conductor.

___________________________________________________________________

Page 4 of 52
 ___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(Total 5 marks)

Q6.
The uses of elements depend on their properties.

(a) Carbon and iron are both elements. What is an element?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) Complete the sentences by crossing out the words that are wrong. The first one has
been done for you.

(2)

(c) In the box are the names of three metals.

copper iron sodium

Which one of these is not a good metal for making the cooking pot? Give a reason

Page 5 of 52
 for your answer.

Metal ______________________________________________________________

Reason ____________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 5 marks)

Q7.
(a) The electronic structure of a sodium atom can be written 2,8,1.
Write the electronic structure of a potassium atom in the same way.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) The electronic structure of a sodium atom can also be represented as in the
diagram below.

(i) Draw a similar diagram for a fluorine atom.

(ii) Draw similar diagrams to show the electronic structure of the particles in
sodium fluoride.

(4)
(Total 5 marks)

Page 6 of 52
Q8.
Transition metals are useful as catalysts. Iron is used as a catalyst in the manufacture of
ammonia.

N2(g) + 3 H2(g) 2 NH3(g)

(i) What is meant by in the chemical equation?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) What would be the effect on the yield of ammonia if the pressure was increased?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(iii) Draw a diagram to show the arrangement of the electrons in a molecule of

ammonia. The electron arrangement of each atom is shown.

(1)
(Total 3 marks)

Q9.
(a) Magnesium metal is shaped to make magnesium ribbon.

Page 7 of 52
 Explain why metals can be shaped.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) Magnesium sulfate is a salt of magnesium.

It can be prepared by the reaction of magnesium metal with an acid. The equation
for the reaction of magnesium with this acid is:

Mg(s) + H2SO4(aq) → MgSO4(aq) + H2(g)

(i) Name the acid used to make magnesium sulfate.

___________________________________ acid
(1)

(ii) Use the equation to help you to describe what you would observe when
magnesium reacts with the acid.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Page 8 of 52
 (2)

(iii) The magnesium sulfate is in solution.

How could you obtain solid magnesium sulfate from this solution?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 6 marks)

Q10.
Silicon is an important element used in the electronics industry.

(a) Silicon can be made by heating a mixture of sand (silicon dioxide) with magnesium
powder.

The equation for this reaction is shown below.

SiO2 (s)+ 2Mg (s) → 2MgO (s) + Si (s)

Calculate the mass of silicon dioxide needed to make 1 g of silicon.

Relative atomic masses: O = 16; Si = 28

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Mass = ____________________________g
(3)

(b) The resulting mixture of magnesium oxide and silicon is added to a beaker
containing hydrochloric acid. The silicon is then filtered from the solution.

Page 9 of 52
(i) The magnesium oxide reacts with the hydrochloric acid and forms magnesium
chloride (MgCl2) solution and water.

magnesium oxide + hydrochloric acid → magnesium chloride solution + water

Write a balanced symbol equation for this reaction, including state symbols.

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(ii) The gases produced are a mixture of several silicon hydrides.

One of the gases produced in the reaction is the silicon hydride with the
formula SiH4. The structure of this molecule is similar to methane, CH4.

Draw a diagram to show the bonding in a molecule of SiH4. Represent the

electrons as dots and crosses and only show the outer shell (energy level)
electrons.

(1)

(iii) A sample of a different silicon hydride was found to contain 1.4 g of silicon and
0.15 g of hydrogen.

Calculate the formula of this silicon hydride. You must show all your working to
gain full marks.

Relative atomic masses: H = 1; Si = 28

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(4)

(iv) The silicon hydrides react immediately they come into contact with oxygen in

Page 10 of 52
 the air. They burst into flames with a small explosion and give out energy.

Which letter, A to H, best describes this reaction?

Energy involved in breaking and Activation Rate of Letter

forming bonds energy reaction

fast A
The energy released from forming new high
slow B
bonds is greater than the energy needed
to break existing bonds
fast C
low
slow D

fast E
The energy needed to break existing high
slow F
bonds
is greater than the energy released from
forming new bonds
low fast G

slow H

Letter __________
(1)

(c) The structure of silicon is similar to the structure of diamond.

