EngGloss.

TheAmerican 1/21/04 4:12 PM Page 2

ENGLISH GLOSSARY
The Glossary is an alphabetical listing of many of the key terms from the
chapters, along with their meanings. The definitions listed in the Glossary are
the ones that apply to the way the words are used in this textbook. The Glossary
gives the part of speech of each word. The following abbreviations are used:
adj. = adjective n. = noun v. = verb
ENGLISH

A American Expeditionary Force (AEF) n. the

U.S. forces, led by General John Pershing, who fought
with the Allies in Europe during World War I.
abolition n. movement to end slavery.
American Federation of Labor (AFL) n. an
Adams-Onís Treaty n. an 1819 agreement in alliance of trade and craft unions, formed in 1886.
which Spain gave over control of the territory of Florida
to the United States. American Indian Movement (AIM) n. a
frequently militant organization that was formed in 1968
Adena n. a Mound Builder society that was centered to work for Native American rights.
in the Ohio River valley and flourished from about
700 b.c. to a.d. 100. Americanization movement n. education
program designed to help immigrants assimilate to
affirmative action n. a policy that seeks to correct American culture.
the effects of past discrimination by favoring the groups
who were previously disadvantaged. American System n. a pre-Civil War set of
measures designed to unify the nation and strengthen its
Agent Orange n. a toxic leaf-killing chemical economy by means of protective tariffs, a national bank,
sprayed by U.S. planes in Vietnam to expose Vietcong and such internal improvements as the development of a
hideouts. transportation system.

Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) n. a law Anaconda plan n. a three-part strategy by which
enacted in 1933 to raise crop prices by paying farmers to the Union proposed to defeat the Confederacy in the

Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

leave a certain amount of their land unplanted, thus Civil War.
lowering production.
anarchist n. a person who opposes all forms of
AIDS (acquired immune deficiency government.
syndrome) n. a disease caused by a virus that
weakens the immune system, making the body prone to Anasazi n. a Native American group that lived on the
infections and otherwise rare forms of cancer. mesa tops, cliff sides, and canyon bottoms of the Four
Corners region (where the present-day states of Arizona,
Alamo, the n. a mission and fort in San Antonio, New Mexico, Colorado, and Utah meet) from about a.d.
Texas, where Mexican forces massacred rebellious Texans 100 to 1300.
in 1836.
annex v. to incorporate a territory into an existing
Alien and Sedition Acts n. a series of four laws political unit, such as a state or a nation.
enacted in 1798 to reduce the political power of recent
immigrants to the United States. antebellum adj. belonging to the period before the
Civil War.
Alliance for Progress n. a U.S. foreign-aid
program of the 1960s, providing economic and technical Antifederalist n. an opponent of a strong central
assistance to Latin American countries. government.

Allies n. 1. in World War I, the group of nations— appeasement n. the granting of concessions to a
originally consisting of Great Britain, France, and hostile power in order to keep the peace.
Russia and later joined by the United States, Italy,
and others—that opposed the Central Powers. 2. in Appomattox Court House n. town near
World War II, the group of nations—including Great Appomatox, Virginia, where Lee surrendered to
Britain, the Soviet Union, and the United States—that Grant on April 9, 1865, thus ending the Civil War.
opposed the Axis powers. (37°N 79°W)

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apprentice n. a worker learning a trade or craft, Battle of Midway n. a World War II battle that
usually under the supervision of a master. took place in early June 1942. The Allies decimated the
Japanese fleet at Midway, an island lying northwest of
arbitration n. a method of settling disputes in which Hawaii. The Allies then took the offensive in the Pacific
both sides submit their differences to a mutually and began to move closer to Japan.
approved judge.

ENGLISH
Battle of Wounded Knee n. the massacre by U.S.
armistice n. a truce, or agreement to end an armed soldiers of 300 unarmed Native Americans at Wounded
conflict. Knee Creek, South Dakota, in 1890.
Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) Beatles, the n. a British band that had an enormous
n. the southern Vietnamese soldiers with whom U.S. influence on popular music in the 1960s.
troops fought against communism and forces in the
North during the Vietnam War. beat movement n. a social and artistic movement
of the 1950s, stressing unrestrained literary self-
Articles of Confederation n. a document,
expression and nonconformity with the mainstream
adopted by the Second Continental Congress in 1777
culture.
and finally approved by the states in 1781, that outlined
the form of government of the new United States. Benin n. a West African kingdom that flourished in
the Niger Delta region (in what is now Nigeria) from the
Ashcan school n. a group of early 20th-century
14th to the 17th century.
American artists who often painted realistic pictures of
city life—such as tenements and homeless people—thus Berlin airlift n. a 327-day operation in which U.S.
earning them their name. and British planes flew food and supplies into West
Berlin after the Soviets blockaded the city in 1948.
assimilation n. a minority group’s adoption of the
beliefs and way of life of the dominant culture. Berlin Wall n. a concrete wall that separated East
Berlin and West Berlin from 1961 to 1989, built by the
Atlantic Charter n. a 1941 declaration of
Communist East German government to prevent its
principles in which the United States and Great Britain
citizens from fleeing to the West.
set forth their goals in opposing the Axis powers.
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

Bessemer process n. a cheap and efficient process

Axis powers n. the group of nations—including
for making steel, developed around 1850.
Germany, Italy, and Japan—that opposed the Allies in
World War II. Bill of Rights n. the first ten amendments to the
U.S. Constitution, added in 1791 and consisting of a
Aztec n. a Native American people that settled in the
formal list of citizens’ rights and freedoms.
Valley of Mexico in the 1200s a.d. and later developed a
powerful empire. bimetallism n. the use of both gold and silver as a
basis for a national monetary system.

B black codes n. the discriminatory laws passed

throughout the post-Civil-War South which severely
baby boom n. the sharp increase in the U.S. birthrate restricted African Americans’ lives, prohibiting such
following World War II. activities as traveling without permits, carrying
weapons, serving on juries, testifying against whites,
Bank of the United States n. either of the two and marrying whites.
national banks, funded by the federal government and
private investors, established by Congress, the first in blacklist n. a list of about 500 actors, writers,
1791 and the second in 1816. producers, and directors who were not allowed to work
on Hollywood films because of their alleged Communist
Battle of the Bulge n. a month-long battle of connections.
World War II, in which the Allies succeeded in turning
back the last major German offensive of the war. Black Panthers n. a militant African-American
political organization formed in 1966 by Huey Newton
and Bobby Seale to fight police brutality and to provide
services in the ghetto.

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Black Power n. a slogan used by Stokely Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka n.

Carmichael in the 1960s that encouraged African- a 1954 case in which the Supreme Court ruled that
American pride and political and social leadership. “separate but equal” education for black and white
students was unconstitutional.
Black Tuesday n. a name given to October 29,
1929, when stock prices fell sharply. Bull Moose Party n. a name given to the
ENGLISH

Progressive Party, formed to support Theodore

Bleeding Kansas n. a name applied to the Kansas Roosevelt’s candidacy for the presidency in 1912.
Territory in the years before the Civil War, when the
territory was a battleground between proslavery and buying on margin n. the purchasing of stocks by
antislavery forces. paying only a small percentage of the price and
borrowing the rest.
blitzkrieg n. from the German word meaning
“lightning war,” a sudden, massive attack with combined
air and ground forces, intended to achieve a quick
victory.
C
blockade n. the use of ships or troops to prevent cabinet n. the group of department heads who serve
movement into and out of a port or region controlled by as the president’s chief advisers.
a hostile nation. Camp David Accords n. historic agreements
bonanza farm n. an enormous farm on which a between Israel and Egypt, reached in negotiations at
single crop is grown. Camp David in 1978.

Bonus Army n. a group of World War I veterans and capitalism n. an economic system in which private
their families who marched on Washington, D.C., in individuals and corporations control the means of
1932 to demand the immediate payment of a bonus they production and use them to earn profits.
had been promised for military service. carpetbagger n. a Northerner who moved to the
bootlegger n. a person who smuggled alcoholic South after the Civil War.
beverages into the United States during Prohibition. cash crop n. a crop grown by a farmer for sale rather

Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

Boston Massacre n. a clash between British than for personal use.
soldiers and Boston colonists in 1770, in which five of Central Powers n. the group of nations—led by
the colonists were killed. Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire—
Boston Tea Party n. the dumping of 18,000 that opposed the Allies in World War I.
pounds of tea into Boston Harbor by colonists in 1773 to checks and balances n. the provisions in the
protest the Tea Act. U.S. Constitution that prevent any branch of the U.S.
Boulder Dam n. a dam on the Colorado River—now government from dominating the other two branches.
called Hoover Dam—that was built during the Great Chinese Exclusion Act n. a law, enacted in 1882,
Depression as part of a public-works program intended that prohibited all Chinese except students, teachers,
to stimulate business and provide jobs. merchants, tourists, and government officials from entering
Boxer Rebellion n. a 1900 rebellion in which the United States.
members of a Chinese secret society sought to free their Chisholm Trail n. the major cattle route from San
country from Western influence. Antonio, Texas, through Oklahoma to Kansas.
bracero n. a Mexican laborer allowed to enter the chlorination n. a method of purifying water by
United States to work for a limited period of time during mixing it with chemical chlorine.
World War II.
CIA n. the Central Intelligence Agency—a U.S. agency
bread line n. a line of people waiting for free food. created to gather secret information about foreign
brinkmanship n. the practice of threatening an governments.
enemy with massive military retaliation for any
aggression.

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Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) n. an Compromise of 1850 n. a series of congressional

agency, established as part of the New Deal, that put measures intended to settle the major disagreements
young unemployed men to work building roads, between free states and slave states.
developing parks, planting trees, and helping in
erosion-control and flood-control projects. Compromise of 1877 n. a series of congressional
measures under which the Democrats agreed to accept

ENGLISH
civil disobedience n. the refusal to obey those the Republican candidate Rutherford B. Hayes as
laws which are seen as unjust in an effort to bring about president, even though he had lost the popular vote. The
a change in governmental policy. Henry David Thoreau measures included the withdrawal of federal troops from
wrote about civil disobedience in the 19th century, and Southern states, federal money for improving Southern
the tactic was promoted by Martin Luther King, Jr., infrastructure, and the appointment of a conservative
during the Civil Rights Era. Southern cabinet member.

Civil Rights Act of 1964 n. a law that banned concentration camp n. a prison camp operated
discrimination on the basis of race, sex, national origin, by Nazi Germany in which Jews and other groups
or religion in public places and most workplaces. considered to be enemies of Adolf Hitler were starved
while doing slave labor or were murdered.
Civil Rights Act of 1968 n. a law that banned
discrimination in housing. Confederacy n. the Confederate States of America,
a confederation formed in 1861 by the Southern states
civil service n. the nonmilitary branches of after their secession from the Union.
government administration.
confederation n. an alliance permitting states or
Clayton Antitrust Act n. a law, enacted in 1914, nations to act together on matters of mutual concern.
that made certain monopolistic business practices illegal
and protected the rights of labor unions and farm conglomerate n. a major corporation that owns a
organizations. number of smaller companies in unrelated businesses.

Cold War n. the state of hostility, without direct Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO)
military conflict, that developed between the United n. a labor organization expelled from the American
States and the Soviet Union after World War II. Federation of Labor in 1938.
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

colonization n. the establishment of outlying Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) n. an

settlements by a parent country. interracial group founded in 1942 by James Farmer to
work against segregation in Northern cities.
Columbian Exchange n. the transfer—beginning
with Columbus’s first voyage—of plants, animals, and conquistador n. one of the Spaniards who traveled
diseases between the Western Hemisphere and the to the Americas as an explorer and conqueror in the 16th
Eastern Hemisphere. century.

committee of correspondence n. one of conscientious objector n. a person who refuses,

the groups set up by American colonists to exchange on moral grounds, to participate in warfare.
information about British threats to their liberties.
conscription n. the drafting of citizens for military
Committee to Reelect the President n. service.
an organization formed to run President Nixon’s 1972
reelection campaign, which was linked to the break-in at conservation n. the planned management of natural
the Democratic National Committee headquarters that resources, involving the protection of some wilderness
set off the Watergate scandal. areas and the development of others for the common good.

Common Sense n. a pamphlet by Thomas Paine, conservative coalition n. an alliance formed in

published in 1776, that called for separation of the the mid-1960s of right-wing groups opposed to big
colonies from Britain. government.

communism n. an economic and political system consolidation n. the act of uniting or combining.
based on one-party government and state ownership of
consumerism n. a preoccupation with the
property.
purchasing of material goods.

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containment n. the blocking of another nation’s D-Day n. a name given to June 6, 1944—the day on
attempts to spread its influence—especially the efforts which the Allies launched an invasion of the European
of the United States to block the spread of Soviet mainland during World War II.
influence during the late 1940s and early 1950s.
debt peonage n. a system in which workers are
Contract with America n. a document that was bound in servitude until their debts are paid.
ENGLISH

drafted by Representative Newt Gingrich and signed by

more than 300 Republican candidates in 1994, setting Declaration of Independence n. the document,
forth the Republicans’ conservative legislative agenda. written by Thomas Jefferson in 1776, in which the
delegates of the Continental Congress declared the
Contras n. Nicaraguan rebels who received assistance colonies’ independence from Britain.
from the Reagan administration in their efforts to
overthrow the Sandinista government in the 1980s. de facto segregation n. racial separation
established by practice and custom, not by law.
convoy system n. the protection of merchant ships
from U-boat—German submrine—attacks by having the deficit spending n. a government’s spending of
ships travel in large groups escorted by warships. more money than it receives in revenue.

Copperhead n. a Northern Democrat who advocated de jure segregation n. racial separation

making peace with the Confederacy during the Civil established by law.
War.
Democratic-Republican n. political party known
cottage industry n. a system of production in for its support of strong state governments, founded by
which manufacturers provide the materials for goods to Thomas Jefferson in 1792 in opposition to the Federalist
be produced in the home. Party.

cotton gin n. a machine for cleaning the seeds from deregulation n. the cutting back of federal
cotton fibers, invented by Eli Whitney in 1793. regulation of industry.

counterculture n. the culture of the young people détente n. the flexible policy, involving a willingness
who rejected mainstream American society in the 1960s, to negotiate and an easing of tensions, that was adopted

Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

seeking to create an alternative society based on peace, by President Richard Nixon and his adviser Henry
love, and individual freedom. Kissinger in their dealings with communist nations.

credibility gap n. a public distrust of statements direct relief n. the giving of money or food by the
made by the government. government directly to needy people.

credit n. an arrangement in which a buyer pays later division of labor n. the assignment of different
for a purchase, often on an installment plan with interest tasks and responsibilities to different groups or
charges. individuals.

Crédit Mobilier n. a construction company formed Dixiecrat n. one of the Southern delegates who, to
in 1864 by owners of the Union Pacific Railroad, who protest President Truman’s civil rights policy, walked out
used it to fraudulently skim off railroad profits for of the 1948 Democratic National Convention and
themselves. formed the States’ Rights Democratic Party.

Crusades n. a series of Christian military expeditions dollar diplomacy n. the U.S. policy of using the
to the Middle East between a.d. 1096 and 1270, intended nation’s economic power to exert influence over other
to drive the Muslims from the Holy Land. countries.

cult of domesticity n. a belief that married women domino theory n. the idea that if a nation falls
should restrict their activities to their home and family. under communist control, nearby nations will also fall
under communist control.

D dotcom n. a business related to or conducted on the

Internet.
Dawes Act n. a law, enacted in 1887, that was double standard n. a set of principles granting
intended to “Americanize” Native Americans by greater sexual freedom to men than to women.
distributing reservation land to individual owners.

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dove n. a person who opposed the Vietnam War and entitlement program n. a government program—
believed that the United States should withdraw from it. such as Social Security, Medicare, or Medicaid—that
guarantees and provides benefits to a specific group.
Dow Jones Industrial Average n. a measure
based on the prices of the stocks of 30 large companies, entrepreneur n. a person who organizes, operates,
widely used as a barometer of the stock market’s health. and assumes the risk for a business venture.

ENGLISH
downsize v. to dismiss numbers of permanent environmentalist n. a person who works to protect
employees in an attempt to make operations more the environment from destruction and pollution.
efficient and save money.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
draft n. required enrollment in the armed services. n. a federal agency established in 1970 for the
regulation of water and air pollution, toxic waste,
Dust Bowl n. the region, including Texas, Oklahoma, pesticides, and radiation.
Kansas, Colorado, and New Mexico, that was made
worthless for farming by drought and dust storms during Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) n. a proposed
the 1930s. and failed amendment to the U.S. Constitution that
would have prohibited any government discrimination
on the basis of sex.
E Erie Canal n. a 363-mile-long artificial waterway
connecting the Hudson River with Lake Erie, built
Earth Day n. a day set aside for environmental
between 1817 and 1825.
education, celebrated annually on April 22.
Espionage and Sedition Acts n. two laws,
Economic Opportunity Act n. a law, enacted
enacted in 1917 and 1918, that imposed harsh penalties
in 1964, that provided funds for youth programs,
on anyone interfering with or speaking against U.S.
antipoverty measures, small-business loans, and job
participation in World War I.
training.
excise tax n. a tax on the production, sale, or
egalitarianism n. the belief that all people should
consumption of goods produced within a country.
have equal political, economic, social, and civil rights.
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

executive branch n. the branch of government that

Eisenhower Doctrine n. a U.S. commitment to
administers and enforces the laws.
defend the Middle East against attack by any communist
country, announced by President Dwight D. Eisenhower exoduster n. an African American who migrated
in 1957. from the South to Kansas in the post-Reconstruction
years.
electoral college n. a group selected by the states
to elect the president and the vice-president, in which extortion n. illegal use of one’s official position to
each state’s number of electors is equal to the number of obtain property or funds.
its senators and representatives in Congress.

emancipation n. the freeing of slaves.

F
Emancipation Proclamation n. an executive
order issued by Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863, Fair Deal n. President Harry S. Truman’s economic
freeing the slaves in all regions behind Confederate program—an extension of Franklin Roosevelt’s New
lines. Deal—which included measures to increase the
minimum wage, to extend social security coverage, and
embargo n. a government ban on trade with one or to provide housing for low-income families.
more other nations.
Family Assistance Plan n. a welfare-reform
encomienda n. a system in which Spanish proposal, approved by the House of Representatives in
authorities granted colonial landlords the service of 1970 but defeated in the Senate, that would have
Native Americans as forced laborers. guaranteed an income to welfare recipients who agreed
to undergo job training and to accept work.
Enlightenment n. an 18th-century intellectual
movement that emphasized the use of reason and the
scientific method as means of obtaining knowledge.

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Farmers’ Alliances n. groups of farmers, or those flapper n. one of the free-thinking young women who
in sympathy with farming issues, who sent lecturers embraced the new fashions and urban attitudes of the
from town to town to educate people about agricultural 1920s.
and rural issues.
flexible response n. a policy, developed during the
fascism n. a political philosophy that advocates a Kennedy administration, that involved preparing for a
ENGLISH

strong, centralized, nationalistic government headed by variety of military responses to international crises
a powerful dictator. rather than focusing on the use of nuclear weapons.

Federal Communications Commission Foraker Act n. legislation passed by Congress in

(FCC) n. an agency that regulates U.S. 1900, in which the U.S. ended military rule in Puerto
communications industries, including radio Rico and set up a civil government.
and television broadcasting.
Fordney-McCumber Tariff n. a set of
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation regulations, enacted by Congress in 1922, that raised
(FDIC) n. an agency created in 1933 to insure taxes on imports to record levels in order to protect
individuals’ bank accounts, protecting people against American businesses against foreign competition.
losses due to bank failures.
forty-niner n. one of the people who migrated to
Federal Home Loan Bank Act n. a law, enacted California in search of riches after gold was discovered
in 1931, that lowered home mortgage rates and allowed there in 1848.
farmers to refinance their loans and avoid foreclosure.
Fourteen Points n. the principles making up
federalism n. a political system in which a national President Woodrow Wilson’s plan for world peace
government and constituent units, such as state following World War I.
governments, share power.
Fourteenth Amendment n. an amendment to
Federalists n. supporters of the Constitution and of a the U.S. Constitution, adopted in 1868, that makes all
strong national government. persons born or naturalized in the United States—
including former slaves—citizens of the country and
Federalist, The n. a series of essays defending and guarantees equal protection of the laws.

Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

explaining the Constitution, written by Alexander
Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay. franchise n. a business that has bought the right to
use a parent company’s name and methods, thus
Federal Reserve System n. a national banking becoming one of a number of similar businesses in
system, established in 1913, that controls the U.S. various locations.
money supply and the availability of credit in the
country. Freedmen’s Bureau n. a federal agency set up to
help former slaves after the Civil War.
Federal Securities Act n. a law, enacted in 1933,
that required corporations to provide complete, accurate freedom rider n. one of the civil rights activists
information on all stock offerings. who rode buses through the South in the early 1960s to
challenge segregation.
Federal Trade Commission (FTC) n. a federal
agency established in 1914 to investigate and stop unfair Freedom Summer n. a 1964 project to register
business practices. African-American voters in Mississippi.

feminism n. the belief that women should have Freeport Doctrine n. the idea, expressed by
economic, political, and social equality with men. Stephen Douglas in 1858, that any territory could
exclude slavery by simply refusing to pass laws
Fifteenth Amendment n. an amendment to the supporting it.
U.S. Constitution, adopted in 1870, that prohibits the
denial of voting rights to people because of their race or Free-Soil Party n. a political party formed in 1848
color or because they have previously been slaves. to oppose the extension of slavery into U.S. territories.

“Fifty-Four Forty or Fight!” n. a slogan used in Free Speech Movement n. an antiestablishment

the 1844 presidential campaign as a call for the U.S. New Left organization that originated in a 1964 clash
annexation of the entire Oregon Territory. between students and administrators at the University of
California at Berkeley.

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French and Indian War n. a conflict in North ghetto n. a city neighborhood in which a certain
America, lasting from 1754 to 1763, that was a part of a minority group is pressured or forced to live.
worldwide struggle between France and Britain and that
ended with the defeat of France and the transfer of GI Bill of Rights n. a name given to the Servicemen’s
French Canada to Britain. Readjustment Act, a 1944 law that provided financial and
educational benefits for World War II veterans.

ENGLISH
Fugitive Slave Act n. a law enacted as part of the
Compromise of 1850, designed to ensure that escaped glasnost n. the open discussion of social problems
slaves would be returned into bondage. that was permitted in the Soviet Union in the 1980s.

Fundamentalism n. a Protestant religious Glass-Steagall Act n. the 1933 law that

movement grounded in the belief that all the stories and established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
details in the Bible are literally true. to protect individuals’ bank accounts.

Glorious Revolution n. the transfer of the British

G monarchy from James II to William and Mary in
1688–1689.
Gadsden Purchase n. an 1853 purchase by the gold rush n. a movement of many people to a region
United States of land from Mexico, establishing the in which gold has been discovered.
present U.S.-Mexico boundary.
gold standard n. a monetary system in which the
gag rule n. a rule limiting or preventing debate on an basic unit of currency is defined in terms of a set
issue. amount of gold.
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade Gone with the Wind n. a 1939 movie dealing with
(GATT) n. an international agreement first signed in the life of Southern plantation owners during the Civil
1947. In 1994, the U.S. and other countries adopted War—one of the most popular films of all time.
a new version of GATT. This treaty lowered trade
barriers, such as tariffs, and created the World Trade graft n. the illegal use of political influence for
Organization, which resolves trade disputes. personal gain.
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

genetic engineering n. the alteration of the grandfather clause n. a provision that exempts
molecular biology of organisms’ cells in order to create certain people from a law on the basis of previously
new varieties of bacteria, plants, and animals. existing circumstances—especially a clause formerly
in some Southern states’ constitutions that exempted
Geneva Accords n. a 1954 peace agreement that whites from the strict voting requirements used to keep
divided Vietnam into Communist-controlled North African Americans from the polls.
Vietnam and non-Communist South Vietnam until
unification elections could be held in 1956. Grange n. the Patrons of Husbandry—a social and
educational organization through which farmers
genocide n. the deliberate and systematic attempted to combat the power of the railroads in the
extermination of a particular racial, national, or late 19th century.
religious group.
Grapes of Wrath, The n. a novel by John
Gentlemen’s Agreement n. a 1907–1908 Steinbeck, published in 1939, that deals with a family of
agreement by the government of Japan to limit Japanese Oklahomans who leave the Dust Bowl for California.
emigration to the United States.
Great Awakening n. a revival of religious feeling
gentrification n. the process of restoring in the American colonies during the 1730s and 1750s.
deteriorated urban property by middle-class people,
which often results in the displacement of lower-income Great Compromise n. the Constitutional
residents. Convention’s agreement to establish a two-house
national legislature, with all states having equal
Gettysburg Address n. a famous speech delivered representation in one house and each state having
by Abraham Lincoln in November 1863, at the representation based on its population in the other house.
dedication of a national cemetery on the site of the
Battle of Gettysburg. Great Depression n. a period, lasting from 1929 to
1940, in which the U.S. economy was in severe decline
and millions of Americans were unemployed.

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Great Migration n. the large-scale movement of home rule n. a state’s powers of governing its
African Americans from the South to Northern cities in citizens without federal government involvement.
the early 20th century.
Homestead Act n. a U.S. law enacted in 1862, that
Great Plains n. the vast grassland that extends provided 160 acres in the West to any citizen or intended
through the central portion North America, from Texas citizen who was head of household and would cultivate
ENGLISH

northward to Canada, east of the Rocky Mountains. the land for five years; a law whose passage led to
record numbers of U.S. settlers claiming private property
Great Society n. President Lyndon B. Johnson’s which previously had been reserved by treaty and by
program to reduce poverty and racial injustice and to tradition for Native American nomadic dwelling and
promote a better quality of life in the United States. use; the same law strengthened in 1889 to encourage
individuals to exercise their private property rights and

H develop homesteads out of the vast government lands.

Hopewell n. a Mound Builder society that was

habeas corpus n. a court order requiring authorities centered in the Ohio River valley and flourished from
to bring a prisoner before the court so that the court can about 200 b.c. to a.d. 400.
determine whether the prisoner is being held legally.
horizontal integration n. the merging of
Haight-Ashbury n. a San Francisco district that companies that make similar products.
became the “capital” of the hippie counterculture during
the 1960s. hot line n. a communication link established in 1963
to allow the leaders of the United States and the Soviet
Harlem Renaissance n. a flowering of African- Union to contact each other in times of crisis.
American artistic creativity during the 1920s, centered
in the Harlem community of New York City. House Un-American Activities Committee
(HUAC) n. a congressional committee that
hawk n. a person who supported U.S. involvement in investigated Communist influence inside and outside the
the Vietnam War and believed that the United States U.S. government in the years following World War II.
should use increased military force to win it.
human rights n. the rights and freedoms, such as

Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

Hawley-Smoot Tariff Act n. a law, enacted in those named in the Declaration of Independence and the
1930, that established the highest protective tariff in U.S. Bill of Rights, to which all people are entitled.
history, worsening the depression in America and
abroad.

H-bomb n. the hydrogen bomb—a thermonuclear

I
weapon much more powerful than the atomic bomb. Immigration Act of 1965 n. a law that increased
the number of immigrants allowed to settle in the United
headright system n. the Virginia Company’s
States.
policy of granting 50 acres of land to each settler and to
each family member who accompanied him. impeach v. to formally charge an official with
misconduct in office. The House of Representatives has
hierarchy n. a social ordering by rank or class.
the sole power to impeach federal officials.
Ho Chi Minh Trail n. a network of paths used by
impeachment n. the process of accusing a public
North Vietnam to transport supplies to the Vietcong in
official of wrongdoing.
South Vietnam.
imperialism n. the policy of extending a nation’s
Hohokam n. a Native American group that lived in
authority over other countries by economic, political, or
the valleys of the Salt and Gila rivers (in what is now
military means.
Arizona) from about 300 b.c. to a.d. 1400.
impressment n. the forcible seizure of men for
Hollywood Ten n. ten witnesses from the film
military service.
industry who refused to cooperate with the HUAC’s
investigation of Communist influence in Hollywood. Inca n. a Native American people that around a.d.
1400 created an empire reaching nearly 2,500 miles
Holocaust n. the systematic murder—or genocide—
along the west coast of South America.
of Jews and other groups in Europe by the Nazis before
and during World War II.
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incandescent adj. giving off visible light as a Intolerable Acts n. a series of laws enacted by
result of being heated. Parliament in 1774 to punish Massachusetts colonists for
the Boston Tea Party.
income tax n. a tax on earnings.
iron curtain n. a phrase used by Winston Churchill
indentured servant n. a person who has in 1946 to describe an imaginary line that separated

ENGLISH
contracted to work for another for a limited period, often Communist countries in the Soviet bloc of Eastern
in return for travel expenses, shelter, and sustenance. Europe from countries in Western Europe.
Indian Removal Act n. a law, enacted in 1830, that Iroquois n. a group of Native American peoples
forced Native American peoples east of the Mississippi inhabiting the woodlands of the Northeast.
to move to lands in the West.
Islam n. a religion founded in Arabia in a.d. 622 by
Industrial Revolution n. the change in social the prophet Muhammad; its believers are called
and economic organization that resulted from the Muslims.
replacement of hand tools with machines and from the
development of large-scale industrial production. isolationism n. opposition to political and economic
entanglements with other countries.
Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) n. a
labor organization for unskilled workers, formed by a
group of radical unionists and socialists in 1905. J
inflation n. an increase in prices or decline in
purchasing power caused by an increase in the supply Japanese American Citizens League
of money. (JACL) n. an organization that pushed the U.S.
government to compensate Japanese Americans for
information superhighway n. a computer property they had lost when they were interned during
communications network linking people and institutions World War II.
throughout the world, providing individuals with
services such as libraries, shopping, movies, and news. jazz n. a style of music characterized by the use of
improvisation.
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

INF Treaty n. the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces

Treaty—a 1987 agreement between the United States Jim Crow laws n. laws enacted by Southern state
and the Soviet Union that eliminated some weapons and local governments to separate white and black
systems and allowed for on-site inspection of military people in public and private facilities.
installations. joint-stock companies n. businesses in which
initiative n. a procedure by which a legislative investors pool their wealth for a common purpose.
measure can be originated by the people rather than by journeyman n. in the apprentice system, a skilled
lawmakers. worker employed by a master.
installment plan n. an arrangement in which a judicial branch n. the branch of government that
purchaser pays over an extended time, without having to interprets the laws and the Constitution.
put down much money at the time of purchase.
judicial review n. the Supreme Court’s power to
interchangeable parts n. standardized parts that declare an act of Congress unconstitutional.
can be used in place of one another.
Judiciary Act of 1789 n. a law that established
Internet n. a worldwide network, originally the federal court system and the Supreme Court and that
developed by the U.S. Department of Defense, that links provided for the appeal of certain state court decisions to
computers and allows almost immediate communication the federal courts.
of texts, pictures, and sounds.
Judiciary Act of 1801 n. a law that increased the
internment n. confinement or a restriction in number of federal judges, allowing President John
movement, especially under wartime conditions. Adams to fill most of the new posts with Federalists.
Interstate Commerce Act n. a law, enacted in Jungle, The n. a novel by Upton Sinclair, published
1887, that reestablished the federal government’s right to in 1906, that portrays the dangerous and unhealthy
supervise railroad activities and created a five-member conditions prevalent in the meatpacking industry at
Interstate Commerce Commission to do so. that time.
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EngGloss.TheAmerican 1/21/04 4:12 PM Page 12

K L
kamikaze adj.involving or engaging in the deliberate land grant n. a gift of public land to an individual or
crashing of a bomb-filled airplane into a military target. organization.
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Kansas-Nebraska Act n. a law, enacted in 1854, Land Ordinance of 1785 n. a law that
that established the territories of Kansas and Nebraska established a plan for surveying and selling the federally
and gave their residents the right to decide whether to owned lands west of the Appalachian Mountains.
allow slavery.
La Raza Unida n. a Latino political organization
Kashaya Pomo n. a Native American people that founded in 1970 by José Angel Gutiérrez.
formerly inhabited the coastal marshlands of what is
now California. League of Nations n. an association of nations
established in 1920 to promote international cooperation
Kent State University n. an Ohio university and peace.
where National Guardsmen opened fire on students
protesting the Vietnam War on May 4, 1970, wounding legislative branch n. the branch of government
nine and killing four. that makes laws.

