Research : Meaning, Design and Scope

Dr Jeetendra D. Soni
Asst. Prof.- Geography, Government Arts College, Sikar
Visiting Scholar, UNT, Denton (Texas), USA.
Email-jeetendra.soni@gmail.com
 MEANING OF RESEARCH

Research word originated from the

French word; “Researche” means quest,
search, pursuit and search for truth.
Research in common parlance refers
to a search for knowledge.
Research is a careful investigation or
inquiry especially through search for new
facts in any branch of knowledge in
systematized efforts.
 MEANING OF RESEARCH

Original contribution to the existing stock of

knowledge making for its development .
The systematic approach concerning
generalisations and formulation of a theory.
Finding of answer related to the research
question?
Systematic search for truth, finding new
knowledge about our world through
combination of ideas and facts.
 “kks/k dk vFkZ
MEANING OF
RESEARCH
•Kku ds ekStwnk Hk.Mkj dks fodflr djus ds fy,
“kks/k dk ewy ;ksxnku gS
A

•lkekU;hdj.k ds fo’k; esa vkSj fl)kUr fu:i.k esa

“kks/k ,d O;ofLFkr n`f’Vdks.k gS A
•vuqla/kku iz”u ls lEcf/kr mRrj [kkstuk
•O;ofLFkr “kks/k & gekjs fo”o ds fopkjksa ds esy
ds ek/;e ls lp dks [kkstuk o u, Kku dks
[kkstuk gS A
The term “RESEARCH” refers to…

1. The systematic method consisting of

enunciating the problem,
2. Formulating a hypothesis,
3. Collecting the data,
4. Analysing the facts and
5. Reaching certain conclusion either in
the form of solution towards the
concerned problem or theoretical
formulation.
 “kks/k ds lUnHkZ esa
The term “RESEARCH” refers to…
O;ofLFkr rjhds ls leL;k dks Li’V :i ls O;Dr
djuk A
ifjdYiuk dk izfriknu
vkadMksa dk laxzg.k
rF;ksa dk fo”ys’k.k
laEcf/kr leL;k ds lek/kku ds :Ik esa ,d fuf”pr
fu’d’kZ rd igqWpuk ;k lS)kfUrd lq=hdj.k
 OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH

The purpose of research – To answer the questions

pertaining to a particular inquiry through scientific
procedures.
The main aim of research - Find out the undiscovered truth.
The research objectives may be grouped as follows:
1. To gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to achieve new
insights into it (exploratory or formulative research
studies)
2. To portray accurately the characteristics of a particular
individual, situation or a group (descriptive research
studies);
3. To determine the frequency with which something occurs
or with which it is associated with something else
(diagnostic research studies);
 4. To test a hypothesis of a causal relationship
between variables (hypothesis-testing research
studies).
 ESSENTIAL OF RESEARCH

Validity: Accuracy of a measure

Reliability: Consistency of a measure

Repeatability : In similar context

Predictability: Prospective outcomes

 vuqla/kku ds fy, vko”;d
(Essential of Research)

•oS/krk (Validity)- “kq)rk dh ek=k

•fo”o;uh;rk (Reliability)- fLFkjrk dh ek=k
•iqfjkorZuh;rk (Repeatability)- leku lUnHkZ esa
•iwokZuqeku (Predictability)- Hkkoh ifj.kke
 Why do we go for Research?

• Desire to get a degree

• Desire to get respectability
• Desire to face a challenge
• Desire to solve a problem
• Desire to get intellectual joy
• Desire to serve society
ge “kks/k ds fy, D;ksa tkrs gS \
(Why do we go for Research ?)
•fMxzzh ikus ds fy,
•lEeku gsrq
•leL;k dk lkeuk djus gsrq
•leL;k dk lek/kku gsrq
•ckSf)d vkuan gsrq
•lekt lsok gsrq
 BENEFITS OF RESEARCH

