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Entropy

The document discusses the consequences of the Second Law of Thermodynamics, emphasizing the relationship between heat and work in thermodynamic cycles. It explains concepts such as entropy, Clausius Inequality, and the principles of reversible and irreversible processes, along with example problems to illustrate these concepts. Additionally, it covers the Carnot cycle, entropy generation, and the behavior of pure substances and ideal gases in various thermodynamic processes.

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10 views27 pages

Entropy

The document discusses the consequences of the Second Law of Thermodynamics, emphasizing the relationship between heat and work in thermodynamic cycles. It explains concepts such as entropy, Clausius Inequality, and the principles of reversible and irreversible processes, along with example problems to illustrate these concepts. Additionally, it covers the Carnot cycle, entropy generation, and the behavior of pure substances and ideal gases in various thermodynamic processes.

Uploaded by

shilasharmin1064
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Entropy

Durjoy Kumar Paul


Lecturer, Department of
Mech. Eng., RUET,
Rajshahi- 6204.

ME- 2101 (Thermodynamics)


Consequences of 2nd Law of Thermodynamics

❑ If a system is taken through a cycle and produces work, it must be exchanging heat
with at least two reservoirs at 2 different temperatures.

❑ If a system is taken through a cycle while exchanging heat with a single reservoir, work
must be zero or negative.

❑ Heat can never be converted continuously and completely into work, but work can
always be converted continuously and completely into heat.

❑ Work is a more valuable form of energy than heat.

❑ For a cycle and single reservoir, Wnet ≤ 0


Clausius Inequality
Example Problem
➢ Clausius Inequality: Steam Power Plant:
Entropy (S): A Thermodynamic Property
Entropy (S): A Thermodynamic Property
➢ Entropy is a property, hence change in entropy between
two end states is same for all processes, both reversible
and irreversible.

➢ If no irreversibilities occur within the system boundaries of


the system during the process, the system is internally
reversible.

➢ For an internally reversible process, the change in the


entropy is due solely for heat transfer. So, heat transfer
across a boundary associated with it the transfer of
entropy as well.
Example Problem
Example Problem
❑ Water, initially a saturated liquid at 150˚C (423.15 K), is contained in a piston–cylinder
assembly. The water undergoes a process to the corresponding saturated vapor state,
during which the piston moves freely in the cylinder. If the change of state is brought
about by heating the water as it undergoes an internally reversible process at constant
pressure and temperature, determine the work and heat transfer per unit of mass, each
in kJ/kg.
Carnot Cycle
Carnot Cycle
Entropy Change for Irreversible CM Process
❖ For irreversible process:

❖ So, the area underneath the path does not represent work and heat on the P − v and T −
s diagrams, respectively.

❖ In irreversible processes, the exact states through which a system undergoes are not
defined. So, irreversible processes are shown as dashed lines and reversible processes as
solid lines.
Entropy Generation

❑ The entropy of a system can increase in only two ways, either by heat addition or by the
presence of irreversibility.

❑ The entropy of a system can decrease only by heat removal.

❑ Reversible process: ds = δq/T & adiabatic process: δq = 0 ⇒ s = constant: for reversible


adiabatic process.

❑ All isentropic processes are not necessarily reversible and adiabatic. Entropy can remain
constant during a process if the heat removal balances the irreversibility
Example Problem
❑ Water initially a saturated liquid at 150˚C is contained within a piston–cylinder
assembly. The water undergoes a process to the corresponding saturated vapor state,
during which the piston moves freely in the cylinder. There is no heat transfer with the
surroundings. If the change of state is brought about by the action of a paddle wheel,
determine the net work per unit mass, in kJ/kg, and the amount of entropy produced
per unit mass, in kJ/kgK.
Principle of Increase of Entropy
Example Problem
❑ Suppose that 1 kg of saturated water vapor at 100˚C is to a saturated liquid at 100˚C in a
constant-pressure process by heat transfer to the surrounding air, which is at 25˚C.
What is the net increase in entropy of the water plus surroundings?
Entropy of Pure Substance
Entropy of Pure Substance
Entropy of Ideal Gas
Isentropic Process: s = constant ⇒ ∆s = 0
Example Problem
❑ Air is compressed in a car engine from 22˚C and 95 kPa in a reversible and adiabatic
manner. If the compression ratio, rc = V1 / V2 of this engine is 8, determine the final
temperature of the air.
Example Problem
❑ Determine the change in specific entropy, in KJ/kg-K, of air as an ideal gas undergoing a
process from 300 K, 1 bar to 400 K, 5 bar. Because of the relatively small temperature
range, we assume a constant value of cP = 1.008 KJ/kg-K.
Example Problem
❑ Air is contained in one half of an insulated tank. The other side is completely evacuated.
The membrane is punctured and air quickly fills the entire volume. Calculate the
specific entropy change of the isolated system.
Second Law Analysis for CV System
Second Law Analysis for CV System
Second Law Analysis for CV System

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