Kerner Commission n. a group that was appointed Lend-Lease Act n. a law, passed in 1941, that
by President Johnson to study the causes of urban allowed the United States to ship arms and other
violence and that recommended the elimination of de supplies, without immediate payment, to nations
facto segregation in American society. fighting the Axis powers.

King Philip’s War n. a conflict, in the years Limited Test Ban Treaty n. the 1963 treaty in
1675–1676, between New England colonists and Native which the United States and the Soviet Union agreed not
American groups allied under the leadership of the to conduct nuclear-weapons tests in the atmosphere.
Wampanoag chief Metacom.
lineage n. a group of people descended from a
kinship n. the ties between members of a family. common ancestor.

Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

Know-Nothing Party n. a name given to the long drive n. the moving of cattle over trails to a
American Party, formed in the 1850s to curtail the shipping center.
political influence of immigrants.
longhorn n. a breed of sturdy, long-horned cattle
Kongo n. a group of small kingdoms along the Zaire brought by the Spanish to Mexico and suited to the dry
River in West-Central Africa, united under a single conditions of the Southwest.
leader in the late 1400s.
Louisiana Purchase n. the 1803 purchase by
Korean War n. a conflict between North Korea and the United States of France’s Louisiana Territory—
South Korea, lasting from 1950 to 1953, in which the extending from the Mississippi River to the Rocky
United States, along with other UN countries, fought on Mountains—for $15 million.
the side of the South Koreans and China fought on the
Loyalists n. colonists who supported the British
side of the North Koreans.
government during the American Revolution.
Kristallnacht n. “night of broken glass,” a name
Lusitania n. a British passenger ship that was sunk
given to the night of November 9, 1938, when gangs of
by a German U-boat in 1915.
Nazi storm troopers attacked Jewish homes, businesses,
and synagogues in Germany.

Ku Klux Klan (KKK) n. a secret organization that M

used terrorist tactics in an attempt to restore white
supremacy in Southern states after the Civil War. mandate n. the authority to act that an elected
official receives from the voters who elected him or her.
Kwakiutl n. a Native American people that formerly
inhabited the northwestern coastal region of North Manhattan Project n. the U.S. program to develop
America. an atomic bomb for use in World War II.

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manifest destiny n. the 19th-century belief that the melting pot n. a mixture of people from different
United States would inevitably expand westward to the cultures and races who blend together by abandoning
Pacific Ocean and into Mexican territory. their native languages and cultures.

Marbury v. Madison n. an 1803 case in which the mercantilism n. an economic system in which
Supreme Court ruled that it had the power to abolish nations seek to increase their wealth and power by

ENGLISH
legislative acts by declaring them unconstitutional; this obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by
power came to be known as judicial review. establishing a favorable balance of trade.

market revolution n. the major change in the U.S. Merrimack n. an ironclad ship used by the South in
economy produced by people’s beginning to buy and sell the Civil War.
goods rather than make them for themselves.
mestizo adj. of mixed Spanish and Native American
Marshall Plan n. the program, proposed by ancestry.
Secretary of State George Marshall in 1947, under which
the United States supplied economic aid to European middle passage n. the voyage that brought
nations to help them rebuild after World War II. enslaved Africans to the West Indies and later to
North America.
martial law n. temporary rule by military rather than
civilian authority. midnight judge n. one of the judges appointed by
John Adams in the last hours of his administration.
mass media n. the means of communication—such
as television, newspapers, and radio—that reach large militarism n. the policy of building up armed forces
audiences. in aggressive preparedness for war and their use as a tool
of diplomacy.
mass production n. the production of goods in
large quantities, made possible by the use of machinery minutemen n. Patriot civilian soldiers just before
and the division of labor. and during the Revolutionary War, pledged to be ready
to fight at a minute’s notice.
mass transit n. transportation systems designed to
move large numbers of people along fixed routes. Mississippian n. the last and most complex of the
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

Mound Builder societies, inhabiting the Ohio and

master n. a skilled artisan, usually one owning a Mississippi valleys from about a.d. 700 into the 1500s.
business and employing others.
Missouri Compromise n. a series of agreements
Maya n. a Native American people whose civilization passed by Congress in 1820–1821 to maintain the
flourished in Guatemala and the Yucatán Peninsula balance of power between slave states and free states.
between about a.d. 250 and 900.
Monitor n. an ironclad ship used by the North in the
McCarthyism n. the attacks, often unsubstantiated, Civil War.
by Senator Joseph McCarthy and others on people
suspected of being Communists in the early 1950s. Monroe Doctrine n. a policy of U.S. opposition to
any European interference in the affairs of the Western
McCulloch v. Maryland n. an 1819 case in which Hemisphere, announced by President Monroe in 1823.
the Supreme Court ruled that Maryland had no right to
tax the Bank of the United States, thereby strengthening Moral Majority n. a political alliance of religious
the power of the federal government’s control over the groups, consisting mainly of evangelical and
economy. fundamentalist Christians, that was active in the 1970s
and 1980s, condemning liberal attitudes and behavior
Meat Inspection Act n. a law, enacted in 1906, and raising money for conservative candidates.
that established strict cleanliness requirements for
meatpackers and created a federal meat-inspection Mormons n. members of a church founded by Joseph
program. Smith and his associates in 1830.

Medicaid n. a program, established in 1965, that Morrill Acts n. laws enacted in 1862 and 1890 to help
provides health insurance for people on welfare. create agricultural colleges by giving federal land to states.

Medicare n. a federal program, established in 1965, muckraker n. one of the magazine journalists who
that provides hospital insurance and low-cost medical exposed the corrupt side of business and public life in
insurance to Americans aged 65 and over. the early 1900s.

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Munn v. Illinois n. an 1877 case in which the National Organization for Women (NOW)
Supreme Court upheld states’ regulation of railroads for n. an organization founded in 1966 to pursue feminist
the benefit of farmers and consumers, thus establishing goals, such as better child-care facilities, improved
the right of government to regulate private industry to educational opportunities, and an end to job
serve the public interest. discrimination.
ENGLISH

My Lai n. a village in northern South Vietnam where National Road n. a federally funded road begun in
more than 200 unarmed civilians, including women and 1811 and by 1838 extending from Cumberland,
children, were massacred by U.S. troops in May 1968. Maryland to Vandalia, Illinois.

National Trades’ Union n. the first national

N association of trade unions, formed in 1834.

National Youth Administration n. an agency

NAACP n. the National Association for the that provided young Americans with aid and
Advancement of Colored People—an organization employment during the Great Depression.
founded in 1909 to promote full racial equality.
Nation of Islam n. a religious group, popularly
NACW n. the National Association of Colored known as the Black Muslims, founded by Elijah
Women—a social service organization founded in 1896. Muhammad to promote black separatism and the
NAFTA n. the North American Free Trade Islamic religion.
Agreement—a 1993 treaty that lowered tariffs and nativism n. favoring the interests of native-born
brought Mexico into the free-trade zone established by people over foreign-born people.
the United States and Canada.
Navigation Acts n. a series of laws enacted by
napalm n. a gasoline-based substance used in bombs Parliament, beginning in 1651, to tighten England’s
that U.S. planes dropped in Vietnam in order to burn control of trade in its American colonies.
away jungle and expose Vietcong hideouts.
NAWSA n. the National American Woman Suffrage
NASDAQ n. the National Association of Securities Association—an organization founded in 1890 to gain

Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

Dealers Automated Quotation System—a stock voting rights for women.
exchange for over-the-counter sales, comprised largely
of technology companies. Nazism n. the political philosophy—based on
extreme nationalism, racism, and militaristic
National Bank Act n. legislation passed in 1863 to expansionism—that Adolf Hitler put into practice
make banking safer for investors. Its provisions included in Germany from 1933 to 1945.
a system of federally chartered banks, new requirements
for loans, and a system for the inspection of banks. neutrality n. a refusal to take part in a war between
other nations.
National Energy Act n. a law, enacted during
the Carter administration, that established a tax on Neutrality Acts n. a series of laws enacted in 1935
“gas-guzzling” automobiles, removed price controls and 1936 to prevent U.S. arms sales and loans to nations
on U.S. oil and natural gas, and provided tax credits at war.
for the development of alternative energy sources.
New Deal n. President Franklin Roosevelt’s program
National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) to alleviate the problems of the Great Depression,
n. a law enacted in 1933 to establish codes of fair focusing on relief for the needy, economic recovery,
practice for industries and to promote industrial growth. and financial reform.

nationalism n. a devotion to the interests and culture New Deal Coalition n. an alliance of diverse
of one’s nation. groups—including Southern whites, African Americans,
and unionized workers—who supported the policies of
National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) the Democratic Party in the 1930s and 1940s.
n. an agency created in 1935 to prevent unfair labor
practices and to mediate disputes between workers and New Federalism n. President Richard Nixon’s
management. program to turn over part of the federal government’s
power to state and local governments.

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New Frontier n. President John F. Kennedy’s Ohio gang n. a group of close friends and political
legislative program, which included proposals to provide supporters whom President Warren G. Harding
medical care for the elderly, to rebuild blighted urban appointed to his cabinet.
areas, to aid education, to bolster the national defense,
to increase international aid, and to expand the space Olive Branch Petition n. a document sent by
program. the Second Continental Congress to King George III,

ENGLISH
proposing a reconciliation between the colonies and
New Left n. a youth-dominated political movement Britain.
of the 1960s, embodied in such organizations as
Students for a Democratic Society and the Free Speech Olmec n. a Native American people whose
Movement. civilization flourished in what is now southern Mexico
in the period 1200–400 b.c.
New Right n. a late-20th-century alliance of
conservative special-interest groups concerned with OPEC n. the Organization of Petroleum Exporting
cultural, social, and moral issues. Countries—an economic association of oil-producing
nations that is able to set oil prices.
Niagara Movement n. founded by W. E. B. Du Bois
in 1905 to promote the education of African Americans in Open Door notes n. messages sent by Secretary
the liberal arts. of State John Hay in 1899 to Germany, Russia, Great
Britain, France, Italy, and Japan, asking the countries
Nineteenth Amendment n. an amendment to the not to interfere with U.S. trading rights in China.
U.S. Constitution, adopted in 1920, that gives women the
right to vote. Operation Desert Storm n. a 1991 military
operation in which UN forces, led by the United States,
nomadic adj. having no fixed home, moving from drove Iraqi invaders from Kuwait.
place to place according to seasons and availability of
food and water. Oregon Trail n. a route from Independence,
Missouri, to Oregon City, Oregon, used by pioneers
“no man’s land” n. an unoccupied region between traveling to the Oregon Territory.
opposing armies.

P
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

nonaggression pact n. an agreement in which

two nations promise not to go to war with each other.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Panama Canal n. an artificial waterway cut through
n. a defensive military alliance formed in 1949 by ten the Isthmus of Panama to provide a shortcut between the
Western European countries, the United States, and Atlantic and Pacific oceans, opened in 1914.
Canada. panic of 1837 n. a U.S. financial crisis in which
Northwest Ordinance of 1787 n. a law that banks closed and the credit system collapsed, resulting
established a procedure for the admission of new states in many bankruptcies and high unemployment.
to the Union. panic of 1873 n. a series of financial failures that
nuclear family n. a household made up of a mother, triggered a five-year depression in the United States.
a father, and their children. parity n. a government-supported level for the prices
nullification n. a state’s refusal to recognize an act of agricultural products, intended to keep farmers’
of Congress that it considers unconstitutional. incomes steady.

Nuremberg trials n. the court proceedings held in Parliament n. the legislative body of England.
Nuremberg, Germany, after World War II, in which Nazi Patriots n. colonists who supported American
leaders were tried for war crimes. independence from Britain.

O patronage n. an officeholder’s power to appoint

people—usually those who have helped him or her get
elected—to positions in government.
Office of Price Administration (OPA)
n. an agency established by Congress to control
inflation during World War II.

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pay equity n. the basing of an employee’s salary on political machine n. an organized group that
the requirements of his or her job rather than on the controls a political party in a city and offers services
traditional pay scales that have frequently provided to voters and businesses in exchange for political and
women with smaller incomes than men. (p. 1048) financial support.

Payne-Aldrich Tariff n. a set of tax regulations, poll tax n. an annual tax that formerly had to be paid
ENGLISH

enacted by Congress in 1909, that failed to significantly in some Southern states by anyone wishing to vote.
reduce tariffs on manufactured goods.
popular sovereignty n. a system in which the
Peace Corps n. an agency established in 1961 to residents vote to decide an issue.
provide volunteer assistance to developing nations in
Asia, Africa, and Latin America. Populism n. a late-19th-century political movement
demanding that people have a greater voice in
Pendleton Civil Service Act n. a law, enacted government and seeking to advance the interests
in 1883, that established a bipartisan civil service of farmers and laborers.
commission to make appointments to government jobs
by means of the merit system. Powhatan n. a group of Native American peoples
that lived in eastern Virginia at the time of the first
Pentagon Papers n. a 7,000-page document— English settlements there.
leaked to the press in 1971 by the former Defense
Department worker Daniel Ellsberg—revealing that the price support n. the maintenance of a price at a
U.S. government had not been honest about its intentions certain level through government intervention.
in the Vietnam War.
Proclamation of 1763 n. an order in which
Pequot War n. a 1637 conflict in which the Pequot Britain prohibited its American colonists from settling
nation battled Connecticut colonists and their west of the Appalachian Mountains.
Narragansett allies.
profiteering n. the selling of goods in short supply
perestroika n. the restructuring of the economy and at inflated prices.
the government instituted in the Soviet Union in the
progressive movement n. an early-20th-century
1980s.

Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

reform movement seeking to return control of the
personal liberty laws n. statutes, passed in government to the people, to restore economic
nine Northern states in the 1850s, that forbade the opportunities, and to correct injustices in American life.
imprisonment of runaway slaves and guaranteed jury
prohibition n. the banning of the manufacture, sale,
trials for fugitive slaves.
and possession of alcoholic beverages.
planned obsolescence n. the designing of
Prohibition n. The period from 1920–1933 during
products to wear out or to become outdated quickly, so
which the Eighteenth Amendment forbidding the
that people will feel a need to replace their possessions
manufacture and sale of alcohol was in force in the
frequently.
United States.
plantation n. a large farm on which the labor of
propaganda n. a kind of biased communication
slaves or other workers is used to grow a single crop,
designed to influence people’s thoughts and actions.
such as sugar cane or cotton.
Proposition 187 n. a bill passed in California in
Platt Amendment n. a series of provisions that, in
1994 that ended all education and nonemergency health
1901, the United States insisted Cuba add to its new
benefits to illegal immigrants.
constitution, commanding Cuba to stay out of debt and
giving the United States the right to intervene in the proprietor n. an owner—particularly one of those
country and the right to buy or lease Cuban land for granted ownership of, and full governing rights over,
naval and fueling stations. certain of the English colonies in North America.
Plessy v. Ferguson n. an 1896 case in which the protective tariff n. a tax on imported goods that is
Supreme Court ruled that separation of the races in intended to protect a nation’s businesses from foreign
public accommodations was legal, thus establishing the competition.
“separate but equal” doctrine.
protectorate n. a country whose affairs are partially
controlled by a stronger power.

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Pueblo n. a group of Native American peoples— Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC)

descendants of the Anasazi—inhabiting the deserts n. an agency established in 1932 to provide emergency
of the Southwest. financing to banks, life-insurance companies, railroads,
and other large businesses.
Pure Food and Drug Act n. a law enacted in
1906 to halt the sale of contaminated foods and drugs Red Cross n. an international organization that

ENGLISH
and to ensure truth in labeling. provides relief to people in times of war or natural
disaster. Clara Barton founded the American branch
Puritans n. members of a group that wanted to in 1881.
eliminate all traces of Roman Catholic ritual and
traditions in the Church of England. redemption n. the Southern Democrats’ term for
their return to power in the South in the 1870s.

Q referendum n. a procedure by which a proposed

legislative measure can be submitted to a vote of the
Quakers n. members of the Society of Friends, a people.
religious group persecuted for its beliefs in 17th-century Reformation n. a religious movement in 16th-
England. century Europe, growing out of a desire for reform
quota system n. a system that sets limits on how in the Roman Catholic Church and leading to the
many immigrants from various countries a nation will establishment of various Protestant churches.
admit each year. Renaissance n. a period of European history, lasting
from about 1400 to 1600, during which renewed interest

R in classical culture led to far-reaching changes in art,

learning, and views of the world.

Radical Republican n. one of the congressional reparations n. the compensation paid by a defeated
Republicans who, after the Civil War, wanted to destroy nation for the damage or injury it inflicted during a war.
the political power of former slaveholders and to give
African Americans full citizenship and the right to vote. republic n. a government in which the citizens rule
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

through elected representatives.

ratification n. the official approval of the
Constitution, or of an amendment, by the states. Republican Party n. the modern political party
that was formed in 1854 by opponents of slavery in the
rationing n. a restriction of people’s right to buy territories.
unlimited amounts of particular foods and other goods,
often implemented during wartime to ensure adequate republicanism n. the belief that government should
supplies for the military. be based on the consent of the people.

Reaganomics n. the economic policies of President Republic of California n. the nation proclaimed
Ronald Reagan, which were focused on budget cuts and by American settlers in California when they declared
the granting of large tax cuts in order to increase private their independence from Mexico in 1846.
investment. Republic of Texas n. the nation established in
realpolitik n. a foreign policy advocated by Henry 1836 when American settlers in the Mexican province of
Kissinger in the Nixon administration, based on Tejas declared and fought for their independence, also
consideration of a nation’s power rather than its ideals or commonly known at that time as the “Lone Star
moral principles. Republic”

reapportionment n. the redrawing of election revenue sharing n. the distribution of federal

districts to reflect changes in population. money to state and local governments with few or no
restrictions on how it is spent.
recall n. a procedure for removing a public official
from office by a vote of the people. reverse discrimination n. an unfair treatment
of members of a majority group—for example, white
Reconstruction n. the period of rebuilding that men—resulting from efforts to correct discrimination
followed the Civil War, during which the defeated against members of other groups.
Confederate states were readmitted to the Union.

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revival n. a religious gathering designed to reawaken savanna n. a dry grassland dotted with trees and
faith through impassioned preaching. bushes, found in sub-Saharan Africa and other tropical
or subtropical regions.
rock ’n’ roll n. a form of American popular music
that evolved in the 1950s out of rhythm and blues, scalawag n. a white Southerner who joined the
country, jazz, gospel, and pop; the American musical Republican Party after the Civil War.
ENGLISH

form characterized by heavy rhythms and simple

melodies which has spread worldwide having significant scientific management n. the application of
impacts on social dancing, clothing fashions, and scientific principles to increase efficiency in the
expressions of protest. workplace.

Roosevelt Corollary n. an extension of the Scopes trial n. a sensational 1925 court case in
Monroe Doctrine, announced by President Theodore which the biology teacher John T. Scopes was tried for
Roosevelt in 1904, under which the United States challenging a Tennessee law that outlawed the teaching
claimed the right to protect its economic interests by of evolution.
means of military intervention in the affairs of Western
search-and-destroy mission n. a U.S. military
Hemisphere nations.
raid on a South Vietnamese village, intended to root out
Rough Riders n. a volunteer cavalry regiment, villagers with ties to the Vietcong but often resulting in
commanded by Leonard Wood and Theodore Roosevelt, the destruction of the village and the displacement of its
that served in the Spanish-American War. inhabitants.

royal colony n. a colony under the direct control of secession n. the formal withdrawal of a state from
the English monarch. the Union.

rural free delivery (RFD) n. the free government Second Continental Congress n. the
delivery of mail and packages to homes in rural areas, Continental Congress that convened in May 1775,
begun in 1896. approved the Declaration of Independence, and served
as the only agency of national government during the
Revolutionary War.
S

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Second Great Awakening n. a 19th-century
religious movement in which individual responsibility
SALT I Treaty n. a five-year agreement between the for seeking salvation was emphasized, along with the
United States and the Soviet Union, signed in 1972, that need for personal and social improvement.
limited the nations’ numbers of intercontinental ballistic
missiles and submarine-launched missiles. sectionalism n. the placing of the interests of one’s
own region ahead of the interests of the nation as a
salutary neglect n. an English policy of relaxing whole.
the enforcement of regulations in its colonies in return
for the colonies’ continued economic loyalty. Securities and Exchange Commission
(SEC) n. an agency, created in 1934, that monitors the
Sandinista adj. belonging to a leftist rebel group stock market and enforces laws regulating the sale of
that overthrew the Nicaraguan government in 1979. stocks and bonds.
Santa Fe Trail n. a route from Independence, segregation n. the separation of people on the basis
Missouri, to Santa Fe, New Mexico, used by traders in of race.
the early and mid-1800s.
Selective Service Act n. a law, enacted in 1917,
satellite nation n. a country that is dominated that required men to register for military service.
politically and economically by another nation.
Seneca Falls Convention n. a women’s rights
Saturday Night Massacre n. a name given to the convention held in Seneca Falls, New York, in 1848.
resignation of the U.S. attorney general and the firing of
his deputy in October 1973, after they refused to carry Separatist n. a member of one of the Puritan groups
out President Nixon’s order to fire the special prosecutor that, denying the possibility of reform within the Church
investigating the Watergate affair. of England, established their own independent
congregations.

18 THE AMERICANS
EngGloss.TheAmerican 1/21/04 4:12 PM Page 19

service sector n. the part of the economy that soup kitchen n. a place where free or low cost food
provides consumers with services rather than goods. is served to the needy.

settlement house n. a community center Southern Christian Leadership Conference

providing assistance to residents—particularly (SCLC) n. an organization formed in 1957 by Dr.
immigrants—in a slum neighborhood. Martin Luther King, Jr., and other leaders to work for

ENGLISH
civil rights through nonviolent means.
Seventeenth Amendment n. an amendment to
the U.S. Constitution, adopted in 1913, that provides for Southern strategy n. President Nixon’s attempt to
the election of U.S. senators by the people rather than by attract the support of Southern conservative Democrats
state legislatures. who were unhappy with federal desegregation policies
and the liberal Supreme Court.
shantytown n. a neighborhood in which people live
in makeshift shacks. speakeasy n. a place where alcoholic drinks were
sold and consumed illegally during Prohibition.
sharecropping n. a system in which landowners
give farm workers land, seed, and tools in return for a specialization n. in farming, the raising of one or
part of the crops they raise. two crops for sale rather than a variety of foods for
personal use.
Shays’s Rebellion n. an uprising of debt-ridden
Massachusetts farmers protesting increased state taxes speculation n. an involvement in risky business
in 1787. transactions in an effort to make a quick or large profit.

Sherman Antitrust Act n. a law, enacted in 1890, spoils system n. the practice of winning
that was intended to prevent the creation of monopolies candidates’ rewarding their supporters with government
by making it illegal to establish trusts that interfered jobs.
with free trade.
Square Deal n. President Theodore Roosevelt’s
silent majority n. a name given by President program of progressive reforms designed to protect the
Richard Nixon to the moderate, mainstream Americans common people against big business.
who quietly supported his Vietnam War policies.
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

stagflation n. an economic condition marked by

sit-in n. a form of demonstration used by African both inflation and high unemployment.
Americans to protest discrimination, in which the
protesters sit down in a segregated business and refuse Stamp Act n. a 1765 law in which Parliament
to leave until they are served. established the first direct taxation of goods and services
within the British colonies in North America.
slave n. a person who becomes the property of others.
Stono Rebellion n. a 1739 uprising of slaves in
Social Darwinism n. an economic and social South Carolina, leading to the tightening of already
philosophy—supposedly based on the biologist Charles harsh slave laws.
Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection—
holding that a system of unrestrained competition will Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) n. a
ensure the survival of the fittest. proposed defense system—popularly known as Star
Wars—intended to protect the United States against
Social Gospel movement n. a 19th-century missile attacks.
reform movement based on the belief that Christians
have a responsibility to help improve working conditions strike n. a work stoppage intended to force an
and alleviate poverty. employer to respond to demands.

Social Security Act n. a law enacted in 1935 to Student Nonviolent Coordinating

provide aid to retirees, the unemployed, people with Committee (SNCC) n. an organization formed in
disabilities, and families with dependent children. 1960 to coordinate sit-ins and other protests and to give
young blacks a larger role in the civil rights movement.
soddy n. a home built of blocks of turf.
Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)
Songhai n. an empire that, at the height of its power n. an antiestablishment New Left group, founded in
in the 1500s, controlled much of West Africa. 1960, that called for greater individual freedom and
responsibility.

MULTI-LANGUAGE GLOSSARY 19
EngGloss.TheAmerican 1/21/04 4:12 PM Page 20

suburb n. a residential town or community near a city. termination policy n. the U.S. government’s plan,
announced in 1953, to give up responsibility for Native
suffrage n. the right to vote. American tribes by eliminating federal economic
support, discontinuing the reservation system, and
Sugar Act n. a trade law enacted by Parliament in
redistributing tribal lands.
1764 in an attempt to reduce smuggling in the British
ENGLISH

colonies in North America. Tet offensive n. a massive surprise attack by the

Vietcong on South Vietnamese towns and cities early
supply-side economics n. the idea that a
in 1968.
reduction of tax rates will lead to increases in jobs,
savings, and investments, and therefore to an increase Texas Revolution n. the 1836 rebellion in which
in government revenue. Texas gained its independence from Mexico.

Thirteenth Amendment n. an amendment to the

T U.S. Constitution, adopted in 1865, that has abolished
slavery and involuntary servitude.
Taino n. a Native American people of the Caribbean
islands—the first group encountered by Columbus and Three-Fifths Compromise n. the Constitutional
his men when they reached the Americas. Convention’s agreement to count three-fifths of a state’s
slaves as population for purposes of representation and
Tariff of Abominations n. John C. Calhoun’s taxation.
name for an 1828 tariff increase that seemed to
Southerners to be enriching the North at their expense. Tiananmen Square n. the site of 1989
demonstrations in Beijing, China, in which Chinese
Tariff of 1816 n. a protective tariff designed to aid students demanded freedom of speech and a greater
American industries. voice in government.

Teapot Dome scandal n. Secretary of the Interior Tonkin Gulf Resolution n. a resolution adopted
Albert B. Fall’s secret leasing of oil-rich public land to by Congress in 1964, giving the president broad powers
private companies in return for money and land. to wage war in Vietnam.

Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

Telecommunications Act of 1996 n. a law totalitarian adj. characteristic of a political system
enacted in 1996 to remove barriers that had previously in which the government exercises complete control over
prevented communications companies from engaging in its citizens’ lives.
more than one type of communications business.
Townshend Acts n. a series of laws enacted by
telecommute v. to work at home for a company Parliament in 1767, establishing indirect taxes on goods
located elsewhere, by using such communications imported from Britain by the British colonies in North
technologies as computers, the Internet, and fax America.
machines.
Trail of Tears n. the marches in which the Cherokee
telegraph n. a device for the electrical transmission people were forcibly removed from Georgia to the
of coded messages over wires. Indian Territory in 1838–1840, with thousands of the
Cherokee dying on the way.
temperance movement n. an organized effort to
prevent the drinking of alcoholic beverages. transcendentalism n. a philosophical and literary
movement of the 1800s that emphasized living a simple
tenant farming n. a system in which farm workers life and celebrated the truth found in nature and in
supply their own tools and rent farmland for cash. personal emotion and imagination.
tenement n. a multifamily urban dwelling, usually transcontinental railroad n. a railroad line
overcrowded and unsanitary. linking the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of the United
States, completed in 1869.
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) n. a federal
corporation established in 1933 to construct dams and Treaty of Fort Laramie n. the treaty requiring the
power plants in the Tennessee Valley region to generate Sioux to live on a reservation along the Missouri River.
electricity as well as to prevent floods.
Treaty of Ghent n. the 1814 treaty that ended the
War of 1812.

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EngGloss.TheAmerican 1/21/04 4:12 PM Page 21

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo n. the 1848 treaty United Nations (UN) n. an international
ending the U.S. war with Mexico, in which Mexico peacekeeping organization to which most nations in the
ceded California and New Mexico to the United States. world belong, founded in 1945 to promote world peace,
security, and economic development.
Treaty of Paris (1783) n. the treaty that ended the
Revolutionary War, confirming the independence of the urban flight n. a migration of people from cities

ENGLISH
United States and setting the boundaries of the new nation. to the surrounding suburbs.

Treaty of Paris (1898) n. the treaty ending the urbanization n. the growth of cities.
Spanish-American War, in which Spain freed Cuba,
turned over the islands of Guam and Puerto Rico to the urban renewal n. the tearing down and replacing of
United States, and sold the Philippines to the United buildings in rundown inner-city neighborhoods.
States for $20 million.
urban sprawl n. the unplanned and uncontrolled
Treaty of Tordesillas n. the 1494 treaty in which spreading of cities into surrounding regions.
Spain and Portugal agreed to divide the lands of the
U.S.S. Maine n. a U.S. warship that mysteriously
Western Hemisphere between them.
exploded and sank in the harbor of Havana, Cuba, on
Treaty of Versailles n. the 1919 peace treaty at February 15, 1898.
the end of World War I which established new nations,
U-2 incident n. the downing of a U.S. spy plane and
borders, and war reparations.
capture of its pilot by the Soviet Union in 1960.
trench warfare n. military operations in which the
utopian community n. an experimental
opposing forces attack and counterattack from systems
community designed to be a perfect society, in which its
of fortified ditches rather than on an open battlefield.
members could live together in harmony.
triangular trade n. the transatlantic system of trade
in which goods and people, including slaves, were
exchanged between Africa, England, Europe, the West V
Indies, and the colonies in North America.
V-E Day n. a name given to May 8, 1945, “Victory in
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

Truman Doctrine n. a U.S. policy, announced Europe Day” on which General Eisenhower’s acceptance
by President Harry S. Truman in 1947, of providing of the unconditional surrender of Nazi Germany marked
economic and military aid to free nations threatened the end of World War II in Europe.
by internal or external opponents.
vertical integration n. a company’s taking over its
Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute suppliers and distributors and transportation systems to
n. founded in 1881, and led by Booker T. Washington, gain total control over the quality and cost of its product.
to equip African Americans with teaching diplomas and
useful skills in the trades and agriculture. Vietcong n. the South Vietnamese Communists who,
with North Vietnamese support, fought against the
two-party system n. a political system dominated government of South Vietnam in the Vietnam War.
by two major parties.
Vietminh n. an organization of Vietnamese
Communists and other nationalist groups that between
U 1946 and 1954 fought for Vietnamese independence
from the French.
Uncle Tom’s Cabin n. a best-selling novel by
Vietnamization n. President Nixon’s strategy for
Harriet Beecher Stowe, published in 1852, that portrayed
ending U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War, involving
slavery as a great moral evil.
the gradual withdrawal of U.S. troops and their
Underground Railroad n. a system of routes replacement with South Vietnamese forces.
along which runaway slaves were helped to escape to
Voting Rights Act of 1965 n. a law that made
Canada or to safe areas in the free states.
it easier for African Americans to register to vote by
United Farm Workers Organizing eliminating discriminatory literacy tests and authorizing
Committee (UFWOC) n. a labor union formed in federal examiners to enroll voters denied at the local
1966 to seek higher wages and better working conditions level.
for Mexican-American farm workers in California.

