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First Edition, 2011

ISBN 978-93-81157-23-7

© All rights reserved.

Published by:
The English Press
4735/22 Prakashdeep Bldg,
Ansari Road, Darya Ganj,
Delhi - 110002
Email: info@wtbooks.com
 Table of Contents
Chapter 1- Introduction to Microwaves

Chapter 2 - Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation

Chapter 3 - Microwave Transmission

Chapter 4 - Microwave Frequency Bands

Chapter 5 - Other Microwave Frequency Bands

Chapter 6 - Waveguide

Chapter 7 - Klystron

Chapter 8 - Microstrip

Chapter 9 - Waveguide Flange

Chapter 10 - Cavity Magnetron

Chapter 11 - Diverse Microwave Technologies
Chapter- 1

Introduction to Microwaves
A microwave telecommunications tower on Wrights Hill in Wellington, New Zealand

Microwaves are electromagnetic waves with wavelengths ranging from as long as one
meter to as short as one millimeter, or equivalently, with frequencies between 300 MHz
(0.3 GHz) and 300 GHz. This broad definition includes both UHF and EHF (millimeter
waves), and various sources use different boundaries. In all cases, microwave includes
the entire SHF band (3 to 30 GHz, or 10 to 1 cm) at minimum, with RF engineering often
putting the lower boundary at 1 GHz (30 cm), and the upper around 100 GHz (3mm).

Apparatus and techniques may be described qualitatively as "microwave" when the

wavelengths of signals are roughly the same as the dimensions of the equipment, so that
lumped-element circuit theory is inaccurate. As a consequence, practical microwave
technique tends to move away from the discrete resistors, capacitors, and inductors used
with lower frequency radio waves. Instead, distributed circuit elements and transmission-
line theory are more useful methods for design and analysis. Open-wire and coaxial
transmission lines give way to waveguides and stripline, and lumped-element tuned
circuits are replaced by cavity resonators or resonant lines. Effects of reflection,
polarization, scattering, diffraction and atmospheric absorption usually associated with
visible light are of practical significance in the study of microwave propagation. The
same equations of electromagnetic theory apply at all frequencies.

While the name may suggest a micrometer wavelength, it is better understood as

indicating wavelengths much shorter than those used in radio broadcasting. The
boundaries between far infrared light, terahertz radiation, microwaves, and ultra-high-
frequency radio waves are fairly arbitrary and are used variously between different fields
of study.
Stripline techniques become increasingly necessary at higher frequencies

Electromagnetic waves longer (lower frequency) than microwaves are called "radio
waves". Electromagnetic radiation with shorter wavelengths may be called "millimeter
waves", terahertz radiation or even T-rays. Definitions differ for millimeter wave band,
which the IEEE defines as 110 GHz to 300 GHz.

Above 300 GHz, the absorption of electromagnetic radiation by Earth's atmosphere is so

great that it is effectively opaque, until the atmosphere becomes transparent again in the
so-called infrared and optical window frequency ranges.

Microwave sources
Vacuum tube devices operate on the ballistic motion of electrons in a vacuum under the
influence of controlling electric or magnetic fields, and include the magnetron, klystron,
traveling-wave tube (TWT), and gyrotron. These devices work in the density modulated
mode, rather than the current modulated mode. This means that they work on the basis of
clumps of electrons flying ballistically through them, rather than using a continuous
stream.

Cutaway view inside a cavity magnetron as used in a microwave oven

Low power microwave sources use solid-state devices such as the field-effect transistor
(at least at lower frequencies), tunnel diodes, Gunn diodes, and IMPATT diodes.

A maser is a device similar to a laser, which amplifies light energy by stimulating the
emitted radiation. The maser, rather than amplifying light energy, amplifies the lower
frequency, longer wavelength microwaves.

The sun also emits microwave radiation, and most of it is blocked by Earth's atmosphere.

The Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation (CMBR) is a source of microwaves that

supports the science of cosmology's Big Bang theory of the origin of the Universe.

Uses
Communication
Before the advent of fiber-optic transmission, most long distance telephone calls were
carried via networks of microwave radio relay links run by carriers such as AT&T Long
Lines. Starting in the early 1950s, frequency division multiplex was used to send up to
5,400 telephone channels on each microwave radio channel, with as many as ten radio
channels combined into one antenna for the hop to the next site, up to 70 km away.

Wireless LAN protocols, such as Bluetooth and the IEEE 802.11 specifications, also use
microwaves in the 2.4 GHz ISM band, although 802.11a uses ISM band and U-NII
frequencies in the 5 GHz range. Licensed long-range (up to about 25 km) Wireless
Internet Access services have been used for almost a decade in many countries in the 3.5–
4.0 GHz range. The FCC recently carved out spectrum for carriers that wish to offer
services in this range in the U.S. — with emphasis on 3.65 GHz. Dozens of service
providers across the country are securing or have already received licenses from the FCC
to operate in this band. The WIMAX service offerings that can be carried on the
3.65 GHz band will give business customers another option for connectivity.

Metropolitan area networks: MAN protocols, such as WiMAX (Worldwide

Interoperability for Microwave Access) based in the IEEE 802.16 specification. The
IEEE 802.16 specification was designed to operate between 2 to 11 GHz. The
commercial implementations are in the 2.3 GHz, 2.5 GHz, 3.5 GHz and 5.8 GHz ranges.