Describe the structure of silicon and explain why it has a high melting point. You
may draw a diagram if this helps.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 15 marks)

Q11.
Pure carbon can exist in two forms, diamond and graphite.

(a) Complete the diagram to show the electronic structure of a carbon atom.

Page 11 of 52
 A carbon atom has 6 electrons.

Show the electrons as crosses (x).

(1)

(b) A drill bit is used to cut holes through materials. The cutting end of this drill bit is
covered with very small diamonds.

By Wanderlinse [CC By 2.0], via Flickr

(i) What property of diamond makes it suitable for use on the cutting end of a
drill bit?

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) Explain, as fully as you can, why diamond has this property. Use your
knowledge of the structure and bonding of diamond and the information shown
opposite to help you to answer this question.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Page 12 of 52
 ______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)

(c) Explain why graphite is a good conductor of electricity and why diamond does not
conduct electricity.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 8 marks)

Q12.
The drawing shows a high quality wire used to make electrical connections on a hi-fi
system.

Multi-strand "OFC" copper

to maitain high signal purity

(a) Copper is used because it is a very good conductor of electricity. Copper is a typical
metal.

(i) Describe the structure and bonding in a metal. You may wish to draw a
diagram to help you to answer this question.

Page 13 of 52
 To gain full marks in this question you should write your ideas in good English.
Put them into a sensible order and use the correct scientific words.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)

(ii) Explain, by reference to your answer to part (a)(i), why copper conducts
electricity.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(iii) Explain, by reference to your answer to part (a)(i), why copper can be drawn
into wires.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) The copper used to make this wire is “OFC” copper. This stands for ‘oxygen free
copper’.

(i) It is thought that when molten copper is cooled and solidified it can take in
some oxygen from the air. This may slightly decrease the conductivity of the
copper.

Suggest why the conductivity might be decreased.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Page 14 of 52
 ______________________________________________________________
(2)

(ii) To make it oxygen free, the copper is heated in an atmosphere of hydrogen.

Explain how this will remove the oxygen.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 8 marks)

Q13.
This question is about the Group 7 elements and ionic compounds.

(a) Which of the following Group 7 elements has the highest melting point?

Use the periodic table.

Tick ( ✓ ) one box.

Bromine

Chlorine

Fluorine

Iodine

(1)

(b) Table 1 shows the size of the atoms of three Group 7 elements.

Table 1

Element Size of atom in nm

Chlorine 0.10

Bromine 0.11

Iodine 0.13

Complete the figure below.

You should:

Page 15 of 52
 • plot the data from Table 1 as a bar chart
• label each bar.

Chlorine has already been plotted.

(2)

(c) Bromine can react in a displacement reaction.

Which aqueous solution reacts with bromine in a displacement reaction?

Use the periodic table.

Tick ( ✓ ) one box.

Sodium bromide solution

Sodium chloride solution

Page 16 of 52
 Sodium fluoride solution

Sodium iodide solution

(1)

(d) Bromine reacts with metals to form bromide ions.

What is the charge on a bromide ion?

Tick ( ✓ ) one box.

−2 −1 +1 +2

(1)

Calcium is a Group 2 metal that reacts with chlorine.

(e) How many electrons does a calcium atom lose in the reaction with chlorine?

_________________
(1)

(f) Calcium chloride is an ionic compound.

Describe the structure and bonding in an ionic compound.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)

(g) Table 2 shows some properties of four substances, A , B , C and D.

Table 2

Electrical Electrical
Melting point
Substance conductivity when conductivity when
in °C
solid liquid

A –39 Good Good

Page 17 of 52
 B 1535 Good Good

C –117 Poor Poor

D 1423 Poor Good

Which substance is an ionic compound?

Tick ( ✓ ) one box.

A B C D

(1)
(Total 11 marks)

Q14.
The picture shows a wooden bowl.
The pieces of wood used for this bowl were dyed different colours.

By Bertramz (Own work) [CC-BY-SA-3.0], via Wikimedia Commons

The artist who made the bowl explained why he dissolved the coloured dyes in methanol.