MULTI-LANGUAGE GLOSSARY 21
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W Woodstock n. a free music festival that attracted

more than 400,000 young people to a farm in upstate
New York in August 1969.
Wade-Davis Bill n. a bill, passed in 1864 and
vetoed by President Lincoln, that would have given Works Progress Administration (WPA) n. an
Congress control of Reconstruction. agency, established as part of the Second New Deal, that
ENGLISH

provided the unemployed with jobs in construction,

Wagner Act n. a law—also known as the National garment making, teaching, the arts, and other fields.
Labor Relations Act—enacted in 1935 to protect
workers’ rights after the Supreme Court declared the
National Industrial Recovery Act unconstitutional. X
war-guilt clause n. a provision in the Treaty of XYZ Affair n. a 1797 incident in which French
Versailles by which Germany acknowledged that it alone officials demanded a bribe from U.S. diplomats.
was responsible for World War I.

war hawk n. one of the members of Congress who

favored war with Britain in the early years of the 19th Y
century.
yellow journalism n. the use of sensationalized
War Industries Board (WIB) n. an agency and exaggerated reporting by newspapers or magazines
established during World War I to increase efficiency to attract readers.
and discourage waste in war-related industries.

War Powers Act (WPA) n. a law enacted in 1973,

limiting a president’s right to send troops into battle
Z
without consulting Congress.
Zimmermann note n. a message sent in 1917 by
War Production Board (WPB) n. an agency the German foreign minister to the German ambassador
established during World War II to coordinate the in Mexico, proposing a German-Mexican alliance and
production of military supplies by U.S. industries. promising to help Mexico regain Texas, New Mexico,

Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

and Arizona if the United States entered World War I.
Warren Commission n. a group, headed by Chief
Justice Earl Warren, that investigated the assassination
of President Kennedy and concluded that Lee Harvey
Oswald was alone responsible for it.

Warren Court n. the Supreme Court during the

period when Earl Warren was chief justice, noted for its
activism in the areas of civil rights and free speech.

Warsaw Pact n. a military alliance formed in 1955

by the Soviet Union and its Eastern European satellites.

Watergate n. a scandal arising from the Nixon

administration’s attempt to cover up its involvement in
the 1972 break-in at the Democratic National Committee
headquarters in the Watergate apartment complex.

Whig Party n. the political party formed in 1834 to

oppose the policies of Andrew Jackson.

Wilmot Proviso n. an amendment to an 1846

military appropriations bill, proposing that none of the
territory acquired in the war with Mexico would be open
to slavery.

Women’s Auxiliary Army Corps (WAAC)

n. U.S. army unit created during World War II to enable
women to serve in noncombat positions.
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SpaGloss.TheAmerican 1/16/04 11:17 AM Page 24

GLOSARIO INGLÉS - ESPAÑOL

Este glosario incluye una lista en orden alfabético de muchos de los términos clave
usados en los capítulos, acompañados de sus significados. Las definiciones que
se incluyen en el glosario corresponden a los significados de las palabras en el
contexto en que se usan en este libro de texto. El glosario incluye información
sobre la categoría gramatical de cada palabra. Se usan las siguientes abreviaturas:
adj. = adjetivo s. = sustantivo v. = verbo

A American Expeditionary Force (AEF) /

Fuerza Americana de Expediciones s.
abolition / abolición s. movimiento para acabar fuerzas dirigidas por el general John Pershing, quien
con la esclavitud. luchó con los Aliados en Europa durante la Primera
Guerra Mundial.
Adams-Onís Treaty / Tratado de Adams-
Onís s. acuerdo de 1819 por el cual España le entregó American Federation of Labor (AFL) /
el control del territorio de Florida a Estados Unidos Federación Norteamericana del Trabajo
s. sindicato de trabajadores calificados creado en 1886
Adena s. sociedad constructora de túmulos asentada en el
y dirigido por Samuel Gompers.
valle del río Ohio entre los años 700 a.C. y 100 d.C., aproxi-
madamente; se conoce por sus grandes tumbas cónicas. American Indian Movement (AIM) /
Movimiento Indígena Americano s.
affirmative action / acción afirmativa
SPANISH

organización con frecuencia militante creada en 1968

s. medidas para corregir los efectos de la discriminación
con el fin de luchar por los derechos de los amerindios.
anterior; favorecen a grupos que estaban en desventaja.
Americanization movement / movimiento
Agent Orange / Agente Naranja s.
de americanización s. programa educativo ideado
químico tóxico exfoliante que fumigaron las tropas
para facilitar la asimilación de los inmigrantes a la
estadounidenses en Vietnam para poner al descubierto
cultura estadounidense.
refugios del Vietcong.
American System / Sistema Americano s.
Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) / Ley
programa económico previo a la Guerra Civil diseñado
de Ajustes Agrícolas s. ley de 1933 que elevó el
para fortalecer y unificar a Estados Unidos por medio
precio de las cosechas al pagarle a los granjeros para que
de aranceles proteccionistas, un banco nacional y un

Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

no cultivaran cierta porción de sus tierras, reduciendo
sistema de transporte eficiente.
así la producción.
Anaconda plan / plan Anaconda s. estrategia
AIDS (acquired immune deficiency
de tres pasos durante la Guerra Civil, mediante la cual la
syndrome) / SIDA, síndrome de
Unión propuso derrotar a la Confederación; su nombre
inmunodeficiencia adquirida s. enfermedad
viene de una serpiente que aprieta a sus víctimas.
causada por un virus que debilita el sistema inmunoló-
gico y hace que el cuerpo sea vulnerable a infecciones anarchist / anarquista s. persona que se opone a
y formas poco comunes de cáncer. toda forma de gobierno.
Alamo, the / El Álamo s. misión y fuerte situado Anasazi s. grupo amerindio que vivió cerca de la
en San Antonio, Texas, en donde fuerzas mexicanas región de Four Corners —donde Arizona, New Mexico,
masacraron a rebeldes texanos en 1836. Colorado y Utah se unen— de los años 100 a 1400 d.C.,
aproximadamente.
Alien and Sedition Acts / Leyes de
Extranjeros y de Sedición s. cuatro leyes annex / anexar v. incorporar un territorio a una
aprobadas en 1798 para reducir el poder político de unidad política existente tal como un estado o país.
los nuevos inmigrantes a EE.UU. antebellum adj. previo a la Guerra Civil.
Alliance for Progress / Alianza para el Antifederalist / antifederalista s. oponente de
Progreso s. programa de los sesenta para ofrecer la Constitución y de un gobierno central fuerte.
ayuda económica a los países latinoamericanos. appeasement / apaciguamiento s. política de
Allies / Aliados s. 1. en la I Guerra Mundial, ceder a las demandas de una potencia hostil con el fin de
naciones aliadas en un tratado contra Alemania y las mantener la paz.
otras Potencias Centrales; originalmente Gran Bretaña, Appomattox Court House s. pueblo cerca de
Francia y Rusia; más adelante se unieron Estados Appomattox, Virginia, donde Lee se rindió a Grant el
Unidos, Japón, Italia y otros. 2. en la II Guerra Mundial, 9 de abril de 1865. (37°N 79°O)
naciones asociadas contra el Eje, en particular Gran
apprentice / aprendiz s. trabajador que aprende
Bretaña, la Unión Soviética y Estados Unidos.
un oficio, por lo general supervisado por un maestro.

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arbitration / arbitraje s. método de resolver Battle of Wounded Knee / Batalla de

disputas en el cual ambos lados someten sus diferencias Wounded Knee s. masacre de 300 indígenas
a un juez elegido por las dos partes. desarmados en Wounded Knee Creek, South Dakota,
armistice / armisticio s. tregua o acuerdo para en 1890.
terminar un conflicto armado. Beatles, the s. conjuntó inglés que tuvo gran
Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) / influencia en la música popular en los años 60.
Ejército de la República de Vietnam s. beat movement / movimiento beat s.
soldados del sur de Vietnam que lucharon junto a soldados movimiento social y literario de los años 50 que enfatizó
estadounidenses contra el comunismo y las fuerzas del la expresión literaria sin reglas y la disconformidad.
norte de Vietnam durante la Guerra de Vietnam. Benin s. reino de África occidental que existió en la
Articles of Confederation / Artículos de actual Nigeria; floreció en los bosques del delta del
la Confederación s. documento aprobado por el Níger del siglo 14 al 17.
Segundo Congreso Continental en 1777 y ratificado por Berlin airlift / puente aéreo de Berlín
los estados finalmente en 1781. Detallaba la forma del s. operación de 327 días de duración, en la que aviones
gobierno de los nuevos Estados Unidos. estadounidenses y británicos llevaron alimentos y
Ashcan School s. grupo de artistas estadounidenses provisiones a Berlín Occidental después de que la
de principios del siglo XX que a menudo pintaban Unión Soviética bloqueó la ciudad en 1948.
escenas realistas de la vida urbana —como arrabales y Berlin Wall / Muro de Berlín s. muro de
gente sin hogar— ganándose así el nombre de la escuela

SPANISH
concreto que separó Berlín Oriental y Occidental de
del basurero. 1961 a 1989; construido por Alemania Oriental para
assimilation / asimilación s. adopción, por parte impedir que sus ciudadanos se escaparan al occidente.
de un grupo minoritario, de las creencias y estilo de vida Bessemer process / método Bessemer
de la cultura dominante. s. técnica más eficiente y barata de fabricar acero,
Atlantic Charter / Carta del Atlántico desarrollada hacia 1850.
s. declaración de principios de 1941 en que Estados Bill of Rights / Carta de Derechos s. primeras
Unidos y Gran Bretaña establecieron sus objetivos diez enmiendas a la Constitución que identifican los
contra las Potencias del Eje. derechos de los ciudadanos; se adoptaron en 1791.
Axis powers / Potencias del Eje s. países
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bimetallism / bimetalismo s. sistema monetario

unidos contra los Aliados en la II Guerra Mundial, que nacional que utiliza el oro y la plata para respaldar la
incluyeron a Alemania, Italia y Japón. moneda.
Aztec / azteca s. pueblo amerindio que colonizó el black Codes / códigos negros s. leyes
Valle de México en 1200 d.C. y desarrolló un gran discriminatorias aprobadas en el Sur después de la
imperio. Guerra Civil, las cuales restringían severamente la vida
de los afroamericanos, prohibiéndoles actividades como
viajar sin permiso, llevar armas, participar como jurado,
B testificar contra los blancos y casarse con blancos.
baby boom s. marcado aumento en el índice de blacklist / lista negra s. lista de unos 500 actores,
natalidad en Estados Unidos después de la II Guerra escritores, productores y directores a quienes no se
Mundial. permitía trabajar en películas de Hollywood debido a
sus supuestos vínculos comunistas.
Bank of the United States / Banco de
Estados Unidos s. cualquiera de los dos bancos Black Panthers / Panteras Negras s.
nacionales establecidos por el Congreso, el primero en organización política afroamericana militante formada
1791 y el segundo en 1816. por Huey Newton y Bobby Seale en 1966 para luchar
contra la violencia de la policía y suministrar servicios
Battle of the Bulge / Batalla del Bolsón
en el ghetto.
s. batalla de un mes de duración en la II Guerra
Mundial durante la cual los Aliados rompieron la Black Power / Poder Negro s. consigna usada
última gran ofensiva alemana de la guerra. por Stokely Carmichael en los años 60, que pedía poder
político y social para los afroamericanos.
Battle of Midway / Batalla de Midway
s. batalla de la Segunda Guerra Mundial que ocurrió a Black Tuesday / Martes Negro s. octubre 29
principios de junio en 1942. Los Aliados redujeron de 1929, día en que los precios de las acciones bajaron
la flotilla japonesa en Midway, una isla al noreste de drásticamente.
Hawai. A partir de esta batalla los Aliados tomaron
la ofensiva y comenzaron a moverse a Japón.

MULTI-LANGUAGE GLOSSARY 25
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Bleeding Kansas / Kansas sangrante s.

nombre dado al Territorio de Kansas en los años previos C
a la Guerra Civil, cuando era un campo de batalla entre cabinet / gabinete s. jefes de departamentos que
las fuerzas en pro y en contra de la esclavitud. son asesores directos del presidente.
blitzkrieg s. proveniente de la palabra alemana que Camp David Accords / Acuerdos de Camp
significa “guerra relámpago”. Repentina ofensiva de David s. acuerdos de paz históricos entre Israel y
fuerzas aéreas y terrestres a gran escala con el fin de Egipto, negociados en Camp David, Maryland, en 1978.
obtener una victoria rápida.
capitalism / capitalismo s. sistema económico
blockade / bloqueo s. acto de sellar un puerto o en el que individuos y corporaciones privadas controlan
región para prevenir la entrada o salida durante tiempos los medios de producción para obtener ganancias.
de guerra.
carpetbagger s. norteños que se trasladaron al Sur
bonanza farm / granja de bonanza s. extensa después de la Guerra Civil.
granja dedicada a un solo cultivo.
cash crop / cosecha comercial s. cosecha que
Bonus Army s. grupo de veteranos de la I Guerra se cultiva para su venta más que para uso del granjero.
Mundial que marcharon en Washington, D.C., en 1932
Central Powers / Potencias Centrales
para exigir bonos prometidos a cambio de su servicio
s. en la I Guerra Mundial, el grupo de naciones
militar.
—Alemania, Austro-Hungría y el imperio otomano—
bootlegger s. persona que contrabandeaba bebidas que se opuso a los Aliados.
SPANISH

alcohólicas durante la época de Prohibición.

checks and balances / control y
Boston Massacre / Masacre de Boston s. compensación de poderes s. sistema en el cual
choque entre soldados británicos y colonos en Boston en cada rama del gobierno controla o restringe a las demás
1770, durante el cual cinco colonos fueron asesinados. ramas.
Boston Tea Party / Motín del Té de Boston Chinese Exclusion Act / Ley de Exclusión
s. protesta en 1773 contra el impuesto británico sobre el de Chinos s. ley de 1882 que prohibía la inmigración
té; los colonos arrojaron 18,000 libras de té al puerto de de ciudadanos chinos, con la excepción de estudiantes,
Boston. maestros, comerciantes, turistas y funcionarios
Boulder Dam / Presa de Boulder s. presa del gubernamentales.

Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

río Colorado construida durante la Depresión con fondos Chisholm Trail / Sendero Chisholm s. la ruta
federales para estimular la economía; ahora llamada principal de ganado que iba desde San Antonio, Texas,
Presa Hoover. por Oklahoma hasta Kansas.
Boxer Rebellion / Rebelión de los Boxer s. chlorination / cloración s. purificación del agua
rebelión encabezada en 1900 por los Boxer, sociedad al mezclarla químicamente con cloro.
secreta de China, para detener la difusión de la
CIA s. Central Intelligence Agency (Agencia Central
influencia occidental.
de Inteligencia), agencia gubernamental establecida
bracero s. trabajador mexicano que laboró para espiar y realizar operaciones secretas en países
temporalmente en Estados Unidos durante la Segunda extranjeros.
Guerra Mundial.
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) /
bread line / cola para comer s. fila de personas Cuerpo Civil de Conservación s. agencia
que esperan comida gratis. establecida como parte del New Deal con el fin de
brinkmanship s. práctica de amenazar al enemigo ocupar a jóvenes desempleados en trabajos como la
con represalias militares extremas ante cualquier construcción de carreteras y el cuidado de parques
agresión. nacionales y ayudar en situaciones de emergencia.
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka s. civil disobedience / desobediencia civil s.
decisión de la Suprema Corte en 1954 que declaró que rechazo a cumplir leyes que parecían injustas, con el
la segregación de estudiantes negros y blancos era objeto de lograr un cambio en la política de gobierno.
inconstitucional. En el siglo 19, Henry David Thoreau escribió sobre la
Bull Moose Party / Partido Bull Moose desobediencia civil, y dicha táctica fue promovida por
s. apodo del Partido Progresista, bajo el que Theodore Martin Luther King, Jr. durante la era de los Derechos
Roosevelt aspiró, sin éxito, a la presidencia en 1912. civiles.
buying on margin / compra con margen Civil Rights Act of 1964 / Ley de Derechos
s. compra de acciones en la que se paga sólo una Civiles de 1964 s. ley que prohíbe la discriminación
porción del valor de la acción al vendedor o corredor en lugares públicos, en la educación y en los empleos por
de bolsa, y se presta el resto. cuestión de raza, color, sexo, nacionalidad o religión.

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Civil Rights Act of 1968 / Ley de Derechos concentration camp / campo de concentra-
Civiles de 1968 s. ley que prohíbe la ción s. campamento de presos operado por la Alemania
discriminación en la vivienda. nazi para judíos y otros grupos que consideraba enemigos
civil service / servicio civil s. cualquier servicio de Adolfo Hitler; a los presos los mataban o los hacían
gubernamental en el que se obtiene un cargo mediante morir de hambre y a causa de trabajos forzados.
exámenes públicos. Confederacy / Estados Confederados de
Clayton Antitrust Act / Ley Antitrust América s. confederación formada en 1861 por los
Clayton s. ley de 1914 que declaraba ilegales ciertas estados del Sur después de que se separaron de la unión.
prácticas empresariales injustas y protegía el derecho confederation / confederación s. grupo de
de los sindicatos y organizaciones agrícolas. estados o naciones unidos para actuar en torno a asuntos
Cold War / Guerra Fría s. estado de hostilidad, sin de interés mutuo.
llegar a conflictos armados, entre Estados Unidos y la conglomerate / conglomerado s. corporación
Unión Soviética tras la II Guerra Mundial. grande que posee compañías más pequeñas dedicadas a
colonization / colonización s. establecimiento negocios diversos.
de asentamientos remotos controlados por otro país. Congress of Industrial Organizations /
Columbian Exchange / Transferencia Congreso de Organizaciones Industriales
Colombina s. transferencia —iniciada con el primer s. organización sindical expulsada de la Federación
viaje de Colón a las Américas— de plantas, alimentos, Norteamericana del Trabajo en 1938.

SPANISH
animales y enfermedades entre el Hemisferio Occidental Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) /
y el Hemisferio Oriental. Congreso de Igualdad Racial s. grupo
committee of correspondence / comité de interracial, fundado por James Farmer en 1942, que
correspondencia s. red de comunicación escrita luchaba contra la segregación en ciudades del Norte.
entre colonos para mantenerse al tanto de las actividades conquistador s. explorador y colonizador español
británicas. de las Américas en el siglo 16.
Committee to Reelect the President / conscientious objector / objetor de
Comité de Reelección del Presidente conciencia s. persona que se opone a toda guerra
s. grupo que dirigió la campaña para la reelección por principio de conciencia.
del presidente Nixon en 1972, cuya conexión con el
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

conscription / conscripción s. servicio militar

allanamiento de la Sede Nacional del Partido Demócrata obligatorio de ciertos miembros de la población.
hizo estallar el escándalo Watergate.
conservation / conservación s. práctica de
Common Sense / Sentido común s. folleto preservar algunas zonas naturales y desarrollar otras por
escrito en 1776 por Thomas Paine que exhortaba la el bien común.
separación de las colonias británicas.
conservative coalition / coalición
communism / comunismo s. sistema económico conservadora s. alianza de grupos de ultraderecha
y político basado en un gobierno de un solo partido y en opuestos a la ingerencia del gobierno formada a
la propiedad estatal. mediados de los años sesenta.
Compromise of 1850 / Compromiso de consolidation / consolidación s. acto de unir o
1850 s. serie de medidas del Congreso para resolver combinar.
los desacuerdos que surgieron a raíz de la esclavitud
consumerism / consumismo s. gran interés en
entre los estados libres y esclavistas.
la compra de bienes materiales.
Compromise of 1877 / Compromiso de
containment / contención s. política
1877 s. serie de medidas tomadas por el Congreso por
estadounidense de formar alianzas con países más
medio de las cuales los demócratas acordaban aceptar
pequeños y débiles con el fin de bloquear la expansión
al candidato republicano Rutherford B. Hayes como
de la infuencia soviética tras la II Guerra Mundial.
presidente, aunque éste hubiera perdido el voto popular.
Las medidas incluían el retiro de tropas federales de los Contract with America / Contrato con
estados del Sur, el uso de dinero federal para mejorar la América s. documento elaborado por el representante
infraestructura en el Sur y la designación de un miembro Newt Gingrich y firmado por 300 candidatos
de gabinete que sea sureño y conservador. republicanos el 27 de septiembre de 1994, que
presentaba sus planes legislativos conservadores.
Contras / la contra s. fuerzas anticomunistas
nicaragüenses que recibieron asistencia de la
administración Reagan para derrocar al gobierno
sandinista de Nicaragua.
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convoy system / flotilla de escolta s. medio deficit spending / gasto deficitario s.

de proteger los buques mercantes del ataque de práctica por parte de un gobierno de gastar más de lo
submarinos alemanes al hacer que viajaran con una que recibe por concepto de rentas públicas.
escorta de destructores. de jure segregation / segregación de jure
Copperhead s. nombre de una serpiente venenosa s. segregación racial impuesta por la ley.
aplicado a los norteños que simpatizaban con el Sur Democratic-Republican / Demócrata-
durante la Guerra Civil. Republicano s. partido político conocido por su
cottage industry / industria doméstica apoyo a un fuerte gobierno estatal. Fue fundado por
s. sistema de producción en el cual los fabricantes Thomas Jefferson en 1792 en oposición al Federalist
proveen materiales para ser producidos en las casas. Party / Partido Federalista.
cotton gin / desmotadora s. máquina para deregulation / liberalización s. acción de
quitar las semillas de las fibras del algodón, inventada limitar el alcance de la regulación federal sobre la
por Eli Whitney en 1793. industria.
counterculture / contracultura s. cultura de détente / distensión s. política flexible con la
la juventud de los años 60 que rechazaba la sociedad intención de negociar y disminuir tensiones; fue
tradicional y buscaba paz, amor y libertad individual. adoptada por Richard Nixon y su consejero Henry
credibility gap / falta de credibilidad Kissinger para tratar con países comunistas.
s. desconfianza del público en las declaraciones direct relief / ayuda directa s. alimentos o
SPANISH

oficiales del gobierno. dinero que el gobierno da directamente a los

credit / crédito s. acuerdo en el que se compran necesitados.
artículos en el presente para ser pagados en el futuro division of labor / división del trabajo
mediante un plan de cuotas con intereses. s. práctica cultural de asignar diferentes tareas y
Crédit Mobilier s. compañía constructora formada responsabilidades a diferentes grupos o individuos.
en 1864 por los dueños de la Union Pacific Railroad; Dixiecrat s. delegado sureño que se retiró de la
quienes la usaron ilegalmente para obtener ganancias. convención del Partido Demócrata en 1948 para
Crusades / Cruzadas s. serie de expediciones protestar la plataforma del presidente Truman sobre
militares cristianas al Oriente Medio entre los años 1096 derechos civiles y formó un grupo denominado States’
Rights Democratic Party.

Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

y 1270 d.C., con el fin de rescatar del dominio islámico
la “Tierra Santa” alrededor de Jerusalén. dollar diplomacy / diplomacia del dólar
cult of domesticity / culto a la s. política de usar el poder económico o la influencia
domesticidad s. creencia de que la mujer casada económica de Estados Unidos para alcanzar sus
debe restringir sus actividades al hogar y la familia. objetivos de política exterior en otros países.
domino theory / teoría del dominó s. teoría
que supone que si una nación se vuelve comunista,
D las naciones vecinas inevitablemente se volverán
comunistas también.
Dawes Act / Ley Dawes s. ley aprobada por el
dotcom / puntocom s. negocio relacionado con el
Congreso en 1887 para “americanizar” a los indígenas
Internet o conducido a través de éste.
distribuyendo a individuos la tierra de las reservaciones.
double standard / doble moral s. conjunto de
D-Day / Día D s. junio 6 de 1944, día en que los
principios que permite mayor libertad sexual al hombre
Aliados emprendieron una invasión por tierra, mar y aire
que a la mujer.
contra el Eje.
dove / paloma s. persona que se oponía a la Guerra
debt peonage / deuda por peonaje s. sistema
de Vietnam y creía que Estados Unidos debía retirarse.
de servidumbre en el que una persona es obligada a
trabajar para pagar una deuda. Dow Jones Industrial Average / Promedio
Industrial Dow Jones s. medida que computa el
Declaration of Independence / Declaración
valor de las acciones de 30 compañías grandes; se usa
de Independencia s. documento escrito por
como barómetro de los mercados bursátiles.
Thomas Jefferson en 1776 en el cual los delegados del
Congreso Continental declaron la independencia de las downsize / recortar v. despedir trabajadores de
colonias de Gran Bretaña. una organización con el fin de hacer las operaciones más
eficientes y ahorrar dinero.
de facto segregation / segregación de
facto s. segregación racial impuesta por la práctica draft / reclutamiento s. requisito de matrícula en
y la costumbre más que por las leyes. las fuerzas armadas.

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Dust Bowl s. región que incluye Texas, Oklahoma, Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) /
Kansas, Colorado y New Mexico que quedó inservible Agencia de Protección Ambiental s. agencia
para la agricultura debido a la sequía y a las tormentas federal establecida en 1970 para la regulación de la
de arena durante los años 30. contaminación del agua y el aire, los desperdicios
tóxicos, los pesticidas y la radiación.
Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) /
E Enmienda de Igualdad de Derechos
s. enmienda propuesta pero rechazada que hubiese
Earth Day / Día de la Tierra s. día dedicado a la
prohibido la discriminación del gobierno en razón del
educación ambiental que desde 1970 se celebra el 22 de
sexo de una persona.
abril de cada año.
Erie Canal / canal del Erie s. vía acuática
Economic Opportunity Act / Ley de
artificial de 363 millas en New York, construida entre
Oportunidades Económicas s. ley promulgada
1817 y 1825 para conectar el río Hudson y el lago Erie.
en 1964, que adjudicó fondos a programas para la
juventud, medidas para combatir la pobreza, préstamos Espionage and Sedition Acts / Leyes de
para pequeños negocios y capacitación laboral. Espionaje y Sedición s. dos leyes aprobadas en
1917 y 1918, que castigaban fuertemente a quienes
egalitarianism / igualitarismo s. creencia de
criticaran o bloquearan la participación de Estados
que todas las personas deben tener igualdad de derechos
Unidos en la I Guerra Mundial.
políticos, económicos, sociales y civiles.
excise tax / impuesto al consumo s. impuesto

SPANISH
Eisenhower Doctrine / Doctrina
a la producción, venta o consumo de artículos
Eisenhower s. advertencia del presidente
producidos en el país.
Eisenhower en 1957 de que Estados Unidos defendería
el Oriente Medio contra el ataque de cualquier país executive branch / rama ejecutiva s. rama
comunista. gubernamental cuya función es administrar y aplicar las
leyes (presidente o gobernador).
electoral college / colegio electoral s.
asamblea elegida por votantes para elegir formalmente exoduster s. afroamericano que emigró del Sur a
al presidente y vicepresidente. Cada estado tiene un Kansas después de la Reconstrucción.
número de electores equivalente a los miembros de extortion / extorsión s. uso ilegal de un cargo
sus senadores y representantes en el Congreso. público para obtener dinero o propiedad.
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

emancipation / emancipación s. proceso de

liberarse de la esclavitud.
Emancipation Proclamation / Proclama F
de Emancipación s. orden ejecutiva de Abraham Fair Deal s. plan económico del presidente Truman
Lincoln el 1º de enero de 1863 que abolía la esclavitud que expandió el New Deal de Roosevelt; aumentó el
en los estados confederados. salario mínimo, amplió el seguro social y le dio vivienda
embargo s. orden gubernamental que prohíbe el a familias de bajos recursos, entre otras medidas.
comercio con otra nación. Family Assistance Plan / Plan de Asistencia
encomienda s. institución colonial de España en las Familiar s. propuesta de reforma a los programas de
Américas que repartía indígenas a los conquistadores beneficencia, aprobada por la Cámara de Representantes
para hacer trabajos forzados. en 1970 pero rechazada por el Senado, que garantizaba un
Enlightenment / Ilustración s. movimiento ingreso a los beneficiarios de ayuda pública que aceptaran
intelectual del siglo 18 que enfatizaba la razón y los capacitarse y emplearse en un oficio.
métodos científicos para obtener conocimientos. Farmers’ Alliances / Alianzas de granjeros
entitlement program / programa de s. grupos de granjeros o simpatizantes de éstos, que
subvención s. programa gubernamental, como enviaban a oradores a viajar de pueblo a pueblo para
Social Security, Medicare y Medicaid, que brinda educar a la gente sobre cuestiones agrarias y rurales.
beneficios a grupos específicos. fascism / fascismo s. filosofía política que
entrepreneur / empresario s. persona que propone un gobierno fuerte, centralizado, nacionalista,
organiza, opera y asume todo el riesgo de una ventura caracterizado por una rígida dictadura unipartidista.
de negocios. Federal Communications Commission
environmentalist / ambientalista s. (FCC) / Comisión Federal de Comunica-
persona que procura proteger el medio ambiente ciones s. agencia del gobierno que regula la industria
de la destrucción y de la contaminación. de comunicaciones en EE.UU., incluso la transmisión
de radio y televisión.

