(A Book Of ah ae OTN RE MOR Y RY a) laa a edQO Introduction To Computers : Networking, as Operating System t) After completing this chapter, you will be able to : definecomputernetwork — ¢ createcomputernetwork + _list the benefits ofanetwork list hardware requirements to establish a computer network * + differentiate between various types ofnetworksandtheirnature + define network topology + listadvantages and disadvantages of various topologies define protocol + understand about wireless communication + define operating system andits functions + I Use Cordova Smart Class Software on the smart board in class to learm about networking and operating system. fj £ INTRODUCTION Networking refers to the inter-connection of various devices to share their resources. A network is a group of devices connected with one another and allows exchange of data with each other. Cable networks, television networks and telephone networks are examples of networks. Le satellite cable Telephone/Cable aoe Network Converter ISP Head Office Different types of networks Computer network Computers| "4£2) COMPUTER NETWORK A computer network is a collection of computers and peripheral devices (collec, known as network components) connected by communication links. ey In order to establish a computer network, we need atleast two or more than computers and some other devices. These devices are inter-connected Using a communication medium such as a wire. ae mm 3 ‘Modem, \ J ee Router/Firewall desktop desktop laptop The communication media or links allow the network components to work together. The network components may be located at remote locations or within the same building £2). CREATING A COMPUTER NETWORK Anetwork can be of any size. For example, a small network can be created by connecting two computers for sharing files. A printer is usually attached to the file server. This printer is often referred to as a network printer. ‘Afile server is a computer that distributes or “serves” application programs and data files to the workstation. workstation De oor workstation | Your computer is a workstation on the network. It is connected to the other Computers and devices by a communication channel, such as a cable. bs Anetwork can connect millions of computers to exchange information all over the worl The Internet is the world's largest computer network. 6 [ Computers.————— When you connect your computer to a network using a cable or other communication media, you become a network user and the computer becomes a workstation on the network. Your workstation has all its usual resources, called local resources, such as a local hard drive and a local printer. Your workstation can also access files stored on a file server and make use of other network resources. Remember Afile server is a computer connected to the network, which serves or distributes files to the network users. Network resources include disk storage space, printer and other peripheral devices available. Practical In Computer Lab 1. Visitthe computer lab in your school and closely examine the computer network there. 2. Prepare a list of the number of computers and other peripheral devices connected to the network. & NETWORK BENEFITS Many companies and individuals have discovered that there are several benefits of connecting computers together. Network can benefit the users by increasing productivity, lowering the costs and much more. Ease Of Access The network stores most of the information on a central computer. Storing information on one or two central computers makes it easy for people to work with and manage their files. ‘Anetwork also allows people to access their information from other computers on the network. Work From Home The network has dedicated computers that allow people to connect to the company’s network using a modem. Once users are connected to the network, they can work with any data available on the network. Network makes it easy for people to access office information from home. Sharing Resources Computers connected to a network can share equipments and devices including printers and hard drives. These equipments and devices are called resources. The ability to share resources reduces the cost of buying computer hardware. For example, instead of buying a printer for each person on a network, everyone on the network can share one central printer. Computers-8™ Sharing Information . | You can use a network to exchange information with other people. Information can | | such as documents created in a word processing Progtan | or by the school database. in any form of data, information provided Increase Productivity / nnected to a network, people can exchange information \ Using the computers co) © " wig! one other When employees can easily access and exchange information, they a work more efficiently. For example, network allows people in different offices to a ona project together. This also reduces the need for hard copies of all the documents Sharing Programs Most of the people who are connecte: with different programs such as wor installing programs simple because on! ona central computer. Administration Networking makes it easy to monitor and control the entire company's computers, Many companies have a person called the Network Administrator, who oversees ll administration for the network. | Security | Before accessing information on a network, users must enter a username and password. This ensures that only authorised people can use the information stored on the network. Username and password allows the network administrator to keep track of everyone who uses the computers on a network. Networks have built-in security programs. These security programs monitor and report any abnormal activity on a computer network to the network administrator Networks can be set up to refuse access to anyone who enters an incorrect password | This discourages the unauthorised users from trying to access the information 0" | network. d to a network, use a central computer to ved d processors and spreadsheets. Network makes ly one copy of a program needs to be installed Multiple Choice Questions Tick (7) the correct option. 