I use different coloured dyes dissolved in methanol.

I use methanol because with dyes dissolved in water the wood needs to be soaked for
a longer time.
The bowl dries more quickly if I use methanol instead of water.

(a) The artist uses methanol instead of water.

Give two reasons why.

1. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________

Page 18 of 52
 ___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) The diagram shows how the atoms are bonded in methanol.

Draw a ring around:

(i) the formula of methanol

CH4O CH4O CHO4

(1)

(ii) the type of bonding in methanol.

covalent ionic metallic

(1)

(c) Methanol has a low boiling point.

Tick ( ) the reason why.

Reason why Tick ( )

It has a giant covalent structure.

It is made of small molecules.

It has a giant metallic structure.

(1)
(Total 5 marks)

Q15.
Graphite and diamond are different forms of the element carbon.
Graphite and diamond have different properties.

The structures of graphite and diamond are shown below.

Page 19 of 52
 Graphite Diamond

(a) Graphite is softer than diamond.

Explain why.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)

(b) Graphite conducts electricity, but diamond does not.

Explain why.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 7 marks)

Q16.
Diamonds are used as abrasives.

Page 20 of 52
 Model of part of the diamond structure

Diamonds are very hard.

Explain why.

A good answer will include information on the structure and bonding in diamonds.

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 3 marks)

Q17.
The picture shows a student filling in a multiple choice answer sheet using a pencil.

© Cihan Ta?k?n/iStock

Page 21 of 52
 The pencil contains graphite. Graphite rubs off the pencil onto the paper.

Diagrams 1 and 2 show how the atoms are arranged in graphite.

(a) Use the diagrams to help you explain why graphite can rub off the pencil onto the
paper.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) Draw a ring around the type of bond which holds the atoms together in each layer.

covalent ionic metallic

(1)
(Total 3 marks)

Q18.
Read the information

Graphene

Scientists have made a new substance called graphene.

The bonding and structure of graphene are similar to graphite.

Graphene is made of a single layer of the same atoms as graphite.

Page 22 of 52
 Graphene Graphite

Use the information above and your knowledge of graphite to answer the questions.

(a) This part of the question is about graphene.

Choose the correct answer to complete each sentence.

(i) ionic covalent metallic

The bonds between the atoms in graphene are _______________________

(1)

(ii) chromium carbon chlorine

Graphene is made of __________________________ atoms.

(1)

(iii) 2 3 4

In graphene each atom bonds to ___________ other atoms.

(1)

(b) This part of the question is about graphite.

Graphite is used in pencils.

Explain why. Use the diagrams to help you.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 5 marks)

Page 23 of 52
Q19.
The diagrams represent the structures of five substances, A, B, C, D and E.

(a) Give one substance, A, B, C, D or E, that:

(i) has a very low boiling point

(1)

(ii) is a compound

(1)

(iii) is a metal.

(1)

(b) Draw a ring around the type of bonding holding the atoms together in substance C.

Page 24 of 52
 covalent ionic metallic
(1)

(c) Explain why substance E is soft and slippery.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 6 marks)

Q20.
The diagrams show the structures of diamond and graphite.

Diamond Graphite

(a) Diamond and graphite both contain the same element.

What is the name of this element? ______________________________________

(1)

(b) Use the diagrams above and your knowledge of structure and bonding to explain
why:

(i) graphite is very soft

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(ii) diamond is very hard

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Page 25 of 52
 ______________________________________________________________
(2)

(iii) graphite conducts electricity.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 7 marks)

Q21.
The diagram represents a magnesium atom.

(a) Use words from the box to answer these questions.

electron neutron nucleus proton

(i) What is the name of the central part of the atom? ______________________
(1)

(ii) What is the name of the particle with no charge? _______________________

(1)

(iii) What is the name of the particle with a negative charge? _________________
(1)

(b) Use the diagram above to help you answer these questions.

(i) Draw a ring around the atomic (proton) number of this magnesium atom.

12 24 36
(1)

(ii) Draw a ring around the mass number of this magnesium atom.

