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Research Misconduct and Violations

Research misconduct, defined as Fabrication, Falsification, or Plagiarism (FFP), undermines scientific integrity and is distinct from honest errors. Ethical violations in research design and practices such as redundant publications and selective reporting further compromise the credibility of research. Institutional guidelines aim to uphold transparency and accountability, emphasizing the importance of ethical conduct to maintain public trust in science.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
5 views2 pages

Research Misconduct and Violations

Research misconduct, defined as Fabrication, Falsification, or Plagiarism (FFP), undermines scientific integrity and is distinct from honest errors. Ethical violations in research design and practices such as redundant publications and selective reporting further compromise the credibility of research. Institutional guidelines aim to uphold transparency and accountability, emphasizing the importance of ethical conduct to maintain public trust in science.
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Research Misconduct and Violations

Introduction
Research integrity is fundamental to credible science. Research misconduct is
widely defined as intentional Fabrication, Falsification, or Plagiarism (FFP) in
proposing, performing, or reporting research. Under U.S. federal policy, this
definition explicitly excludes honest error or differences of opinion. Fabrication is
“making up data or results and recording or reporting them”, while falsification
involves “manipulating research materials, equipment, or processes, or changing or
omitting data” so that the record is inaccurate. Plagiarism is “the appropriation of
another person’s ideas, processes, results, or words without giving appropriate
credit”. These three “cardinal sins” compromise the scientific record.

Ethical Violations in Research Design


Beyond FFP, many research ethics rules govern study design and conduct.
Historically, gross abuses such as the Tuskegee syphilis study and Nazi medical
experiments prompted the Nuremberg Code and, later, the U.S. Belmont Report.
These codes enshrine principles of respect for persons, beneficence, and justice.
Violating these principles is a serious breach of research ethics. Conflicts of interest,
non-consensual experiments, or skipping IRB review are examples of unethical
practices.

Redundant, Duplicate, and Salami Publications


Researchers are expected to submit original work. Duplicate publication occurs
when authors publish the same data in more than one journal. Overlapping
publication involves reusing parts of data or text without clear citation. Salami
slicing refers to dividing one study into multiple smaller papers. These practices
mislead readers, inflate publication counts, and distort the literature.

Selective Reporting and Data Misrepresentation


Selective reporting refers to cherry-picking favorable results or analyses while
omitting unfavorable ones. Practices like p-hacking or HARKing are included here.
Misrepresentation also includes misleading figures or overstating conclusions. Such
behaviors undermine reproducibility and integrity.

Case Studies of Misconduct and Their Impact


Historical cases like the 1998 Lancet paper linking MMR vaccine to autism, Woo Suk
Hwang's fabricated stem cell research, and Diederik Stapel’s fabricated psychology
experiments illustrate the consequences. These cases led to retractions, ruined
reputations, and widespread public mistrust.

Consequences of Misconduct
Consequences include retraction of papers, institutional sanctions, funding bans,
and legal actions. Misconduct harms the credibility of science and can have real-
world health and safety impacts.

Institutional Guidelines and Standards


Authorities like NIH, ORI, COPE, and UGC have formalized standards to detect and
deter misconduct. These guidelines emphasize transparency, originality, and
accountability. Adhering to these norms is essential to maintaining trust in research.

Conclusion
Research misconduct encompasses FFP and a broader spectrum of ethical
violations. Upholding research ethics is vital to maintain the reliability of the
scientific record and public trust in science.

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