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Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Fordney-McCumber Tariff / Arancel

(FDIC) / Corporación Federal de Seguros de Fordney-McCumber s. serie de reglas, aprobada
Depósitos s. agencia creada en 1933 para garantizar por el Congreso en 1922, que elevó a niveles sin
depósitos bancarios individuales cuando un banco precedentes los impuestos a las importaciones en 1922
quiebra. para proteger las compañías estadounidenses de la
Federal Home Loan Bank Act / Ley Federal competencia extranjera.
para Préstamos de Vivienda s. ley aprobada en forty-niner / viajero del 49 s. buscador de oro
1931 que redujo las cuotas hipotecarias y permitió a los que llegó a California después de 1848 atraído por el
agricultores refinanciar sus préstamos para prevenir oro.
juicios hipotecarios. Fourteen Points / los catorce puntos s. plan
federalism / federalismo s. sistema político del presidente Wilson en pro de la paz mundial tras la I
gubernamental en el cual el poder se comparte entre un Guerra Mundial.
gobierno nacional y las entidades que lo constituyen, Fourteenth Amendment / Enmienda 14
como los gobiernos estatales. s. enmienda a la constitución adoptada en 1868 que
Federalists / federalistas s. partidarios de la hace ciudadano a toda persona nacida o naturalizada en
Constitución y de un gobierno nacional fuerte. Estados Unidos, incluso a antiguos esclavos, y garantiza
Federalist, The / El Federalista s. ensayos igualdad de protección bajo la ley.
escritos por Madison, Hamilton y Jay que apoyan y franchise / franquicia s. forma de negocio en la
SPANISH

explican la Constitución. que individuos compran el derecho a usar el nombre y

Federal Reserve System / Sistema de la los métodos de una compañía matriz, con lo que la
Reserva Federal s. sistema bancario nacional compañía se multiplica.
establecido por Woodrow Wilson en 1913 que controla Freedmen’s Bureau / Oficina de libertos
el dinero circulante del país. s. agencia federal formada después de la Guerra Civil
Federal Securities Act / Ley Federal de para ayudar a personas que habían sido esclavos antes.
Valores s. ley de 1933 que obliga a las corporaciones freedom rider s. activista de derechos civiles que
a suministrar información completa y fidedigna sobre viajó en autobús a través del Sur a comienzos de los
sus ofertas de acciones. años 60 para protestar contra la segregación.
Federal Trade Commission (FTC) / Freedom Summer s. campaña de registro de

Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

Comisión Federal de Comercio s. agencia votantes afroamericanos en el verano de 1964 en
federal establecida en 1914 para investigar y parar Mississippi.
prácticas empresariales injustas. Freeport Doctrine / Doctrina Freeport
feminism / feminismo s. creencia de que la mujer s. posición que tomó en 1858 Stephen Douglas de que
debe tener igualdad económica, política y social con cualquier territorio podría excluir la esclavitud con sólo
respecto al hombre. negarse a promulgar leyes en su favor.
Fifteenth Amendment / Enmienda 15 Free-Soil Party / Partido de las Tierras
s. enmienda a la Constitución, adoptada en 1870, que Libres s. partido político formado en 1848 que se
establece que a nadie puede negársele el derecho al voto oponía a la extensión de la esclavitud a los territorios.
por motivos de raza, color o por haber sido esclavo. Free Speech Movement / Movimiento de
“Fifty-Four Forty or Fight!” s. consigna de la Libre Expresión s. movimiento activista de los años
campaña presidencial de 1844 en pro de la anexión del 60 que surgió a raíz de un enfrentamiento entre los
Territorio de Oregon; se refería a la latitud del límite estudiantes y la administración de la Universidad de
norte del territorio. California en Berkeley en 1964.
flapper s. jovencita típica de los años 20 que actuaba French and Indian War / Guerra contra
y se vestía de manera atrevida y nada convencional. Franceses e Indígenas s. guerra librada en
flexible response / respuesta flexible Norteamérica (1757-1763) como parte de un conflicto
s. doctrina, desarrollada durante la administración mundial entre Francia y Gran Bretaña; finalizó con la
Kennedy, de prepararse para una variedad de respuestas derrota de Francia y el traspaso del Canadá francés a
militares, en vez de concentrarse en las armas nucleares. Gran Bretaña.
Foraker Act / Ley Foraker s. legislación que el Fugitive Slave Act / Ley de los Esclavos
Congreso aprobó en 1900 para acabar con el gobierno Fugitivos s. ley aprobada como parte del
militar en Puerto Rico y autorizar un gobierno civil. Compromiso de 1850 que imponía duras sanciones
a quien ayudara a escapar de la esclavitud.

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Fundamentalism / fundamentalismo glasnost s. la discusión abierta de problemas sociales

s. movimiento religioso protestante basado en la que se dio en la Unión Soviética durante los años 80.
interpretación textual, o palabra por palabra, de las Glass-Steagall Act / Ley Bancaria
escrituras. Glass-Steagall s. ley de 1933 que aseguró los
depósitos bancarios mediante la Corporación Federal
de Seguros de Depósitos.
G Glorious Revolution / Revolución Gloriosa
Gadsden Purchase / Compra de Gadsden s. revolución incruenta en 1688-89 en la que William y
s. compra de tierras de México en 1853 por parte de Mary le quitaron el trono de Inglaterra a James II.
Estados Unidos que estableció la frontera actual entre gold rush / fiebre del oro s. llegada de gente a
los dos países. una región donde se ha descubierto oro.
gag rule / ley de la mordaza s. orden que limita gold standard / patrón de oro s. sistema
o previene el debate sobre un determinado asunto. monetario en el cual la unidad básica de moneda se
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade define en relación a una cantidad fija de oro.
(GATT) / Acuerdo General de Aranceles Gone with the Wind / Lo que el viento se
y Comercio s. acuerdo internacional firmado llevó s. película de 1939 sobre la vida de los dueños de
inicialmente en 1947. En 1994, EE.UU. y otros países plantaciones del Sur durante la Guerra Civil; una de las
del mundo adoptaron una nueva versión de GATT. Este más populares de todos los tiempos.

SPANISH
tratado redujo las barreras de comercio y los aranceles, graft / corrupción s. uso ilegal de un cargo
como las tarifas, y creó la Organización Mundial de político con el fin de ganancia personal.
Comercio.
grandfather clause / cláusula del abuelo
genetic engineering / ingeniería genética s. estipulación que exime de cumplir una ley a ciertas
s. alteración de la biología molecular de las células de personas por circunstancias previas; específicamente,
un organismo para crear nuevas variedades de bacterias, cláusula de la constitución de algunos estados sureños
plantas o animales. que eximía a los blancos de los estrictos requisitos que
Geneva Accords / Acuerdos de Ginebra impedían que los afroamericanos votaran.
s. plan de paz de Indochina en 1954 en el que Vietnam Grange / la Granja s. The Patrons of Husbandry—
fue dividido temporalmente en Vietnam del Norte y
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

organización de granjeros que intentaron, a partir de la

Vietnam del Sur, mientras se celebraban las elecciones década de 1870, combatir el poder de los ferrocarriles.
de 1956.
Grapes of Wrath, The / Las uvas de la ira
genocide / genocidio s. exterminio deliberado s. novela de John Steinbeck, publicada en 1939, sobre
y sistemático de un grupo de personas por su raza, una familia de Oklahoma que se va de la región del Dust
nacionalidad o religión. Bowl a California.
Gentlemen’s Agreement / Acuerdo de Great Awakening / Gran Despertar s. serie de
Caballeros s. acuerdo concertado durante 1907 y grandes asambleas religiosas en las décadas de 1730 y 1750.
1908, mediante el cual el gobierno de Japón limitó la
emigración a Estados Unidos. Great Compromise / Gran Compromiso s.
plan constitucional para una legislatura de dos cámaras:
gentrification / aburguesamiento s. una que da igual representación a todos los estados y
restauración de propiedades urbanas por personas de una que basa la representación en la población.
la clase media que a menudo resulta en la pérdida de
vivienda para personas de medios escasos. Great Depression / Gran Depresión s.
período de 1929 a 1940 en el que la economía
Gettysburg Address / Discurso de estadounidense quebró y millones quedaron sin empleo.
Gettysburg s. famoso discurso de Abraham Lincoln
durante la Guerra Civil al inaugurar un cementerio Great Migration / Gran Migración s.
nacional en el campo de batalla de Gettysburg, movimiento de cientos de miles de afroamericanos
Pennsylvania, el 19 de noviembre de 1863. sureños a ciudades del Norte a principios del siglo 20.
ghetto s. tipo de vecindario urbano donde cierto Great Plains / Grandes Praderas s. vasta
grupo minoritario es obligado o forzado a vivir. pradera que se extiende a través de Norteamérica, de
Texas a Canadá en dirección norte y hacia el este de las
GI Bill of Rights / Carta de Derechos de los Montañas Rocosas.
Veteranos s. nombre dado a la Ley de Reajuste de
Militares de 1944, que ofrecía beneficios financieros y Great Society / Gran Sociedad s. ambicioso
educativos a los veteranos de la II Guerra Mundial. programa legislativo del presidente Lyndon B. Johnson
para reducir la pobreza y la injusticia racial, y mejorar el
nivel de vida.
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H Hopewell s. sociedad constructora de túmulos

asentada en el valle del río Ohio entre los años 200 a.C.
habeas corpus s. orden judicial que manda compare- y 400 d.C., aproximadamente; se conoce por sus grandes
cer a las autoridades ante un juez u otro funcionario de un tumbas cónicas.
tribunal para explicar que un preso está detenido legalmente. horizontal integration / integración
Haight-Ashbury s. distrito de San Francisco, horizontal s. proceso mediante el cual compañías
“capital” de la contracultura hippie durante los años 60. que fabrican productos similares se unen y reducen la
competencia.
Harlem Renaissance / Renacimiento de
Harlem s. período de sobresaliente creatividad hot line / línea de emergencia s. línea directa
afroamericana durante los años 20 y 30, en la zona de de comunicación establecida en 1963 para que los
Harlem en New York City. líderes de Estados Unidos y la Unión Soviética pudieran
hablarse durante una crisis.
hawk / halcón s. persona que respaldaba la Guerra
de Vietnam y creía que Estados Unidos debía House Un-American Activities Committee
incrementar su fuerza militar para ganarla. (HUAC) / Comité de la Cámara de Represen-
tantes sobre Actividades Antiamericanas
Hawley–Smoot Tariff Act / Ley de Aranceles
s. comité del Congreso creado en 1938 que investigó la
Hawley-Smoot s. ley de 1930 que estableció los más
influencia comunista dentro y fuera del gobierno durante
altos aranceles proteccionistas en la historia estadouni-
los años que siguieron la II Guerra Mundial.
dense, afectando negativamente el comercio internacional y
human rights / derechos humanos s.
SPANISH

empeorando le depresión mundial y doméstica.

derechos y libertades considerados básicos, como los
H-bomb / bomba de hidrógeno s. bomba de
que establece la Declaración de Independencia y la
hidrógeno, o termonuclear, mucho más poderosa que la
Carta de Derechos.
bomba atómica.
headright system / sistema de reparto
de tierras por cabeza s. sistema empleado en
Virginia que otorgaba cincuenta acres de tierra a cada
I
colono y otro tanto por cada acompañante. Immigration Act of 1965 / Ley de Inmigra-
hierarchy / jerarquía s. orden social determinado ción de 1965 s. ley que abrió las puertas a más
inmigrantes.

Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

por rango o clase.
Ho Chi Minh Trail / Sendero de Ho Chi impeach / acusar v. culpar oficialmente a un
Minh s. red de caminos por la que Vietnam del Norte funcionario por su conducta inapropiada como tal. La
abastecía al Vietcong en Vietnam del Sur. Cámara de Representantes tiene el poder exclusivo de
acusar a funcionarios federales.
Hohokam s. grupo amerindio que vivió en los valles
de los ríos Salt y Gila (hoy Arizona) entre los años impeachment / acusación s. proceso por el cual
300 a.C. y 1400 d.C., aproximadamente. se acusa a un funcionario público de delitos.
Hollywood Ten / los Diez de Hollywood imperialism / imperialismo s. política de
s. diez testigos de la industria cinematográfica que se controlar países por medios económicos, políticos o
negaron a cooperar con la investigación de influencia militares.
comunista en Hollywood. impressment / leva s. práctica de reclutar hombres
Holocaust / Holocausto s. asesinato sistemático a la fuerza para prestar servicio militar.
o genocidio de judíos y de otros grupos en Europa por Inca s. pueblo amerindio creador de un imperio que
los nazis antes y durante la II Guerra Mundial. abarcó casi 2,500 millas a lo largo de la costa occidental de
home rule / gobierno local s. poder de los estados Suramérica, a partir del año 1400 d.C., aproximadamente.
de gobernar a sus ciudadanos sin intervención federal. incandescent / incandescente adj. que emite
Homestead Act / Ley de la Heredad s. ley luz visible como resultado de haber sido calentado
aprobada en 1862 que otorgaba 160 acres de tierra en el income tax / impuesto sobre la renta s.
Oeste a cualquier ciudadano or ciudadano futuro que fuera impuesto que retiene un porcentaje específico de ingresos.
cabeza de familia y que cultivara la tierra por cinco años; indentured servant / sirviente por contrato
ley cuya aprobación llevó a un gran número de colonos s. inmigrante que, a cambio de un pasaje para las
estadounidenses a reclamar como propiedad privada tierra Américas, era contratado a trabajar por un periodo límite.
que había sido reservada por tratados y tradiciones para la Indian Removal Act / Ley de Traslado de los
vivienda de indígenas americanos; la misma ley, reforzada Indígenas s. ley aprobada por el Congreso en 1830
en 1889, dio incentivas para que los individuos ejercieran que ordenaba el traslado obligatorio de todas las tribus
su derecho de propiedad privada y desarrollaran viviendas. indígenas del este del Mississippi a tierras del oeste.
32 THE AMERICANS
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Industrial Revolution / Revolución Islam / islamismo s. religión fundada en Arabia

Industrial s. cambios en la organización social y por el profeta Mahoma en el año 622; a sus seguidores
económica como resultado del remplazo del trabajo se les llama musulmanes.
manual por máquinas y el desarrollo de fábricas de isolationism / aislacionismo s. política que se
producción a gran escala. opone a participar en conflictos políticos y económicos
Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) s. con otros países.
sindicato de trabajadores de mano de obra no calificada
creado en 1905.
inflation / inflación s. fenómeno económico en J
el que hay un aumento constante en los precios por el Japanese Americans Citizens League
incremento del dinero circulante; reduce el poder (JACL) / Sociedad de Ciudadanos
adquisitivo. Americano-Japoneses s. organización que
information superhighway / supercarretera presionó al gobierno a compensar a los estadounidenses
de información s. red de comunicación por de origen japonés por las propiedades que perdieron
computadoras para unir a personas e instituciones por al ser internados durante la II Guerra Mundial.
todo el mundo y suministrar a individuos servicios de
jazz s. estilo de música caracterizado por la
bibliotecas, compras, cines y noticias.
improvisación.
INF Treaty / Tratado sobre Fuerzas
Jim Crow laws / leyes Jim Crow s. leyes
Nucleares Intermedias s. tratado entre Estados

SPANISH
impuestas por los gobiernos estatales y municipales del
Unidos y la Unión Soviética firmado en 1987, que
Sur con el fin de separar a blancos y afroamericanos en
eliminó algunas armas y permitió la inspección directa
instalaciones públicas y privadas.
de emplazamientos de misiles.
joint-stock companies / sociedad de
initiative / iniciativa s. reforma gubernamental
capitales s. institución empresarial tipo corporación
que permite a los ciudadanos presentar proyectos de ley
en la que inversionistas unen riquezas con un fin común;
en el Congreso o en cuerpos legislativos estatales.
se usaron para financiar la exploración de las Américas.
installment plan / pago a plazos s. práctica de
journeyman / oficial s. artesano que trabaja al
comprar a crédito mediante pagos regulares durante servicio de un maestro.
determinado período de tiempo.
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

judicial branch / rama judicial s. rama

interchangeable parts / piezas uniformes gubernamental cuya función es interpretar las leyes
s. piezas que se pueden usar de manera intercambiable y la Constitución (Suprema Corte).
y que se producen en masa.
judicial review / revisión judicial s. poder de
Internet s. red mundial, originalmente diseñada por la Suprema Corte de declarar inconstitucional una ley
el Departamento de Defensa, que une computadores y del Congreso.
permite una comunicación casi instantánea de textos,
ilustraciones y sonidos. Judiciary Act of 1789 / Ley Judicial de
1789 s. ley que estableció el sistema de tribunales
internment / confinamiento s. restricción de federales y la Suprema Corte que permitió la apelación a
movimiento, en especial durante condiciones de guerra. cortes federales de ciertas decisiones tomadas por cortes
Interstate Commerce Act / Ley de estatales.
Comercio Interestatal s. ley de 1887 que Judiciary Act of 1801 / Ley Judicial de
restablecía el derecho del gobierno federal a supervisar 1801 s. ley aprobada con el fin de incrementar el
los ferrocarriles; creó una Comisión de Comercio número de jueces federalistas.
Interestatal de cinco miembros.
Jungle, The / La jungla s. novela publicada en
Intolerable Acts / Leyes Intolerables s. 1906 por el periodista Upton Sinclair que denunciaba la
cuatro leyes aprobadas por el Parlamento en 1774 con el insalubridad de la industria de carne en aquella época;
fin de castigar a Boston por el Motín del Té de Boston. llevó a reformas nacionales.
iron curtain / cortina de hierro s. frase usada
por Winston Churchill en 1946 para describir una línea
imaginaria que separaba los países comunistas que
estaban en la parte soviética al este de Europa de los
K
países en Europa occidental. kamikaze adj. que estrellaba deliberadamente un
avión bombardero contra un blanco militar.
Iroquois / iroqueses s. grupo de pueblos
amerindios que vivían en los bosques del Noreste.

MULTI-LANGUAGE GLOSSARY 33
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Kansas-Nebraska Act / Ley Kansas y Land Ordinance of 1785 / Ordenanza de

Nebraska s. ley aprobada en 1854 que buscaba un Tierras de 1785 s. ley que estableció un plan para
acuerdo sobre la extensión de la esclavitud a los la agrimensura y venta de las tierras públicas al oeste de
territorios de Kansas y Nebraska. los montes Apalaches.
Kashaya Pomo s. pueblo amerindio que floreció La Raza Unida s. organización política latina
hace 500 años en lo que hoy es California; vivía en las establecida en 1969 por José Ángel Gutiérrez.
tierras pantanosas de la costa. League of Nations / Liga de las Naciones
Kent State University / Universidad Estatal s. organización internacional establecida en 1920 para
de Kent s. universidad de Ohio donde guardias promover la cooperación y la paz internacional.
militares abrieron fuego contra estudiantes durante una legislative branch / rama legislativa s. rama
protesta contra la Guerra de Vietnam el 4 de mayo de gubernamental compuesta por representantes elegidos
1970, hiriendo a nueve de ellos y matando a cuatro. que promulgan leyes (Congreso).
Kerner Commission / Comisión Kerner s. Lend-Lease Act / Ley de Préstamo y
grupo designado por el presidente Lyndon B. Johnson Alquiler s. ley aprobada en 1941, que autorizó al
para estudiar las causas de la violencia urbana; gobierno a mandar armas y otros productos, sin pago
recomendó eliminar la segregación de facto en la inmediato, a las naciones que luchaban contra el Eje.
sociedad estadounidense.
Limited Test Ban Treaty / Tratado de
King Philip's War / Guerra del Rey Felipe s. Limitación de Pruebas Nucleares s. tratado
SPANISH

conflicto, en los años 1675 y 1676, entre los colonos de de 1963 en que Estados Unidos y la Unión Soviética
Nueva Inglaterra y grupos amerindios aliados bajo la acordaron no realizar pruebas de armas nucleares en la
dirección del cacique Metacom de los wampanoagas. atmósfera.
kinship / parentesco s. lazos indisolubles entre lineage / linaje s. línea de descendencia de una
los miembros de una misma familia o tribu. generación a otra —de abuelo, a hija, a nieto, por
Know-Nothing Party s. nombre dado en la década ejemplo— con un antepasado común.
de 1850 al Partido Americano, un grupo que quería long drive / arreo de ganado s. proceso
reducir la influencia política de los inmigrantes. mediante el cual los vaqueros llevaban por tierra ganado
Kongo s. serie de pequeños reinos unidos bajo un hacia el mercado.
líder a finales del siglo 15 en las selvas tropicales a lo

Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

longhorn s. resistente raza de ganado vacuno de
largo del río Zaire (Congo) en África Central- cuernos largos llevada por los españoles a México, muy
Occidental. apta para las condiciones de esa región.
Korean War / Guerra de Corea s. guerra de Louisiana Purchase / Compra de Louisiana
1950 a 1953 entre Corea del Norte y Corea del Sur; s. compra de terrenos a Francia por 15 millones de
China respaldó a Corea del Norte y las tropas de las dólares en 1803 de las tierras desde el río Mississippi
Naciones Unidas, integradas en su mayoría por soldados hasta las montañas Rocosas.
estadounidenses, apoyaron a Corea del Sur.
Loyalists / realistas s. colonos que apoyaban al
Kristallnacht s. “noche del cristal quebrado”, gobierno británico durante la Revolución
noviembre 9 de 1938, noche en que milicianos nazis Norteamericana.
atacaron viviendas, negocios y sinagogas judías en
Lusitania s. barco británico de pasajeros que se
Alemania.
hundió cerca de costas irlandesas el 7 de mayo de 1915,
Ku Klux Klan (KKK) s. sociedad secreta de tras ser atacado por un submarino alemán.
hombres blancos en los estados sureños después
de la Guerra Civil que desató terror para restaurar la
supremacía blanca.
Kwakiutl s. pueblo amerindio que vivía en la región
M
costera del Noroeste. mandate / mandato s. conquista de una porción
suficientemente grande del voto, que indica que un líder
elegido tiene apoyo popular para sus programas.
L Manhattan Project / Proyecto Manhattan
s. programa estadounidense que se inició en 1942 con
land grant / concesión de tierras s. lote el fin de diseñar una bomba atómica para la II Guerra
grande de tierras dado por el gobierno a un agente para Mundial. La primera detonación atómica completa
su reventa, por lo general con el fin de estimular el ocurrió en Alamogordo, New Mexico, el 16 de julio
desarrollo. de 1945.

34 THE AMERICANS
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manifest destiny / destino manifiesto s. melting pot / crisol de culturas s. mezcla de

término usado en la década de 1840 para describir la personas de diferentes culturas y razas que se
creencia de que Estados Unidos estaba inexorablemente amalgaman y abandonan su idioma y cultura natal.
destinado a adquirir más territorio, especialmente mercantilism / mercantilismo s. sistema
mediante su expansión hacia el oeste. económico en que un país aumenta su riqueza y poder al
Marbury v. Madison s. caso de 1803 en que la incrementar su posesión de oro y plata, y al exportar
Suprema Corte decidió que tenía el poder de abolir más productos de los que importa.
decretos legislativos declarándolos inconstitucionales; Merrimack s. buque blindado que usó el Sur durante
ese poder se conoce como revisión judicial. la Guerra Civil.
market revolution / revolución mercantil mestizo adj. con mezcla de español e indígena.
s. gran cambio económico que llevó a comprar y
middle passage / travesía intermedia s.
vender productos en lugar de hacerlos en el hogar.
tramo de África a las Antillas; parte del triángulo
Marshall Plan / Plan Marshall s. plan comercial de esclavos.
formulado por el Secretario de Estado George Marshall
midnight judge / juez de media noche s.
en 1947, mediante el que se ofreció ayuda a países
uno de los jueces designados por John Adams en las
europeos con el fin de reparar los daños de la II Guerra
últimas horas de su gobierno.
Mundial.
militarism / militarismo s. política de mantener
martial law / ley marcial s. gobierno impuesto
una sólida organización militar como preparación
por fuerzas militares.

SPANISH
agresiva para la guerra y su empleo como herramienta
mass media / medios informativos s. medios diplomática.
de comunicación —tales como televisión, prensa y
minutemen / civil armado s. soldados
radio— que llegan a grandes audiencias.
civiles patriotas que lucharon justo antes y durante
mass production / producción en masa la Revolución, quienes prometían estar listos para
s. producción de artículos en grandes cantidades, luchar al primer llamado.
con máquinas y división del trabajo.
Mississippian / misisipiense s. última sociedad
mass transit / transporte público s. sistemas constructora de túmulos, que se extendió al este del río
de transporte diseñados para llevar grandes números de Mississippi del siglo 8 al 16.
personas por rutas fijas.
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

Missouri Compromise / Acuerdo de

master / maestro s. experto artesano; por lo Missouri s. serie de acuerdos aprobados por el
general era dueño de un negocio y empleaba a otros. Congreso en 1820–1821 para mantener un equilibrio
Maya s. pueblo amerindio que desarrolló una rica seccional entre los estados esclavistas y los estados
cultura en Guatemala y la península de Yucatán entre los libres.
años 250 y 900 d.C. Monitor s. buque blindado que usó el Norte durante
McCarthyism / macartismo s. ataques, a la Guerra Civil.
menudo sin respaldo, del senador Joseph McCarthy y Monroe Doctrine / Doctrina Monroe s.
otros contra presuntos comunistas en los años 50. declaración del presidente Monroe en 1823 que
McCulloch v. Maryland / McCulloch vs. establecía que Estados Unidos no permitiría la
Maryland s. caso realizado en 1819, en el cual la interferencia europea en los asuntos del Hemisferio
Corte Suprema de Justicia estableció que Maryland no Occidental.
tenía derecho a cobrarle impuestos al Banco de los Moral Majority / Mayoría Moral s. coalición
Estados Unidos, y consecuentemente fortaleció el poder política de organizaciones religiosas conservadoras en
de control que tenía el gobierno federal sobre la los años 70 y 80 que recaudó dinero para respaldar
economía. agendas y candidatos conservadores, y condenó
Meat Inspection Act / Ley de Inspección actitudes y comportamientos liberales.
de la Carne s. ley de 1906 que establecía estrictos Mormons / mormones s. miembros de una
requisitos sanitarios en las empacadoras de carne, así comunidad religiosa fundada por Joseph Smith, que
como un programa federal de inspección de carnes. terminó estableciéndose en Utah.
Medicaid s. programa federal que se inició en 1965 Morrill Acts / Leyes Morrill s. leyes aprobadas
para brindar atención médica a las personas que reciben en 1862 y 1890 que otorgaban tierras federales a los
ayuda pública. estados para financiar universidades agrícolas.
Medicare s. programa federal que se inició en 1965 muckraker s. uno de los reporteros de revistas que
para brindar seguros médicos y de hospitalización a bajo desenmascaraban el lado corrupto de las empresas y
costo a los mayores de 65 años. de la vida pública a principios del siglo 20.
MULTI-LANGUAGE GLOSSARY 35
SpaGloss.TheAmerican 1/16/04 11:17 AM Page 36

Munn v. Illinois s. caso de la Suprema Corte en National Organization for Women (NOW) /
1877; estableció el derecho del gobierno federal a Organización Nacional de la Mujer s.
regular la industria privada en beneficio del interés organización fundada en 1966 con el fin de impulsar
público. metas feministas, tales como mejores guarderías,
My Lai s. pueblo del norte de Vietnam del Sur, donde mayores oportunidades educativas y el fin de la
más de 200 civiles desarmados, incluso mujeres y niños, discriminación laboral.
fueron masacrados por las tropas de EE.UU. en mayo de National Road / Carretera Nacional s.
1968. carretera financiada por el gobierno cuya construcción
se inició en 1811; iba desde Cumberland, Maryland,
hasta Vandalia, Illinois.
N National Trades’ Union / Unión Nacional
de Sindicatos s. primera asociación nacional de
NAACP s. National Association for the Advancement
sindicatos, creada en 1834.
of Colored People (Asociación Nacional para el Avance
de la Gente de Color), organización fundada en 1909 y National Youth Administration /
dedicada a la igualdad racial. Administración Nacional de Recursos para
la Juventud s. programa que suministraba ayuda y
NACW s. National Association of Colored Women
empleos a jóvenes durante la Depresión.
(Asociación Nacional de Mujeres de Color),
organización de servicio social fundada en 1896. Nation of Islam / Nación del Islam s. grupo
religioso, popularmente conocido como musulmanes
SPANISH

NAFTA s. North American Free Trade Agreement

negros, fundado por Elijah Muhammad para promover el
(Tratado de Libre Comercio, TLC), tratado de 1993 que
separatismo negro y la religión islámica.
redujo aranceles e incorporó a México en la zona de
libre comercio ya vigente entre Estados Unidos y nativism / patriotería s. favoritismo de los
Canadá. intereses de las personas nacidas en un lugar sobre los
de las personas extranjeras.
napalm s. sustancia incendiaria de gasolina que
lanzaban los aviones estadounidenses en Vietnam, con el Navigation Acts / Leyes de Navegación s.
fin de incendiar la selva y revelar los escondites del serie de leyes aprobadas a partir de 1651 que imponían
Vietcong. un control más rígido del comercio en las colonias
inglesas.
NASDAQ s. sigla de National Association of

Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

Securities Dealers Automated Quotation System, una NAWSA s. National American Woman Suffrage
bolsa de valores de venta directa dominada por Association (Asociación Nacional Americana del
compañías tecnológicas. Sufragio Femenino), creada en 1890 para obtener
National Bank Act / Ley del Banco derechos electorales para la mujer.
Nacional s. ley aprobada en 1863 para garantizarles Nazism / nazismo s. movimiento político basado
a los inversionistas la seguridad de las actividades en un extremo nacionalismo, racismo y expansionismo
bancarias. Entre sus medidas establecía un sistema de militar; instituido en Alemania como sistema de
bancos federales, nuevos requisitos para préstamos y un gobierno por Adolfo Hitler en 1933.
sistema de inspección de bancos. neutrality / neutralidad s. política de una nación
National Energy Act / Ley Nacional de de no participar directa ni indirectamente en una guerra
Energía s. ley promulgada durante la administración entre otras naciones.
Carter para aliviar la crisis energética; aplicó impuestos Neutrality Acts / Leyes de Neutralidad s.
a los autos que usan gasolina de manera ineficiente y serie de leyes aprobadas por el Congreso en 1935 y 1936
suspendió el control de precios del petróleo y el gas que prohibieron la venta y el alquiler de armas a
natural estadounidenses. naciones en guerra.
National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) / New Deal s. medidas económicas y políticas
Ley Nacional de Recuperación Industrial adoptadas por el presidente Franklin Roosevelt en los
s. ley aprobada en 1933 que establecía agencias para años 30 para promover recuperación económica, ayuda a
supervisar industrias y suministrar empleos. los necesitados y reforma financiera.
nationalism / nacionalismo s. devoción a los New Deal Coalition / Coalición del New
intereses y la cultura de la nación propia. Deal s. alianza temporal de distintos grupos, tales
National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) / como blancos sureños, afroamericanos y sindicalistas,
Junta Nacional de Relaciones Laborales s. que apoyaban al Partido Demócrata en los años 30 y 40.
agencia creada en 1935 con el fin de prevenir prácticas
laborales injustas y mediar en disputas laborales.

36 THE AMERICANS
SpaGloss.TheAmerican 1/16/04 11:17 AM Page 37

New Federalism / Nuevo Federalismo s.

programa del presidente Richard Nixon para distribuir O
una porción del poder del gobierno federal a gobiernos Office of Price Administration (OPA) /
estatales y locales. Oficina de Administración de Precios s.
New Frontier / Nueva Frontera s. agenda agencia establecida por el Congreso durante la II Guerra
legislativa del presidente John F. Kennedy; tenía Mundial con facultad para combatir la inflación al
medidas de atención médica para ancianos, renovación congelar los precios de la mayoría de los artículos.
urbana y apoyo a la educación, que fueron rechazadas Ohio gang / pandilla de Ohio s. amigos y
por el Congreso, así como medidas que sí se aprobaron partidarios políticos del presidente Warren G. Harding,
de defensa nacional, ayuda internacional y programas a quienes éste nombró a su gabinete.
espaciales.
Olive Branch Petition / Petición del Ramo
New Left / Nueva Izquierda s. movimiento de Olivo s. documento enviado por el Segundo
político juvenil de los años 60 con organizaciones como Congreso Continental al rey George III; proponía una
Students for a Democratic Society (Estudiantes por una reconciliación entre las colonias y Gran Bretaña.
Sociedad Democrática) y el Free Speech Movement
Olmec / olmeca s. pueblo amerindio que creó una
(Movimiento de Libre Expresión).
próspera civilización a lo largo de la costa del golfo de
New Right / Nueva Derecha s. alianza política México, entre los años 1200 y 400 a.C.
de grupos conservadores de fines del siglo 20, con
OPEC s. Organization of Petroleum Exporting
énfasis en asuntos culturales, sociales y morales.