Page 26 of 52
 12 24 36
(1)

(c) The diagram shows how magnesium and iodine atoms form magnesium iodide.

Only the outer electrons are shown.

The dots (●) and crosses (×) are used to represent electrons.

Use the diagram to help you to answer this question.

Describe, as fully as you can, what happens when magnesium reacts with iodine to
make magnesium iodide.

To gain full marks you should use the words atom, electron and ion in your answer.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 9 marks)

Q22.
This question is about carbon.

(a) Carbon atoms form covalent bonds.

Page 27 of 52
 Complete the sentence.

Choose the answer from the box.

gained lost shared

When carbon atoms form covalent bonds, electrons

are ________________________ .
(1)

(b) Which is a form of carbon?

Tick (✓) one box.

Ammonia

Fullerene

Silica

(1)

Diamond and graphite are other forms of carbon.

Diamond and graphite have different properties.

The figure represents the arrangement of carbon atoms in diamond and in graphite.

(c) The table below shows the relative hardness of diamond and of graphite.

Relative hardness

Diamond 10

Graphite 1.6

Calculate how many times harder diamond is than graphite.

___________________________________________________________________

Page 28 of 52
 ___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Number of times harder = _____________________

(2)

(d) Explain why diamond is hard.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(e) Explain why graphite conducts electricity.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 10 marks)

Q23.
Read the article and then answer the questions.

Nanotennis!
Tennis balls contain air under pressure, which gives them their bounce. Normal
tennis balls are changed at regular intervals during tennis matches because they
slowly lose some of the air. This means that a large number of balls are needed
for a tennis tournament.

Page 29 of 52
 © Feng Yu/iStock

‘Nanocoated’ tennis balls have a ‘nanosize’ layer of butyl rubber. This layer slows
down the escape of air so that the ball does not lose its pressure as quickly. The
‘nanocoated’ tennis balls last much longer and do not need to be replaced as
often.

(a) Tick ( ) the best description of a ‘nanosize’ layer.

Description Tick ( )

A layer one atom thick.

A layer a few hundred atoms thick.

A layer millions of atoms thick.

(1)

(b) Suggest two ways in which using ‘nanocoated’ tennis balls would be good for the
environment.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 3 marks)

Q24.
The article gives some information about graphene.

Page 30 of 52
 Nanotunes!

Carbon can be made into nano-thin, strong sheets called

graphene.

A graphene sheet is a single layer of graphite.

Graphene conducts electricity and is used in loudspeakers.

The picture shows the structure of graphene.

© 7immy/iStock

(a) Use the picture and your knowledge of bonding in graphite to:

(i) explain why graphene is strong;

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)

(ii) explain why graphene can conduct electricity.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

Page 31 of 52
 (b) Graphite is made up of layers of graphene.

Explain why graphite is a lubricant.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 7 marks)

Q25.
The table below shows some properties of four substances, G, H, I and J.

Electrical Electrical
Melting point
Substance conductivity when conductivity when
in °C
solid liquid

G 63 Poor Poor

H 714 Poor Good

I 1083 Good Good

J 3550 Poor Poor

The four substances, G, H, I and J all have different structures.

(a) What is the type of bonding in substance G and the structure of substance G?

Use the table above.

Type of bonding ____________________________________________________

Structure __________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) Explain why substance J has a high melting point.

You should answer in terms of structure and bonding.

Use the table above.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Page 32 of 52
 ___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(c) Explain the electrical conductivity of:

• substance H

• substance I.

Use the table above.

Substance H ________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Substance I ________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(5)
(Total 10 marks)

Q26.
This question is about oxides.

(a) The formula of aluminium oxide is Al2O3

Calculate the relative formula mass (Mr) of aluminium oxide.

Relative atomic masses (Ar): O = 16 Al = 27

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Relative formula mass (Mr) of aluminium oxide = _______________

(2)

(b) The table below shows some properties of four different oxides, A, B, C and D.

Page 33 of 52
 Oxide Appearance of oxide Reaction of oxide with water

Forms a colourless solution with

A Colourless gas
pH 2

Forms a colourless solution with

B White solid
pH 1

Forms a colourless solution with

C White solid
pH 13

Does not dissolve or react with

D Red solid
water

Which oxide could be the cause of acid rain pollution?

