3080

OSUN STATE UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF SCIENCE, ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

FACULTY OF BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES

DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS

2023/2024 RAIN SEMESTER

COURSE CODE: PHY 102 COURSE: GENERAL PHYSICS II UNIT: 3

LECTURER: DR. J.T. ADELEKE

 Magnetism
Why Magnetism?
Applications, magnetism is one of the most important fields in physics.
Large electromagnets are used to pick up heavy loads.
Magnets are used in such devices as meters, motors, and loudspeakers.
Magnetic tapes and disks are used routinely in sound- and video recording
equipment and to store computer data.
Intense magnetic fields are used in magnetic
resonance imaging (MRI) devices to explore the human body with better
resolution and greater safety than x-rays can provide.
Giant superconducting magnets are used in the cyclotrons that guide particles
into targets at nearly the speed of light, and magnetic bottles hold antimatter,
 possibly the key to future space propulsion systems
 MAGNETS

Fig.1: Some commercially available magnets

 We assume the magnet has the shape of a bar and some other shapes, as shown in Fig.1.
 Iron objects are most strongly attracted to either end of such a bar magnet, called its poles.
 One end is called the north pole and the other the south pole.
 The names come from the behavior of a magnet in the presence of Earth’s magnetic field. If a
bar magnet is suspended from its midpoint by a piece of string so that it can swing freely in a
horizontal plane, it will rotate until its north pole points to the north and its south pole points to
the south.
 The same idea is used to construct a simple compass. Magnetic poles also exert attractive or
repulsive forces on each other similar to the electrical forces between charged objects.
 Simple experiments with two bar magnets show that like poles repel each other and unlike
poles attract each other.
 Hard and Soft Magnets
The extent to which a piece of material
retains its magnetism depends on whether
it is classified as magnetically hard or soft.
Soft magnetic materials, such as iron, are
easily magnetized, but also tend to lose
their magnetism easily.
In contrast, hard magnetic materials, such
as cobalt and nickel, are difficult to
magnetize, but tend to retain their
magnetism.
 Magnetic Field Line
 Recall that an electric field surrounds any stationary electric charge.
 The region of space surrounding a moving charge includes a
magnetic field as well.
 A magnetic field also surrounds a properly magnetized magnetic
material.
 To describe any type of vector field, we must define its magnitude, or
strength, and its direction.
 The direction of a magnetic field 𝐵 at any location is the direction in
which the north pole of a compass needle points at that location.
 Active Figure 2a shows how the magnetic field 𝐵, of a bar magnet
can be traced with the aid of a compass, defining a magnetic field
line.
 (a) Tracing the magnetic (b) Several magnetic
Fig.2
field of a bar magnet. field lines of a bar magnet.
Fig.3: (a) The magnetic field (b) The magnetic field pattern (c) The magnetic field pattern
pattern of a bar magnet, as between unlike poles of two bar between two like poles.
displayed with iron filings on magnets, as displayed with iron
a sheet of paper. filings.
 Some Real Life Applications
 Several magnetic field lines of a bar magnet traced out in this way
appear in the two-dimensional representation in Active Figure 2b.
 Magnetic field patterns can be displayed by placing small iron filings
in the vicinity of a magnet, as in Fig. 3.
 Forensic scientists use a technique similar to that shown in Fig. 3 to
find fingerprints at a crime scene.
 One way to find latent, or invisible, prints is by sprinkling a powder
of iron dust on a surface. The iron adheres to any perspiration or
body oils that are present and can be spread around on the surface
with a magnetic brush that never comes into contact with the
powder or the surface.
 EARTH’S MAGNETIC FIELD
 The geographic North Pole of Earth corresponds to
a magnetic south pole, and
 The geographic South Pole of Earth corresponds to
a magnetic north pole

 The angle between the direction of the magnetic field

and the horizontal is called the dip angle.

 The difference between true north, defined as the

geographic North Pole, and north indicated by a
compass varies from point to point on Earth, a
difference referred to as magnetic declination.