SPANISH
Countries (Organización de Países Exportadores de
Niagara Movement / Movimiento Niágara Petróleo, OPEP), alianza económica para ejercer
s. fundado en 1905 por W. E. B. Du Bois para promover influencia sobre los precios del petróleo.
la enseñanza de humanidades entre los afroamericanos.
Open Door notes / notas de Puertas
Nineteenth Amendment / Enmienda 19 s. Abiertas s. notas que el Secretario de Estado John
enmienda a la Constitución adoptada en 1920 que le Hay envió a Gran Bretaña, Francia, Alemania, Italia,
otorga a la mujer el derecho de votar. Japón y Rusia, instándolos a no interponerse entre el
nomadic / nómade adj. que no tiene hogar fijo, comercio de Estados Unidos y China.
que se muda de un lugar a otro según las estaciones y la Operation Desert Storm / Operación
disponibilidad de comida y agua. Tormenta del Desierto s. operación militar en la
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

“no man's land” / tierra de nadie s. en la que fuerzas de las Naciones Unidas, encabezadas por
I Guerra Mundial, extensión baldía de tierra entre Estados Unidos, liberaron a Kuwait y derrotaron al
trincheras de ejércitos enemigos. ejército iraquí.
nonaggression pact / pacto de no agresión Oregon Trail / Sendero de Oregon s. camino
s. acuerdo entre dos naciones de no luchar entre sí. que va de Independence, Missouri, a la ciudad de
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Oregon, Oregon.
/ Organización del Tratado del Atlántico
Norte s. alianza militar defensiva formada en 1949
por diez países de Europa del oeste, Estados Unidos y
Canadá.
P
Panama Canal / canal de Panamá s. canal
Northwest Ordinance of 1787 / Ordenanza artificial construido a través del istmo de Panamá para
del Noroeste de 1787 s. procedimiento para la abrir paso entre los océanos Atlántico y Pacífico; se
admisión de nuevos estados a la Unión. abrió en 1914.
nuclear family / familia nuclear s. unidad panic of 1837 / pánico de 1837 s. serie de
formada por padre, madre e hijos. clausuras de bancos y colapso del sistema crediticio;
nullification / anulación s. rechazo de un estado causó muchas quiebras y desempleo.
a reconocer cualquier ley del Congreso que considere panic of 1873 / pánico de 1873 s. serie de
inconstitucional. fracasos económicos que provocaron una depresión de
Nuremberg trials / juicios de Nuremberg cinco años en Estados Unidos.
s. juicios llevados a cabo en Nuremberg, Alemania, parity / paridad s. regulación de precios de ciertos
inmediatamente después de la II Guerra Mundial, a productos agrícolas, apoyada por el gobierno, con el fin
líderes nazis por sus crímenes de guerra. de mantener estables los ingresos agrícolas.
Parliament / Parlamento s. cuerpo legislativo de
Inglaterra.

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Patriots / patriotas s. colonos que apoyaban la Plessy v. Ferguson s. caso de 1896 en que la
independencia norteamericana de Gran Bretaña. Suprema Corte declaró legal la separación de razas en
patronage / clientelismo s. sistema de otorgar instalaciones públicas y estableció la doctrina de
empleos a personas que ayudan a la elección de un “separados aunque iguales”.
candidato. political machine / maquinaria política s.
pay equity / equidad salarial s. sistema que grupo organizado que controla un partido político en
basa el salario de un empleado en los requisitos del una ciudad y ofrece servicios a los votantes y negocios a
trabajo y no en escalas salariales tradicionales, que cambio de apoyo político y financiero.
normalmente pagan menos a la mujer. poll tax / impuesto para votar s. impuesto
Payne-Aldrich Tariff / Arancel Payne- anual que los ciudadanos debían pagar en algunos
Aldrich s. serie de reglamentos de impuestos, estados sureños para poder votar.
aprobados por el Congreso en 1909, que no logró popular sovereignty / soberanía popular
reducir mucho los aranceles de productos s. sistema en el cual los ciudadanos votan para decidir
manufacturados. sobre un tema.
Peace Corps / Cuerpo de Paz s. programa Populism / populismo s. movimiento político de
fundado en 1965 bajo iniciativa del presidente Kennedy, finales del siglo 19 que exigía la voz popular en el
que envía voluntarios a las naciones en desarrollo de gobierno y que representaba los intereses de los
Asia, África y Latinoamérica para ayudar en escuelas, granjeros y promovía una reforma del sistema
SPANISH

clínicas y otros proyectos. monetario.

Pendleton Civil Service Act / Ley Powhatan s. grupo de pueblos amerindios que vivía
Pendleton s. ley de 1883 que autorizaba nombrar en el este de Virginia cuando se establecieron las
empleados del servicio civil por mérito. primeras colonias inglesas.
Pentagon Papers / Documentos del price support / apoyo de precios s. apoyo de
Pentágono s. documento de 7,000 páginas que dejó los precios de ciertos artículos al valor del mercado o
filtrar a la prensa en 1971 el antiguo funcionario del por encima, algunas veces mediante la compra de
Departamento de Defensa Daniel Ellsberg, donde se excedentes por parte del gobierno.
revela que el gobierno mintió sobre sus planes en la Proclamation of 1763 / Proclama de 1763
Guerra de Vietnam. s. decreto británico que prohibía que los colonos se

Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

Pequot War / Guerra de los Pequot s. instalaran al oeste de los montes Apalaches.
conflicto librado en 1637 entre la tribu pequot y colonos profiteering / acaparamiento s. retención de un
asentados en Connecticut, que se aliaron con la tribu producto para provocar su escasez y venderlo más caro.
narrangansett.
progressive / progresista s. que favorece el
perestroika s. palabra rusa para designar la avance hacia mejores condiciones o nuevas ideas.
reestructuración económica y burocrática de la Unión
progressive movement / movimiento
Soviética que ocurrió en los años 80.
progresista s. movimiento reformista de comienzos
personal liberty laws / leyes de libertad del siglo 20 cuyos objetivos eran mejorar el bienestar
personal s. estatutos aprobados en los estados del social, promover la moralidad, incrementar la justicia
Norte que prohibían encarcelar a esclavos fugitivos y les económica y devolver a la ciudadanía el control del
permitían ser juzgados por un jurado. gobierno.
planned obsolescence / obsolencia prohibition / prohibición s. prohibición de
planeada s. diseño de artículos que se desgastan o bebidas alcohólicas.
pasan de moda muy pronto, para crear la necesidad de
Prohibition / Ley Seca s. período entre 1920 y
remplazarlos con frecuencia.
1933 durante el cual, por medio de la decimoctava
plantation / plantación s. finca grande en la que enmienda, se prohibió la producción y la venta de
se cultiva una sola cosecha, como caña de azúcar o alcohol en Estados Unidos.
algodón, usando esclavos u otros trabajadores.
propaganda s. comunicación prejuiciada diseñada
Platt Amendment / Enmienda Platt s. serie para influir los pensamientos y actos de la gente.
de medidas implantadas por Estados Unidos en 1901, las
Proposition 187 / Propuesta 187 s. proyecto
cuales debieron ser incluidas por Cuba en su nueva
de ley aprobado en California en 1994, el cual canceló
constitución para quedar libre de su deuda y por las que
todos los beneficios educativos y de salud que no fueran
Estados Unidos obtenía el derecho a intervenir en el país
emergencias a los inmigrantes ilegales.
y a comprar o alquilar el territorio cubano para
establecer estaciones navales y de combustible. proprietor / propietario s. dueño y gobernante de
una colonia.
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protective tariff / arancel proteccionista s. recall / destitución s. reforma gubernamental que

impuesto aplicado a productos importados para proteger permite a los votantes deponer a funcionarios públicos
las empresas nacionales de la competencia extranjera. elegidos.
protectorate / protectorado s. nación cuyo Reconstruction / Reconstrucción s. período de
gobierno y asuntos son controlados por una potencia reconstrucción después de la Guerra Civil y readmisión a
más fuerte. la Unión de los estados de la Confederación que habían
Pueblo s. amerindios descendientes de los anasazi; sido derrotados; de 1865 a 1877.
viven en los desiertos del Suroeste. Reconstruction Finance Corporation
Pure Food and Drug Act / Ley de Pureza de (RFC) / Corporación Financiera de la
Alimentos y Drogas s. ley de 1906 que paró la Reconstrucción s. organización establecida en
venta de alimentos y drogas contaminadas y demandó 1932 para dar financiación de emergencia a bancos,
etiquetas fidedignas. aseguradoras de vida, compañías ferroviarias y otras
empresas grandes.
Puritans / puritanos s. miembros de la Iglesia
Anglicana que deseaban eliminar las tradiciones Red Cross / Cruz Roja s. organización
católicas y simplificar los servicios religiosos. internacional que provee ayuda a la gente en tiempos
de guerra o de desastres naturales. En 1881, Clara
Barton fundó la sede estadounidense.
Q redemption / redención s. término usado por los
demócratas sureños para referirse a su recuperación del

SPANISH
Quakers / cuáqueros s. miembros de una secta poder en el Sur en la década de 1870.
religiosa considerada radical en el siglo 17, también
conocida como Sociedad de Amigos. referendum / referendo s. procedimiento que
permite someter al voto popular propuestas legislativas.
quota system / sistema de cuotas s. sistema
que limita el número de inmigrantes de varios países que Reformation / Reforma s. movimiento religioso
pueden ser admitidos a Estados Unidos cada año. en la Europa de comienzos del siglo 16, encaminado a
reformar la Iglesia Católica Romana; condujo a la
formación del protestantismo.
R Renaissance / Renacimiento s. período de la
historia europea, que se extendió aproximadamente
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

Radical Republican / republicano radical desde 1400 a 1600, durante el cual un renovado interés
s. uno de los republicanos del Congreso después de la en la cultura clásica originó cambios trascendentales en
Guerra Civil que querían destruir el poder político de las artes, el aprendizaje y la visión del mundo.
los antiguos dueños de esclavos y darles a los afroame-
reparations / reparación s. compensación que
ricanos total ciudadanía y derecho a votar.
paga una nación derrotada en una guerra por las
ratification / ratificación s. aprobación oficial pérdidas económicas del vencedor o por crímenes
de la Constitución, o de una enmienda, por parte de cometidos contra individuos.
los estados.
republic / república s. gobierno en el que los
rationing / racionamiento s. medida tomada ciudadanos mandan por medio de sus representantes
durante tiempos de guerra para limitar la cantidad de elegidos.
ciertos alimentos y otros productos que cada persona
Republican Party / Partido Republicano s.
puede comprar.
partido actual, formado en 1854 por oponentes de la
Reaganomics / reaganomía s. nombre dado a la esclavitud en los territorios.
política económica del presidente Reagan, que abogaba
republicanism / republicanismo s. creencia de
por recortes presupuestarios y por una gran reducción en
que los gobiernos deben basarse en el consentimiento
los impuestos con el fin de incrementar la inversión
del pueblo.
privada y por consiguiente expandir el suministro de
productos y servicios. Republic of California / República de
California s. nación proclamada por los colonos
realpolitik s. enfoque de política exterior,
estadounidenses en California, al declarar éstos su
identificado con Henry Kissinger y Richard Nixon,
independencia de México en 1846.
que propone hacer lo que resulte realista y práctico en
lugar de seguir una política al pie de la letra. Republic of Texas / república de Texas s.
nación fundada en 1836, cuando los colonos estadouniden-
reapportionment / nueva repartición s.
ses de la provincia mexicana de Tejas lucharon y declara-
redistribución de distritos electorales cuando cambia
ron su independencia. En esa época se la conocía también
el número de personas en un distrito.
como la “República de la Estrella Solitaria”.

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revenue sharing / distribución de rentas satellite nation / nación satélite s. país

s. plan puesto en práctica en 1972 que faculta a los dominado política y económicamente por otro.
gobiernos estatales y locales a invertir el dinero federal Saturday Night Massacre / Masacre de
a su conveniencia. Sábado en la Noche s. nombre dado a la renuncia
reverse discrimination / discriminación a del procurador general y al despido de su comisionado el
la inversa s. tratamiento injusto de los miembros de 20 de octubre de 1973, después de haberse negado a
un grupo mayoritario, típicamente hombres blancos, acatar la orden del presidente Nixon de despedir al fiscal
como resultado de los esfuerzos por remediar la especial en el caso Watergate.
discriminación contra otros grupos. savanna / sabana s. pastizal plano y seco con
revival / renovación religiosa s. emotivas árboles y arbustos espaciados; común en África central
reuniones religiosas para revivir la fe, con apasionados y otras regiones tropicales y subtropicales.
sermones. scalawag s. término despectivo para referirse a los
rock ’n’ roll s. forma de música popular sureños blancos que se unieron al Partido Republicano y
estadounidense que evolucionó a finales de los 40 y apoyaron la Reconstrucción después de la Guerra Civil.
durante los 50, a partir del rhythm and blues, el country, scientific management / administración
el jazz, el gospel y el pop; forma musical estadounidense científica s. aplicación de principios científicos para
caracterizada por ritmos fuertes y melodías simples, la simplificar y facilitar las tareas laborales.
cual se ha expandido por todo el mundo y ha tenido
Scopes trial / juicio de Scopes s. sensacional
impactos significantes en el baile social, la moda de
SPANISH

juicio de 1925 en el que el maestro de biología John T.

la vestimenta y las expresiones de protesta.
Scopes fue juzgado por desafiar una ley de Tennessee
Roosevelt Corollary / Corolario de que prohibía la enseñanza de la evolución.
Roosevelt s. declaración de 1904 del presidente
search-and-destroy mission / misión de
Theodore Roosevelt en que advertía que Estados Unidos
búsqueda y destrucción s. ataque militar
intervendría militarmente en los asuntos de cualquier
estadounidense a aldeas de Vietnam del Sur con el fin de
nación del Hemisferio Occidental para proteger sus
erradicar al Vietcong, que solía resultar en la destruc-
intereses económicos si fuera necesario.
ción de la aldea y el desplazamiento de sus habitantes.
Rough Riders s. regimiento de caballería voluntario
secession / secesión s. retiro formal de un estado
comandado por Leonard Wood y Theodore Roosevelt en
de la Unión federal.

Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

la Guerra Española-Norteamericana-Cubana.
Second Continental Congress / Segundo
royal colony / colonia real s. colonia sujeta al
Congreso Continental s. nueva convocatoria del
control directo de la corona británica.
Congreso Continental que se inició en 1775 y redactó la
rural free delivery (RFD) / correo rural Declaración de Independencia.
gratuito s. entrega gubernamental gratis de correo
Second Great Awakening / Segundo Gran
y paquetes a zonas rurales; se inició en 1896.
Despertar s. movimiento religioso del siglo 19 que
ponía énfasis en la responsabilidad individual para

S lograr la salvación y la superación personal y social.

sectionalism / regionalismo s. preocupación
SALT I Treaty / Tratado Salt I s. acuerdo de por los intereses de una región por encima de los de la
cinco años entre Estados Unidos y la Unión Soviética nación como un todo.
que surgió de las Conversaciones sobre Limitación de Securities and Exchange Commission
Armas Estratégicas de 1972; limitó el número de misiles (SEC) / Comisión de Valores y Cambios
balísticos intercontinentales y de misiles de submarinos. s. agencia creada en 1934 para controlar el mercado
salutary neglect / indiferencia saludable bursátil y hacer cumplir las leyes que rigen la venta de
s. aplicación poco estricta de las leyes comerciales acciones y bonos.
por parte del gobierno británico a cambio de lealtad segregation / segregación s. separación de la
comercial de las colonias. gente según su raza.
Sandinista adj. relativo a las fuerzas izquierdistas Selective Service Act / Ley de Servicio
rebeldes que derrocaron al gobierno nicaragüense en Selectivo s. ley aprobada por el Congreso en mayo
1979; el presidente Reagan, quien respaldaba a la contra de 1917 que ordena que todos los hombres se inscriban
anticomunista, se les opuso. para el servicio militar obligatorio.
Santa Fe Trail / Sendero de Santa Fe s. Seneca Falls Convention / convención de
camino que va de Independence, Missouri, a Santa Fe, Seneca Falls s. convención de derechos femeninos
New Mexico. celebrada en 1848 en Seneca Falls, New York.

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Separatist / separatista s. miembro de la Iglesia soddy / choza de tepe s. casa provisional hecha
Anglicana que rechazó su reforma y formó una de césped, muy común en las llanuras, donde la madera
congregación independiente. era escasa.
service sector / sector de servicios s. Songhai s. imperio que, en la cúspide de su poderío
renglón de la economía que ofrece servicios en vez durante el siglo 16, controlaba gran parte de África
de productos. occidental.
settlement house / casa de beneficencia soup kitchen / comedor de beneficencia s.
s. centro comunitario en un barrio pobre que ayudaba a lugar donde se sirven alimentos gratis o a bajo costo a
los residentes, particularmente a los inmigrantes. los necesitados, muy común durante la Depresión.
Seventeenth Amendment / Enmienda 17 s. Southern Christian Leadership Conference
enmienda a la Constitución adoptada en 1913; dispone (SCLC) / Conferencia de Líderes Cristianos
que los senadores federales sean elegidos por los del Sur s. organización formada en 1957 por el doctor
votantes y no por cuerpos legislativos estatales. Martin Luther King, Jr., y otros líderes para promover
shantytown / tugurio s. vecindario en donde la los derechos civiles sin violencia.
gente vivía en chozas temporales. Southern strategy / estrategia sureña
sharecropping / aparcería s. sistema en el cual s. estrategia del presidente Nixon de apelar a los
se da a los agricultores tierra, semillas, herramientas y demócratas conservadores sureños que estaban
alimentos para vivir, así como una parte de la cosecha, descontentos con la integración y con una Suprema
Corte liberal.

SPANISH
por cultivar la tierra.
Shays's Rebellion / Rebelión de Shays s. speakeasy s. lugar donde se vendían bebidas
sublevación de granjeros endeudados de Massachusetts alcohólicas ilegalmente, como ocurrió durante la
en 1787, en protesta por los impuestos estatales. Prohibición.
Sherman Antitrust Act / Ley Antitrust specialization / especialización s. producción
Sherman s. ley contra los monopolios de 1890 de un número limitado de productos agrícolas para venta
que declaró ilegal la formación de consorcios que nacional o internacional.
obstruyeran el libre comercio. speculation / especulación s. transacciones de
silent majority / mayoría silenciosa s. alto riesgo con el fin de obtener ganancias rápidas o
grandes.
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

nombre dado por el presidente Richard Nixon a los

estadounidenses moderados que apoyaban silenciosa- spoils system / sistema de prebendas s.
mente su involucramiento en la Guerra de Vietnam. práctica de los candidatos ganadores de dar empleos
sit-in s. forma de protesta —iniciada por el Congreso u otras recompensas a sus simpatizantes.
de Igualdad Racial en los años 40 y empleada con Square Deal s. programa de reformas progresistas
frecuencia en los años 60— en la que afroamericanos del presidente Theodore Roosevelt para proteger a la
ingresaban a un lugar segregado, tal como el mostrador gente común y corriente de las grandes empresas.
de un restaurante, y se negaban a salir hasta que se les stagflation / estanflación s. situación
sirviera. económica en la que hay niveles altos de inflación y
slave / esclavo s. persona que se convierte en desempleo simultáneamente.
propiedad de otra. Stamp Act / Ley del Timbre s. primer impuesto
Social Darwinism / darvinismo social s. directo aplicado en 1765 por Gran Bretaña a una
conjunto de creencias políticas y económicas basadas en la variedad de artículos y servicios, tales como documentos
teoría del biólogo Charles Darwin sobre la selección legales y periódicos.
natural o supervivencia del más apto; favorecía una Stono Rebellion / Rebelión de Stono s.
competencia libre, no regulada, y creía que los individuos rebelión de esclavos en la colonia de South Carolina en
o grupos triunfaban porque eran genéticamente superiores. 1739; en consecuencia se hicieron más estrictas las leyes
Social Gospel movement / movimiento del pertinentes a los esclavos.
Evangelio Social s. movimiento de reforma del Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) /
siglo 19 basado en la noción de que los cristianos tenían Iniciativa para la Defensa Estratégica
la responsabilidad social de mejorar las condiciones s. sistema de defensa propuesto en los años 80,
laborales y aliviar la pobreza urbana. popularmente conocido como la Guerra de las Galaxias,
Social Security Act / Ley de Seguro Social cuyo fin era proteger a Estados Unidos de ataques de
s. ley aprobada en 1935 para ayudar a los jubilados, misiles.
desempleados, incapacitados y familias con niños strike / huelga s. interrupción del trabajo para
dependientes. presionar a un patrono a responder a ciertas demandas.

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Student Nonviolent Coordinating telegraph / telégrafo s. aparato que convierte un

Committee (SNCC) / Comité Coordinador mensaje codificado en impulsos eléctricos que viajan
de Estudiantes no Violentos s. organización por un hilo metálico.
fundada en 1961, conocida como SNCC, para coordinar temperance movement / movimiento de
sit-ins y otras protestas, y para darles a los jóvenes templanza s. campaña para prohibir el consumo y la
negros mayor participación en el movimiento de venta de alcohol.
derechos civiles.
tenant farming / agricultura de arrendatarios
Students for a Democratic Society s. sistema en el que los agricultores, llamados arrendatarios,
(SDS) / Estudiantes por una Sociedad ponen sus propias herramientas y animales, y pagan dinero
Democrática s. grupo activista de los años por el arriendo de tierra para cultivar.
60, conocido como SDS, que urgía una mayor libertad tenement / casa de pisos s. vivienda urbana de
y responsabilidad individual. varias familias, usualmente sobrepoblada y poco
suburb / suburbio s. pueblo o comunidad sanitaria.
residencial cerca de una ciudad. Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) /
suffrage / sufragio s. derecho a votar. Autoridad del Valle de Tennessee s.
Sugar Act / Ley del Azúcar s. ley británica de corporación federal creada en 1933 para construir presas
1764 que aplicó un impuesto comercial a la melaza, el y centrales eléctricas en la región del valle de Tennessee
azúcar y otras importaciones para reducir el contrabando con el objeto de generar electricidad así como prevenir
SPANISH

en las colonias. inundaciones.

supply-side economics / economía de termination policy / política de
oferta s. teoría económica, practicada por el terminación s. programa del gobierno federal en
presidente Ronald Reagan, que sostiene que recortar los 1953 de cesar su responsabilidad hacia las naciones
impuestos de los ricos beneficia a todos pues aumenta amerindias y eliminar el apoyo económico federal,
empleos, ahorros e inversiones. suspender el sistema de reservaciones y redistribuir las
tierras tribales.
Tet offensive / ofensiva de Tet s. sorpresivo
T ataque masivo del Vietcong a pueblos y ciudades de
Vietnam del Sur a comienzos de 1968; la batalla, de un

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Taino / taíno s. pueblo amerindio que Colón y su mes de duración, convenció a muchos estadounidenses
tripulación vieron al arribar a la isla hoy conocida como de que no era posible ganar la guerra.
San Salvador, el 12 de octubre de 1492.
Texas Revolution / Revolución de Texas s.
Tariff of Abominations / Arancel rebelión de 1836 con la que Texas se independizó de
Abominable s. nombre que le dio Henry Clay a un México.
aumento de aranceles estipulado en 1828, debido al cual
Thirteenth Amendment / Enmienda 13 s.
los sureños creían que el norte se estaba enriqueciendo a
enmienda a la Constitución, ratificada en 1865, que ha
sus expensas.
abolido la esclavitud y la servidumbre involuntaria.
Tariff of 1816 / Arancel de 1816 s. arancel
Three-Fifths Compromise / Acuerdo de los
proteccionista para proteger las jóvenes industrias
Tres Quintos s. acuerdo constitucional de considerar
estadounidenses.
como población las tres quintas partes de los esclavos
Teapot Dome scandal / escándalo de de un estado para efectos de representación y cobro de
Teapot Dome s. escándalo generado cuando Albert impuestos.
Fall, Secretario del Interior del presidente Warren G.
Tiananmen Square / plaza Tianamen s. lugar
Harding, concedió en secreto valiosas reservas de
de protestas estudiantiles en 1989 en Beijing, China, por
petróleo en Wyoming y California a compañías privadas
la falta de libertades democráticas, donde el gobierno
a cambio de dinero y tierras.
atacó a los estudiantes.
Telecommunications Act of 1996 / Ley de
Tonkin Gulf Resolution / Resolución del
Telecomunicaciones s. ley de 1996 que retiró
Golfo de Tonkin s. resolución aprobada por el
las barreras que impedían que un tipo de compañía de
Congreso en 1964 que le otorgaba al presidente Johnson
comunicaciones ingresara a otro tipo de negocio en el
amplios poderes para la Guerra de Vietnam.
mismo campo.
totalitarian / totalitario adj. característico de un
telecommute v. trabajar desde la casa para una
sistema político en que el gobierno ejerce completo
compañía ubicada en otra parte, mediante la nueva
control sobre la vida de los ciudadanos.
tecnología de comunicaciones, como computadoras,
Internet y máquinas de fax.

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Townshend Acts / Leyes Townshend s. serie Truman Doctrine / Doctrina Truman s.

de leyes promulgadas por el Parlamento en 1767 que declaración del presidente Truman en 1947, que
establecían impuestos indirectos a los artículos de Gran establecía que Estados Unidos debía dar apoyo
Bretaña importados a las colonias. económico y militar para liberar a naciones amenazadas
Trail of Tears / Sendero de las Lágrimas s. por fuerzas internas o externas.
marcha obligada del pueblo cherokee desde Georgia Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute /
hasta el Territorio Indio entre 1838 y 1840, durante la Instituto Normal e Industrial Tuskegee s.
cual murieron miles de ellos. fundado en 1881 y dirigido por Booker T. Washington
transcendentalism / trascendentalismo s. para otorgar diplomas de magisterio y enseñar destrezas
movimiento filosófico y literario que proponía llevar comerciales y agrícolas a los afroamericanos.
una vida sencilla y celebrar la verdad implícita de la two-party system / bipartidismo s. sistema
naturaleza, la emoción personal y la imaginación. político dominado por dos partidos.
transcontinental railroad / ferrocarril
transcontinental s. línea férrea finalizada en 1869
que unía la costa Atlántica y la costa Pacífica. U
Treaty of Fort Laramie / Tratado del Fuerte Uncle Tom’s Cabin / La cabaña del tío Tom
Laramie s. tratado que requería que los sioux vivieran s. novela famosa (1852) escrita por Harriet Beecher
en una reservación a lo largo del río Missouri. Stowe, que causó intenso furor al retratar la esclavitud

SPANISH
Treaty of Ghent / Tratado de Gante s. tratado como una gran perversión moral.
firmado en 1814 que puso fin a la Guerra de 1812. Underground Railroad / Ferrocarril
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo / Tratado de Subterráneo s. red secreta de personas que
Guadalupe Hidalgo s. tratado de 1848 que puso ayudaban a los esclavos fugitivos a escapar a lo largo de
fin a la guerra entre Estados Unidos y México, mediante diversas rutas hacia Canadá o hacia zonas seguras en los
el cual Estados Unidos obtuvo enormes tierras en el estados libres.
Oeste y el Suroeste. United Farm Workers Organizing
Treaty of Paris (1783) / Tratado de París Committee (UFWOC) / Comité Organizador
s. tratado que puso fin a la Guerra Revolucionaria de Trabajadores Agrícolas Unidos s.
Norteamericana y estableció las fronteras de la nueva sindicato establecido en 1966 por César Chávez para
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

nación. mejorar los salarios y las condiciones laborales de los

Treaty of Paris (1898) / Tratado de París trabajadores agrícolas.
s. tratado el cual puso fin a la guerra entre España y United Nations (UN) / Naciones Unidas s.
Estados Unidos. Por medio de este tratado España liberó organización internacional promotora de la paz a la que
a Cuba, cedió las islas de Guam y Puerto Rico a Estados pertenecen la mayoría de naciones, fundada en 1945
Unidos y vendió las Filipinas a este país por 20 millones para fomentar la paz, la seguridad y el desarrollo
de dólares. económico del mundo.
Treaty of Tordesillas / Tratado de urban flight / huida urbana s. migración de las
Tordesillas s. tratado de 1494 que dividió las ciudades a los suburbios aledaños.
Américas entre España y Portugal mediante una línea urbanization / urbanización s. movimiento de
vertical imaginaria en el Atlántico; cada país tenía poder personas a una ciudad.
sobre un lado de la línea. urban renewal / renovación urbana s.
Treaty of Versailles / Tratado de Versalles práctica que se inició con la Ley Nacional de Vivienda
s. tratado de paz firmado en 1919 al finalizar la I de 1949, de remplazar vecindarios urbanos decaídos por
Guerra Mundial, el cual establecía nuevas naciones, viviendas nuevas para gente de bajos recursos.
fronteras y reparaciones de guerra. urban sprawl / explosión urbana s. expansión
trench warfare / guerra de trincheras s. desordenada y desmedida de las ciudades a las áreas
guerra en que los combatientes atacan desde un sistema contiguas.
de zanjas fortificadas y no en un campo abierto de
U.S.S. Maine s. buque de guerra estadounidense que
batalla. explotó y naufragó misteriosamente el 15 de febrero de
triangular trade / triángulo comercial de 1898 en el puerto de La Habana, Cuba.
esclavos s. sistema transatlántico de comercio en el U-2 incident / incidente del U-2 s. derribo en
cual la mercancía, incluidos los esclavos, se intercam- 1960 de un avión espía estadounidense U-2 en suelo
biaba entre África, Inglaterra, Europa, las Indias soviético; complicó las conversaciones de paz entre
Occidentales y las colonias de Norteamérica. Estados Unidos y la Unión Soviética.

MULTI-LANGUAGE GLOSSARY 43
SpaGloss.TheAmerican 1/16/04 11:17 AM Page 44

utopian community / comunidad utópica War Industries Board (WIB) / Junta de

s. comunidad formada por un grupo experimental que Industrias Bélicas s. junta establecida en 1917 que
vivía unido y buscaba crear un lugar perfecto. animaba a las compañías a usar técnicas de producción
en masa para mejorar la eficiencia durante la I Guerra
Mundial.
V War Powers Act (WPA) / Ley de Poderes de
V-E Day / Día V-E s. mayo 8 de 1945, día de la Guerra s. ley aprobada en 1973 tras la Guerra de
victoria europea, cuando el general Eisenhower aceptó la Vietnam que limitaba el derecho de un presidente a
rendición incondicional de Alemania; puso fin a la II enviar tropas a combatir sin consultar con el Congreso.
Guerra Mundial en Europa. War Production Board (WPB) / Junta de
vertical integration / integración vertical s. Producción Bélica s. agencia establecida durante
proceso mediante el cual una compañía se adueña de sus la II Guerra Mundial para coordinar la producción de
proveedores y distribuidores así como de los sistemas de suministros militares por la industria nacional.
transporte, con lo que obtiene control total sobre la Warren Commission / Comisión Warren s.
calidad y el costo de su producción. grupo encabezado por Earl Warren, presidente de la
Vietcong s. rebeldes comunistas de Vietnam del Sur Suprema Corte, que realizó la investigación oficial del
apoyados por Vietnam del Norte a partir de 1959. asesinato del presidente Kennedy y concluyó que Lee
Harvey Oswald había actuado por su cuenta.
Vietminh / Vietmin s. organización de comunistas
Warren Court / la Corte Warren s. la Suprema
SPANISH

vietnamitas y otros grupos nacionalistas que luchó

contra los franceses por la independencia de Vietnam Corte de la que fue presidente Earl Warren, que se
de 1946 a 1954. destacó por sus actividades en torno a los derechos
civiles y la libre expresión.
Vietnamization / vietnamización s. plan
del presidente Nixon de retiro gradual de las tropas Warsaw Pact / Pacto de Varsovia s. alianza
estadounidenses de Vietnam y su remplazo por el militar formada en 1955 por la Unión Soviética y las
ejército vietnamita. naciones satélite de Europa del este.
Voting Rights Act of 1965 / Ley de Watergate s. serie de escándalos en que el presidente
Derechos Electorales de 1965 s. ley para Nixon trató de encubrir la participación de su comité de
reelección en el allanamiento de la sede del Partido

Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

facilitarles a los afroamericanos inscribirse para votar;
eliminó las pruebas discriminatorias de lectura y Demócrata en los apartamentos Watergate en 1972.
escritura, y autorizó a los examinadores federales Whig Party / Partido Liberal s. miembro de un
inscribir votantes rechazados a nivel local. partido político establecido en 1834 en oposición a
Andrew Jackson.
Wilmot Proviso / Cláusula Wilmot s.
W enmienda a un proyecto de ley de fondos militares de
1846; proponía que ninguna porción del territorio
Wade-Davis Bill / proyecto de ley Wade- adquirido en la guerra con México debía abrirse a la
Davis s. proyecto de ley, aprobado en 1864 y vetado esclavitud.
por el presidente Lincoln, que daba al Congreso control
de la Reconstrucción. Women’s Auxiliary Army Corps (WAAC) /
Unidad Auxiliar de Mujeres (WAAC) s.
Wagner Act / Ley Wagner s. ley —también unidad del Ejército de EE.UU. creada durante la
conocida como Ley Nacional de Relaciones Laborales— Segunda Guerra Mundial para permitir que las mujeres
promulgada en 1935 para proteger los derechos de los colaboraran en puestos que no fueran de combate.
trabajadores después de que la Corte Suprema consideró
que la Ley Nacional de Recuperación Industrial (NIRA) Woodstock s. festival gratuito de música que atrajo a
era inconstitucional. más de 400,000 jóvenes a una granja del estado de New
York en agosto de 1969.
war-guilt clause / cláusula de culpabilidad
s. cláusula del Tratado de Versalles que obligaba a Works Progress Administration (WPA) /
Alemania a reconocer que había sido totalmente Administración para el Progreso de Obras
responsable por la I Guerra Mundial. s. agencia gubernamental del New Deal que empleó a
personal desocupado en construcción de escuelas y
war hawk / halcón de guerra s. uno de los hospitales, reparación de carreteras, enseñanza, escritura
miembros del Congreso que apoyó la guerra con Gran y artes.
Bretaña a comienzos del siglo 19.