1. The world’s largest computer network i (a Server (J ©) internet (71 (@) Both (a)and() a computer on the network. (J (b) modem (} (@) workstation42) NETWORK HARDWARE Network hardware includes the physical components that work together to create a network. All computer networks require at least the following hardware : Computer The most important job of a.network is to link computers together. When computers are linked, the people using the computers can work more efficiently. Computers connected to a network need not to be of the same type. Many networks contain different types of computers, such as IBM-Compatible and Macintosh. - computer Do You Know Special software are required to make different computers compatible with each other. Cables Cables are the wires that connect computers and resources on a network. Different kinds of cables can be used, depending on the type and size of the network, The type of a cable used often . determines the speed of the network, i. how quickly the 6 information travels through the network to reach its destination. For cables some networks, several miles of cables may be required. Connectors ‘A connector is a device that joins two computers or networks eerie R together. Network Interface Card A Network Interface Card (NIC) is a device that joins a cable to a computer. Most Network Interface Cards are installed inside a computer. The edge of the card can be seen at the back of the computer. A NIC has a port where the network cable plugs in. Network Interface Card Dre TTL CL ~ Now-a-days most of the computers are designed with pre-installed Network Interface Card. Most of the laptops come with the Wireless Network cards in-built. Computers-8] 9 @ 2; . TYPES OF NETWORKS ee / / 8 are various types of computer networks. Generally, the following ne | networks are used: Personal Area Network (PAN) i ut a Network is a comp " ; ae viet among various electronic devices | for communication z me | such as personal computers and mobile phon: i. : close proximity. The area of a PAN is typically afew [ = meters. PANs can be used for communication at _ Ey the devices or for connecting to the Internet. pees : may use wireless connection as well. Local Area Network (LAN) i A Local Area Network is the most common type of iy network. A LAN connects computers and devices located md close to one another, such as in one building. Usually, this type of network does not consist of more than 100 computers. For example, computers connected in an office. er network used computer computer Campus Area Network (CAN) Local Area Network A Campus Area Network is a computer network made of an inter-connection of two ; ly or more Local Area Networks (LANs) li computer within a limited area. This type of network router is larger than a Local Area Network but = smaller than Wide Area Network (WAN). omer So compte Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) ee - : LAN bi A Metropolitan Area Network is also a cre ee collection of Local Area Networks. Metropolitan Area Network connects computers located in the same area such as a cit branches of a lo. geographical ity or a town. For example, cal bank in a city, ‘ Do You Know Campus Area No i letwork can be consi specific to an academic setting, considered as one of the forms of Metropolitan Are? new 10 | Computers-g \ ans £ ; Metropolitan Area NetworkWide Area Network (WAN) A Wide Area Network connects LAN and MAN together. The networks that make up a Wide Area Network, may be located throughout a country or even around the world. For example, Internet and ATM facility. Wide Area Network When a single company owns and controls a Wide Area Network, it is often called as an enterprise network. NATURE OF COMPUTER NETWORK Permanent Network Most companies use a permanent network to transfer information. A permanent network uses cables to link computers together. The computers and cables on a permanent network stay connected and in place at all times. Temporary Network A temporary network is a network connection that is established for a brief period of time and then disconnected. The most common type of temporary network occurs when an employee connects a computer at home to a computer at the workplace using amodem. Multiple Choice Questions Tick(V) the correct option. 