Fig. 4 Earth’s magnetic field lines. Note that magnetic south is at

the north geographic pole and magnetic north is at the south geographic
pole.
 Applications of Earth’s Magnetic Field
• The magnetic field of Earth is used to label runways at airports according
to their direction.
• A large number is painted on the end of the runway so that it can be read
• This number describes the direction in which the airplane is traveling,
expressed as the magnetic heading,
• in degrees measured clockwise from magnetic north divided by 10.
• A runway marked 9 would be directed toward the east (90° divided by 10),
• while a runway marked 18 would be directed toward magnetic south. by
the pilot of an incoming airplane.
 Magnetic Properties of Matter
Materials are generally categorized on the Basis of their
magnetic properties into three major types, namely:
ferromagnetism, paramagnetism and diamagnetism.
DIAMAGNETISM: When placed in a strong non-uniform
magnetic field, diamagnetic substance experiences a weak
magnetic force which tends to move it towards the weak
part of the magnetic field, its dipole moment and the net
field disappear as soon as the external field B is removed.
Examples of diamagnetic substances include bismuth, lead,
mercury, water and CO2, Ag and Au Diamagnetic materials
have weak, negative susceptibility to magnetic fields.
 PARAMAGNETISM
A paramagnetic substance has a weak force
which tends to move towards the strong part of
a non-uniform magnetic field.
It has a small positive susceptibility to
magnetic fields.
A paramagnetic material is slightly attracted by
magnetic fields and do not retain the
magnetism as soon as the external magnetic
fields are removed from it.
Examples include – magnesium, lithium and
tantalum.
 Ferromagnetism
Ferromagnetic materials have large positive
susceptibility to an external magnetic field. They
exhibit a strong attraction to magnetic fields and
to retain the magnetism, even when the external
force is removed.
They are attracted to the strong part of anon-
uniform fields with a greater effect than that of
paramagnetic substances. Examples of
ferromagnetic materials are iron, nickel, cobalt
and gadolinium.
 MAGNETIC FIELDS
 Experiments show that a stationary charged particle doesn’t interact with a static
magnetic field.
 When a charged particle is moving through a magnetic field, however, a magnetic
force acts on it.
 This force has its maximum value when the charge moves in a direction perpendicular to
the magnetic field lines, decreases in value at other angles,
 It becomes zero when the particle moves along the field lines. we can describe the
properties of the magnetic field
 One at some point in terms of the magnetic force exerted on a test charge at that point.
 Our test object is a charge q moving with velocity.
 It is found experimentally that the strength of the magnetic force on the particle is
proportional to the magnitude of the charge q, the magnitude of the velocity 𝑽 , the
strength of the external magnetic field 𝑩 , and the sine of the angle 𝜽 between the
direction of 𝑽 and the direction of 𝑩.
 These observations can be summarized by writing the magnitude of
the magnetic force as 𝑭 = 𝒒𝒗𝑩𝑺𝒊𝒏𝜽 1
 The SI unit of 𝑩
 This expression, 𝑭 = 𝒒𝒗𝑩𝑺𝒊𝒏𝜽 is used to define the magnitude
of the magnetic field as
𝐹
𝐵≝ 2
𝑞𝑣𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃
 If F is in Newtons, q in coulombs, and v in meters per second, then
the SI unit of magnetic field is the tesla (T), also called the weber
(Wb) per square meter (1 T 1 Wb/m2). If a 1- C charge moves in a
direction perpendicular to a magnetic field of magnitude 1 T with a
speed of 1 m/s, the magnetic force exerted on the charge is 1 N. We
can express the units of as 3