Wide Area Mobile Broadband Wireless Access: MBWA protocols based on standards
specifications such as IEEE 802.20 or ATIS/ANSI HC-SDMA (e.g. iBurst) are designed
to operate between 1.6 and 2.3 GHz to give mobility and in-building penetration
characteristics similar to mobile phones but with vastly greater spectral efficiency.

Some mobile phone networks, like GSM, use the low-microwave/high-UHF frequencies
around 1.8 and 1.9 GHz in the Americas and elsewhere, respectively. DVB-SH and S-
DMB use 1.452 to 1.492 GHz, while proprietary/incompatible satellite radio in the U.S.
uses around 2.3 GHz for DARS.

Microwave radio is used in broadcasting and telecommunication transmissions because,

due to their short wavelength, highly directional antennas are smaller and therefore more
practical than they would be at longer wavelengths (lower frequencies). There is also
more bandwidth in the microwave spectrum than in the rest of the radio spectrum; the
usable bandwidth below 300 MHz is less than 300 MHz while many GHz can be used
above 300 MHz. Typically, microwaves are used in television news to transmit a signal
from a remote location to a television station from a specially equipped van.

Most satellite communications systems operate in the C, X, Ka, or Ku bands of the

microwave spectrum. These frequencies allow large bandwidth while avoiding the
crowded UHF frequencies and staying below the atmospheric absorption of EHF
frequencies. Satellite TV either operates in the C band for the traditional large dish fixed
satellite service or Ku band for direct-broadcast satellite. Military communications run
primarily over X or Ku-band links, with Ka band being used for Milstar.
Radar

Radar uses microwave radiation to detect the range, speed, and other characteristics of
remote objects. Development of radar was accelerated during World War II due to its
great military utility. Now radar is widely used for applications such as air traffic control,
weather forecasting, navigation of ships, and speed limit enforcement.

A Gunn diode oscillator and waveguide are used as a motion detector for automatic door
openers.

Radio astronomy

Most radio astronomy uses microwaves. Usually the naturally-occurring microwave

radiation is observed, but active radar experiments have also been done with objects in
the solar system, such as determining the distance to the Moon or mapping the invisible
surface of Venus through cloud cover.

Galactic background radiation of the Big Bang mapped with increasing resolution

Navigation
Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) including the Chinese Beidou, the
American Global Positioning System (GPS) and the Russian GLONASS broadcast
navigational signals in various bands between about 1.2 GHz and 1.6 GHz.

Power

A microwave oven passes (non-ionizing) microwave radiation (at a frequency near

2.45 GHz) through food, causing dielectric heating by absorption of energy in the water,
fats and sugar contained in the food. Microwave ovens became common kitchen
appliances in Western countries in the late 1970s, following development of inexpensive
cavity magnetrons. Water in the liquid state possesses many molecular interactions which
broaden the absorption peak. In the vapor phase, isolated water molecules absorb at
around 22 GHz, almost ten times the frequency of the microwave oven.

Microwave heating is used in industrial processes for drying and curing products.

Many semiconductor processing techniques use microwaves to generate plasma for such
purposes as reactive ion etching and plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition
(PECVD).

Microwave frequencies typically ranging from 110 – 140 GHz are used in stellarators and
more notably in tokamak experimental fusion reactors to help heat the fuel into a plasma
state. The upcoming ITER Thermonuclear Reactor is expected to range from 110–
170 GHz and will employ Electron Cyclotron Resonance Heating (ECRH).

Microwaves can be used to transmit power over long distances, and post-World War II
research was done to examine possibilities. NASA worked in the 1970s and early 1980s
to research the possibilities of using Solar power satellite (SPS) systems with large solar
arrays that would beam power down to the Earth's surface via microwaves.

Less-than-lethal weaponry exists that uses millimeter waves to heat a thin layer of human
skin to an intolerable temperature so as to make the targeted person move away. A two-
second burst of the 95 GHz focused beam heats the skin to a temperature of 130 °F (54
°C) at a depth of 1/64th of an inch (0.4 mm). The United States Air Force and Marines
are currently using this type of Active Denial System.

Spectroscopy

Microwave radiation is used in electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR or ESR)

spectroscopy, typically in the X-band region (~9 GHz) in conjunction typically with
magnetic fields of 0.3 T. This technique provides information on unpaired electrons in
chemical systems, such as free radicals or transition metal ions such as Cu(II). The
microwave radiation can also be combined with electrochemistry, microwave enhanced
electrochemistry.

Microwave frequency bands

The microwave spectrum is usually defined as electromagnetic energy ranging from
approximately 1 GHz to 100 GHz in frequency, but older usage includes lower
frequencies. Most common applications are within the 1 to 40 GHz range. Microwave
frequency bands, as defined by the Radio Society of Great Britain (RSGB), are shown in
the table below:

ITU Radio Band Numbers

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
ITU Radio Band Symbols
ELF SLF ULF VLF LF MF HF VHF UHF SHF EHF
NATO Radio bands
ABCDEFGHIJKLM
IEEE Radar bands
HF VHF UHF L S C X Ku K Ka Q V W

Microwave frequency bands

Letter Designation Frequency range
L band 1 to 2 GHz
S band 2 to 4 GHz
C band 4 to 8 GHz
X band 8 to 12 GHz
Ku band 12 to 18 GHz
K band 18 to 26.5 GHz
Ka band 26.5 to 40 GHz
Q band 33 to 50 GHz
U band 40 to 60 GHz
V band 50 to 75 GHz
E band 60 to 90 GHz
W band 75 to 110 GHz
F band 90 to 140 GHz
D band 110 to 170 GHz

Footnote: P band is sometimes incorrectly used for Ku Band. "P" for "previous" was a
radar band used in the UK ranging from 250 to 500 MHz and now obsolete per IEEE Std
521.