44 THE AMERICANS
SpaGloss.TheAmerican 1/16/04 11:17 AM Page 45

X
XYZ Affair / Asunto XYZ s. incidente
diplomático de 1797 en el que funcionarios franceses
trataron de sobornar a funcionarios estadounidenses para
entrevistarse con un alto ministro francés.

Y
yellow journalism / prensa amarillista s. uso
de métodos sensacionalistas en periódicos o revistas
para atraer o influenciar lectores.

Z
Zimmermann note / nota Zimmermann s.
mensaje enviado por el canciller alemán en 1917 al
canciller mexicano en el que prometía a México los

SPANISH
estados de Texas, New Mexico y Arizona si se aliaba a
Alemania en contra de Estados Unidos en la I Guerra
Mundial.
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MULTI-LANGUAGE GLOSSARY 45
 The Chinese Glossary cannot
be displayed electronically.
Please refer to your print resource book.
VieGloss.TheAmerican 1/16/04 12:08 PM Page 66

Thuaät ngöõ tieáng Vieät

Phaàn Thuaät ngöõ laø moät danh saùch theo vaàn ABC goàm nhieàu nhöõng töø ngöõ chuû
choát töø caùc chöông, cuøng vôùi nghóa cuûa chuùng. Caùc ñònh nghóa ñöôïc lieät keâ
trong Phaàn Thuaät ngöõ laø nhöõng ñònh nghóa ñöôïc aùp duïng cho caùch söû duïng
caùc töø trong saùch naøy. Phaàn Thuaät ngöõ coøn coù phaàn noùi cho töøng töø. Caùc chöõ
vieát taét sau ñaây ñöôïc söû duïng:
tt. = tính töø dt. = danh töø ñt. = ñoäng töø

A Allies / Quaân Ñoàng minh dt. 1. trong Chieán tranh

Theá giôùi thöù nhaát, nhoùm caùc quoác gia — ban ñaàu bao
abolition / söï baõi boû dt. phong traøo keát thuùc cheá ñoä goàm Anh, Phaùp, vaø Nga vaø sau ñoù coù theâm Hoa Kyø, YÙ,
noâ leä. vaø caùc nöôùc khaùc — nhöõng nöôùc choáng laïi phe Cöôøng
quoác Trung taâm . 2. trong Chieán tranh Theá giôùi thöù hai,
Adams-Onís Treaty / Hieäp öôùc Adams-Onís dt.
nhoùm caùc quoác gia — bao goàm Anh, Lieân Xoâ, vaø Hoa
moät thoûa hieäp naêm 1819 trong ñoù Taây Ban Nha trao laïi
Kyø — choáng laïi phe Cöôøng quoác Truïc.
quyeàn soaùt laõnh thoå Florida cho Hoa Kyø.
American Expeditionary Force (AEF) / Löïc löôïng
Adena / Adena dt. moät coäng ñoàng Mound Builder
Vieãn chinh Myõ dt. caùc löïc löôïng Hoa Kyø, do Töôùng
taäp trung ôû thung luõng soâng Ohio vaø phoàn thònh nhaát töø
John Pershing, ngöôøi chieán ñaáu cuøng quaân Ñoàng minh
khoaûng naêm 700 tröôùc coâng nguyeân ñeán naêm 100 sau
ôû chaâu AÂu trong Chieán tranh Theá giôùi thöù nhaát, laõnh
coâng nguyeân.
ñaïo.
affirmative action / haønh ñoäng tích cöïc dt. moät
American Federation of Labor (AFL) / Lieân ñoaøn
chính saùch nhaèm khaéc phuïc haäu quaû cuûa söï phaân bieät
Lao ñoäng Myõ dt. moät lieân minh caùc coâng ñoaøn ngheà
chuûng toäc trong quaù khöù baèng caùch öu ñaõi nhöõng nhoùm
nghieäp vaø lao ñoäng, thaønh laäp naêm 1886.
tröôùc ñoù bò thieät thoøi.
American Indian Movement (AIM) / Phong traøo
Agent Orange / Chaát ñoäc maøu Da cam dt. chaát
ngöôøi Da ñoû Myõ dt. moät toå chöùc chieán ñaáu thöôøng
hoùa hoïc ñoäc gieát cheát laù caây ñöôïc maùy bay Myõ xòt
tröïc ñöôïc thaønh laäp naêm 1968 ñeå laøm vieäc vì caùc
xuoáng ôû Vieät Nam ñeå laøm loä ra choã aån nuùp cuûa Vieät
quyeàn cuûa ngöôøi Thoå daân Myõ.
Coäng.
Americanization movement / Phong traøo Myõ hoùa
Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) / Ñaïo luaät
dt. chöông trình giaùo duïc ñöôïc ñeà ra ñeå giuùp ngöôøi

Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

Ñieàu chænh Noâng nghieäp dt. moät ñieàu luaät ñöôïc ban
nhaäp cö hoøa nhaäp vôùi vaên hoùa Myõ.
haønh naêm 1933 ñeå naâng giaù noâng phaåm baèng caùch traû
tieàn ñeå caùc noâng gia ñeå troáng moät phaàn ñaát cuûa hoï maø American System / Heä thoáng Myõ dt. moät taäp hôïp
khoâng troàng troït, do vaäy haï thaáp naêng suaát. caùc tieâu chí tröôùc cuoäc Noäi chieán Myõ ñöôïc ñeà ra ñeå
thoáng nhaát quoác gia vaø cuûng coá neàn kinh teá quoác gia
AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) /
baèng caùc phöông phaùp thueá quan baûo hoä, moät ngaân
AIDS (hoäi chöùng suy giaûm heä mieãn dòch maéc
haøng quoác gia, vaø nhöõng caûi thieän noäi boä chaúng haïn
phaûi) dt. moät loaïi beänh gaây ra bôûi moät virus laøm suy
vieäc phaùt trieån moät heä thoáng giao thoâng vaän taûi.
yeáu heä mieãn dòch, laøm cô theå deã bò nhieãm beänh, vaø
nhöõng hình thöùc ung thö hieám. Anaconda plan / Keá hoaïch Maõng xaø dt. moät chieán
löôïc 3 phaàn ñöôïc lieân bang ñeà xuaát ñeå ñaùnh baïi phe
Alamo, the / The Alamo dt. moät hoäi truyeàn giaùo vaø
mieàn Nam trong cuoäc noäi chieán Myõ
phaùo ñaøi ôû San Antonio, bang Texas, nôi caùc löïc löôïng
Mexico thaûm saùt quaân noåi daäy Texas naêm 1836. anarchist / ngöôøi Voâ chính phuû dt. moät ngöôøi
choáng laïi taát caû caùc hình thöùc chính phuû.
Alien and Sedition Acts / Caùc Ñaïo luaät veà Ngöôøi
nöôùc ngoaøi vaø Söï noåi loaïn dt. moät loaït 4 luaät leä Anasazi / Anasazi dt. moät nhoùm ngöôøi Thoå daân Myõ
ñöôïc ban haønh naêm 1798 ñeå caét giaûm quyeàn löïc chính soáng treân ñænh nuùi maët baøn, caùch rìa vaùch ñaù, vaø ñaùy
trò cuûa nhöõng ngöôøi môùi nhaäp cö vaøo Hoa Kyø. caùc heûm nuùi cuûa vuøng Töù giaùc (nôi ngaøy nay caùc bang
Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, vaø Utah gaëp nhau)
VIETNAMESE

Alliance for Progress / Lieân minh vì Tieán boä dt.

töø khoaûng naêm 100 ñeán 1300 sau coâng nguyeân.
moät chöông trình vieän trôï nöôùc ngoaøi cuûa Hoa Kyø cuûa
nhöõng naêm 1960, cung caáp söï trôï giuùp veà kinh teá vaø kyõ annex / thoân tính ñt. saùp nhaäp moät laõnh thoå vaøo moät
thuaät cho caùc nöôùc chaâu Myõ Latin. ñôn vò chính trò saün coù, chaúng haïn moät bang hay moät
quoác gia.
antebellum / tt. thuoäc veà thôøi kyø tröôùc cuoäc Noäi chieán
Myõ.
Antifederalist / ngöôøi Choáng Lieân bang dt. moät ñoái
thuû cuûa moät chính quyeàn trung öông maïnh.

66 THE AMERICANS
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appeasement / thoûa hieäp voâ nguyeân taéc dt. vieäc Battle of the Bulge / Traän Ñaùy taøu dt. moät traän
nhöôïng laïi ñaát ñai cho moät theá löïc thuø ñòch ñeå giöõ hoøa ñaùnh keùo daøi 1 thaùng trong Chieán tranh Theá giôùi thöù
bình. hai trong ñoù quaân Ñoàng minh ñaåy lui cuoäc taán coâng lôùn
Appomattox Court House / Truï sôû Toøa aùn cuoái cuøng trong chieán tranh cuûa quaân Ñöùc.
Appomattox dt. thaønh phoá gaàn Appomatox, Battle of Midway / Traän Midway dt. moät traän ñaùnh
bang Virginia, nôi Lee ñaàu haøng Grant ngaøy 9 thaùng trong Chieán tranh Theá giôùi thöù hai xaûy ra ñaàu thaùng 6
4 naêm 1865, töø ñoù chaám döùt cuoäc Noäi chieán Myõ. naêm 1942. Quaân Ñoàng minh tieâu dieät haïm ñoäi Nhaät taïi
(37o vó baéc 79o kinh taây) Midway, moät hoøn ñaûo naèm phía taây baéc Hawaii. Quaân
apprentice / ngöôøi taäp söï dt. moät ngöôøi coâng nhaân Ñoàng minh sau ñoù chieán ñaáu taïi Thaùi Bình Döông vaø
hoïc vieäc hay ngheà, thöôøng laø döôùi söï giaùm saùt cuûa moät baét ñaàu tieán ñeán gaàn Nhaät Baûn.
ngöôøi thaày. Battle of Wounded Knee / Traän Wounded Knee
arbitration / phaân xöû dt. moät phöông phaùp daøn xeáp dt. cuoäc thaûm saùt cuûa quaân ñoäi Myõ ñoái vôùi 300 ngöôøi
tranh chaáp trong ñoù caû 2 beân ñeä trình nhöõng moái baát Thoå daân Myõ khoâng coù vuõ khí taïi Wounded Knee
ñoàng cho moät ngöôøi phaân xöû ñöôïc 2 beân chaáp thuaän. Creek, bang South Dakota, naêm 1890.
armistice / ñình chieán dt. moät söï ngöng baén, hoaëc Beatles, the dt. moät nhoùm nhaïc Anh coù moät taàm aûnh
thoûa öôùc chaám döùt moät cuoäc xung ñoät vuõ trang. höôûng to lôùn ñeán nhaïc pop trong nhöõng naêm 1960s.
Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) / Quaân beat movement / phong traøo beat dt. moät phong traøo
ñoäi Vieät Nam Coäng hoøa dt. binh lính mieàn Nam ngheä thuaät vaø xaõ hoäi cuûa nhöõng naêm 1950, nhaán maïnh söï
Vieät Nam chieán ñaáu cuøng quaân Myõ choáng coäng saûn vaø töï bieåu hieän mình trong vaên chöông vaø söï baát tuaân thuû
caùc löïc löôïng ôû mieàn Baéc trong Chieán tranh Vieät Nam. caùc leà thoùi xaõ hoäi trong neàn vaên hoùa chính thoáng.
Articles of Confederation / Caùc Ñieàu khoaûn Lieân Benin dt. moät vöông quoác Taây Phi phoàn thònh ôû vuøng
bang dt. moät vaên baûn, ñöôïc Hoäi nghò Thuoäc ñòa thöù chaâu thoå Niger (taïi nôi nay laø Nigeria) töø theá kyû 14 ñeán 17.
Hai thoâng qua naêm 1777 vaø sau cuøng ñöôïc caùc bang Berlin airlift / caàu haøng khoâng Berlin dt. moät chieán
chaáp thuaän naêm 1781, vaïch ra hình thöùc chính phuû cuûa dòch 327 ngaøy trong ñoù caùc maùy bay Hoa Kyø vaø Anh
Hieäp chuûng quoác Hoa Kyø môùi. chôû löông thöïc vaø ñoà vieän trôï vaøo Taây Berlin sau khi
Ashcan school / tröôøng Ashcan dt. moät nhoùm caùc quaân Lieân Xoâ bao vaây thaønh phoá naêm 1948.
hoïa só Myõ ñaàu theá kyû 20 chuyeân veõ caùc böùc hoïa hieän Berlin Wall / Böùc töôøng Berlin dt. moât böùc töôøng beâ
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

thöïc veà cuoäc soáng ñoâ thò — chaúng haïn nhöõng chung cö toâng chia caùch Ñoâng Berlin vaø Taây Berlin töø 1961 ñeán
vaø ngöôøi voâ gia cö — do ñoù gaày döïng teân tuoåi. 1989, do chính quyeàn Coäng saûn Ñoâng Ñöùc xaây ñeå ngaên
assimilation / söï hoøa nhaäp dt. vieäc moät nhoùm thieåu chaën ngöôøi daân nöôùc naøy troán sang phöông Taây.
soá laøm theo nhöõng nieàm tin vaø loái soáng cuûa neàn vaên Bessemer process / phöông phaùp saûn xuaát theùp
hoùa vöôït troäi. Bessemer dt. moät phöông phaùp reû tieàn vaø hieäu quaû
Atlantic Charter / Hieán chöông Ñaïi Taây Döông ñeå cheá taïo theùp, ñöôïc trieån khai khoaûng naêm 1850.
dt. moät tuyeân boá nguyeân taéc naêm 1941 trong ñoù Hoa Bill of Rights / Tuyeân ngoân Nhaân quyeàn dt. 10
Kyø vaø Anh ñaåy maïnh caùc muïc tieâu trong vieäc choáng ñieàu söûa ñoåi ñaàu tieân cho baûn Hieán phaùp Hoa Kyø, ñöôïc
caùc cöôøng quoác phe Truïc. theâm vaøo naêm 1791, vaø bao goàm moät danh saùch chính
Axis powers / caùc cöôøng quoác Truïc dt. nhoùm caùc thöùc caùc quyeàn lôïi vaø quyeàn töï do cho caùc coâng daân.
quoác gia — bao goàm Ñöùc, YÙ vaø Nhaät — choáng laïi bimetallism / löôõng kim dt. vieäc söû duïng caû vaøng laãn
Ñoàng minh trong Chieán tranh Theá giôùi thöù hai. baïc laøm caên baûn cho moät heä thoáng tieàn teä quoác gia.
Aztec dt. moät daân toäc Thoå daân chaâu Myõ ñònh cö taïi black codes / luaät ñen dt. nhöõng ñieàu luaät phaân bieät
Thung luõng Mexico trong nhöõng naêm 1200 sau coâng chuûng toäc ñöôïc thoâng qua khaép mieàn Nam sau cuoäc
nguyeân vaø sau ñoù phaùt trieån moät ñeá cheá huøng maïnh. Noäi chieán Myõ, haïn cheá khaét khe cuoäc soáng cuûa ngöôøi
Myõ goác Phi, caám caùc hoaït ñoäng nhö ñi laïi khoâng coù
pheùp, mang vuõ khí, laøm giaùm khaûo, choáng laïi ngöôøi da
VIETNAMESE

B traéng, vaø cöôùi ngöôøi da traéng.

blacklist / danh saùch ñen dt. moät danh saùch khoaûng
baby boom / buøng noå treû em dt. söï gia taêng maïnh
500 dieãn vieân, nhaø vieát kòch baûn, nhaø saûn xuaát, vaø ñaïo
meõ tæ leä sinh ñeû cuûa Hoa Kyø sau Chieán tranh Theá giôùi
dieãn khoâng ñöôïc pheùp laøm vieäc vôùi ñieän aûnh
thöù hai.
Hollywood vì bò cho laø coù dính líu ñeán Coäng saûn.
Bank of the United States / Ngaân haøng Hoa Kyø
Black Panthers / Beo ñen dt. moät toå chöùc chính trò
dt. moät trong 2 ngaân haøng quoác gia, ñöôïc taøi trôï bôûi
chieán ñaáu ngöôøi Myõ goác Phi thaønh laäp naêm 1966 bôûi
chính phuû lieân bang vaø caùc nhaø ñaàu tö tö nhaân, do
Huey Newton vaø Bobby Seale ñeå choáng laïi söï taøn baïo
Quoác hoäi laäp ra, ngaân haøng ñaàu tieân naêm 1791 vaø thöù
cuûa caûnh saùt vaø phuïc vuï trong nhöõng khu da ñen.
2 naêm 1816.
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Black Power / Quyeàn löïc ñen dt. moät khaåu hieäu Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka / Brown
ñöôïc duøng bôûi Stokely Carmichael trong nhöõng naêm v. Boä Giaùo duïc Topeka dt. moät vuï vieäc naêm 1954
1960 coå vuõ loøng töï haøo vaø söï laõnh ñaïo chính trò vaø xaõ trong ñoù Toái cao Phaùp vieän phaùn quyeát raèng giaùo duïc
hoäi cuûa ngöôøi Myõ goác Phi. "taùch bieät nhöng bình ñaúng" ñoái vôùi hoïc vieân da traéng
Black Tuesday / Ngaøy thöù Ba Ñen toái dt. moät caùi vaø da ñen laø traùi hieán phaùp.
teân ñaët cho ngaøy 29 thaùng 10 naêm 1929, khi giaù coå Bull Moose Party / Ñaûng Boø Nai dt. teân ñaët cho
phieáu giaûm maïnh. Ñaûng Tieán boä, ñöôïc thaønh laäp ñeå uûng hoä Theodore
Bleeding Kansas / Kansas Chaûy maùu dt. teân ñaët Roosevelt chaïy ñua vaøo chöùc toång thoáng naêm 1912.
cho Laõnh thoå Kansas trong nhöõng naêm tröôùc cuoäc Noäi buying on margin / mua laáy lôøi dt. vieäc mua coå
chieán Myõ, khi laõnh thoå naøy laø chieán tröôøng giöõa 2 phe phieáu baèng caùch traû moät phaàn nhoû giaù trò vaø vay noát
uûng hoä vaø choáng ñoái cheá ñoä noâ leä. phaàn coøn laïi.
blitzkrieg / chieán tranh chôùp nhoaùng dt. laáy töø chöõ
tieáng Ñöùc, moät cuoäc taán coâng baát ngôø, oà aït vôùi caùc löïc
löôïng khoâng quaân vaø boä binh phoái hôïp, nhaèm ñaït ñöôïc C
chieán thaéng nhanh choùng. cabinet / noäi caùc dt. nhoùm caùc boä tröôûng phuïc vuï vôùi
blockade / söï phong toûa dt. vieäc söû duïng taøu chieán tö caùch coá vaán haøng ñaàu cuûa toång thoáng.
hoaëc binh lính ñeå ngaên chaën vieäc ra vaøo moät caûng hay Camp David Accords / Hieäp Nghò Traïi David dt.
khu vöïc do moät quoác gia thuø ñòch kieåm soaùt. caùc thoûa öôùc lòch söû giöõa Israel vaø Ai Caäp, ñaït ñöôïc
bonanza farm / trang traïi naêng suaát cao dt. moät trong thoûa thöông thuyeát taïi Camp David naêm 1978.
trang traïi raát lôùn troàng chæ moät loaïi caây duy nhaát. capitalism / chuû nghóa tö baûn dt. moät heä thoáng kinh
Bonus Army / Ñaïo quaân Tieàn thöôûng dt. moät teá trong ñoù caùc caù nhaân rieâng leû vaø caùc taäp ñoaøn kinh
nhoùm cöïu chieán binh Chieán tranh Theá giôùi thöù nhaát vaø teá kieåm soaùt caùc phöông tieän saûn xuaát vaø duøng chuùng
gia ñình hoï tuaàn haønh ôû thuû ñoâ Washington naêm 1932 ñeå kieám lôïi nhuaän.
ñeå ñoøi chi traû ngay tieàn thöôûng maø hoï ñaõ ñöôïc höùa traû carpetbagger dt. moät ngöôøi mieàn Baéc di dôøi ñeán
vì phuïc vuï quaân ñoäi. mieàn Nam sau cuoäc Noäi chieán Myõ.
bootlegger / daân buoân laäu röôïu dt. moät ngöôøi buoân cash crop / vuï muøa tieàn baïc dt. moät vuï muøa do moät
laäu röôïu vaøo Hoa Kyø trong thôøi kyø Caám röôïu. noâng gia troàng ñeå baùn laáy tieàn hôn laø ñeå tieâu thuï.

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Boston Massacre / Cuoäc Thaûm saùt Boston dt. Central Powers / Caùc Cöôøng quoác Trung taâm dt.
moät cuoäc ñuïng ñoä giöõa binh lính Anh vôùi nhöõng ngöôøi moät nhoùm quoác gia — daãn ñaàu bôûi AÙo-Hung, Ñöùc, Ñeá
daân thuoäc ñòa ôû Boston naêm 1770, trong ñoù 5 trong soá quoác Ottoman — choáng laïi phe Ñoàng minh trong
nhöõng ngöôøi daân thuoäc ñòa bò gieát. Chieán tranh Theá giôùi thöù nhaát.
Boston Tea Party dt. vieäc neùm 18,000 pound traø checks and balances / kieåm tra vaø caân nhaéc dt.
xuoáng Caûng Boston bôûi daân thuoäc ñòa naêm 1773 ñeå ñieàu khoaûn trong baûn Hieán phaùp Hoa Kyø ngaên caûn baát
phaûn ñoái Ñaïo luaät Traø. cöù chi nhaùnh naøo cuûa chính phuû Hoa Kyø khoâng cho chi
Boulder Dam / Ñaäp Boulder dt. moät con ñaäp treân phoái 2 nhaùnh kia.
soâng Colorado — baây giôø goïi laø Ñaäp Hoover — ñöôïc Chinese Exclusion Act / Ñaïo luaät Ngaên chaën
xaây döïng trong thôøi Ñaïi Suy thoaùi nhö moät phaàn trong ngöôøi Hoa dt. moät Ñaïo luaät, ban haønh naêm 1882,
chöông trình coâng trình coâng coäng nhaèm khuyeán khích ngaên caám taát caû ngöôøi Hoa, ngoaïi tröø hoïc vieân, giaùo
kinh doanh vaø cung öùng vieäc laøm. vieân, thöông nhaân, khaùch du lòch, vaø caùc quan chöùc
Boxer Rebellion / Cuoäc noåi daäy Nghóa hoøa ñoaøn chính phuû ñöôïc vaøo nöôùc Myõ.
dt. moät cuoäc noåi daäy naêm 1900 trong ñoù caùc thaønh Chisholm Trail / Ñöôøng moøn Chisholm dt. con
vieân cuûa moät hoäi bí maät ngöôøi Trung Quoác tìm caùch ñöôøng luøa gia suùc chính töø San Antonio, bang Texas,
giaûi thoaùt nöôùc hoï khoûi aûnh höôûng phöông Taây. qua Oklahoma ñeán Kansas.
VIETNAMESE

bracero dt. moät ngöôøi lao ñoäng Mexico ñöôïc pheùp chlorination / khöû truøng baèng khí clo dt. moät
vaøo Hoa Kyø ñeå laøm vieäc trong thôøi gian giôùi haïn trong phöông phaùp loïc saïch nöôùc baèng caùch troän nöôùc vôùi
Chieán tranh Theá giôùi thöù hai. chaát clo.
bread line / doøng baùnh mì dt. moät doøng ngöôøi chôø CIA dt. Cuïc Tình baùo Trung öông — moät cô quan Hoa
phaùt thöïc phaåm mieãn phí. Kyø ñöôïc thaønh laäp ñeå thu thaäp thoâng tin bí maät veà caùc
brinkmanship / mieäng hoá chieán tranh dt. vieäc ñe chính phuû nöôùc ngoaøi.
doïa moät keû thuø baèng caùch traû thuø quaân söï oà aït neáu coù
baát cöù söï gaây haán naøo.

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Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) / Daân Veä Compromise of 1850 / Thoûa hieäp 1850 dt. moät
Ñoaøn dt. moät cô quan, ñöôïc thaønh laäp nhö laø moät loaït ñieàu luaät cuûa Quoác hoäi nhaèm daøn xeáp nhöõng baát
phaàn cuûa Taân Chính Saùch, saép ñaët nhöõng thanh nieân ñoàng chính yeáu giöõa caùc bang töï do vaø caùc bang noâ leä.
thaát nghieäp vaøo laøm vieäc xaây döïng ñöôøng saù, laäp coâng Compromise of 1877 / Thoûa hieäp 1877 dt. moät
vieân, troàng caây, vaø giuùp vieäc trong caùc chöông trình loaït ñieàu luaät cuûa Quoác hoäi theo ñoù caùc thaønh vieân
kieåm soaùt choáng xoùi moøn vaø luït loäi. Ñaûng Daân chuû ñoàng yù chaáp nhaän öùng vieân Ñaûng Coäng
civil disobedience / phong traøo choáng luaät phaùp hoøa laø Rutherford B. Hayes laøm toång thoáng, cho duø
dt. vieäc töø choái tuaân thuû nhöõng luaät ñöôïc xem laø khoâng oâng naøy ñaõ thua veà soá phieáu phoå thoâng. Caùc ñieàu luaät
coâng baèng nhaèm ñem laïi moät söï thay ñoåi trong chính bao goàm vieäc ruùt quaân lính lieân bang khoûi caùc bang
saùch cuûa chính phuû. Henry David Thoreau vieát veà mieàn Nam, tieàn cuûa lieân bang ñeå caûi thieän cô sôû haï
phong traøo naøy ôû theá kyû 19, vaø chieán thuaät naøy ñöôïc taàng mieàn Nam, vaø vieäc boå nhieäm moät thaønh vieân baûo
Martin Luther King, Jr. xuùc tieán, trong Kyû nguyeân Daân thuû mieàn Nam vaøo noäi caùc.
Quyeàn. concentration camp / traïi taäp trung dt. moät traïi tuø
Civil Rights Act of 1964 / Ñaïo luaät Daân quyeàn do Ñöùc Quoác xaõ ñieàu haønh trong ñoù ngöôøi Do Thaùi vaø
naêm 1964 dt. moät Ñaïo luaät caám phaân bieät ñoái xöû döïa caùc daân toäc khaùc bò coi laø keû thuø cuûa Adolf Hitler bò boû
treân chuûng toäc, giôùi tính, nguoàn goác quoác gia, hay toán ñoùi trong khi laøm lao ñoäng khoå sai hoaëc bò gieát.
giaùo ôû nôi coâng coäng vaø haàu heát caùc nôi laøm vieäc. Confederacy / phe Ly khai mieàn Nam dt. caùc bang
Civil Rights Act of 1968 / Ñaïo luaät Daân quyeàn mieàn Nam ly khai, moät lieân minh ñöôïc laäp naêm 1861
naêm 1964 dt. moät Ñaïo luaät caám phaân bieät ñoái xöû bôûi caùc bang mieàn Nam sau cuoäc ly khai khoûi Lieân
trong vaán ñeà nhaø cöûa. bang Myõ.
civil service / dòch vuï daân söï dt. caùc nhaùnh phi confederation / lieân bang dt. moät lieân minh cho
quaân söï cuûa chính phuû. pheùp caùc bang hay quoác gia khaùc cuøng nhau haønh ñoäng
Clayton Antitrust Act / Ñaïo luaät Choáng ñoäc vì caùc vaán ñeà 2 beân cuøng quan taâm.
quyeàn Clayton dt. moät Ñaïo luaät, ban haønh naêm 1914, conglomerate / taäp ñoaøn kinh doanh dt. moät taäp
phaùn quyeát raèng vieäc thöïc thi kinh doanh ñoäc quyeàn laø ñoaøn lôùn sôû höõu moät soá coâng ty nhoû hôn coù caùc ngaønh
baát hôïp phaùp vaø baûo veä caùc quyeàn cuûa coâng ñoaøn lao kinh doanh khoâng lieân quan ñeán nhau.
ñoäng vaø caùc toå chöùc noâng nghieäp. Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) /
Cold War / Chieán tranh Laïnh dt. thaùi ñoä ñoái ñaàu, Hieäp hoäi Caùc Toå chöùc Coâng nghieäp dt. moät toå
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maø khoâng coù xung ñoät quaân söï tröïc tieáp, phaùt sinh giöõa chöùc lao ñoäng bò khai tröø khoûi Lieân ñoaøn Lao ñoäng Myõ
Hoa Kyø vaø Lieân Xoâ sau Chieán tranh Theá giôùi thöù hai. naêm 1938.
colonization / thuoäc ñòa hoùa dt. vieäc thaønh laäp caùc Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) / Hieäp hoäi
khu ñònh cö ôû nôi xa xoâi bôûi moät quoác gia meï. Bình ñaúng Chuûng toäc dt. moät nhoùm lieân chuûng toäc
Columbian Exchange / söï Trao ñoåi Columbus dt. thaønh laäp naêm 1942 bôûi James Farmer ñeå choáng laïi söï
söï thuyeân chuyeån — baét ñaàu baèng chuyeán haûi haønh phaân bieät chuûng toäc ôû caùc thaønh phoá mieàn Baéc.
ñaàu tieân cuûa Columbus — ñoäng thöïc vaät vaø beänh taät conquistador / thöïc daân Taây Ban Nha dt. moät
giöõa hai Baùn caàu Taây vaø Ñoâng. ngöôøi Taây Ban Nha ñeán chaâu Myõ vôùi tö caùch thaùm
committees of correspondence / uûy ban giao hieåm vaø xaâm chieám vaøo theá kyû 16.
dòch thö töø dt. moät trong nhöõng nhoùm do daân thuoäc conscientious objector / keû choáng ñoái voâ löông
ñòa ôû Myõ laäp ra ñeå trao ñoåi thoâng tin veà nhöõng söï ñe taâm dt. moät ngöôøi töø choái tham chieán vì lyù do ñaïo ñöùc.
doïa cuûa Anh ñeán quyeàn töï do cuûa hoï. conscription / baét lính dt. vieäc baét coâng daân ñi quaân
Committee to Reelect the President / UÛy ban Taùi dòch.
baàu cöû Toång thoáng dt. moät toå chöùc ñöôïc thaønh laäp conservation / baûo veä sinh thaùi dt. vieäc quaûn lyù coù
ñeå ñieàu haønh chieán dòch taùi öùng cöû cuûa Toång thoáng keá hoaïch caùc nguoàn lôïi thieân nhieân, bao goàm vieäc baûo
Nixon naêm 1972, lieân quan ñeán vuï ñoät nhaäp toång haønh veä moät soá khu vöïc hoang daõ vaø vieäc phaùt trieån caùc
VIETNAMESE

dinh cuûa UÛy ban Quoác gia ñaûng Daân chuû gaây neân vuï nguoàn lôïi khaùc vì lôïi ích chung.
beâ boái Watergate.
conservative coalition / lieân minh baûo thuû dt. moät
Common Sense / Leõ Thöôøng dt. moät cuoán saùch lieân minh ñöôïc thaønh laäp vaøo giöõa nhöõng naêm 1960
moûng cuûa Thomas Paine, xuaát baûn naêm 1776, keâu goïi goàm caùc nhoùm caùnh höõu choáng ñoái chính phuû lôùn.
vieäc ly khai caùc thuoäc ñòa töø nöôùc Anh.
consolidation / hôïp nhaát dt. haønh vi thoáng nhaát hoaëc
communism / chuû nghóa coäng saûn dt. moät heä keát hôïp.
thoáng kinh teá vaø chính trò döïa vaøo chính phuœ moät ñaœng
consumerism / baûo veä quyeàn lôïi ngöôøi tieâu duøng
vaø sôœ höõu nhaø nöôùc veà taøi saœn.
dt. moät moái quan taâm vôùi vieäc mua haøng hoùa vaät chaát.