1, NiCstands for...... scoveeterosren , (a) Network Interface Card Ab) Networkinternet Connectio{ — } (c) Network inter-related Computer CJ The wires that connect computers and resources on the network aFe .........sseccseessesssessseeseesseeseee © (a) connectors (| (b) cables { 4c) none ofthese OO “ _.. spreads throughout the country or even around the world {a) LAN (_ (b) MAN (_|(@) wan 7 £3, NETWORK TOPOLOGY The art of connecting different computers in a network is known as topology. The term network topology refers to the way in which the nodes (computer or other devices that need to communicate) of a network are linked together. It determines the data paths, which may be used between any pair of nodes in the network. There are three basic topologies @ star topology @ ring topology @ bustopology — @ mesh topology ® Computers-8] 11Star Topology P Ina star topology, all the nodes are connecte eee system called Switch, which forwards data to’ real final destination. The Switch controls the communi on the network. to acentral PU % The system crucially depends on the cea Switch. Ifit fails, the entire network goes doyn 4 It has minimal line cost. 4 If any of the local computer fails, the remaining portion of the network remains unaffected. Ring Topology Ina ring topology, the nodes are connected in a closed loop so that each device is connected to two other devices, one on either side. The computers in a ring topology are connected in the shape of a closed ring. Data travels only in one direction in a ring. Each computer passes the data to the next one on the line automatically. ee oe ‘* It works well where there is no central-site | ¢ It requires more complicated control software computer system. ‘Failure of one node results in the failure of % Itis more reliable than star topology. entire network. Bus Topology Ina bus topology, all the nodes are connected to a central cable called bus. In bus topology, a bus single continuous cable. Tran: node travels the length of directions and can be receives nodes in the network. The bus. either ends which absorbs from the bus. iS a smission from any the bus in both d by all the other has terminators at the signal, removing it 12 | Computers-sCac olibss Sep caMcrc nek 32 DET IEMc aa CnC trae 4 Itis quite easy to set up. + It offers limited flexibility for change. % Failure of one node does not affect the rest of | A signal on the bus must be strong enough to the network. reach the receiver. Mesh Topology Ina mesh topology, all the nodes are interconnected with one another which allows each nodes to have a direct connection with all other nodes in the network. eee % Failure of one node does not affect the rest of network It is the most expensive network as there are many redundant connections. nodes. ‘ Changes in the network can be done easily without interrupting other nodes ‘ Anode is a computer or any other device on a network that communicates with other devices. ‘ The way in which the nodes of a network are linked together is called topology. Hubs are also used instead of Switches to connect the computers, but Switches are preferred more because of their better efficiency. £4 pRotocoL A network protocol defines rules for communication between network devices. Internet Protocol (IP) It is a protocol which is used to send data from one computer to another on the Internet. Each computer on the Internet has atleast one IP address that uniquely identifies it from all other computers on the Internet. When you send or receive data, the message gets divided in the form of packets. These packets contain both the sender's and the receiver's IP address. The Internet Protocol just delivers them. Computers-8] 13 © 2Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) , aon It is the protocol that puts the packets back in the nig it order. Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) y Y 4 aon . F It is a set of rules for transferring files (text, graphic images, sound, videos ang ot 3 multimedia files) on the World Wide Web. As soon as a user opens the web browse f the user is indirectly making use of the HTTP. Y HTTP is an application protocol that runs on top of the TCP/IP protocols. f c F DES LGC] ) n Control Protocol and Internet Protocol are together known as TCP/IP. I A) WIRELESS COMMUNICATION Wireless means there is no physical path for the signals(data) to move. Witeles communication is one ofthe biggest contributions to humankind. It involves sending and receiving information over a distance without using wires or cables. Let us lean about the most popular wireless communication technologies. Bluetooth Bluetooth is a short range wireless technology used for ; communication between devices. It was developed to exchange data between devices within a short range of about 10m of one another. It works even if there is a wall in between. For example, a Bluetooth enabled phone will detect phones nearby } and provide you a list of usernames. You can then send a | message, photograph or movie to any username. WiFi Wi Fi (Wireless Fidelity) is a popular technology that allows an electronic device to exchange data wirelessly over a iE» computer network. A WiFi enabled device can connect to a oes network resource such as the Internet via a wireless network Wy) j Fi | access point, Such an access point called hotspot can extend from an area as small as a few room to as large as many Careers In ICT @) A Computer Network Architect designs computer networl communication systems How to become — Bachelor's degree in computer science. Skills - Time management, active listening, ks, including LAN, WAN and other date information system or related field active learning, strong problem solving skills \ 14 | Computers 8A OPERATING SYSTEM An operating system is a system software that acts as an interface between the user and the hardware. It is required to start and shut down the computer. It controls the various components of the computer system and also helps in sharing the resources. An operating system occupies the prime position between the hardware and the user. The user interacts with the system through an operating system. Functions Of An Operating System An operating system provides a variety of services to your computer and its users. Some of the major functions of an operating system are : 1. Program Execution : It receives the commands from any application or system program, interprets it and then executes it. nv . Device Management : Allocation and de-allocation of all input and output devices are done by the operating system. It controls the working of all the devices connected to your computer. 