Microwave frequency measurement

Microwave frequency can be measured by either electronic or mechanical techniques.
Frequency counters or high frequency heterodyne systems can be used. Here the
unknown frequency is compared with harmonics of a known lower frequency by use of a
low frequency generator, a harmonic generator and a mixer. Accuracy of the
measurement is limited by the accuracy and stability of the reference source.

Mechanical methods require a tunable resonator such as an absorption wavemeter, which

has a known relation between a physical dimension and frequency.

Wavemeter for measuring in the Ku band

In a laboratory setting, Lecher lines can be used to directly measure the wavelength on a
transmission line made of parallel wires, the frequency can then be calculated. A similar
technique is to use a slotted waveguide or slotted coaxial line to directly measure the
wavelength. These devices consist of a probe introduced into the line through a
longitudinal slot, so that the probe is free to travel up and down the line. Slotted lines are
primarily intended for measurement of the voltage standing wave ratio on the line.
However, provided a standing wave is present, they may also be used to measure the
distance between the nodes, which is equal to half the wavelength. Precision of this
method is limited by the determination of the nodal locations.

Health effects
Microwaves do not contain sufficient energy to chemically change substances by
ionization, and so are an example of nonionizing radiation. The word "radiation" refers to
the fact that energy can radiate. The term in this context is not to be confused with
radioactivity. It has not been shown conclusively that microwaves (or other nonionizing
electromagnetic radiation) have significant adverse biological effects at low levels. Some
but not all studies suggest that long-term exposure may have a carcinogenic effect. This
is separate from the risks associated with very high intensity exposure, which can cause
heating and burns like any heat source, and not a unique property of microwaves
specifically.

During World War II, it was observed that individuals in the radiation path of radar
installations experienced clicks and buzzing sounds in response to microwave radiation.
This microwave auditory effect was thought to be caused by the microwaves inducing an
electric current in the hearing centers of the brain. Research by NASA in the 1970s has
shown this to be caused by thermal expansion in parts of the inner ear.

When injury from exposure to microwaves occurs, it usually results from dielectric
heating induced in the body. Exposure to microwave radiation can produce cataracts by
this mechanism, because the microwave heating denatures proteins in the crystalline lens
of the eye (in the same way that heat turns egg whites white and opaque) faster than the
lens can be cooled by surrounding structures. The lens and cornea of the eye are
especially vulnerable because they contain no blood vessels that can carry away heat.
Exposure to heavy doses of microwave radiation (as from an oven that has been tampered
with to allow operation even with the door open) can produce heat damage in other
tissues as well, up to and including serious burns which may not be immediately evident
because of the tendency for microwaves to heat deeper tissues with higher moisture
content.

History and research

The existence of electromagnetic waves was predicted by James Clerk Maxwell in 1864
from his equations. In 1888, Heinrich Hertz was the first to demonstrate the existence of
electromagnetic waves by building an apparatus that produced and detected microwaves
in the UHF region. The design necessarily used horse-and-buggy materials, including a
horse trough, a wrought iron point spark, Leyden jars, and a length of zinc gutter whose
parabolic cross-section worked as a reflection antenna. In 1894 J. C. Bose publicly
demonstrated radio control of a bell using millimeter wavelengths, and conducted
research into the propagation of microwaves.

Perhaps the first, documented, formal use of the term microwave occurred in 1931:

"When trials with wavelengths as low as 18 cm were made known, there was
undisguised surprise that the problem of the micro-wave had been solved so
soon." Telegraph & Telephone Journal XVII. 179/1

In 1943: the Hungarian engineer Zoltán Bay sent ultra-short radio waves to the moon,
which, reflected from there worked as a radar, and could be used to measure distance, as
well as to study the moon.

Perhaps the first use of the word microwave in an astronomical context occurred in 1946
in an article "Microwave Radiation from the Sun and Moon" by Robert Dicke and Robert
Beringer. This same article also made a showing in the New York Times issued in 1951.

In the history of electromagnetic theory, significant work specifically in the area of

microwaves and their applications was carried out by researchers including:

Specific work on microwaves

Work carried out by Area of work
Barkhausen and Kurz Positive grid oscillators
Hull Smooth bore magnetron
Varian Brothers Velocity modulated electron beam → klystron tube
Randall and Boot Cavity magnetron
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
While the boat's crew had been waiting in the cold, strange things
had been happening at Gumley's cottage.
Gumley's method of guarding De Fronsac was to make a
temporary kennel for the dog outside the window of the front room
in which the prisoner was lodged, and a shakedown for himself by
the door. He felt that he could not properly intrude upon De Fronsac,
who was a person of quality. But he looked in at intervals to see that
he was safe, on these occasions calling Comely into the room, to
guard against any attempted surprise.
De Fronsac had recovered the use of his tongue after he
reached the cottage.
"I protest, I say it is a scandal, an infamy, to shut me up as if I
vere a t'ief. Vat right have you? Tell me dat—you—you—"
"Gumley, my name, sir. I've got my orders—in the king's name."
"Vell, I vill complain to de squire; I vill make to punish you—you
—Gomley!"
"Orders is orders, sir. I can't say no more."
Gumley himself was somewhat anxious about his charge, for,
not expecting such a drain on his larder, he had only his usual
provisions for the week, and did not feel at liberty to leave the
cottage and procure more. Thursday passed, Friday, Saturday, and
still he had heard nothing from Jack. When Sunday came, there was
only a half loaf of bread and a rind of cheese left, and these had to
be shared among the two men and the dog.
On the second day De Fronsac began to beguile the tedium of
confinement by writing poetry. When Gumley looked in at him on
one of his periodical visits the Frenchman said:
 "You have not a bad heart. You obey orders of—of—of a
monstair. Vell, I read you vat I have now written about anoder
Monstair—de great villain Monstair vat call himself Emperor of de
French! Listen! You vill like it.

