CHEMICAL BONDING SYNOPSIS

 Atom don’t exists independently (except noble gases) therefore atom can exists in combined
form that is in the form of molecule
 If molecule is existing means which should have some force of attraction
 The attractive force that holds atom/ion together is called chemical bond
 As the attraction increases energy decreases and stability increases
Attraction↑ energy↓ stability↑

Cause of chemical bond:

Tendency to acquire minimum energy

Types of chemical bonds

There are two types of chemical bonds

Strong bond (200KJ to 400KJ/mole) Weak bond (2 to 40KJ/mole)

(inter atomic bond ) (intermolecular bond)
Covalent bond Vanderwaals force of attraction
Ionic bond Hydrogen bonding
Metallic bond
Co-ordinate bond/ dative bond

Covalent bond:

 Sharing of valence electron takes place to complete its octet/duet

 The bond formed between non-metal

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 The dots represents the valence electrons and these structures are called Lewis dot
structures

Theories of covalent bond:

1) Lewis theory
2) Valence bond theory
3) VSEPR theory
4) MO theory

Lewis theory:

 Atom is consists of two parts the first part is called kernel and the other is called outermost shell
 Kernel consists of nucleus and inner electrons
 Outer shell occupies maximum 8 electrons. These 8 electron occupy corner of cube which
surrounds kernel

Octet rule: Atoms combine to complete its octet in outermost orbit

Sharing of electron (covalent bond) complete transfer of electron (ionic bond)

Ex: CI2, N2, O2 Ex: NaCI, CaCI2, MgO

Lewis dot structure

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Identify central atom (it should be in less number or high atomic number or large size or forms multiple
bonds)

Ex:

:C=O:

Drawbacks of Lewis theory

 This theory couldn’t explain structure of the compound

 It doesn’t explain bond length, bond order, bond enthalpy etc
 It couldn’t explain about hypovalent compounds (less than 8 electron in valence shell)
Ex: LiCI, BeH2, BCI3
 It couldn’t explain about hypervalent compounds (more than 8 electron in valence shell)
Ex: PCI5, SF6, H2SO4, IF7
 Compound of noble gases are also formed but theory says no formation of noble gases
Ex: XeF2, KrF2, XeOF2, XeO3, XeOF4, XeF6

Formal charge:

Charge on individual atom in a compound called formal charge

Formal charge = valence electron – (bonds + dots)
Ex: O3

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Resonance:
Delocalization of pi electrons is called as resonance

 Resonance hybrid is real and canonical structures are hypothetical

 Resonance hybrid has less energy than canonical structure so resonance stabilizes the molecule

Bond order:

For neutral molecule: if single bond then bond order is 1 ex: CH3-
CH3 If double bond then bond
order is 2 ex: CH2=CH2

Bond order in resonance structure:

����� �� �� ����� ������� ��� ����� �� ��� ���������
B.O = ����� ������ �� ���������� ���������
Ex:

Calculate the bond order of arrow mentioned atoms

Sol : B.O =
n

����� �� �� ����� ������� ��� ����� �� ��� ���������

����� ������ �� ���������� ���������
8
=5

Bond order in charged species:

�ℎ���� �� ��������
B.O = valency of surrounding atom + ������ �� ����������� �����
Ex: PO4-2
B.O = valency of surrounding atom +
�ℎ���� �� �������� −3
������ �� ����������� �����
=2+ 4
= 1.25

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Ex: SO4-2
�ℎ���� �� �������� −2
B.O = valency of surrounding atom + ������ �� ����������� ����� = 2 + 4
= 1.5

Note: If B.O = +ve integer than compound is

stable If B.O =
zero or –ve than compound is
unstable If B.O = fraction (greater than
1) than compound show isomer If B.O = fraction
(greater than 1) compound unstable but exists

Valence bond theory: it consists of two theories (i) overlapping theory (ii) Hybridization theory

 Covalent bond is formed when atomic orbital combine

 Half-filled orbital can overlap with opposite spin
 Extent of overlap should be less than 50% (if it more than 50% then repulsion occurs)
1
 Extent of overlap ∝ strength of bond ∝ stability ∝ ���� �����ℎ
 S- orbital; spherical shape (no directional)
 P-orbital’s are dumbbell
 D-orbital’s are double dumbbell

Overlap of atomic orbitals:

Overlap is of three types 1. +ve overlap 2. –ve overlap 3. Zero overlap

1. +ve overlap: if same sign lobes overlap than it is called as +ve overlap

- + + - + - - +

2. –ve overlap: if opposite sign lobes overlap than it is called –ve overlap

+ - + -

3. Zero overlap: if overlapping is not takes place between two lobes than it is called as zero overlap

………………………… …………………………………..