• Advancement of human knowledge

• Develops a critical and scientific attitude and
disciplined thinking
• Provides chance to study a subject in depth
• Enables to make intelligent decision
• Help us to inculcate the ability to evaluate
• Best way to learn critically
• Research helps us to take rational decisions
“kks/k ds ykHk (Benefits of Research)
•Ekkuo Kku dh mUufr
•vuq”kkflr lksp] egRoiw.kZ vkSj oSKkfud n`f’Vdks.k
fodflr djuk
•,d fo’k; dk xgjkbZ ls v/;;u djus dk ekSdk
miyC/k djokuk
•ckSf)d fu.kZ; ysus esa lk{;
•xaHkhj :i ls lh[kus dk lcls vPNk rjhdk
•;qfDrlaxr fu.kZ; ysus esa enn
 TYPE OF RESEARCH

Fundamental or Basic v/s Applied research

Basic research concerned with generalisation

and formulation of theory- knowledge for
sake of knowledge

Applied research means finding a solution for

a problem
 Descriptive v/s Analytical

Descriptive research concerned with fact

finding enquiries

Analytical- use facts or information

already available and analyze to make a
critical evaluation
 “kks/k ds izdkj (Type of Research)
ekSfyd V/s O;ogkfjd “kks/k
•Kku izkfIr ds fy, fl)kUrksa dk lkekU;hdj.k vkSj
lq=hdj.k ekSfyd “kks/k ls laEcf/kr gS A
•O;ogkfjd “kks/k &leL;k dk lek/kku djuk
o.kZukRed V/s fo”ys’k.kkRed
•o.kZukRed “kks/k & rF; vk/kkfjr Nkuchu
•fo”ys’k.kkRed “kks/k & miyC/k rF;ksa dk iz;ksx dj
lwpuk dk fo”ys’k.k o lw{e ewY;kadu
 Quantitative v/s Qualitative

Measured & expressed in involves qualitative

terms of quantity and help character
us in precise measurement
comparison, shows changes
 ek=kRed V/s xq.kkRed
•ek=kRed - bls eki }kjk O;Dr fd;k tkrk
gS blesa (ek=kRed) lVhd ek=k rqyuk o
cnyko ns[kk tk ldrk gSA
•xq.kkRed - xq.kks ds lUnHkZ esa (xq.kkRed)
•vuqHko ;k iz;ksxkRed “kks/k -
voyksdu vkSj lk{;ks ij fuHkZj
Conceptual V/s Empirical Research
Conceptual research - related to some abstract idea(s)
or theory. It is generally used by philosophers and
thinkers to develop new concepts or to reinterpret
existing ones.

Empirical Research - Relies on experience, observation and

evidence. It is data-based research, coming up with
conclusions which are capable of being verified by
observation or experiment.
 Some Other Types of Research
One-time research or Longitudinal research - Form the ‘time’
point of view.
Field-setting research or laboratory research or simulation
research, depending upon the environment in which it is to be
carried out.
Clinical or diagnostic research - Follows case-study methods or
in-depth approaches to reach the basic causal relations.
Exploratory or Formalised Research - The objective of
exploratory research is the development of hypotheses rather
than their testing, whereas in formalized research specific
hypotheses are to be tested.
Historical research - utilizes historical sources like documents,
remains, etc. to study events or ideas of the past, including the
philosophy of persons and groups at any remote point of time.
Conclusion-oriented and Decision-oriented Research – In
Conclusion oriented research, a researcher is free to pick up a problem,
redesign the enquiry as he proceeds and is prepared to conceptualize as
he wishes. Decision-oriented research is always for the need of a decision
maker.
 RESEARCH APPROACHES

There are two basic approaches to research:-

Quantitative approach and the Qualitative
approach.