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containment / chính saùch ngaên chaën dt. söï ngaên trôû D-Day dt. teân goïi ngaøy 6 thaùng 6 naêm 1944 — ngaøy
cuûa moät quoác gia ñoái vôùi toan tính cuûa moät quoác gia khaùc maø quaân Ñoàng minh môû cuoäc ñoå boä leân ñaát lieàn chaâu
— nhaèm lan toûa söï aûnh höôûng — ñaëc bieät laø noã löïc cuûa AÂu trong Chieán tranh Theá giôùi thöù hai.
Hoa Kyø ngaên trôû chuû nghóa Coäng saûn Lieân Xoâ trong thôøi debt peonage / nhaân coâng tröø nôï dt. moät heä thoáng
kyø cuoái nhöõng naêm 1940 vaø ñaàu nhöõng naêm 1950. trong ñoù nhaân coâng bò raøng buoäc laøm khoå sai ñeán khi
Contract with America / Hôïp ñoàng vôùi nöôùc Myõ caùc khoaûn nôï cuûa hoï ñöôïc traû xong.
dt. moät vaên baûn ñöôïc Daân bieåu Newt Gingrich soaïn Declaration of Independence / Tuyeân ngoân Ñoäc
thaûo vaø ñöôïc kyù bôûi hôn 300 öùng vieân Ñaûng Coäng hoøa laäp dt. vaên baûn ñöôïc vieát bôûi Thomas Jefferson naêm
naêm 1994, ñaåy maïnh chöông trình nghò söï laäp phaùp kyø 1776, trong ñoù caùc ñaïi bieåu Hoäi nghò Thuoäc ñòa tuyeân
cöïu cuûa Ñaûng Coäng hoøa. boá quyeàn ñoäc laäp cuûa caùc thuoäc ñòa khoûi Anh quoác.
Contras dt. quaân phieán loaïn Nicaragua vôùi söï trôï giuùp de facto segregation / phaân bieät chuûng toäc thöïc
cuûa chính quyeàn Reagan trong noã löïc laät ñoå chính phuû teá dt. söï phaân bieät chuûng toäc ñöôïc thieát laäp bôûi thöïc
Sandinista trong nhöõng naêm 1980. tieãn vaø taäp quaùn, khoâng phaûi baèng luaät.
convoy system / heä thoáng hoä toáng dt. vieäc baûo veä deficit spending / chi tieâu huït dt. moät söï chi tieâu
caùc taøu buoân khoûi söï taán coâng cuûa U-boat — taøu ngaàm cuûa chính phuû nhieàu hôn laø noù nhaän ñöôïc töø thu nhaäp.
Ñöùc baèng caùch cho caùc taøu ñi theo nhoùm lôùn ñöôïc hoä
de jure segregation / phaân bieät chuûng toäc phaùp
toáng bôûi caùc taøu chieán.
lyù, dt. söï phaân bieät chuûng toäc ñöôïc thieát laäp bôûi luaät.
Copperhead / Hoå mang dt. moät ngöôøi thuoäc ñaûng
Democratic-Republican / Ñaûng Daân chuû-Coäng
Daân chuû ôû mieàn Baéc uûng hoä vieäc laøm hoøa vôùi phe
hoøa dt. ñaûng chính trò ñöôïc bieát ñeán do söï uûng hoä cuûa
mieàn Nam trong cuoäc Noäi chieán Myõ.
noù ñoái vôùi chính phuû nhaø nöôùc vöõng maïnh, do Thomas
cottage industry / coâng nghieäp leàu dt. moät heä Jefferson thaønh laäp naêm 1792 ñeå choáng laïi Ñaûng Lieân
thoáng saûn xuaát trong ñoù caùc nhaø saûn xuaát cung caáp bang.
nguyeân lieäu ñeå haøng ñöôïc laøm taïi nhaø.
deregulation / baõi boû quy ñònh dt. söï caét giaûm bôùt
cotton gin / maùy tæa boâng dt. moät loaïi maùy duøng ñeå nhöõng quy ñònh lieân bang veà coâng nghieäp.
laøm saïch haït töø sôïi boâng, do Eli Whitney saùng cheá naêm
deùtente / tình hình laéng dòu dt. chính saùch uyeån
1793.
chuyeån, bao goàm söï saün saøng ñaøm phaùn vaø söï laøm dòu
counterculture / phaûn vaên hoùa dt. vaên hoùa cuûa lôùp caûng thaúng, ñöôïc thoâng qua bôûi Toång thoáng Richard

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treû töø boû xaõ hoäi chính thoáng Myõ trong nhöõng naêm Nixon vaø coá vaán cuûa oâng laø Henry Kissinger trong
1960, tìm caùch taïo neân moät xaõ hoäi khaùc thöôøng döïa caùch xöû söï cuûa hoï vôùi caùc quoác gia coäng saûn.
treân hoøa bình, tình yeâu, vaø töï do caù nhaân.
direct relief / trôï giuùp tröïc tieáp dt. vieäc trao tieàn
credibility gap / khuûng hoaûng nieàm tin dt. moät söï hoaëc thöïc phaåm cuûa chính quyeàn tröïc tieáp cho nhöõng
ngôø vöïc coâng khai trong phaùt bieåu do chính phuû taïo neân. ngöôøi ngheøo tuùng.
credit / mua chòu dt. moät söï daøn xeáp trong ñoù ngöôøi division of labor / phaân coâng lao ñoäng dt. vieäc
mua traû sau cho vaät mình mua, thöôøng laø vôùi moät keá giao caùc traùch nhieäm vaø coâng vieäc khaùc nhau cho caùc
hoaïch traû daàn vôùi laõi suaát. caù nhaân hay nhoùm khaùc nhau.
Creùdit Mobilier dt. moät coâng ty xaây döïng thaønh laäp Dixiecrat dt. moät trong nhöõng ñaïi bieåu mieàn Nam,
naêm 1864 bôûi chuû sôû höõu cuûa coâng ty Union Pacific vì choáng ñoái chính saùch daân quyeàn cuûa Toång thoáng
Railroad, nhöõng ngöôøi söû duïng noù ñeå bôùt xeùn lôïi nhuaän Truman, ñaõ böôùc ra khoûi Hoäi nghò Quoác gia Ñaûng Daân
ñöôøng saét moät caùch gian laän. chuû naêm 1948 vaø thaønh laäp Ñaûng Daân chuû Nhaân quyeàn
Crusades / Thaäp töï chinh dt. moät loaït caùc cuoäc Caùc Tieåu bang.
vieãn chinh cuûa quaân ñoäi Cô Ñoác giaùo ñeán Trung Ñoâng dollar diplomacy / ngoaïi giao dollar dt. chính saùch
giöõa naêm 1096 vaø 1270 sau coâng nguyeân, nhaèm muïc cuûa Hoa Kyø trong ñoù söû duïng söùc maïnh kinh teá quoác
ñích ñuoåi ngöôøi Hoài Giaùo khoûi Thaùnh Ñòa. gia ñeå gaây aûnh höôûng ñoái vôùi caùc nöôùc khaùc.
VIETNAMESE

cult of domesticity / söï thieân vò noäi trôï dt. vieäc tin domino theory / thuyeát domino dt. moät thuyeát cho
raèng phuï nöõ coù choàng neân haïn cheá hoaït ñoäng cuûa mình raèng neáu moät nöôùc rôi vaøo tay chuû nghóa coäng saûn, caùc
trong nhaø vaø vôùi gia ñình. nöôùc laân caän cuõng seõ rôi vaøo tay chuû nghóa coäng saûn.
dotcom / chaám com dt. moät doanh nghieäp lieân quan

D ñeán hoaëc ñöôïc thöïc hieän treân Internet.

double standard / löôõng chuaån dt. moät taäp hôïp caùc
Dawes Act / Ñaïo luaät Dawes dt. moät ñieàu luaät, ban nguyeân taéc ban cho nam giôùi nhieàu quyeàn töï do veà giôùi
haønh naêm 1887, vôùi muïc ñích "Myõ hoùa" Thoå daân Myõ tính hôn laø phuï nöõ.
baèng caùch phaân phaùt ñaát daønh rieâng cho nhöõng sôû höõu
chuû caù nhaân.
70 THE AMERICANS
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dove / boà caâu dt. moät ngöôøi choáng ñoái Chieán tranh Enlightenment / söï khai saùng dt. moät phong traøo trí
Vieät Nam vaø tin raèng Hoa Kyø neân ruùt khoûi nôi ñoù. tueä theá kyû 18 nhaán maïnh vieäc söû duïng lyù leõ vaø phöông
Dow Jones Industrial Average / Chæ soá Coâng phaùp khoa hoïc laøm phöông tieän lónh hoäi kieán thöùc.
nghieäp Dow Jones dt. moät chuaån ño löôøng döïa treân entitlement program / chöông trình ñaëc caùch dt.
giaù trò coå phieáu cuûa 30 coâng ty lôùn, ñöôïc duøng roäng raõi moät chöông trình cuûa chính phuû — nhö laø An sinh Xaõ
nhö laø moät phong vuõ bieåu ño löôøng söùc khoûe cuûa thò hoäi, Chaêm soùc Y teá, Trôï caáp Y teá — baûo ñaûm lôïi ích
tröôøng chöùng khoaùn. cho moät nhoùm rieâng bieät naøo ñoù.
downsize / caét giaûm ñt. cho nghæ vieäc moät soá nhaân entrepreneur / nhaø thaàu kinh doanh dt. moät ngöôøi
vieân thöôøng tröïc nhaèm muïc ñích laøm cho vieäc ñieàu toå chöùc, ñieàu haønh, vaø giaû ñònh söï ruûi ro trong cuoäc
haønh hieäu quaû hôn vaø tieát kieäm tieàn. kinh doanh.
draft / quaân dòch dt. söï ñaêng kyù baét buoäc trong phuïc environmentalist / nhaø moâi tröôøng hoïc dt. moät
vuï quaân ñoäi. ngöôøi laøm vieäc ñeå baûo veä moâi tröôøng khoûi söï phaù hoaïi
Dust Bowl / Loøng chaûo Buïi dt. khu vöïc, bao goàm vaø oâ nhieãm.
Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, Colorado, vaø New Mexico, Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) / Cô
bò laøm cho khoâng canh taùc noâng nghieäp ñöôïc do haïn quan Baûo veä Moâi tröôøng dt. moät cô quan lieân bang
haùn vaø baõo caùt buïi trong nhöõng naêm 1930. thaønh laäp naêm 1970 ñeå quy ñònh veà oâ nhieãm nöôùc vaø
khoâng khí, chaát thaûi ñoäc haïi, thuoác tröø saâu, vaø nhieãm
phoùng xaï.
E Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) / Tu chính Caùc
Quyeàn Bình ñaúng dt. moät söï söûa ñoåi ñöôïc ñeà xuaát vaø
Earth Day / Ngaøy Traùi ñaát dt. moät ngaøy ñöôïc daønh
thaát baïi cho baûn Hieán phaùp Hoa Kyø maø neáu coù hieäu löïc
rieâng ñeå giaùo duïc veà moâi tröôøng, ñöôïc kyû nieäm haøng
seõ ngaên caám baát cöù söï phaân bieät naøo cuûa chính phuû döïa
naêm vaøo ngaøy 22 thaùng 4.
vaøo giôùi tính.
Economic Opportunity Act / Ñaïo luaät Cô hoäi Kinh
Erie Canal / Keânh Erie dt. moät con ñöôøng thuûy nhaân
teá dt. moät Ñaïo luaät, ban haønh naêm 1964, cung caáp quyõ
taïo daøi 363 daëm noái soâng Hudson vôùi Hoà Erie, ñöôïc
cho caùc chöông trình thanh nieân, bieän phaùp choáng
xaây döïng giöõa naêm 1817 vaø 1825.
ngheøo khoå, vay voán cho doanh nghieäp nhoû, vaø ñaøo taïo
ngheà nghieäp. Espionage and Sedition Acts / Ñaïo luaät veà Giaùn
ñieäp vaø Xuùi giuïc dt. hai ñieàu luaät, banh haønh naêm
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egalitarianism / chuû nghóa bình quaân dt. loøng tin

1917 vaø 1918, ñaët ra hình phaït naëng vôùi baát cöù ai can
raèng taát caû moïi ngöôøi phaûi ñöôïc bình ñaúng veà caùc
thieäp vaøo hoaëc phaùt bieåu choáng laïi söï tham gia cuûa
quyeàn daân söï, xaõ hoäi, kinh teá vaø chính trò.
Hoa Kyø vaøo Chieán tranh Theá giôùi thöù nhaát.
Eisenhower Doctrine / Hoïc thuyeát Eisenhower
excise tax / thueá moân baøi dt. moät loaïi thueá ñaùnh
dt. moät cam keát cuûa Hoa Kyø baûo veä Trung Ñoâng choáng
vaøo vieäc saûn xuaát, buoân baùn hoaëc tieâu thuï haøng hoùa
laïi söï taán coâng cuûa baát cöù nöôùc coäng saûn naøo, ñöôïc
saûn xuaát trong moät nöôùc.
Toång thoáng Dwight D. Eisenhower coâng boá naêm 1957.
executive branch / chi nhaùnh thöïc thi dt. chi
electoral college / tröôøng ñaïi cöû tri dt. moät nhoùm
nhaùnh cuûa chính phuû quaûn lyù vaø thöïc haønh caùc luaät leä.
ñöôïc caùc bang choïn ra ñeå baàu toång thoáng vaø phoù toång
thoáng, trong ñoù soá ñaïi cöû tri cuûa moãi bang baèng soá exoduster dt. moät ngöôøi ngöôøi Myõ goác Phi di cö töø
thöôïng nghò só vaø soá daân bieåu taïi quoác hoäi (haï nghò só). mieàn Nam ñeán Kansas vaøo nhöõng naêm haäu taùi thieát.
emancipation / söï giaûi phoùng dt. vieäc thaû töï do cho extortion / tham nhuõng dt. vieäc söû duïng quyeàn haïn
noâ leä. traùi phaùp luaät ñeå chieám taøi saûn hoaëc coâng quyõ.
Emancipation Proclamation / Tuyeân ngoân Giaûi
phoùng (noâ leä) dt. moät saéc leänh haønh phaùp do
Abraham Lincoln ban haønh ngaøy 1 thaùng 1 naêm 1863, F
VIETNAMESE

thaû töï do cho noâ leä ôû taát caû caùc vuøng sau ñöôøng bieân Fair Deal / Chính saùch Coâng baèng dt. chöông trình
vôùi caùc bang noâ leä. kinh teá cuûa Toång thoáng Harry S. Truman — moät söï môû
embargo / caám vaän dt. vieäc caám cuûa chính phuû ñoái roäng Taân Chính saùch cuûa Franklin Roosevelt — bao
vôùi thöông maïi vôùi moät hoaëc nhieàu quoác gia khaùc. goàm caùc nguyeân taéc taêng löông toái thieåu, môû roäng chi
encomienda dt. moät heä thoáng trong ñoù nhaø caàm tieâu an sinh xaõ hoäi, vaø cung caáp choã ôû cho caùc gia ñình
quyeàn Taây Ban Nha caáp cho caùc ñòa chuû thuoäc ñòa söï coù thu nhaäp thaáp.
phuïc dòch cuûa Thoå daân chaâu Myõ vôùi tö caùch lao ñoäng
baét buoäc.

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Family Assistance Plan / Keá hoaïch Trôï giuùp Gia feminism / thuyeát nöõ bình quyeàn dt. loøng tin raèng
ñình dt. moät ñeà xuaát caûi caùch phuùc lôïi, ñöôïc chaáp phuï nöõ phaûi coù quyeàn bình ñaúng veà kinh teá, chính trò
thuaän bôûi Haï Vieän naêm 1970 nhöng bò Thöôïng Vieän vaø xaõ hoäi nhö nam giôùi.
baùc boû, maø neáu coù hieäu löïc seõ baûo ñaûm moät thu nhaäp Fifteenth Amendment / Tu chính soá 15 dt. moät söï
cho nhöõng ngöôøi nhaän phuùc lôïi xaõ hoäi, nhöõng ngöôøi söûa ñoåi cho baûn Hieán phaùp Hoa Kyø, ñöôïc chaáp thuaän
ñoàng yù chòu ñaøo taïo ngheà vaø chaáp nhaän laøm vieäc. naêm 1870, ngaên caám vieäc khöôùc töø quyeàn baàu cöû vôùi
Farmers’ Alliances / Caùc Lieân minh Noâng daân dt. moïi ngöôøi vì lyù do chuûng toäc hoaëc maøu da hoaëc vì
caùc nhoùm noâng gia, hoaëc nhöõng ngöôøi ñoàng caûm vôùi tröôùc ñoù hoï laø noâ leä.
caùc vaán ñeà noâng nghieäp, nhöõng ngöôøi naøy göûi caùc “Fifty-Four Forty or Fight!" / "Hoaëc 5440 hoaëc
giaûng vieân töø thaønh phoá naøy ñeán thaønh phoá khaùc ñeå ñaùnh!” dt. moät khaåu hieäu ñöôïc söû duïng trong chieán dòch
giaùo duïc moïi ngöôøi veà caùc vaán ñeà noâng nghieäp vaø tranh cöû toång thoáng naêm 1844 nhö laø moät lôøi keâu goïi
noâng thoân. vieäc saùp nhaäp toaøn boä Laõnh thoå Oregon vaøo Hoa Kyø.
fascism / chuû nghóa phaùt xít dt. moät trieát lyù chính trò flapper / thieáu nöõ dt. moät trong nhöõng phuï nöõ treû coù
uûng hoä moät chính quyeàn maïnh, taäp trung, quoác gia chuû ñaàu oùc töï do thieân veà loái soáng ñoâ thò vaø thôøi thöôïng
nghóa ñöôïc ñöùng ñaàu bôûi moät nhaø ñoäc taøi huøng maïnh. trong nhöõng naêm 1920.
Federal Communications Commission (FCC) / flexible response / phaûn öùng linh hoaït dt. moät
UÛy ban Thoâng tin lieân laïc Lieân bang dt. moät cô chính saùch, ñöôïc trieån khai döôùi thôøi chính quyeàn
quan quy ñònh caùc ngaønh coâng nghieäp thoâng tin lieân Kennedy, bao goàm vieäc chuaån bò nhieàu phöông aùn ñoái
laïc cuûa Hoa Kyø, bao goàm caùc chöông trình phaùt thanh phoù veà quaân söï ñoái vôùi caùc cuoäc khuûng hoaûng quoác teá
vaø truyeàn hình. hôn laø taäp trung vaøo vieäc söû duïng vuõ khí haït nhaân.
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) / Foraker Act / Ñaïo luaät Foraker dt. luaät ñöôïc Quoác
Taäp ñoaøn Baûo hieåm Kyù thaùc Lieân bang dt. moät cô hoäi thoâng qua naêm 1900, trong ñoù Hoa Kyø chaám döùt
quan ñöôïc thaønh laäp naêm 1933 ñeå baûo hieåm caùc taøi thoáng trò quaân söï ôû Puerto Rico vaø thieát laäp moät chính
khoaûn ngaân haøng caù nhaân, baûo veä moïi ngöôøi khoûi vieäc quyeàn daân söï.
maát maùt gaây ra bôûi söï vôõ nôï cuûa ngaân haøng.
Fordney-McCumber Tariff / Thueá Fordney-
Federal Home Loan Bank Act / Ñaïo luaät Ngaân McCumber dt. moät taäp hôïp caùc quy ñònhdo Quoác hoäi
haøng Cho vay Nhaø Lieân bang dt. moät ñieàu luaät ban ban haønh naêm 1922, taêng thueá ñaùnh vaøo haøng nhaäp
haønh naêm 1931, haï thaáp laõi suaát caàm coá nhaø vaø cho khaåu ôû möùc ñoä kyû luïc ñeå nhaèm baûo veä caùc doanh

Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

pheùp noâng gia taùi ñaàu tö caùc khoaûn cho vay vaø traùnh bò nghieäp Myõ khoûi söï caïnh tranh cuûa nöôùc ngoaøi.
tòch thu taøi saûn ñeå theá nôï.
forty-niner / ngöôøi naêm 49 dt. moät trong nhöõng
federalism / chuû nghóa lieân bang dt. moät heä thoáng ngöôøi di cö ñeán California ñeå tìm söï giaøu coù sau khi
chính trò trong ñoù moät chính phuû lieân bang vaø caùc ñôn vaøng ñöôïc phaùt hieän ôû ñoù naêm 1848.
vò laäp hieán, nhö caùc chính quyeàn bang, chia seû quyeàn
Fourteen Points / Möôøi boán Ñieåm dt. caùc nguyeân
löïc vôùi nhau.
taéc laøm neân keá hoaïch cho hoøa bình sau Chieán tranh
Federalists / ngöôøi theo Lieân bang dt. nhöõng ngöôøi Theá giôùi thöù nhaát cuûa Toång thoáng Woodrow Wilson.
uûng hoä baûn Hieán phaùp Hoa Kyø vaø uûng hoä moät chính
Fourteenth Amendment / Tu chính thöù 14 dt. moät
phuû quoác gia maïnh.
söï söûa ñoåi cho baûn Hieán phaùp Hoa Kyø, ñöôïc chaáp
Federalist, The / The Federalist dt. moät loaït caùc thuaän naêm 1868, laøm cho taát caû moïi ngöôøi sinh taïi
baøi vieát bieän hoä vaø giaûi thích baûn Hieán phaùp Hoa Kyø, hoaëc nhaäp tòch taïi Hoa Kyø — keå caû caùc cöïu noâ leä —
do Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, vaø John Jay trôû thaønh coâng daân Myõ vaø baûo ñaûm ñöôïc luaät leä baûo veä
vieát. bình ñaúng.
Federal Reserve System / Heä thoáng Döï tröõ Lieân franchise / nhöôïng quyeàn dt. moät doanh nghieäp ñaõ
bang dt. moät heä thoáng ngaân haøng quoác gia, thaønh laäp mua quyeàn söû duïng teân tuoåi vaø phöông phaùp kinh
naêm 1913, kieåm soaùt nguoàn cung caáp tieàn cuûa Hoa Kyø doanh cuûa moät coâng ty meï, töø ñoù trôû thaønh moät trong
VIETNAMESE

vaø söï saün coù cuûa tín duïng ôû Myõ. moät soá caùc doanh nghieäp gioáng nhau ôû nhieàu ñòa ñieåm
Federal Securities Act / Ñaïo luaät Chöùng khoaùn khaùc nhau.
Lieân bang dt. moät ñieàu luaät ban haønh naêm 1933, ñoøi Freedmen’s Bureau / Cuïc Noâ leä Töï do dt. moät cô
hoûi caùc taäp ñoaøn phaûi cung caáp thoâng tin chính xaùc vaø quan lieân bang ñöôïc laäp neân ñeå trôï giuùp caùc cöïu noâ leä
ñaày ñuû veà taát caû caùc lôøi chaøo giaù coå phieáu. sau cuoäc Noäi chieán Myõ.
Federal Trade Commission (FTC) / UÛy ban freedom rider / ngöôøi ñi xe töï do dt. moät trong
Thöông maïi Lieân bang dt. moät cô quan lieân bang nhöõng nhaø hoaït ñoäng daân quyeàn ñi xe buyùt qua mieàn
thaønh laäp naêm 1914 ñeå ñieàu tra vaø ngaên chaën caùc haønh Nam trong nhöõng naêm ñaàu thaäp kyû 1960 ñeå thaùch thöùc
vi kinh doanh coâng coâng baèng. söï phaân bieät chuûng toäc.

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Freedom Summer / Muøa heø Töï do dt. moät döï aùn genocide / dieät chuûng dt. söï tieâu dieät coù chuû yù vaø heä
naêm 1964 ñeå ñaêng kyù caùc cöû tri ngöôøi Myõ goác Phi ôû thoáng ñoái vôùi moät nhoùm chuûng toäc, daân toäc hoaëc toân
bang Mississippi. giaùo naøo ñoù.
Freeport Doctrine / Hoïc thuyeát Freeport dt. yù Gentlemen’s Agreement / Hieäp ñònh Caùc Quyù
töôûng ñöôïc Stephen Douglas theå hieän naêm 1858, raèng oâng dt. moät hieäp ñònh naêm 1907-1908 bôûi chính phuû
baát cöù laõnh thoå naøo cuõng coù theå loaïi tröø cheá ñoä noâ leä Nhaät Baûn ñeå haïn cheá daân Nhaät nhaäp cö vaøo Myõ.
ñôn giaûn baèng caùch töø choái thoâng qua caùc luaät leä uûng gentrification / taân trang thaønh quyù toäc dt. quaù
hoä cheá ñoä noâ leä. trình phuïc cheá nhaø cöûa xuoáng caáp ôû ñoâ thò bôûi daân
Free-Soil Party / Ñaûng Ñaát Töï do dt. moät ñaûng trung löu, thöôøng daãn ñeán vieäc chuyeån choã ôû cuûa
chính trò thaønh laäp naêm 1848 ñeå phaûn ñoái vieäc môû roäng nhöõng ngöôøi coù thu nhaäp thaáp.
cheá ñoä noâ leä vaøo caùc laõnh thoå Myõ. Gettysburg Address / Baøi Dieãn vaên Gettysburg
Free Speech Movement / Phong traøo Töï do dt. moät baøi phaùt bieåu noåi tieáng cuûa Abraham Lincoln
Ngoân luaän dt. moät toå chöùc New Left choáng laïi vieäc vaøo thaùng 11 naêm 1863, taïi leã hieán taëng moät nghóa
thaønh laäp, khôûi ñaàu töø moät cuoäc ñuïng ñoä naêm 1964 trang quoác gia taïi nôi dieãn ra Traän ñaùnh Gettysburg.
giöõa sinh vieân vaø nhaân vieân tröôøng ôû Ñaïi hoïc ghetto / khu oå chuoät dt. moät khu trong thaønh phoá
California taïi Berkeley. trong ñoù moät nhoùm thieåu soá bò eùp buoäc phaûi soáng.
French and Indian War / Cuoäc Chieán Phaùp vaø GI Bill of Rights / Ñaïo luaät Daân quyeàn Lính Myõ
Da ñoû dt. moät cuoäc xung ñoät ôû Baéc Myõ töø 1754 ñeán dt. teân goïi Ñaïo luaät Taùi Ñieàu chænh cuûa Quaân nhaân,
1763 laø moät phaàn cuûa cuoäc chieán giöõa Phaùp vaø Anh vaø moät luaät naêm 1944 cung caáp phuùc lôïi giaùo duïc vaø taøi
chaám döùt vôùi vieäc Phaùp thaát baïi vaø chuyeån giao chính cho caùc cöïu chieán binh Chieán tranh Theá giôùi thöù
Canada thuoäc Phaùp cho Anh. hai.
Fugitive Slave Act / Ñaïo luaät Noâ leä Boû troán dt. glasnost / coâng khai dt. söï baøn luaän côûi môû caùc vaán
moät ñieàu luaät ñöôïc ban haønh nhö moät phaàn cuûa Hoaø ñeà xaõ hoäi ñöôïc cho pheùp taïi Lieân Xoâ trong nhöõng naêm
öôùc naêm 1850, ñöôïc thaûo ra ñeå ñaûm baûo raèng caùc noâ leä 1980.
boû troán seõ bò baét noâ leä trôû laïi.
Glass-Steagall Act / Ñaïo luaät Glass-Steagall dt.
Fundamentalism / Traøo löu Chính thoáng dt. moät luaät naêm 1933 thaønh laäp Taäp ñoaøn Baûo hieåm Kyù thaùc
phong traøo toân giaùo Tin laønh ñaët nieàm tin raèng taát caû Lieân bang ñeå baûo veä caùc taøi khoaûn ngaân haøng caù nhaân.
caùc caâu chuyeän vaø chi tieát trong Thaùnh Kinh laø ñuùng.
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Glorious Revolution / Caùch maïng Vinh quang dt.

vieäc chuyeån sang cheá ñoä quaân chuû Anh töø James II

G sang William vaø Mary naêm 1688-1689.

gold rush / cuoäc ñoå xoâ ñi tìm vaøng dt. cuoäc di cö
Gadsden Purchase / Vuï mua baùn Gadsden dt. cuûa raát nhieàu ngöôøi ñeán moät vuøng maø vaøng vöøa ñöôïc
moät vuï mua naêm 1853 trong ñoù Hoa Kyø mua ñaát cuûa phaùt hieän.
Mexico, laäp neân ñöôøng bieân giôùi Myõ-Mexico ngaøy nay. gold standard / kim baûn vò dt. moät heä thoáng tieàn teä
gag rule / luaät bòt mieäng dt. moät luaät haïn cheá hoaëc trong ñoù ñôn vò tieàn teä cô baûn ñöôïc ñònh nghóa baèng
ngaên caûn khoâng cho tranh luaän veà moät vaán ñeà. moät khoái löôïng vaøng.
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade Gone with the Wind / Cuoán theo Chieàu Gioù dt.
(GATT) / Hieäp ñònh Toång quaùt veà Thueá quan vaø moät boä phim naêm 1939 noùi veà cuoäc soáng cuûa caùc chuû
Thöông maïi dt. moät hieäp ñònh quoác teá ñöôïc kyù laàn ñoàn ñieàn mieàn Nam trong cuoäc Noäi chieán Myõ — moät
ñaàu naêm 1947. Naêm 1994, Hoa Kyø vaø caùc nöôùc khaùc trong nhöõng phim phoå bieán nhaát moïi thôøi ñaïi.
chaáp thuaän moät phieân baûn GATT môùi. Hieäp öôùc naøy graft / mua chuoäc dt. vieäc duøng söû aûnh höôûng chính
haï thaáp caùc haøng raøo thöông maïi, nhö thueá quan, vaø trò moät caùch traùi pheùp ñeå truïc lôïi caù nhaân.
taïo neân Toå chöùc Thöông maïi Theá giôùi, moät toå chöùc giaûi
grandfather clause / ñieàu khoaûn oâng noäi dt. moät
quyeát caùc tranh chaáp thöông maïi.
VIETNAMESE

ñieàu khoaûn mieãn giaûm cho moät soá ngöôøi khoûi chòu luaät
genetic engineering / coâng trình kyõ thuaät di leä treân cô sôû nhöõng tröôøng hôïp saün coù tröôùc ñoù — ñaëc
truyeàn dt. söï bieán ñoåi sinh hoïc phaân töû cuûa caùc teá baøo bieät laø moät ñieàu khoaûn tröôùc ñoù trong boä luaät ôû vaøi
sinh vaät nhaèm taïo neân caùc daïng vi khuaån, thöïc vaät vaø bang mieàn Nam mieãn giaûm cho ngöôøi da traéng khoûi
ñoäng vaät môùi. nhöõng ñoøi hoûi khaét khe veà baàu cöû ñöôïc söû duïng ñeå
Geneva Accords / Hoøa öôùc Geneva dt. moät hieäp ngaên ngöôøi Myõ goác Phi ñeán nôi baàu cöû.
ñònh hoøa bình naêm 1954 phaân chia Vieät Nam thaønh Grange / Nghieäp ñoaøn Noâng daân dt. moät toå chöùc
Baéc Vieät do Coäng saûn kieåm soaùt vaø Nam Vieät Nam phi xaõ hoäi vaø giaùo duïc qua ñoù noâng daân tìm caùch ñaáu tranh
coäng saûn cho ñeán khi caùc cuoäc baàu cöû thoáng nhaát coù vôùi söùc maïnh cuûa ñöôøng saét ôû cuoái theá kyû 19.
theå ñöôïc toå chöùc naêm 1956.