Tick (✓) one box.

A B C D

(1)

(c) Potassium reacts with oxygen to produce an ionic compound.

The diagram below represents the electronic structure of a potassium atom and of
an oxygen atom.

Potassium atom Oxygen atom

Describe what happens when potassium reacts with oxygen to produce potassium
oxide.

You should answer in terms of electrons.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Page 34 of 52
___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 7 marks)

Page 35 of 52
Mark schemes

Q1.
(a) a different number of bonds per carbon atom
allow in diamond each carbon atom is joined to four other
atoms
allow in graphite each carbon atom is joined to three other
atoms
1

in diamond all the atoms are joined together

or
graphite is in layers
allow graphite has delocalised electrons
1

(b) hard
1

(c) diamond has (many) covalent bonds

allow diamond has a giant covalent structure
1

(which) are strong bonds

1

(which) need large amounts of energy to break

1

(d) soft
or
conducts electricity
allow slippery
1

(e) silicon dioxide

1
[8]

Q2.
(a) some electrons from outer shells
(some electrons) free to move/mobile
through whole structure/between atoms/sea of electrons
hold atoms together
for 1 mark each

or positive ions in a sea of electrons (owtte)

2 marks

atoms in regular structure/layers

giant structure
close packed
credit diagrams – look for labels

Page 36 of 52
 for 1 mark each any 4
4

(b) (i) electrons,

free to move (reference to electrons)
for 1 mark each
2

(ii) layers/atoms can slide over each other

for 1 mark
1

(iii) free electrons hold atoms strongly together/strong forces of attraction/bonds

(between atoms)/tight packing of atoms
for 1 mark
1
[8]

Q3.
8 electrons in outer shell
accept anywhere in outer shell
accept dots or crosses
1

negative sign outside bracket

1
[2]

Q4.
(a) Group 2 / Alkaline Earth Metals
for 1 mark
1

(b) (i) MgCl2/Mg2+ (Cl–)2

(or equation with correct answer)
for 1 mark
1

(ii) ionic / electrovalent

for 1 mark
1
[3]

Q5.
(a) made of layers
of carbon atoms
weak forces of attraction between layers (owtte) / weak
vertical bonds i.e.
candidate refers to the diagram
layers can slide over each other
layers peel off
each for 1 mark

Page 37 of 52
 (b) because there are electrons
which are free (to move)
reason for free electrons / each carbon atom has 3 covalent bonds
each for 1 mark
to max 5
[5]

Q6.
(a) made of atoms which contain the same number of protons
accept made of only one type of atom
accept cannot be broken down into anything simpler by
chemical means
1

(b) non-metals
1

metals
1

(c) sodium
1

too reactive (with water or air)

accept has a low melting point or
will melt or not strong or will explode or will burn
do not accept dangerous (neutral)
do not accept iron as rusting or
copper or sodium as expensive (neutral)
do not accept not a good conductor of heat
1
[5]

Q7.
(a) 2, 8, 8, 1
for 1 mark
1

(b)

for 1 mark

Ignore symbol in middle but structure must be drawn NOT 2,7

Page 38 of 52
 If covalent; can score mark for changes but not for diagram
Arrow showing electron transfer from metal atom to non-metal atom = 2 marks
If the ions are not identified then cannot score mark for changes
4
[5]

Q8.
(i) reversible (reaction)
1

(ii) (yield of ammonia) increases

1

(iii)

1
[3]

Q9.
(a) • made of layers / rows (atoms / ions / particles)
ignore free / delocalised electrons
1

• which can slide / slip (over each other)

reference to incorrect particles / covalency / intermolecular
forces = max 1

or

particles / ions / atoms can slide over each other

ignore malleable / ductile / weak bonds
1

(b) (i) sulfuric

accept sulphuric
ignore formula
ignore hydrogen sulfate
1

(ii) any two from:

Page 39 of 52
 list principle applies for incorrect observations

• (hydrogen) gas produced (or any indication of a gas such as

bubbles etc.)
ignore just hydrogen produced
ignore cloudiness / colour changes

• magnesium / solid disappears / goes into solution

accept magnesium / magnesium sulfate / solid / it dissolves
accept forms a liquid / solution

• gets hot
allow exothermic
ignore floats
2

(iii) crystallisation
accept detailed answers such as: evaporate to half volume
and then allow the solution to crystallise.

or

evaporation / heating / boiling / cooling

ignore any references to filter
1
[6]

Q10.
(a) Mr (SiO2) = 60
if Mr incorrect ecf for max 2
1

60 g SiO2 → 28 g Si
correct answer for 3 marks
1

2.14 g SiO2 → 1 g Si
allow 2, 2.1, 2.14 (or anything rounding to 2.14), 2.16 or 2.2
a unit is not required but an incorrect unit loses the third
mark

OR Mr (SiO2) = 60 (1)

moles if silicon needed = = 0.0357

mass of SiO2 needed = 0.0357 × 60 (1)

= 2.14 g (1)
allow 2, 2.1, 2.14 (or anything rounding to 2.14), 2.16 or 2.2

OR Mr (SiO2) = 60 (1)

Page 40 of 52
 mass SiO2 = 1 × (1)

= 2.14 g (1)
allow 2, 2.1, 2.4 (or anything rounding to 2.14), 2.16 or 2.2
3

(b) (i) MgO(s) + 2HCl(aq) → MgCl2(aq) + H2O(l)

penalise incorrect symbols correctly balanced equation for 1
mark state symbols for 1 mark
allow correct multiples / fractions
2

(ii)

or

ignore inner shell electrons of silicon

allow correct drawings without symbols
must clearly indicate four shared pairs of electrons with one
electron from each atom

(iii) Si H

= 0.05 = 0.15
1

1 3
for whole number ratio can be implied
1

Si H3
accept H3 Si or any correct formula with 1:3 ratio
if in step 1 they get either of ratios incorrect they lose first 2
marks but can be ecf for 3rd and 4th mark
evidence of mass / Ar 1 mark
proportions of each 1 mark

Page 41 of 52
 whole number ratio 1 mark
correct formula 1 mark
1

(iv) C
accept c
1

(c) any four from:

• giant structure / macromolecule / lattice / giant molecule

allow giant molecular / giant atomic structure

• each silicon atom joined to four other atoms

(or diagram)

• covalent bonds

• bonds are strong or large amount of energy needed to break bonds

accept hard to break bonds

• large number of bonds to be broken

mention of giant ionic structure or intermolecular forces or
intermolecular bonds max 1 mark
diamond or carbon discussion max 3 marks unless clearly
linked to silicon
4
[15]

Q11.
(a) 2,4 (drawn as crosses) on shells
accept dots / e / - etc.
1

(b) (i) hard

allow rigid / high melting point
do not allow references to bonding
ignore strong
ignore unreactive
ignore structure
1

(ii) any three from

max 2 if ionic / metallic / molecule / intermolecular bonds or
incorrect number of bonds

• giant structure / lattice / macromolecular

allow many bonds

• covalent (bonds)

• (covalent) bonds are strong

accept needs lots of energy to break bonds (owtte)

Page 42 of 52
 • (each) carbon / atom forms four bonds

or

(each) carbon / atom bonded to four other atoms

3

(c) any three from:

max 2 if ionic / ions / metallic / molecule
‘it’ needs to be qualified

graphite

• has delocalised / free electrons

do not accept the electrons move unless qualified (around
structure etc)

or

electrons that can move through / around the structure

• each carbon is joined to three other carbon atoms

allow graphite has three bonds

or

one electron from each atom is free / delocalised

diamond

• has no free / delocalised electrons

do not accept the electrons do not move

or

no electrons that move around the structure

• all the electrons are used for bonding

allow diamond has 4 bonds

or

each carbon joined to four other carbon atoms

3
[8]