"'De sky vas blue, de sea vas green,

All beautiful for to be seen.
Vy den am I not gay and glad?
Alas! de Monstair make me sad.'

"Dat is good beginning, hein?"

"Reyther on the miserable side, don't 'ee think, sir? For myself, I
like a rum-tum-tiddlum rollicum-rorum sort o' thing."
"Ver' vell, I write you someting of dat kind."
Gumley heard nothing more of this generous offer until Monday
evening. Then, when he went into De Fronsac's room to explain with
apologies that he had no more food, the Frenchman said:
"No matter not at all. Vizout doubt some vun vill come to-
morrow. Be so good as give me a candle. I vish to write de poesy I
speak of."
Gumley saw no reason for not humoring so harmless a hobby,
and brought the lighted candle. But a couple of hours later he was
awakened from his sleep at the locked door by a smell of burning.
He soon satisfied himself that it came from the prisoner's room, and
opened the door.
"Ha! I see you!" said De Fronsac. "I am almost burnt alive. I am
writing my poesy ven—voilà! de candle overfalls and burns a hole in
de table-carpet. See it! I put out de fire, easy; but it make much
smoke. I fear it vake you; pardon, my good Gomley."
"Granted, sir, ready. If I was you I'd go to sleep now and do
your writing stuff in the morning."
"So I vill," was the response. "Pardon! I vill not vake you again."
Gumley returned to his shakedown and was soon fast asleep.
Nearly two hours later he was wakened by a growl from the dog
outside. He got up, opened the outer door, and found Comely trying
to get up to the shuttered window of De Fronsac's room.
"Don't like his poetry any more than me, don't 'ee? Come in.
We'll tell him 'tis time he was abed."
He closed the door when the dog had entered, and together
they went into the prisoner's room. There was still a good deal of
smoke in it—but no Frenchman.
"Ahoy!" cried Gumley.
But the dog made a dash back to the front door, and, when
Gumley followed and opened it, rushed growling down the garden,
where he was brought up by the high fence. Seizing his cutlass,
Gumley stumped as fast as he could to the gate.
"Chok' it all!" he muttered. "This is what comes o' losing a leg in
the king's name."
It took some little time to draw the bolts and unlock the gate,
and when the old sailor got out into the road the fugitive was out of
sight. But Gumley thought he heard a man running down the cliff
path to the village. Without hesitation he started in pursuit, whistling
Comely to his side. Never had that wooden leg moved so fast; but
with all his exertion his pace did not exceed that of a quick walk. He
was half-way down the path when he heard shots in the distance.
Hurrying still more, he came to the village just in time to see a group
of men rushing out at the other end, and caught the words "Sandy
Cove!"
"Fire and brimstone!" he muttered. "This is a desperate go,
Comely. Come on, my lad."
And he stumped on gamely through the deserted street.