 In practice, the cgs unit for magnetic field, the gauss (G), is often used.
The gauss is related to the tesla through the conversion 1 T 104 G
From Eq. 1 we see that the force on a charged particle
moving in a
magnetic field has its maximum value when the particle’s
motion is perpendicular to the magnetic field,
corresponding to 90°, so that 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝜽 = 𝟏 𝑽 𝑩
The magnitude of this maximum force has the value Fmax
= qvB
F is zero when is parallel to (corresponding to 0° or Fig.6 The direction of the magnetic force
on a positively charged particle moving
180°) so no magnetic force is exerted on a charged
particle when it moves in the direction of the magnetic with a velocity 𝑽 in the presence of a
field or opposite the field. magnetic field. When 𝑉is at an angle𝜽
with respect to𝑩 , the magnetic force is
 Experiments show that the direction of the magnetic perpendicular to both 𝑉and𝑩 .
force is always perpendicular to both 𝑽and 𝑩, as shown
in Fig.6 for a positively charged particle.
To determine the direction of the force, we employ the
right-hand rule number 1:

 ASSIGNMENT 1. State the right-hand rule number 1

 QUIZ
Quiz 1. A charged particle moves in a straight line through a region of space. Which of the
following answers must be true? (Assume any other fields are negligible.) The magnetic
Field --------
(a) has a magnitude of zero
(b) has a zero component perpendicular to the particle’s velocity
(c) has a zero component parallel to the particle’s velocity in that region.

Quiz 2. The north-pole end of a bar magnet is held near a stationary positively charged
piece of plastic. Is the plastic ----------
(a) attracted,
(b) repelled, or
(c) unaffected by the magnet?

Quiz 3. Which, among the following qualities, is not affected by the magnetic field?
A. Moving charge
B. Change in magnetic flux
C. Current flowing in a conductor
D. Stationary charge.
 Solved Problems

Ex.1. A proton moves with a speed of 1.00𝑥105 𝑚/𝑠 m/s through Earth’s
magnetic field, which has a value of 55.0 𝜇T at a particular location. When
the proton moves eastward, the magnetic force acting on it is directed
straight upward, and when it moves northward, no magnetic force acts on it.
(a) What is the direction of the magnetic field, and
(b) what is the strength of the magnetic force when the proton moves
eastward?
(c) Calculate the gravitational force on the proton and compare it with the
magnetic force. Compare it also with the electric force if there were an
electric field with magnitude 𝐸 = 1.5𝑥102 N/C at that location, a common
value at Earth’s surface. Note that the mass of the proton is 1.67 x 10-27 kg.
Solution
 Solved Problem

Ex.2. A proton moves at 8.00 x106 m/s

along the x-axis. It enters a region in
which there is a magnetic field of
magnitude 2.50 T, directed at an angle
of 60.0° with the x-axis and lying in the
xy - plane (Fig.8).
(a)Find the initial magnitude and direction
of the magnetic force on the proton.
(b)Calculate the proton’s initial acceleration. Fig.8. The magnetic force F on a
proton is in the positive z-direction
when Vand B lie in the xy -plane.
Solution
 MAGNETIC FORCE ON A CURRENT-CARRYING CONDUCTOR
 If a magnetic field exerts a force on a single charged particle when it moves through a magnetic field, it
should be no surprise that magnetic forces are exerted on a current-carrying wire.
 This follows from the fact that the current is a collection of many charged particles in motion; hence, the
resultant force on the wire is due to the sum of the individual forces on the charged particles.

 Considering a straight segment of wire of length l and cross-

sectional area A carrying current I in a uniform external magnetic
field , as in Fig.11.
 We assume that the magnetic field is perpendicular to the wire and
is directed into the page.
 A force of magnitude Fmax = qvdB is exerted on each charge carrier
in the wire, where vd is the drift velocity of the charge.
 To find the total force on the wire, we multiply the force on one
charge carrier by the number of carriers in the segment. Because Fig.11 A section of a wire
the volume of the segment is A, the number of carriers is nA, where containing moving charges in an
n is the number of carriers per unit volume. external magnetic field .
 Total Force and Current I on a wire
Total force = force on each charge carrier x total number of carriers