Py Py Px

Overlap can be done by two types: 1. Axial or head on 2. Parallel or side ways

Axial/ head on Parallel/ side way

Sigma bone Pi bond

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s-s overlap p-p overlap

s-p p-d
p-p d-d

Note: if axis and internuclear axis is same than only formation of sigma bond takes place

Px + Px X-axis (internuclear axis)

Py + Py Y-axis (internuclear axis)
Pz + Pz Z-axis (internuclear axis)

Pi- bond: (parallel overlap)

overlapping is not on internuclear axis, above/below internuclear axis than pi bond forms
(above internuclear axis)

+ ……………………………..

Pi bond (below internuclear axis)

Q. calculate the number of P�-P� and P�-d� bonds in O2, N2, SO4-2, PO4-2
Soln: O=O: 1� and 1� (P�-
P�) N=N
(1� and 2� (P�-
P�)) SO4-2 (4� and
2� (P�-d�)) PO4-2 (4�
and 1� (P�-d�))

Hybridization:

 Before overlapping intermixing of orbital occurs

 Number of hybrid orbital is equal number of atomic orbital intermixed
 Hybrid orbital have less energy than pure orbital and hence more stable
 It is theoretical concept
 Electron never participate in hybridization only atomic orbital participates in hybridization
 Hybrid orbital arrange themselves in such a way that should have minimum repulsion

Hybrid orbital Hybridization Geometry

2 Sp Linear
3 Sp2 Trigonal planar
4 Sp3 Tetrahedral
5 Sp3d Trigonal planar/pyramidal
6 Sp3d2 Octahedral

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Calculation of hybridization:

Hybridization = number of sigma bonds + number of lone pairs

Note:
CI
CI (equitorial bonds (shorter and
strong))

P
CI
CI
CI axial bonds (bigger ion length and weak)

NEET: Why PCI5 is reactive: PCI5 reactive because of presence of weak

bond PCI5 PCI3 + CI2

Note: in case of PF5, F is more electronegative and PF5 all axial and equatorial Bonds are same

Calculate the hybridization of all carbon of allene (C3H4)

Soln:
CH2=C=CH2
sp2 sp sp2

VSEPR theory: (valence shell electron pair repulsion theory)

Ex: CH4 :NH3 H2:O:

 It is sp3 hybrised it is sp3 hybridised it is sp3 hybridized

 Tetrahedral pyramidal shape bent/angular shape
 109 angle (lone pair=0)
0
107 (lone pair=1)
0
1040 (lone pair=2)
 VSEPR says repulsion is more in lp-lp repulsion> lp-bp repulsion> bp-bp repulsion
(lp-lone pair and bp-bond pair)
 Geometry: structure which depends on lone pair and bond pair
 Shape: structure depends only on bond pairs

MOT:

o According to MOT, atomic orbital overlap and form molecular orbital

o Number of atomic orbital overlap is equal to number of molecular orbital formed
o When atomic orbital’s combines than there will be a formation of two molecular orbital’s
one is Bonding Molecular Orbital(BMO) and other one is Anti-bonding molecular
orbital(ABMO)
o <14 electrons (2121) >14 electrons (1221)
2pz�* 2pz�*
�2px�* �2py�* �2px�* �2py�*

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2pz� �2px� �2py�

�2px� �2py� 2pz�
2s�* 2s�*
2s� 2s�
1s�* 1s�*
1s� 1s�*
��−��
o B.O = 2
o If unpaired electrons are present than it is paramagnetic if not than it will be Diamagnetic
�
B.O = ���� ������ C-C>C=C>C=C

Trick:

Electron Bond
order
10 1
11 1.5
12 2
13 2.5
14 3
15 2.5
16 2
17 1.5
18 1

Ex: O2- = 16+1=17 means bond order 1.5

Node and nodal plane:

Node: point at which probability of finding electron is zero

Nodal: plane at which probability of finding electron is zero

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