Meanwhile there had been brisk doings at Sandy Cove. When Jack
judged that he was only a couple of cable-lengths from the lugger,
he cast off the long-boat with Babbage and his men. They, resting
on their oars, allowed it to drift slowly in while the cutter
disappeared into the darkness.
A few moments later Jack gave the word. The sail was run
down. A round shot from the lugger whistled across the Fury's bows.
Another few seconds; then, amid furious shouts, the cutter came
against the larboard quarter of the lugger with a bump that caused
the men on both craft to stagger. The Fury's bowsprit fouled the
lugger's shrouds and hooked fast. Instantly half a dozen grapnels
were out, and the two vessels were closely interlocked.
There was a deafening discharge of small arms from the deck of
the lugger, but as most of the Fury's men were lying down awaiting
the order to board, and the volley was fired at random in almost
total darkness, hardly any damage was done. But the master of the
lugger was clearly a man of action, for the echo of the shots had
scarcely come back from the cliffs when he gave a loud order in
French, and the smugglers swarmed over the bulwarks, intending to
jump on to the deck of the cutter a foot or two below.
"Fire!"
 The word rang out sharp and clear above the shouts of the
Frenchmen. Their dark forms stood out clearly against the starlight;
they were only a few feet from the muzzles of the Englishmen's
muskets; and when at Jack's command the volley flashed, the front
line of the smugglers disappeared as if struck by a thunderbolt.
With a loud cheer the English sailors, dropping their muskets,
seized cutlass and pistol and dashed through the smoke, each man
eager to be first on the enemy's deck. They needed no
encouragement; most of them had a score to pay off for their defeat
at the same spot in the previous autumn. While the Frenchmen were
still half stunned by the scorching fire and the loss of so many of
their comrades, Jack's men gained a footing on the deck.
But now the French skipper's voice could be heard rallying his
crew, and the boarders were met by a serried mass armed with
pistols and boarding pikes. And among the Frenchmen there was
now a sprinkling of Englishmen, for the smugglers on shore had
rushed over the gangway to their comrades thus hotly beset. Now a
furious hand-to-hand fight raged about the lugger's stern. Great was
the clamor as steel clashed on steel, pistols barked, hoarse voices
roared encouragement or defiance, wounded men groaned. Again
and again Jack and his men were flung back by sheer weight of
numbers against the lugger's bulwarks; again and again they rallied
and forced the enemy across the deck. No room here for fine
weapon-play; men cut and thrust at random, met, grappled, flung
away cutlass and pike to set to with nature's own weapons. Many a
Frenchman fell under the sledge-hammer blows of British sailors'
fists.
 Jack had no clear recollection afterward of the details of the
fight. At one moment he found himself leading a rush of his own
men, pressing the enemy back foot by foot until only a last
desperate effort seemed wanting to drive them overboard. Then
would come a check; a hoarse shout from the skipper, whom Jack by
and by distinguished in the mêlée—a huge fellow of reckless
courage; the tide turned, the smugglers rallied gamely, and Jack and
his men, stubbornly as they fought, were borne back and back,
losing inch by inch the ground they had so hardly gained.
It was at one of these desperate moments that Jack heard at
last the sound for which, throughout the struggle, he had been
anxiously waiting. From the forefront of the lugger came a sudden
rousing British cheer. There was a rush of feet in the rear of the
smugglers, and in a second, as it seemed to Jack, the deck in front
of him was clear. Ben Babbage had arrived. Carrying out orders
given him previously, he had brought the long-boat unseen to the
starboard side of the lugger, and, before the Frenchmen were aware
of his presence, he was on deck, with Turley, Mudge, Folkard, and
half a dozen other trusty shipmates.
Beset now in both front and rear, the Frenchmen lost heart.
Suddenly they made a rush for the gangway connecting the lugger
with the land, and swarmed helter-skelter across, not a few
stumbling over the edge and falling souse into the water.
"Huzzay! huzzay!" shouted the panting Englishmen, as they saw
the enemy in flight.
But they were answered by a loud and confident cheer from the
beach, and in the momentary silence that ensued they heard the
rapid tramp of a large body of men hurrying over the shingle.
Immediately afterward they saw the fugitives halt, and rush back,
largely reinforced, to the gangway, led by the indomitable captain.
On they came, tumbling into the water three or four of the
Englishmen who had started in pursuit and were making for the
shore.
The gangway, consisting of four stout planks laid side by side,
was wide, and gave foothold for a throng at once. Jack and Babbage
collected their men at the lugger's bulwarks to meet this new attack.
And the former, amazed at this sudden turning of the tables, was still
more amazed to see beside the French skipper the slighter form of
Monsieur de Fronsac. Even at the moment of recognition De
Fronsac's pistol flashed; the bullet glanced off Jack's cutlass within
an inch of his body, and embedded itself in the mast behind him.
The two forces came together with a shock. Babbage dropped
