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Aerodynamics

The document provides an overview of key concepts in aerodynamics, including definitions of air, viscosity, pressure, and the principles governing fluid dynamics such as Pascal's Law and Bernoulli's Equation. It also discusses important terms like lift, drag, density altitude, and various properties of fluids. Additionally, it outlines the structure and terminology related to airfoils and their measurements.

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John Andrew Patacsil
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9 views10 pages

Aerodynamics

The document provides an overview of key concepts in aerodynamics, including definitions of air, viscosity, pressure, and the principles governing fluid dynamics such as Pascal's Law and Bernoulli's Equation. It also discusses important terms like lift, drag, density altitude, and various properties of fluids. Additionally, it outlines the structure and terminology related to airfoils and their measurements.

Uploaded by

John Andrew Patacsil
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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AERODYNAMICS – is the study of the motion of air and of the forces on solids in motion relative

to air.

AIR- is often referred to as a perfect fluid, It is a physical mixture.

N.A.C.A- National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics

I.C.A.N- International Commission for Air Navigation

Viscosity (IN LIQUID)- is internal friction of the molecules in a liquid that resist to change shape
or movements. INCREASE IN TEMPERATURE DECREASES THE VISCOSITY

Viscosity (IN GASES)- Molecular Vibration. INCREASE IN TEMPERATURE WILL INCREASE


VISCOSITY, since THERE IS AN INCREASE IN MOLECULAR VIBRATION WHICH WILL INCREASE IN
MOLECULAR INTERCHANGE.

SI (Système International d’Unités) – Metric unit

Imperial/ US Customary- English unit

The component force perpendicular to the direction of the air stream is called LIFT.

The component parallel to the air stream is called DRAG.(because of friction)

DENSITY ALTITUDE

- Density altitude is the altitude the airplane "feels" like it's flying at, based on air
density —

which is affected by:

• Pressure
• Temperature
• Humidity (minor effect, often ignored in calculations)
PRESSURE ALTITUDE

- Pressure altitude is the altitude your airplane thinks it's at based only on the
surrounding air pressure.
CONCEPT IN BOOK OF ELEMENTS OF PRACTICAL AERODYNAMICS

BRADLEY JONES

1.1 AERODYNAMICS
- Aerodynamics is the study of the motion of air and of the force on solids in motion
relative to the air.

1.2 FLUIDS
- A fluid (liquid or gas) is material that flows and move easily even if it has applied shear
forces; that is, it changes its shape easily since its more spread out. The difference
between gas and liquid is the internal resistance to compression.

IDEAL FLUID

- Absolutely no resistance to shear forces. Such fluid has is incompressible, No viscosity,


Irrotational, No heat transfer, Flow does not change. (NO IDEAL FLUID EXIST).

1.3 MASS
- A mass is the measurement of quantity in a body, it remains constant unless you remove
a part of the body or add into it. The weight of the body is the force which the body is
being pulled towards the center of the earth.

1.4 DENSITY
- Density is the mass per unit volume.

1.5 PRESSURE
- Pressure is force divided by area in which the force is being act on. In some pressure
measuring devices, the pressure is measured by measuring the height of a column of
mercury that will be balanced by the pressure.eg. Barometer

1.6 VISCOSITY
- Viscosity (IN LIQUID)- is internal friction of the molecules in a liquid that resist to change
shape or movements. INCREASE IN TEMPERATURE DECREASES THE VISCOSITY
- Viscosity (IN GASES)- Molecular Vibration. INCREASE IN TEMPERATURE WILL INCREASE
VISCOSITY, since THERE IS AN INCREASE IN MOLECULAR VIBRATION WHICH WILL
INCREASE IN MOLECULAR INTERCHANGE.
FLUID LAWS

2.1 PASCAL’S LAW

- "When pressure is applied to a confined fluid, the pressure is transmitted equally and
undiminished in all directions throughout the fluid." 5
- If you push or squeeze a fluid inside a closed container, the pressure change you makes,
spreads out evenly everywhere inside the fluid.
- Importance: Basic principle behind many hydraulic systems. (Hydraulic lifts, Hydraulic
Brakes, Hydraulic Presses)

2.2 HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE

- Hydrostatic Pressure is the pressure exerted by a fluid at rest due to the force of gravity.
- When you pour a fluid (Water, oil, Water) inside of a cup, each layer of fluid pushes
down the layers below it because of its weight. The pushing force creates pressure which
is Hydrostatic Pressure.

P=ρgh

2.3 STREAMLINES

- A stream of air may be visualized as consisting of a number of particles moving in the


same general direction. The path of any one particle is called a streamline.
- Two streamlines cannot cross since that would mean that two particles of fluid would be
in the same place at the same time, which is impossible.

2.4 STREAMTUBE

- A streamtube is a bundle of streamlines grouped together to form a kind of "tube" or


"pipe" through which fluid flows.
• The fluid inside that tube flows along the streamlines inside it.
• No fluid crosses the walls of the streamtube because streamlines represent flow
direction — the flow is always tangent to the walls.
2.5 LAW OF CONTINUITY

- What goes in = What comes out.


- The Law of Continuity is a principle from fluid dynamics that says:
"Mass cannot be created or destroyed as it flows through a pipe, nozzle, or
any streamline. It must be conserved."
- This law applies to all types of fluids — air, water, fuel, etc.

2.6 BERNOULLI’S EQUATION


2.7 VENTURI TUBE

- Adaptation of Bernoulli’s Equation

2.8 RELATIVE MOTION

- Relative motion is all about "who's watching."


The same object can be moving or still, depending on the observer's point of view
(frame of reference).

2.9 STAGNATION POINT

- The stagnation point is the point on a surface where a moving fluid (like air) comes to a
complete stop.
- Stagnation point is also called Stagnation pressure, Dynamic pressure, or Impact
pressure.
GASES

3.5 SPEED OF SOUND

3.8 MACH NUMBER

3.9 REYNOLD’S NUMBER


ATMOSPHERE

PERCENTAGE OF GASES AT SSLC


Nitrogen 78.08%
Oxygen 20.94%
Argon 0.94%
Hydrogen 0.01%
Neon 0.0012%
Helium 0.0004%
Carbon Dioxide 0.03%
Water Vapor (Varies with temperature. Etc) 1.2%

4.2 ATMOSPHERE
AIRFOILS

6.1 AIRFOILS

- The word airfoil may be used interchangeably with the word wing, The word wing be
used referring to the actual wing of an airplane, Airfoil to describe the contour or shape
of the vertical cross section of a wing.

6.2 AREA

- The area of a wing is the area of the projection of the actual outline on the plane of the chord.
Symbol for area is S.

6.3 SPAN

- Span is the distance from wing tip to wing tip, inclusive of the ailerons. Symbol is b.

6.4 CHORD

6.5 MEAN AERODYNAMIC CHORD

- The Mean aerodynamic chord (M.A.C) of a wing is the chord of an imaginary wing.

6.6 MEAN GEOMETRIC CHORD


- For rectangular monoplane wing, the mean gemometric chord is identical with the chord
of the wing section.

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