3. File Management : It helps you to organise all data in files/folders and allocates space for files on secondary storage devices as and when required. It keeps track of the location of every file on the disk. 4, Memory Management : Memory is a major part of the computer system and dictates the speed of the operations. The main memory is thus managed by the operating system ensuring the efficient functioning of your computer system. Types Of Operating System There are different types of operating systems. They can be classified according to their functionality or the way they interact with the user. Let us learn about the types of operating systems based on user interaction. 1. Character User Interface (CUD) : This type of operating system requires the users to interact with the system by typing commands. Unix and DOS are the CUI based operating systems. 2. Graphical User Interface (GUI) : This is popularly known as GUI where the look of the operating system is graphic oriented. The user can use a mouse to interact with the system by just clicking. If you have a touchscreen computer, you can use touch gestures (like tap, press and hold, pinch, swipe, scroll or rotate) to interact with the system. Such operating systems are more popular than the CUI due to its ease of use. Windows and Linux are the most popular GUI based operating systems. Computers-8] 15 oe“ynich network topoloey is being yc.) ({ 8 Pee a css er lab of your scho Juding attache’ ol and notice 1. Visit the comput ,d systems and devices. there fornetworking. 2. Drawa diagram of the network inc to oneanothe : ‘and peripheral devices con MeCtey ices connecte puters a collection of com tion programs and data files to the workg. ato, ‘Anetworkisa group of devi ‘A computer network Is communication links. _ i commmarerisacomputer that dstributes APP 2 stwork. Your computerisa workstation on thene 7 ; workbyincreasing productivity, lowering the costs and much work is known as topology. More ‘Anetwork can improve your Theart of connecting different computers inanet Anetwork protocol defines rules for communication between network devices, ivinginformation over a distance without, | ig Wireless communication involves sending and rece ot > ie ‘2 * > > 4 wires or cables. +} Operating system actsasan interface between the user andthe hardware. to do these exercises, I Use Cordova Smart Class Software on the smart board in class Picture Quiz 1. Identify the toy i yy the topology in which all thenodes are connected toa central s system, one OTe ae co a oa 2. Identify the topology i pology in which alll the nodes are connected in the sh e shape of a closed loop? (a) ‘ ara Tw ars om OD viuriptechoice Questions ea Se fy Tick (7) the correct option, aim, siceanaatomasitel Ds 1. Inter- er-connection of various di ; (@) chatting levicesis called .. - Peripheral devi (b) n : | Vi oo etworki; (o) roe eesconnected tothe —— “king Me Internet 3 - are ode of the following is the m: (©) workstations a, ie. | ) Startopology Most expensive network LJ (©) resources —__} (b+) Mesh — tk topology? A 0} rc oi [7] (© Bustopology 0 e [Compute 8 2ill in the blanks . Anetwork canbe of any. 2. Yourcomputerisa... BL Ar ME Snob A208 4. 5. on the network. hasa port where the network cable plugsin. ‘sa collection of Local Area Network withina city. A. topology has minimal line cost. Write full forms of the following 1. LAN 2. WAN 4. PAN 6. TCP/IP 8. WiFi 1. Whatis anode? 3- 13~ Remember 2. Whats a topology? 3 - Remember 3. Describe a network in your own words. €- 16- Key Paints- 4. Differentiate between LAN and WAN. €%. 18" 5. Write a short note on the hardware parts required to establish a network. f+ 4 6 7. Ve . Write atleast three benefits of using anetwork. %- 7,3, Write the advantages and disadvantages of the following : 5: t*/!7 (a) ring topology _—_(b) star topology (c) bus topology (d) mesh topology 8, Explain the major functions of operating system. fa: 15+ hee What do you mean by wireless communication? Explain any one popular wireless technology. OD corre In Everyday Life (Application-based Questions) 1. The principal of Vidya Mandir wants to connect all the computers and devices within the school building. Which network should he/she use to do the same? 2. Navleena is interested in transferring few songs from her mobile phone to her father's mobile phone. Suggest the simplest wireless option she may opt for doing the same. GON Zone + Provect Collect the information about Hubs and Switches using Internet. Prepare a chart to describe the difference between them: For more links and activities, go to www.cordovajoyfullearnin| om/references/computer: \SPX For Live Test Papers login to our portal www.cordovajoyfullearning.com } Computers-8] 17 f