Recall that the current in the wire is given by

Therefore Fig.12 A wire carrying a

This equation can be used only when the current and the magnetic field current I in the presence of an
are at right angles to each other. external magnetic field 𝐵 that
If the wire is not perpendicular to the field, but is at some arbitrary angle, as makes an angle 𝜃 with the wire.
in Fig.12, the magnitude of the magnetic force on the wire is

where 𝜃 is the angle between 𝐵 and the direction of the current.

when the current is either in the direction of the field or opposite the direction of the field, the magnetic
force on the wire is zero.
Applications of magnetic force acts on a current-
carrying wire
The operating principle of most speakers in
sound systems.
The electromagnetic pump. Artificial hearts
require a pump to keep the blood flowing, and
kidney dialysis machines also require a pump to
assist the heart in pumping blood that is to be
cleansed
Worked Examples
Ex1. A wire carries a current of 22.0 A from west to east. Assume that
at this location the magnetic field of Earth is horizontal and directed
from south to north and that it has a magnitude of 0.500x104 T.
(a) Find the magnitude and direction of the magnetic force on a 36.0-
m length of wire.
(b) Calculate the gravitational force on the same length of wire if it’s
made of copper and has a cross-sectional area of 2.50 x 106 m2.
Solution
 TORQUE ON A CURRENT LOOP
AND ELECTRIC MOTORS
A torque is exerted on a current loop placed in a magnetic field
Consider a rectangular loop carrying current I in the presence of an external uniform magnetic field in the
plane of the loop, as shown in Fig. 15
The forces on the sides of length a are zero because these wires are parallel to the field.
The magnitudes of the magnetic forces on the sides of length b, however, are

Figure.15 (a) Top view of a rectangular loop in a uniform magnetic field 𝐵 . No magnetic forces act on
the sides of length a parallel to 𝐵 , but forces do act on the sides of length b. (b) A side view of the
rectangular loop shows that the forces 𝐹1 and 𝐹2 on the sides of length b create a torque that tends to twist the
loop clockwise. (c) If 𝐵 is at an angle with a line perpendicular to the plane of the loop, the torque is given by
BIA sin𝜃 .
 TORQUE ON A CURRENT LOOP
The forces on the sides of length a are zero because these wires are parallel to the field.
The magnitudes of the magnetic forces on the sides of length b, however, are

 The direction of 𝐹1 , the force on the left side of the loop, is out of the page, and that of 𝐹2 ,
the force on the right side of the loop, is into the page.
 If we view the loop from the side, as in Fig.15b, the forces are directed as shown. If we
assume that the loop is pivoted so that it can rotate about point O,
 we see that these two forces produce a torque about O that rotates the loop clockwise.
 The magnitude of this torque, 𝜏max, is

where the moment arm about O is a/2 for both forces. Because the area of the loop is A = ab,
The torque can be expressed as
This result is valid only when the magnetic field is parallel to the plane of the loop. Otherwise,
 Torque on a coil with N turns
The torque on a coil with N turns is
The quantity 𝜇 = 𝐼𝐴𝑁 is defined as the magnitude of a vector 𝜇 called
the magnetic moment of the coil.
The vector 𝜇 always points perpendicular to the plane of the loop(s).
The angle 𝜃 that lies between the directions of the magnetic moment
𝜇 and the magnetic field 𝑩 .
The magnetic torque can then be written
 Problems
Pr.1.A circular wire loop of radius 1.00 m is placed
in a magnetic field of magnitude 0.500 T. The
normal to the plane of the loop makes an angle of
30.0° with the magnetic field (Fig.16a). The
current in the loop is 2.00 A in the direction (a) A circular current loop in
an external magnetic field .
shown.
(a)Find the magnetic moment of the loop and the
magnitude of the torque at this instant.
(b)The same current is carried by the rectangular
2.00-m by 3.00-m coil with three loops shown in
Fig.16b. Find the magnetic moment of the coil
and the magnitude of the torque acting on the coil
at that instant. Fig.16 (b) A rectangular
current loop in the same field.
 Solution

Now substitute values for the magnetic moment,

magnetic field, and into Equation …