1. The Quantitative Approach

It involves the generation of quantitative
data. These data are generally processed
through rigorous quantitative analysis.
This approach can be further sub-classified
into inferential, experimental and
simulation approaches to research.
A. The inferential approach – The purpose is to infer
characteristics or relationships of population from
data.
Generally this is survey research where a sample of
population is studied (questioned or observed) to
determine its characteristics.
B. Experimental approach - is characterised by much
greater control over the research environment and
in this case some variables (independent) are
manipulated to observe their effect on other
variables (dependent).
C. Simulation approach - involves the construction of
an artificial environment within which relevant
information and data can be generated. This permits
an observation of the dynamic behaviour of a system
(or its sub-system) under controlled conditions.
Simulation approach can also be useful in building
models for understanding future conditions.
2. Qualitative Approach
It is concerned with subjective assessment of
attitudes, opinions and behaviour.
Research in such a situation is a function of
researcher’s insights and impressions.
Research with this approach generates results
either in non-quantitative form or in the form which
are not subjected to rigorous quantitative analysis.
Techniques followed in this approach –
Focus group interviews,
Projective techniques and
Depth interviews
All these are explained in a detailed manner with
elaborative interpretation.
 Projective techniques allow respondents to
project their subjective or true opinions and beliefs onto
other people or even objects. The respondent's real feelings
are then inferred from what s/he says about
others. Projective techniques are normally used during
individual or small group interviews.
 ETHICS OF RESEARCH

• Respondents must be well informed

• Responses must be kept confidential
• Avoid experiments dangerous for respondents
and on animals
• Avoided plagiarism - do not claim credit out
of others work
• Do not misreport sources
• Use accurate and authentic data
• Research must be done in the best interest of
society at large
vuqla/kku uSfrdrk ETHICS OF
RESEARCH
•izfroknh dks vPNh rjg lwfpr fd;k tkuk pkfg,
•izfrfdz;k,sa xksiuh; gksuh pkfg,
•izfroknh vkSj tkuojksa ij izk;ksfxd [krjs ls cpsa
•lkfgfR;d pksjh ls cpsa&fdlh ds dk;Z dk Js; ysus
dk nkok u djsa
•L=ksrksa dks xyr fjiksVZ u djsa
•“kq) o fo”oluh; vkadMksa dk iz;ksx djsa
•lekt ds fgr ds fy, cMs iSekus “kks/k djuk
 RESEARCH PROCESS
1. Formulating the research
problem
Research Problem
2. Extensive literature survey
3. Developing the hypothesis
4. Preparing the research design
5. Determining sample design
Review of Literature
6. Collecting the data
7. Execution of the project
8. Analysis of data
9. Hypothesis testing
Scope & objective
10. Generalisations and
interpretation
11. Preparation of the report or
presentation of the results, i.e.,
Setting of Hypothesis
formal write-up of conclusions
reached.
Research plan or design including methodology

Collection of Data

Analysis of Data

Report Writing
“kks/k izfdz;k RESEARCH PROCESS
“kks/k leL;k

lkfgR; dh leh{kk
dk;Z {ks= vkSj m)s”;

ifjdYiuk dh Lfkkiuk

vuql/a kku ;kstuk vkSj design

vkadMksa dk ,d=hdj.k

vkadMksa dk fo”ys’k.k

“kks/k fjiksVZ ys[ku

 COMPONENTS OF RESEARCH
 Title
 Introduction

 Statement of Problem (Research Gap)

 Review of Literature

 Objectives of the Research and Research Questions

 Hypothesis

 Research Design and Methodology

 Conceptual Framework

 Representation of data and Analysis

 Summary and Conclusions

 Implications / Relevance of Research

 Report Writing

 Bibliography / References
 “kks/k ds ?kVd COMPONENTS OF RESEARCH
 “kh’kZd
 ifjp;