his cutlass and flung his powerful arms around the skipper. They
swayed for a moment, then fell together with a tremendous splash
into the water. De Fronsac had dropped his pistol, and made for Jack
with a cutlass. Jack parried his furious cut, and before he could
recover replied with a rapid and dexterous thrust that found the
Frenchman's forearm. With wonderful quickness De Fronsac shifted
his weapon from the right to the left hand, and, shouting
encouragement to the men beside and behind him, pressed forward
indomitably.
At the same moment there was a rush of feet from the bows of
the lugger. Her bowsprit came within easy reach of the rocky ledge,
and a number of the smugglers had sprung on to it, scrambled
along, and flung themselves on the flank of the defenders. Turley
and others at Jack's right turned to meet this new danger; but the
enemy had gained a firm foothold on the foredeck, and the fight
once more became general.
Jack, fighting grimly with Mudge and Folkard at the head of the
gangway, felt with a dreadful sinking at the heart that the tide of
battle was turning overwhelmingly against him. It seemed only too
likely that he must either take to the cutter and escape, or remain to
be killed or captured. But at this moment there was a sudden uproar
at the far end of the gangway; the cries he heard were unmistakably
cries of dismay. The throng of men pressing from the shore to the
lugger wavered; their rear was being attacked; the preventives must
be upon them! So sudden and unexpected was the onslaught that
they lost their heads; their confidence changed to panic, and as one
man they made off, springing into the shallow water to right and
left, and scurrying away into the darkness.
"Have at 'em, Comely! Have at 'em, my lad!"
The words rang clear above all the din; and ever and anon
came a short yelping bark—the unmistakable war-cry of a bulldog.
Jack felt a wonderful lightness of heart as the sounds came to him
out of the dark. Then the press in front of him melted as by magic,
and through the gap so quickly made stumped Gumley, wielding his
cutlass like a flail, and shouting with the regularity of a minute-gun:
"Have at 'em, Comely! Have at 'em, my lad!"
Two men remained on the gangway, refusing to be intimidated
by the tumult in their rear; nay more, adjuring the fugitives to stand
fast. One was Monsieur de Fronsac, the other Kit Lamiger, the chief
Luscombe smuggler, father of the lad whom Jack had fought.
The uproar, the flight, the appearance of Gumley and the dog,
all happened in such rapid succession and amid such a clamor that
to Jack the events seemed to take place in one crowded moment. As
the last of the panic-stricken smugglers jumped sidewise from the
gangway on to the rocks, De Fronsac, hearing Gumley's voice behind
him, took a rapid step forward in a last desperate endeavor to
dispose of Jack. But the middy marked his purpose. There was no
time for deliberation. The Frenchman, wielding his cutlass as well
with his left hand as with his right, made a fierce cut at Jack. The
next moment he threw up his arms without a sound and fell
backward across the gangway into the space between the lugger
and the rocks. Jack's blade had pierced him through.
Meanwhile Kit Lamiger had found himself seized below in the
vise-like grip of Comely's jaws. Struggling to free himself, he fell into
the arms of Gumley, who, with a cry of "In the king's name,
shipmate!" swung him round, threw him on to the shingle, and bade
the bulldog watch him.
The fight was over.
"Ahoy, Gumley! Come aboard!" shouted Jack.
Gumley stumped across the gangway, and this was drawn on to
the lugger's deck. Jack intended to work the vessels out for a little
distance until there was no chance of being attacked except by
boats, for he knew that he was still outnumbered. But just as he was
preparing to cast off there came a loud hail from the beach, and
immediately afterward Mr. Goodman rushed up at the head of a
force of preventive men.
"Just in time, Mr. Hardy!" panted he.
"A little late, Mr. Goodman," replied Jack. "I expected you some
time ago. The fight is over."
 "Dash my buttons!" cried the mortified officer. "'Tis my
confounded ill-luck. I should have been here, but I got another note
a few hours ago that I had to attend to."
"Anonymous, Mr. Goodman?"
"Yes, anonymous as usual, hang it all! I came up when I heard
the firing. I see you've got the lugger, sir. Our scheme worked out to
the letter."
"To the anonymous note, eh, Mr. Goodman? Well, we've good
news for the admiral to-morrow. And as you've a good number of
your men here, I'll go ashore and step up to the Grange. I want to
see my cousin. Turley, where's Babbage?"
"Never seed him, sir, since he went overboard with the French
skipper."
"Well, I must leave you in charge, then. The poor fellow's
drowned, I fear."
"No, sir," shouted a voice from the beach.
"Who's that?"
"Me, sir, Babbage as was."
"All sound?"
"And fury, as brother Sol used to say. Me and the French skipper
fell overboard together, me on top. He drownded hisself, sir, 'cos he
wouldn't let go. When I come up, some o' they fellers bowled me
over like a ninepin, and my senses was fair knocked out o' me. Next
thing I knowed I heard you a-saying I were drownded, sir. Not so,
nor never even seasick."
"Well, I'm glad you're safe. Come aboard. We'll see what
damage is done here, and then I'll go ashore, and we'll get a doctor
from Wickham Ferrers to attend to the poor fellows who are
wounded."