Q12.
(a) (i) Quality of Written Communication
The answer to this question requires ideas in good English in a sensible order
with correct use of scientific terms. Quality of written communication should be
considered in crediting points in the mark scheme.
maximum 2 marks if ideas not expressed well

layers / lattice / giant structure / regular pattern of atoms (diagram)

allow layers / lattice / giant structure / regular pattern of ions

Page 43 of 52
 do not accept particles
1

outer (shell) electrons

accept valence electrons
1

(free to) move (through whole structure)

accept delocalised / mobile / free
1

(ii) the free electrons (allow the metal to conduct electricity)

accept electrons move / mobile / delocalised
1

(iii) atoms / ions / layers can slide / slip / move over each other
1

(b) (i) copper oxide formed or Cu reacts with oxygen or Cu is oxidised

1

this is a poor conductor or gets in the way of free moving electrons or fewer
mobile electrons
do not accept electricity
1

or

oxygen atoms / oxygen molecules / oxide ions in metal

do not accept oxygen pockets / bubbles

prevents / disrupts flow of electrons /

current or fewer mobile electrons (1)
do not accept macro explanations
do not accept electricity

(ii) hydrogen reacts with oxygen or water is formed or hydrogen reduces

copper oxide etc.
1
[8]

Q13.
(a) iodine
1

(b) labelled bar for bromine at 0.11 (nm)

1

labelled bar for iodine at 0.13 (nm)

1
allow a tolerance of ± half a small square
if no mark awarded allow 1 mark for correctly plotted
bromine and iodine bars.

(c) sodium iodide solution

1

Page 44 of 52
 (d) −1
1

(e) 2
1

(f) giant (structure)

allow (ionic) lattice
allow regular structure
1

electrostatic forces of attraction

1

between oppositely charged ions

1

(forces) in all directions

1

(g) D
1
[11]

Q14.
(a) any two from
assume it = methanol
allow converse for water

• shorter / quicker soaking time

allow it is quicker

• takes less time / quicker to dry

or faster evaporation

• dissolves quicker / better in methanol

2

(b) (i) CH4O

1

(ii) covalent
1

(c) it is made of small molecules

1
[5]

Q15.
(a) Graphite:

because the layers (of carbon atoms) in graphite can move / slide
it = graphite
1

Page 45 of 52
 this is because there are only weak intermolecular forces or weak forces between
layers
accept Van der Waals’ forces allow no covalent bonds
between layers
1

Diamond:

however, in diamond, each carbon atom is (strongly / covalently) bonded to 4 others

allow diamond has three dimensional / tetrahedral structure
1

so no carbon / atoms able to move / slide

allow so no layers to slide or so diamond is rigid
1

(b) because graphite has delocalised electrons / sea of electrons

allow free / mobile / roaming electrons
1

which can carry charge / current or move through the structure

1

however, diamond has no delocalised electrons

accept however, diamond has all (outer) electrons used in
bonding
1
[7]

Q16.
any three from:
any reference to incorrect bonding = max 2

• giant structure / lattice / macromolecule

• covalent (bonds)

• bonds are (very) strong

allow bonds difficult to break
or takes a lot of energy to break bonds

• each atom / carbon joined to four others

accept each atom / carbon forms four bonds
3
[3]

Q17.
(a) layers

which have weak forces / attractions / bonds between them

second mark must be linked to layers
1

Page 46 of 52
 or

which can slide over each other or separate

ignore references to rubbing
1

(b) covalent
1
[3]

Q18.
(a) (i) covalent
two different answers indicated gains 0 marks
1

(ii) carbon
two different answers indicated gains 0 marks
1

(iii) 3
two different answers indicated gains 0 marks
1

(b) layers can slide / slip

1

because there are no bonds between layers

accept because weak forces / bonds between layers

or so (pieces of) graphite rubs / breaks off

or graphite left on the paper

1
[5]

Q19.
(a) (i) C
1

(ii) C or D
1

(iii) A
1

(b) covalent
1

(c) layers
1

can slide / move over each other

accept are weakly bonded (owtte)
allow no bonds between layers

Page 47 of 52
 ignore slip / rub
1
[6]