 “kks/k leL;k dk fooj.k ¼”kks/k varjky½

 lkfgR; dh leh{kk

 “kks/k dk m)s”; vkSj “kks/k iz”u

 ifjdYiuk

 “kks/k design vkSj fdz;kfof/k

 lS)kfUrd <kapk

 MsVk dk izfrfuf/kRo vkSj fo”ys’k.k

 lkjka”k vkSj fu’d’kZ

 fufgrkFkZ@”kks/k izkalafxdrk

 “kks/k fjiksVZ ys[ku

 xzUFk lwph @lUnHkZ lwph

 SOURCE OF PROBLEMS

 Literature (Reading)
 Academic Experience

 Day to day exposure

 Exposure to field / ground realities

 Consultations

 Brainstorming exercise

 Research

 Institution
leL;k dk L=ksr Source of Problems
lkfgR; ¼i<uk½
“kS{k.khd vuqHko
fnu&izfrfnu vuqHko
{ks= dh okLrfodrkvksa dk vuqHko
ijke”kZ
cqf)”khyrk
vuqla/kku
laLFkku
 TITLE

 Comprehensive

 Give a glance of entire research

 Address the research problem

 Attractive and assimilative

 “kh’kZd Title
lkj
lEiw.kZ “kks/k ij ,dutj
“kks/k leL;k dk cks/k
vkd’kZd vkSj lekos”kh
 PURPOSE OF LITERATURE REVIEW
• To get background knowledge of the
topic
• To identify Research Gap
• To understand the related concepts
• To identify data sources
• To frame Objectives and Hypothesis
• To select appropriate Methodology,
Research Design, Methods of observation
and techniques of Analysis
 lkfgR; leh{kk dk m)s”;
Purpose of Literature Review
 fo’k; dh i`’BHkwfe dk Kku izkIr djus ds fy,
 “kks/k varjky dh igpku gsrq
 lEcfU/kr vo/kkj.kk dks le>us ds fy,
 MkVk L=ksr dh igpku gsrq
 m)s”; ds fy, ifjdYiuk dk fuekZ.k
 mfpr fdz;kfof/k] “kks/k design, voyksdu fof/k]
fo”ys’k.k rduhd pquuk
 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

 Clarity
about meaning of different
terms and concepts related to research
problem

 Clarity about ideas

 Clarity about theoretical aspects / basis

 lS)kfUrd <kWpk (Conceptual
framework)
“kks/k leL;k ls lEcfU/kr vo/kkj.kk vkSj fofHkUu
terms ds lUnHkZ esa vFkksZ dks ysdj *Li’Vrk*
fopkjksa dh *Li’Vrk*
lS)kfUrd igyqvksa dks ysdj *Li’Vrk* ¼vk/kkj dh
Li’Vrk½
Research Idea Research Question
 Information  How effective is the information
dissemination Via dissemination through internet in
Internet comparison to traditional methods?

 Government  How does the TV advertisement is

scheme and effectively raising the awareness
advertisement about Government Schemes?
through TV

 Trade Unionism  How the trade union movement is

and economic changing with changing economic
reforms environment?
Research Idea Research Question

“kks/k fopkj “kks/k iz”u

 bUVjusV }kjk tkudkjh dks  ijEijkxr <ax dh rqyuk ls

Qsykuk bUVjusV }kjk tkudkjh dk
izdh.kZu fdruk izHkkoh gS\
 Lkdkjh ;kstuk vkSj Vh-oh-  Vh-oh- foKkiuksa dk izHkko c<us

foKkiu ds ek/;e ls ls ljdkjh ;kstuk ds ckjs esa

tkx:drk dSls c<h\
 Cknyrs vkfFkZd i;kZoj.k ds lkFk
 O;kikj la?kokn vkSj vkfFkZd
lq/kkj O;kikj la?k vkanksyu dSls
cnyrk gS A
 DESIGN OF RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

 Objectives should be clear and achievable

 Can be stated as statements or questions

 Generally, these are written as statements

such as
To identify…
To establish…
To determine…
To explain…
 “kks/k m)s”; design
Design of Research Objectives

 m)s”; Li’V vkSj lkQ gksuk pkfg,

 dFkukssa o iz”uksa ds :Ik esa dgk tk lds
 lkekU;r% ;s dFkuksa ds :I esa
tSls %&
igpku djuk
LFkkfir djus gsrq
fu/kkZj.k djuk
le>kuk
 DESIGN OF HYPOTHESIS