CHAPTER XIX
SOME APPOINTMENTS

Jack had but just reached the road above the cliff when he was
somewhat startled to hear the regular clickety-click of a large
number of horses trotting toward him. And surely, amid the clatter of
their hoofs, there was the clash of steel!
He stood at the edge of the road, waiting. In a few moments,
round the corner from the direction of Wickham, came two
horsemen at a rapid trot, and behind them a troop, whose polished
accoutrements gleamed in the light of the rising moon.
They rode on rapidly, and Jack had just recognized the uniform
of the Dorsetshire yeomanry when the officer at their head caught
sight of him, shouted "Halt!" and reined up his horse on its
haunches.
"Where are they, my lad?" he asked in a tone of subdued
excitement.
"Who, Cousin Humfrey?"
"Eh! Who are you? Why, bless me, 'tis Jack! Where are the
ruffians?"
"Who, cousin?"
"Why, the French! Have they got a footing?"
 "Most of 'em a wetting, cousin. But we've beat the whole crew
and got the lugger."
"The lugger! Hang the lugger! What about the praams?"
"The praams!" Jack was puzzled; then a light dawned on him
and he began to laugh.
"Come, come, 'tis no joke. Are they beaten back?"
"Oh, cousin, no joke! Did you really think it was Boney? Oh, I
can't help it; excuse me, cousin."
It came out that Mr. Bastable had been awakened by one of his
men, who declared that he heard cannons firing most horribly, and
was sure 'twas Boney had come over at last. The squire got up, sent
a rider post-haste to Wickham Ferrers for his troop of yeomen, and
hurried into his uniform, which he kept always at hand by his
bedside.
"And here we are, my lad, in an hour from the first alarm.
There's quick work for you. But I'm glad 'tis no worse than a brush
with smugglers. 'Twas a false alarm, my lads," he added, turning to
his men. "Boney has thought better of it. Didn't care to tackle us
Dorset men. You can get back and sleep sound. Now Jack, you'll
come with me to the Grange. Arthur told me he'd seen you—the
young rascal, stealing out at dead of night! But a good plucked 'un
too, eh, Jack?"
"A chip of the old block, cousin. Just the sort of fellow we
middies like."
"And that villain De Fronsac, now! What of him?"
"He's dead, cousin," said Jack gravely.
"Ha! He's got his deserts. The villain, playing his double game
for eighteen months in my house! And his humbug about the
Monster, too. It makes me red in the face when I think of it. But you
must tell me all about it when we get home."
They found the Grange almost in a state of siege. The windows
were close-shuttered, the doors were double locked, and when Mr.
Bastable rapped, the voice of old William, the gardener, was heard,
threatening in accents of unmistakable terror that he'd b-blow out
the b-b-brains of any Frenchman with his b-b-blunderbuss. When
admittance was obtained, shrieks were heard from the top of the
house.
"The maids in hysterics!" growled the squire. "Here, Molly and
Betty," he shouted, "don't be a couple of geese. 'Tis not Boney—'tis
Master Jack!"
A door above flew open; Kate and Arthur came bounding down
the stairs, with Mrs. Bastable a pace or two behind them.
"Lawk a mussy! Only to think o't, now!" giggled Molly above.
"Measter Jack! Well, I never did!"
Kate impulsively threw her arms round Jack's neck and kissed
him heartily. A middy is not easily taken by surprise, but Jack was
only just in time to return the kiss before Mrs. Bastable came and
encircled him.
"My dear boy, this is delightful."
"So it is, cousin—if it wasn't so smothery!"
"Mothery!" shouted the squire in high good humor. "Now, you'll
come along to my den and tell me all about everything that's
happened since you were kidnapped by those villains, confound
them!"
"But my dear Humfrey, Jack looks dead-beat."
 "We'll cure that by any by. The fire isn't out; we'll make it up;
and I'm sure you women won't sleep a wink till you've heard the
story."
"Hurray!" shouted Arthur, capering.
So they trooped into the snuggery, and there Jack, fortified with
a glass of hot cordial brought by Molly, related his adventures from
the time when he was carried to France against his will.
"There are two things I can't make out," he said in conclusion.
"One is, how Gudgeon is mixed up in this. 'Twas his boat, I'm sure,
that carried me in the tub to the lugger; and he drove to Gumley's
the other night to hear what had been done. Where does he come
in, cousin?"
Mr. Bastable laughed a little awkwardly.
"Go to bed, Arthur," he said.
"I know, father," said the boy, grinning.
"You do, do you, you young rascal! Well, Jack, I'll tell you.
Gudgeon is a sly old dog. He's the smuggler hereabouts—but behind
the scenes. His smoking chimney was the signal by day, as
Fronsac's, it seems, was by night. But he's not a traitor; he knew
nothing of Fronsac's double scheme, I warrant. He's a smuggler
simply. Why, Jack, he has supplied me with smuggled brandy for
years; so he does the parson at Wickham. The stuff you're drinking
was smuggled; the lace your cousin Sylvia is wearing came from
Valenciennes, and paid no duty. I'm afraid I must give it up now, my
boy. There's not a squire on the seaboard but thinks it no harm; but
with a cousin a gallant king's officer—yes, I must give it up." He
sighed. "And I think I'd better go and see Gudgeon in the morning."
"He'll be transported, as sure as a gun," said Jack.
 "Well, I don't think we'll go that length. You can't prove
anything against him, you see. He's too sly for that—and—well, it
might be awkward for more than one of us."
"All right, cousin," said Jack, laughing. "But there's another
thing. That fellow who was wounded in the Hollow! De Fronsac shot
him, I'm sure; I never told you that Arthur and I saw him bundled
into a lugger that night we followed De Fronsac from the house."
"That's a mystery. I can't explain it. And it doesn't matter much,
now that De Fronsac is gone. By George, Jack! I fancy you've killed
smuggling at Luscombe—for some time, at any rate. Now to bed.
We'll have another talk in the morning."
Jack was up early, in spite of the lateness of the hour when he
went to bed. He was at breakfast alone with Mr. Bastable when Mr.
Goodman was announced.
"Good morning, sir. Good morning, Mr. Hardy. I've come to you
as a justice of the peace, Mr. Bastable. You've heard of our little
exploit last night?"
"You were in at the death, I believe. Well, sir?"
"Well, sir, we went to the Hollow this morning to seize the goods
we understood were hidden there. In the summer-house we found a
man, sir; I have him outside now. He tried to run away; but we
collared him, and as he wouldn't give an account of himself I've
brought him along. Perhaps you'll commit him as a rogue and
vagabond."
"Bring him in, Mr. Goodman."
The riding-officer returned with a heavy, undersized, beetle-
browed fellow, in very tattered garb.
 "Why, 'tis the very man!" cried Jack. "This is the man De
Fronsac shot."
"De Fronsac!" growled the man, with gleaming eyes. "Where is
he?"
"No longer in this world, my man," said Mr. Bastable. "Now, who
are you? Give a good account of yourself, or I shall have to commit
you."
The man showed no hesitation now. He explained that he had
been employed in London by a French family through whom De