Q20.
(a) carbon
allow C
1

(b) (i) (atoms are in) layers (that) can slide over each other
1

because between the layers there are only weak forces

accept because there are no (covalent) bonds between the
layers
accept Van der Waals forces between the layers
do not allow intermolecular bonds between the layers
if no other marks are awarded allow weak intermolecular
forces for 1 mark
1

(ii) because each atom forms four (covalent) bonds or (diamond is a) giant
(covalent) structure or lattice or macromolecular
any reference to ionic / metallic bonding or intermolecular
forces scores a maximum of 1 mark
accept carbon forms a tetrahedral shape
1

(and) covalent bonds are strong

accept covalent bonds need a lot of energy / difficult to break
1

(iii) because graphite has delocalised electrons

allow sea of electrons
allow each carbon atom has one free electron
1

which can move through the whole structure (and carry the current /
charge / electricity)
1
[7]

Q21.
(a) (i) nucleus
1

(ii) neutron
1

(iii) electron
1

(b) (i) 12
1

Page 48 of 52
 (ii) 24
1

(c) any four from:

sharing / covalent / metallic = max 3

• magnesium (atom) reacts with two iodine (atoms)

• magnesium (atom) loses electrons

• 2 electrons (from each atom)

• Iodine (atom) gains electron(s)

• 1 electron or an electron (to each atom)

• iodide ion formed

allow iodine ion

• iodide has negative charge / is a negative ion / particle

allow iodine
ignore I2–
• magnesium ion formed

• magnesium has positive charge

• oppositely charged ions attract

• a giant structure / lattice is formed

allow 1 mark for unqualified reference to ion formation or
ionic bonding
4
[9]

Q22.
(a) shared
1

(b) fullerene
1

(c)

= 6.25
1

(d) each carbon atom is (covalently) bonded to four others

1

in a giant (covalent) structure

allow in a lattice
1

Page 49 of 52
 (and covalent) bonds are strong
1

(e) each carbon / atom forms three bonds

1

(so) one electron per carbon / atom is delocalised

1

(so delocalised / free) electrons move through the structure

allow (so) electrons can carry charge through the
structure
ignore throughout for through
ignore current / electricity for charge
1
[10]

Q23.
(a) a layer a few hundred atoms thick
1

(b) any two from:

any two ideas

• less materials or save resources

• less energy

• less fuel

• less pollution / greenhouse effect / global warming

• less waste
ignore references to cost / recycling
2
[3]

Q24.
(a) (i) giant lattice
allow each carbon atom is joined to three others
1

atoms in graphene are covalently bonded

max. 2 marks if any reference to wrong type of bonding
1

and covalent bonds are strong or need a lot of energy to be broken

allow difficult to break
1

(ii) because graphene has delocalised electrons

allow each carbon atom has one free electron
1

which can move throughout the structure

Page 50 of 52
 do not accept just electrons can move.
1

(b) because there are weak forces between molecules

allow no bonds between the layers
1

so layers / molecules can slip / slide.

1
[7]

Q25.
(a) (bonding) covalent
1

(structure) simple molecular

allow simple / small molecules
1

(b) J has giant covalent structure

allow macromolecular
1

(with) strong (covalent) bonds between atoms

allow (with) all atoms linked to other atoms (by
covalent bonds)
1

(so) a lot of energy needed to break bonds

1

(c) H contains ions

allow H is ionic
1

(and ions are) free to move when liquid (so can conduct electricity)
1

(but ions are) fixed when solid (so cannot conduct electricity)
1

I contains delocalised electrons

ignore reference to graphite
1

(which) move through the substance (when solid and liquid)

1
[10]

Q26.
(a) (Mr) = (27 × 2) + (16 × 3)
or
(Mr) = 54 + 48
1

= 102

Page 51 of 52
 1

(b) A
1

(c) potassium atom loses one electron*

1

oxygen atom gains two electrons*

1
* if neither of first two marks given then allow 1
mark for potassium loses and oxygen gains
electron(s)

two potassium atoms react with one oxygen atom

1

to form ions that have the electron arrangement of a noble gas

allow to gain a full outer shell of electrons
allow to form (two) K+ ions and an O2− ion
1
[7]

Page 52 of 52