 These are generalised statements

drawn out of experience and review of
literature

 Research Hypothesis is a Predictive

statement that relates to independent
variable to a dependent variable
ifjdYiuk vfHkdYi (Design of hypothesis)

 ;s lkekU;hd`r dFkuksa (statements) ds :i esa gksrk gS

tks vuqHko vkSj lkfgR; dh leh{kk ls fudyrk tkrk gSA

 “kks/k
ifjdYiuk ,d Hkfo’; crkus okyk dFku gksrk gS tks
Lora= pj ls vkfJrpj dks lEcfU/kr djrk gS
RESEARCH METHODS & METHODOLOGY

Research Methods – refers to the methods /

techniques researcher use for research operation.
These include all those methods which are used by
the researcher during the course of studying his
research problem.

Research Methodology – refers to the science of

studying how research is done scientifically, study
various steps adopted for research along with its
logical basis.
It is a way to systematically solve the research
problem.
 “kks/k i)fr vkSj fdz;kfof/k
Research method & methodology

 “kks/k i)fr& ;g fof/k;ksa / rduhdh dks lUnfHkZr djrk gS A

 “kks/k
fdz;kfof/k & ;g v/;;u lUnfHkZr djrk gS fd dSls
oSKkfud :i ls vuqla/kku fd;k tkrk gS A “kks/k ds fy,
viuk;s x, pj.kksa dk rkfdZd vk/kkj fn;k tkrk gS A
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY
A detailed blue-print of research specifying…
How the research will be carried out?
 Introduction to study area

 Data source

 Selection of quantitative parameters

 Selection of qualitative parameters

 Selection of respondents

 Data collection instrument

 Sampling

 Data analysis tools

 Scope of Study
 “kks/k vfHkdYiuk vkSj fdz;kfo/kh
Research design and methodology
 vuqla/kku dk foLr`r blue print rS;kj djuk ------ fd dSls
vuqla/kku fd;k tk,xk \
 v/;;u {ks= dh Hkwfedk
 MsVk L+=ksr
 ek=kRed ekinaMksa dk p;u
 xq.kkRed ekinaMksa dk p;u
 mRrjnkrkvksa dk p;u
 MkVk laxzg.k lk/ku ¼midj.k½
 uewuk p;u
 MsVk fo”ys’k.k midj.k
 v/;;u {ks=
REPORT WRITING AND IMPLICATION
OF THE STUDY

 Publish the research findings and send

these to appropriate decision making
authorities for policy formulation.

 Ensure the use of study in the interest

of the community.
 fjiksVZ ys[ku vkSj fufgrkFkZ v/;;u
Report writing and implication of the study

 “kks/k
[kkst dks izdkf”kr djsa vkSj fufr fu/kkZj.k gsrq bls
mfpr fu.kZ; ysus okys vf/kdkfj;ksa dks Hkstsa A

 bls lqfuf”pr djsa fd leqnk; ds fgr esa v/;;u

mi;ksxhs gS A
 CRITERIA OF A GOOD RESEARCH

 Clarityabout purpose
 Thoroughly planned Research Design
 Detailed description of Research Process
 Adoption of adequate Research Methods
 Application of Research Ethics
 Limitations should be revealed openly
 Findings must be well comprehended
 Logical outcomes and Conclusions
 Suggestive mechanism should be realistic
 vPNs “kks/k ds ekun.M
CRITERIA OF A GOOD RESEARCH

 m)s”; dks ysdj Li’Vrk

 fcYdqy fu;ksftr vuqla/kku design
 “kks/k izfdz;k dk foLrkj ls o.kZu
 i;kZIr “kks/k methods dks viukuk
 vuqla/kku uSfrdrk dks viukuk
 vuqla/kku lhek [kqydj lkeus vkus
 vPNh rjg ls le> esa vkus ;ksX; *“kks/k fu’d’kZ* gksuh
pkfg,
 rkfdZd ifj.kke vkSj fu’d’kZ
 okLrfod fopkjlwpd ra= gksuk pkfg, A
Thank You For Your Kind Attention