Fronsac obtained much of the information he signaled to France.
Having discovered this fact, he had come down to Luscombe to levy
blackmail on the spy; the consequences were as Jack had related.
He had returned to England—there were means of coming and going
between the two countries even in that time of war—to wreak
vengeance on De Fronsac, and was lying in wait at the summer-
house when the preventives appeared on the scene.
"There's your mystery unraveled," said Mr. Bastable, turning to
Jack. Then to the Frenchman he said: "We'll send you off to London,
my man; 'tis for folk there to deal with you."
After breakfast, Jack walked over to Gumley's cottage. He
wanted to know how De Fronsac had escaped, and was prepared to
read Gumley a lecture for his lax guardianship. But he found the old
sailor so desperately upset at the trick played upon him, that he had
not the heart to add to his chagrin.
"Only to think of it, sir!" said Gumley, thumping the table.
"Poetry! All my eye and Betty Martin! Why, when he got that there
candle, he stood upon this here table"—another thump—"and
burned away the ends o' the matchboards up aloft where they was
nailed to the beams. No wonder I smelled smoke! And he showed
me a hole in the tablecloth! Then he pried up the boards, got up into
the attic, out by the trap-door on to the roof, and when Comely and
me was a-nosing round here in the smoke, chok' it all! Mounseer
was down the rain-pipe and under full sail for the road. Never have I
bin so done afore, sir, and in the king's name, too."
"Never mind, Joe. You came after him like a Briton, and if you
and Comely hadn't arrived on the scene when you did, I'm afraid
there would have been a different story to tell the admiral to-day.
I'm going to Portsmouth this afternoon. And I'll take care the admiral
knows about your pluck and your stanchness as a king's man under
persecution."
"Thank 'ee kindly, sir. And you won't forget to say a word for
Comely, sir?"
"Not I. Comely and Gumley—a fine pair of warriors. Good-by."
When Jack got back to the Grange, he found that the squire had
paid his promised visit to Mr. Gudgeon. Mr. Bastable laughed as he
related the interview.
"He had the flutters very badly, Jack. I put it to him as delicately
as I could. Said that recent events had given the neighborhood a
bad name, especially as it had been found that some one had been
selling information to the French. Suspicion might easily fall on the
wrong person, I said; and I wound up by suggesting that when next
winter comes he should see that his chimneys are swept regularly.
The old rascal! 'Oh dear me!' says he, 'to think that a quiet law-
abiding village like Luscombe should have harbored a French spy! It
puts me in a terrible flutter, Cognac is the best cure I know, sir;
maybe you'll do me the honor to take a sip with me?' and the rascal
gave me a glass, Jack; contraband—capital stuff!"
"He'll be careful in future, I reckon, cousin. I must run over to
Portsmouth after lunch and report to Admiral Horniman. I suppose
I'd better keep Gudgeon's name out?"
"Certainly, my lad. You've snuffed out smuggling here—for the
present; it is bound to begin again some day; but you may depend
upon it that for a long time to come we're all king's men here,
Gudgeon included."
It was a fortnight before Jack returned to the Grange. Then he
came in a high state of excitement.
"Admiral Horniman is a jolly old brick!" he cried, after greeting
his cousins. "What do you think he's done?"
"Resigned in your favor, Jack?"
"Pretty nearly!" returned Jack with a laugh. "No, he's written up
a thumping report to the lords of the Admiralty, and got 'em to 'do a
thing that's as rare as—as—"
"As Jack Hardys. Well!"
"Why, to let me off three years' service as a mid, and also the
examination for lieutenant. Look here! here's my commission!" He
flourished a paper, and cried for three cheers for Admiral Horniman.
"And that's not all. I've got no end of prize-money for capturing the
French brig, and retaking the Fury, and collaring the smugglers'
stuff. My share alone comes to over a thousand pounds. And they've
taken two French privateers and sunk another off Fowey. The signals
worked splendidly; they were trying to cut out a disabled ship that
wasn't there! The admiral's going to put in a claim to prize-money
for me. He is a brick!"
 "Oh, I say!" cried Arthur. "Don't I wish I was you!"
"I'm glad for dad's sake. He hasn't been over well off since he
had to retire from the East India Company's service, owing to that
wretched illness of his, and I'm afraid he had to pinch a bit for me.
But now that's all changed. I shan't cost him another penny piece."
"Bravo! Arthur, you young dog, remember that, and hand over a
thousand pounds to me when I'm bound for the poorhouse. Well,
Jack, I congratulate you, my boy."
"But that's not all, cousin. I've kept the best for the last. Open
your eyes! I'm appointed to the Victory, and sail to join Nelson in a
week! Won't we pepper the French! Won't we win a glorious victory!
Oh! cousin, isn't it the finest thing in the world to serve your king
and country!"
"If you please, sir," said the butler, putting his head in at the
door, "Joe Gumley is outside, asking for Mr. Hardy."
"Show him in," cried Mr. Bastable.
"Arternoon, sir," said Gumley, stumping in with the bulldog at
his heels. He held his glazed hat clumsily, and looked not quite at
ease. "I be come over for two things, Squire; number one, to say
thank'ee to Mr. Hardy; number two, to axe a question."
"Never mind about number one, Gumley," said Jack. "Heave
away at number two."
"Begging your pardon, sir, one always comes afore two, and ye
can't alter nature. I take it kindly, sir, and I thank 'ee from the
bottom of my heart, for your goodness to a' old mariner what has
only one leg sound and rheumatiz in both. Here I've got, sir, a paper,
and as near as I can make it out—'tis terrible writing for a admiral,
to be sure—Admiral Horniman says he has great pleasure in
app'inting Joseph Gumley watchman at the dockyard, ten shillings a
week, cottage and rum free. I know who done that: Admiral
Horniman would never ha' heard o' Joe Gumley but for Mr. Hardy.
God bless 'ee, sir, for remembering of a poor wooden-legged old
sailor what had to take to growing artichokes and other landlubbers'
thingummies in the king's name."
"The admiral couldn't have found a better man," said Mr.
Bastable, to cover Jack's confusion. "But what's number two?"
"Number two is this, sir. Do this here app'intment take in
Comely? 'Cos if it don't with all respecks to Mr. Hardy and the
admiral, I sticks to artichokes. Comely and Gumley—they sign on
together."
"And nobody wants to split you, Gumley," said Jack. "Go and
see the admiral, and take Comely with you—only hold him in,
because the admiral's rather peppery, and Comely might made a
mistake. He will know that with Comely and Gumley to watch it, the
dockyard will be as safe as the rock of Gibraltar."
"Ay, ay, sir. Then we takes on that there app'intment. Comely
and me—in the king's name."

THE END

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 *** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK JACK HARDY: A
STORY OF ENGLISH SMUGGLERS IN THE DAYS OF NAPOLEON ***

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