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Grapes of Wrath, The / Chuøm nho Uaát haän dt. headright system / heä thoáng headright dt. chính
moät taùc phaåm tieåu thuyeát cuûa John Steinbeck, xuaát baûn saùch cuûa Coâng ty Virginia caáp 50 maãu Anh ñaát cho
naêm 1939, keå veà moät gia ñình ngöôøi bang Oklahoma moãi ngöôøi ñònh cö vaø cho moãi ngöôøi phuï thuoäc trong
rôøi khoûi Loøng chaûo Buïi ñeå ñeán California. gia ñình ngöôøi ñoù.
Great Awakening / Söï Thöùc tænh Lôùn dt. söï phuïc hierarchy / thöù baäc xaõ hoäi dt. moät traät töï xaõ hoäi theo
hoài caûm nhaän toân giaùo ôû caùc thuoäc ñòa Myõ trong caùc thaønh phaàn hoaëc giai caáp.
thaäp kyû 1730 vaø 1750. Ho Chi Minh Trail / Ñöôøng moøn Hoà Chí Minh dt.
Great Compromise / Hoøa öôùc Lôùn dt. hieäp öôùc cuûa moät maïng löôùi ñöôøng ñi ñöôïc Baéc Vieät Nam duøng ñeå
Hoäi nghò Hieán phaùp ñeå thaønh laäp moät cô quan laäp phaùp chuyeân chôû tieáp teá cho Vieät Coäng ôû Nam Vieät Nam.
hai vieän quoác gia, vôùi taát caû caùc bang coù ñaïi dieän nhö Hohokam dt. moät nhoùm ngöôøi Thoå daân Myõ soáng ôû
nhau ôû moät vieän vaø moãi bang coù ñaïi dieän döïa treân daân caùc thung thuõng caùc soâng Salt vaø Gila (ôû nôi hieän nay
soá bang ôû vieän kia. laø Arizona) töø khoaûng naêm 300 tröôùc coâng nguyeân
Great Depression / Cuoäc Ñaïi Suy thoaùi dt. moät ñeán1400 sau coâng nguyeân.
thôøi kyø, keùo daøi töø 1929 ñeán 1940, trong ñoù neàn kinh teá Hollywood Ten / Boä Thaäp Hollywood dt. 10 nhaân
Hoa Kyø ôû trong tình traïng suy giaûm nghieâm troïng vaø chöùng cuûa coâng nghieäp ñieän aûnh nhöõng ngöôøi ñaõ töø
haøng trieäu ngöôøi Myõ bò thaát nghieäp. choái coäng taùc vôùi cuoäc ñieàu tra cuûa HUAC veà aûnh
Great Migration / Cuoäc Di cö lôùn dt. cuoäc di dôøi höôûng cuûa Coäng saûn ôû Hollywood.
quy moâ lôùn cuûa ngöôøi Myõ goác Phi töø mieàn Nam leân Holocaust / Taøn saùt dt. vieäc gieát haïi coù heä thoáng —
caùc ñoâ thò mieàn Baéc vaøo ñaàu theá kyû 20. hoaëc dieät chuûng — ngöôøi Do Thaùi vaø caùc nhoùm saéc toäc
Great Plains / Ñaïi Bình nguyeân dt. ñoàng coû roäng khaùc ôû chaâu AÂu cuûa Ñöùc Quoác xaõ tröôùc vaø trong Chieán
lôùn traûi roäng qua khoaûng giöõa luïc ñòa Baéc Myõ, töø tranh Theá giôùi thöù hai.
Texas veà phía baéc ñeán Canada, ôû veà phía ñoâng daõy home rule / leä laøng dt. quyeàn löïc cuûa moät bang cai
Rocky Mountains. trò ngöôøi daân bang ñoù maø khoâng caàn söï can thieäp cuûa
Great Society / Xaõ hoäi Vó ñaïi dt. chöông trình cuûa chính phuû lieân bang.
Toång thoáng Lyndon B. Johnson nhaèm giaûm ngheøo ñoùi Homestead Act / Ñaïo luaät Homestead dt. moät luaät
vaø baát coâng chuûng toäc vaø tieán tôùi moät cuoäc soáng coù Hoa Kyø ban haønh naêm 1862, cung caáp 160 maãu Anh ôû
chaát löôïng toát hôn ôû Hoa Kyø. mieàn Taây cho baát cöù coâng daân naøo hoaëc ngöôøi saép

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thaønh coâng daân laø chuû gia ñình vaø seõ canh taùc ñaát trong
5 naêm; moät luaät maø khi thoâng qua daãn ñeán vieäc moät
H con soá kyû luïc nhöõng ngöôøi ñònh cö Myõ coù chuû quyeàn
habeas corpus / leänh ñình chæ giam giöõ dt. moät ñaát ñai maø tröôùc ñoù ñöôïc baûo quaûn bôûi hieäp öôùc vaø bôûi
truyeàn thoáng söû duïng vaø cö truù theo loái du muïc cuûa
leänh cuûa toøa ñoøi hoûi caùc giôùi chöùc traùch phaûi ñem moät
Thoå daân Myõ; moät luaät töông töï ñöôïc ñaåy maïnh hôn vaøo
tuø nhaân ra tröôùc toøa ñeå toøa coù theå xaùc ñònh xem ngöôøi
naêm 1889 ñeå khuyeán khích caùc caù nhaân thöïc thi quyeàn
tuø ñoù coù bò giam giöõ hôïp phaùp hay khoâng.
sôû höõu taøi saûn caù nhaân cuûa hoï vaø phaùt trieån nhaø vöôøn
Haight-Ashbury dt. moät quaän cuûa San Francisco ñaõ treân maûnh ñaát meânh moâng cuûa chính phuû.
trôû thaønh "thuû ñoâ" cuûa loái soáng vaên hoùa choáng ñoái coøn
Hopewell dt. moät xaõ hoäi Mound Builder taäp trung ôû
goïi laø hippie trong nhöõng naêm 1960.
thung luõng soâng Ohio vaø höng thònh töø khoaûng naêm
Harlem Renaissance / Phong traøo Phuïc höng 200 tröôùc coâng nguyeân ñeán 400 sau coâng nguyeân.
Harlem dt. söï nôû roä saùng taïo ngheä thuaät cuûa ngöôøi Myõ
horizontal integration / söï tích hôïp ngang dt. vieäc
goác Phi trong nhöõng naêm 1920, taäp trung ôû khu coäng
saùp nhaäp caùc coâng ty saûn xuaát caùc saûn phaåm gioáng nhau.
ñoàng Harlem cuûa thaønh phoá New York.
hot line / ñöôøng daây noùng dt. moät söï lieân keát thoâng
hawk / dieàu haâu dt. moät ngöôøi uûng hoä vieäc can thieäp
tin ñöôïc thieát laäp naêm 1963 ñeå cho pheùp caùc nhaø laõnh
cuûa Hoa Kyø trong Chieán tranh Vieät Nam vaø tin raèng
ñaïo cuûa Hoa Kyø vaø Lieân Xoâ lieân laïc vôùi nhau trong
VIETNAMESE

Hoa Kyø neân duøng löïc löôïng quaân söï taêng cöôøng ñeå
thôøi buoåi khuœng hoaœng.
chieán thaéng cuoäc chieán.
House Un-American Activities Committee
Hawley-Smoot Tariff Act / Ñaïo luaät Thueá quan
(HUAC) / UÛy ban Hoaït ñoäng House Un-American
Hawley-Smoot dt. moät ñieàu luaät, ban haønh naêm
dt. moät uûy ban quoác hoäi ñieàu tra aûnh höôûng coäng saûn
1930, thieát laäp möùc thueá quan baûo hoä cao nhaát trong
trong vaø ngoaøi chính phuû Hoa Kyø trong nhöõng naêm sau
lòch söû Hoa Kyø, laøm xaáu theâm cuoäc suy thoaùi ôû Myõ vaø
Chieán tranh Theá giôùi thöù hai.
nöôùc ngoaøi.
human rights / nhaân quyeàn dt. caùc quyeàn vaø söï töï do,
H-bomb / Bom H dt. Bom hydro — moät loaïi vuõ khí
chaúng haïn nhö trong baûn Tuyeân ngoân Ñoäc laäp vaø Tuyeân
nhieät haïch maïnh hôn nhieàu so vôùi bom nguyeân töû.
Ngoân Nhaân quyeàn, maø moïi ngöôøi ñeàu ñöôïc höôûng.

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I initiative / ñeà xöôùng dt. moät thuû tuïc theo ñoù moät quy
phaïm phaùp luaät coù theå ñöôïc khôûi xöôùng töø ngöôøi daân
Immigration Act of 1965 / Ñaïo luaät Nhaäp cö 1965 thay vì caùc nhaø laøm luaät.
dt. moät ñieàu luaät gia taêng soá ngöôøi nhaäp cö ñöôïc pheùp installment plan / keá hoaïch traû goùp dt. moät söï daøn
ñònh cö ôû Hoa Kyø. xeáp theo ñoù moät ngöôøi mua traû trong moät thôøi gian keùo
impeach / buoäc toäi chính khaùch ñt. toá caùo moät caùch daøi, maø khoâng phaûi chi ra nhieàu tieàn luùc mua haøng.
chính thöùc moät quan chöùc vì ñaïo ñöùc xaáu taïi cô quan. interchangeable parts / caùc boä phaän coù theå hoaùn
Haï vieän coù ñoäc quyeàn caùo buoäc caùc quan chöùc lieân ñoåi dt. caùc boä phaän ñöôïc tieâu chuaån hoùa coù theå ñöôïc
bang. söû duïng thay choã cho nhau.
impeachment / buoäc toäi chính khaùch dt. quaù trình Internet dt. moät maïng löôùi toaøn caàu, baét ñaàu ñöôïc
toá caùo moät coâng chöùc coù haønh vi xaáu. trieån khai bôûi Boä Quoác phoøng Hoa Kyø, lieân keát caùc
imperialism / chuû nghóa ñeá quoác dt. chính saùch maùy vi tính vaø cho pheùp lieân laïc haàu nhö töùc thôøi caùc
baønh tröôùng quyeàn haïn cuûa moät quoác gia ñoái vôùi caùc vaên baûn, hình aûnh vaø aâm thanh.
nöôùc khaùc baèng phöông phaùp kinh teá, chính trò hoaëc internment / söï giam giöõ dt. söï giam haõm hoaëc haïn
quaân söï. cheá ñi laïi, ñaëc bieät laø döôùi caùc ñieàu kieän thôøi chieán.
impressment / baét quaân dòch dt. vieäc baét ñaøn oâng Interstate Commerce Act / Ñaïo luaät Thöông maïi
ñeå phuïc vuï quaân ñoäi. Lieân tieåu bang dt. moät luaät ban haønh naêm 1887, taùi
Inca dt. moät daân toäc Thoå daân chaâu Myõ maø khoaûng thieát laäp quyeàn cuûa chính phuû lieân bang ñöôïc giaùm
naêm 1400 sau coâng nguyeân ñaõ taïo neân moät ñeá cheá leân saùt caùc hoaït ñoäng ñöôøng saét vaø taïo neân moät UÛy ban
ñeán gaàn 2.500 daëm doïc bôø bieån phía Taây cuûa Nam Myõ. Thöông maïi Lieân Tieåu bang goàm 5 thaønh vieân ñeå laøm
ñieàu ñoù.
incandescent / noùng saùng tt. toûa ra aùnh saùng coù theå
nhìn thaáy sau khi ñöôïc ñoát noùng. Intolerable Acts / Ñaïo luaät quaù quaét dt. moät loaït
Ñaïo luaät ban haønh bôûi Nghò Vieän naêm 1774 ñeå tröøng
income tax / thueá thu nhaäp dt. moät loaïi thueá ñaùnh
phaït daân thuoäc ñòa ôû Massachusetts vì vuï Tieäc Traø
vaøo tieàn kieám ñöôïc.
Boston.
indentured servant / gia nhaân nöôùc ngoaøi dt. moät
iron curtain / reøm saét dt. moät cuïm töø cuûa Winston
ngöôøi coù hôïp ñoàng laøm vieäc vôùi moät ngöôøi khaùc trong
Churchill naêm 1946 ñeå mieâu taû moät ñöôøng töôûng töôïng
moät thôøi haïn nhaát ñònh, thöôøng laø ñeå ñoåi laáy phí ñi laïi,
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chia reõ caùc nöôùc Coäng saûn trong khoái Lieân Xoâ ôû Ñoâng
söï cö truù vaø sinh soáng.
AÂu vaø caùc nöôùc ôû Taây AÂu.
Indian Removal Act / Ñaïo luaät Di dôøi Thoå daân dt.
Iroquois dt. moät nhoùm caùc boä toäc Thoå daân Myõ sinh
moät luaät ban haønh naêm 1830, cöôõng eùp caùc boä toäc Thoå
soáng trong vuøng röøng ôû mieàn Ñoâng Baéc.
daân Myõ phía ñoâng soâng Mississippi di dôøi ñeán ñaát ñai
ôû mieàn Taây. Islam / Hoài giaùo dt. moät toân giaùo thaønh laäp taïi A Raäp
naêm 622 sau coâng nguyeân bôûi nhaø tieân tri Muhammad;
Industrial Revolution / Caùch maïng Coâng nghieäp
ngöôøi theo ñaïo naøy goïi laø Tín ñoà Hoài giaùo.
dt. söï thay ñoåi trong toå chöùc xaõ hoäi vaø kinh teá do vieäc
thay theá duïng cuï caàm tay baèng maùy moùc vaø töø söï phaùt isolationism / chuû nghóa bieät laäp dt. choáng ñoái laïi
trieån vieäc saûn xuaát coâng nghieäp quy moâ lôùn. söï dính líu veà chính trò vaø kinh teá vôùi caùc nöôùc khaùc.
Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) / Coâng
nhaân Coâng nghieäp cuûa Theá giôùi dt. moät toå chöùc lao
ñoäng daønh cho coâng nhaân chöa coù tay ngheà, ñöôïc J
thaønh laäp bôûi moät nhoùm thaønh vieân coâng ñoaøn vaø xaõ Japanese American Citizens League (JACL) /
hoäi caáp tieán naêm 1905. Lieân ñoaøn Coâng daân Myõ goác Nhaät dt. moät toå chöùc
inflation / laïm phaùt dt. moät söï gia taêng giaù caû hoaëc thuùc ñaåy chính phuû Myõ boài thöôøng cho ngöôøi Myõ goác
giaûm suùt maõi löïc do söï gia taêng cung caáp tieàn teä. Nhaät nhöõng taøi saûn hoï ñaõ maát khi bò giam giöõ trong
VIETNAMESE

information superhighway / sieâu xa loä thoâng tin Chieán tranh Theá giôùi thöù hai.
dt. moät maïng löôùi thoâng tin ñieän toaùn lieân keát moïi jazz / nhaïc jazz dt. moät kieåu nhaïc ñaëc thuø bôûi vieäc söû
ngöôøi vaø caùc theå cheá khaép theá giôùi, cung caáp cho caù duïng söï öùng khaåu.
nhaân nhöõng dòch vuï nhö thö vieän, mua saém, phim aûnh Jim Crow laws / luaät Jim Crow dt. caùc luaät ban
vaø tin töùc. haønh bôûi chính quyeàn ñòa phöông vaø bang mieàn Nam
INF Treaty / Hieäp öôùc INF dt. Hieäp öôùc Vuõ khí Haït nhaèm chia reõ ngöôøi da traéng vaø da ñen ôû nhöõng phöông
nhaân Taàm Trung — moät hieäp öôùc naêm 1987 giöõa Hoa tieän coâng vaø tö.
Kyø vaø Lieân Xoâ ñaõ loaïi boû moät soá heä thoáng vuõ khí vaø joint-stock companies / caùc coâng ty huy ñoäng
cho pheùp thanh saùt taïi choã vieäc laép ñaët quaân söï. voán dt. caùc doanh nghieäp trong ñoù caùc nhaø ñaàu tö goùp
chung cuûa caûi cho moät muïc ñích chung.
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journeyman / ngöôøi thaïo vieäc dt. trong heä thoáng Korean War / Chieán tranh Trieàu Tieân dt. moät xung
thsöïc taäp, moät coâng nhaân ñaõ thaïo ngheà ñöôïc thaày tuyeån ñoät giöõa Baéc Trieàu Tieân vaø Nam Trieàu Tieân, keùo daøi
duïng. töø 1950 ñeán 1953, trong ñoù Hoa Kyø cuøng vôùi caùc nöôùc
judicial branch / nhaùnh toøa dt. nhaùnh cuûa chính phuû Lieân Hieäp quoác khaùc chieán ñaáu cuøng Nam Trieàu Tieân,
chuyeân giaûi thích luaät leä vaø Hieán phaùp. vaø Trung Quoác chieán ñaáu beân phe Baéc Trieàu Tieân.
judicial review / phuùc thaåm dt. thaåm quyeàn cuûa Toái Kristallnacht / Crystal Night dt. "ñeâm thuûy tinh vôõ,"
cao Phaùp vieän ñeå tuyeân boá raèng moät haønh vi cuûa Quoác moät teân goïi ñeâm 9 thaùng 11 naêm 1938, khi caùc toaùn
hoäi laø khoâng hôïp hieán. xung kích quoác xaõ taán coâng nhaø cöûa, doanh nghieäp vaø
giaùo ñöôøng Do Thaùi taïi Ñöùc.
Judiciary Act of 1789 / Ñaïo luaät Tö phaùp 1789
dt. moät luaät thieát laäp heä thoáng toøa aùn lieân bang vaø Toái Ku Klux Klan (KKK) / Ñaûng 3K dt. moät toå chöùc maät
cao Phaùp vieän vaø cho pheùp vieäc khaùng aùn cuûa moät toøa chuyeân söû duïng caùc chieán thuaät khuûng boá nhaèm phuïc
aùn bang naøo ñoù leân toøa lieân bang. hoài uy theá cuûa ngöôøi da traéng ôû caùc bang mieàn Nam
sau cuoäc Noäi chieán Myõ.
Judiciary Act of 1801 / Ñaïo luaät Tö phaùp 1801
dt. moät luaät taêng soá thaåm phaùn lieân bang, cho pheùp Kwakiutl dt. moät daân toäc Thoå daân Myõ tröôùc ñaây soáng
Toång thoáng John Adams tuyeån duïng nhöõng ngöôøi chuû taïi vuøng bôø bieån taây baéc cuûa Baéc Myõ.
tröông lieân bang vaøo haàu heát caùc chöùc vuï môùi.
Jungle, The / The Jungle dt. moät cuoán tieåu thuyeát
cuûa Upton Sinclair, xuaát baûn naêm 1906, phaùc hoïa caùc L
ñieàu kieän nguy hieåm vaø ñoäc haïi thöôøng thaáy trong land grant / ñaát caáp dt. moät quaø taëng ñaát coâng cho
coâng nghieäp ñoùng thòt hoäp luùc baáy giôø. moät caù nhaân hay toå chöùc.
Land Ordinance of 1785 / Saéc leänh Ñaát ñai 1785
dt. moät luaät thieát laäp moät keá hoaïch khaûo saùt vaø baùn ñaát
K thuoäc sôû höõu lieân bang phía taây daõy Appalachian.
kamikaze / phi cô caûm töû tt. dính líu hoaëc tham gia La Raza Unida dt. moät toå chöùc chính trò Latin thaønh
vieäc coá tình ñaâm maùy bay chöùa bom vaøo moät muïc tieâu laäp naêm 1970 bôûi Joseù Angel Gutieùrrez.
quaân söï. League of Nations / Hoäi quoác lieân dt. moät hieäp hoäi
Kansas-Nebraska Act / Ñaïo luaät Kansas- caùc quoác gia thaønh laäp naêm 1920 ñeå xuùc tieán hôïp taùc

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Nebraska dt. moät luaät ban haønh naêm 1854, thieát laäp vaø hoøa bình quoác teá.
caùc laõnh thoå Kansas vaø Nebraska vaø cho cö daân taïi ñoù legislative branch / nhaùnh laäp phaùp dt. nhaùnh
quyeàn quyeát ñònh coù chaáp nhaän cheá ñoä noâ leä hay khoâng. chuyeân laøm luaät cuûa chính phuû.
Kashaya Pomo dt. daân toäc Thoå daân Myõ tröôùc ñaây ñaõ Lend-Lease Act / Ñaïo luaät Möôïn-cho Thueâ dt.
sinh soáng taïi vuøng ñaàm laày maø nay laø California. moät luaät thoâng qua naêm 1941, cho pheùp Hoa Kyø chôû
Kent State University dt. moät ñaïi hoïc bang Ohio nôi vuõ khí vaø haøng tieáp teá khaùc khoâng caàn chi traû ngay,
Veä Binh Quoác gia noå suùng vaøo sinh vieân bieåu tình ñeán caùc quoác gia chieán ñaáu choáng phe cöôøng quoác
choáng Chieán tranh Vieät Nam vaøo ngaøy 4 thaùng 5 naêm Truïc.
1970, laøm cheát 4 ngöôøi vaø bò thöông 9 ngöôøi. Limited Test Ban Treaty / Hieäp öôùc Caám Thöû
Kerner Commission / UÛy ban Kerner dt. moät nhoùm Haïn cheá dt. hieäp öôùc naêm 1963 trong ñoù Hoa Kyø vaø
do Toång thoáng Johnson chæ ñònh ñeå nghieân cöùu caùc Lieân Xoâ ñoàng yù khoâng tieán haønh thöû vuõ khí haït nhaân
nguyeân nhaân cuûa baïo löïc ñoâ thò vaø ñeà nghò vieäc loaïi boû trong khí quyeån.
söï kyø thò khoâng chính thöùc trong xaõ hoäi Myõ. lineage / gioøng doõi dt. moät nhoùm ngöôøi xuaát thaân töø
King Philip’s War / Chieán tranh cuûa Vua Philip cuøng moät toå tieân.
dt. moät cuoäc xung ñoät trong caùc naêm 1675-1676, giöõa long drive / cuoäc ñi daøi dt. vieäc di dôøi gia suùc qua
daân thuoäc ñòa vuøng New England vaø Thoå daân Myõ ñöôïc caùc ñöôøng moøn tôùi moät trung taâm chuyeân chôû.
VIETNAMESE

lieân minh döôùi söï laõnh ñaïo cuûa thuû lónh Metacom cuûa
longhorn / söøng daøi dt. moät gioáng gia suùc to khoeû,
Wampanoag.
söøng daøi do ngöôøi Taây Ban Nha ñem ñeán Mexico vaø
kinship / quan heä ruoät thòt dt. moái raøng buoäc giöõa hôïp vôùi ñieàu kieän khoâ haïn cuûa vuøng Taây Nam.
caùc thaønh vieân cuûa moät gia ñình.
Louisiana Purchase / Vuï mua Louisiana dt. vieäc
Know-Nothing Party / Ñaûng Khoâng bieát gì dt. moät Hoa Kyø mua Laõnh thoå Louisiana cuûa Phaùp naêm 1803
teân goïi Ñaûng Myõ, thaønh laäp nhöõng naêm 1850 ñeå giaûm — laõnh thoå traûi daøi töø soâng Mississippi tôùi daõy Rocky
bôùt söï aûnh höôûng chính trò cuûa ngöôøi nhaäp cö. Mountains — vôùi 15 trieäu dollar.
Kongo dt. moät nhoùm caùc vöông quoác nhoû doïc theo Loyalists / keû toâi tôù trung thaønh dt. daân thuoäc ñòa
soâng Zaire Taây-Trung Phi, ñöôïc thoáng nhaát döôùi moät uûng hoä chính phuû Anh trong cuoäc Caùch maïng Myõ.
laõnh tuï duy nhaát cuoái thaäp kyû 1400.
76 THE AMERICANS
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Lusitania dt. moät taøu chôû khaùch cuûa Anh bò taøu McCulloch v. Maryland dt. moät vuï naêm 1819 trong
U-boat cuûa Ñöùc ñaùnh chìm naêm 1915. ñoù Toái cao Phaùp vieän phaùn quyeát raèng Maryland
khoâng coù quyeàn ñaùnh thueá Ngaân haøng Hoa Kyø, qua ñoù
cuûng coá quyeàn kieåm soaùt cuûa chính phuû ñoái vôùi neàn
M kinh teá.
Meat Inspection Act / Ñaïo luaät Thanh tra Thòt dt.
mandate / traùt dt. vieäc uûy quyeàn thi haønh maø moät
quan chöùc ñöôïc baàu nhaän ñöôïc töø cöû tri ñeå baàu ngöôøi moät luaät ban haønh naêm 1906, thieát laäp nhöõng ñoøi hoûi
ñoù. khaét khe veà söï saïch seõ ñoái vôùi nhöõng ngöôøi ñoùng goùi
thòt vaø taïo neân moät chöông trình thanh tra thòt toaøn lieân
Manhattan Project / Keá hoaïch Manhattan dt. bang.
chöông trình cuûa Hoa Kyø nhaèm phaùt trieån moät quaû
Medicaid dt. moät chöông trình, ñöôïc laäp ra naêm 1965,
bom ñeå söû duïng trong Chieán tranh Theá giôùi thöù hai.
cung caáp baûo hieåm söùc khoûe cho ngöôøi daân coù phuùc
manifest destiny / ñònh phaän hieån nhieân dt. loøng lôïi.
tin ôû theá kyû 19 raèng the Hoa Kyø chaéc chaén seõ môû roäng
Medicare dt. moät chöông trình lieân bang, laäp ra naêm
veà phía taây tôùi Thaùi Bình Döông vaø vaøo laõnh thoå
1965, cung caáp baûo hieåm beänh vieän vaø baûo hieåm y teá
Mexico.
giaù reû cho ngöôøi Myõ töø 65 tuoåi trôû leân.
Marbury v. Madison dt. moät phieân toøa naêm 1803
melting pot / loø luyeän kim dt. moät söï pha troän nhöõng
trong ñoù Toái cao Phaùp vieän phaùn quyeát raèng cô quan
ngöôøi töø caùc neàn vaên hoùa vaø chuûng toäc khaùc nhau hoøa
naøy coù quyeàn huûy boû luaät baèng caùch cho raèng chuùng
laïi vôùi nhau baèng caùch töø boû vaên hoùa vaø ngoân ngöõ meï
khoâng hôïp hieán; quyeàn naøy sau ñoù ñöôïc bieát ñeán nhö
ñeû cuûa hoï.
laø quyeàn phuùc thaåm.
mercantilism / chuû nghóa troïng thöông dt. moät heä
market revolution / caùch maïng thò tröôøng dt. söï
thoáng kinh teá trong ñoù caùc quoác gia taêng söï giaøu coù vaø
thay ñoåi chính yeáu trong kinh teá Myõ ñöôïc phaùt sinh do
söùc maïnh baèng caùch laáy vaøng baïc vaø baèng caùch thieát
ngöôøi daân baét ñaàu mua baùn haøng hoùa hôn laø saûn xuaát
laäp moät caùn caân thöông maïi thuaän lôïi.
cho chính mình.
Merrimack dt. moät chieác taøu boïc saét ñöôïc quaân mieàn
Marshall Plan / Keá hoaïch Marshall dt. chöông
Nam söû duïng trong cuoäc Noäi chieán Myõ.
trình do Ngoaïi tröôûng George Marshall ñeà xuaát naêm
1947, theo ñoù Hoa Kyø cung caáp vieän trôï kinh teá cho Mestizo / lai tt. lai giöõa ngöôøi Taây Ban Nha vaø Thoå
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caùc quoác gia chaâu AÂu ñeå giuùp caùc nöôùc naøy taùi thieát daân Myõ.
sau Chieán tranh Theá giôùi thöù hai. middle passage / chuyeán trung chuyeån dt.
martial law / thieát quaân luaät dt. luaät taïm thôøi do giôùi chuyeán haûi haønh mang nhöõng ngöôøi chaâu Phi noâ leä tôùi
chöùc traùch quaân söï ban haønh thay vò giôùi chöùc daân söï. Taây AÁn vaø sau ñoù tôùi Baéc Myõ.
mass media / truyeàn thoâng ñaïi chuùng dt. phöông midnight judge / thaåm phaùn nöûa ñeâm dt. moät
tieän truyeàn thoâng — nhö truyeàn hình, baùo chí, ñaøi phaùt trong nhöõng thaåm phaùn ñöôïc John Adams chæ ñònh
thanh — ñeán ñöôïc vôùi ñoâng ñaûo quaàn chuùng. trong nhöõng giôø cuoái cuøng cuûa chính quyeàn cuûa oâng.
mass production / saûn xuaát ñaïi traø dt. vieäc saûn militarism / chuû nghóa quaân phieät dt. chính saùch
xuaát haøng hoùa vôùi soá löôïng lôùn, laøm ñöôïc do vieäc söû xaây döïng caùc löïc löôïng vuõ trang raùo rieát chuaån bò chieán
duïng maùy moùc vaø phaân coâng lao ñoäng. tranh vaø söû duïng chuùng nhö laø coâng cuï ngoaïi giao.
mass transit / vöôït qua haøng loaït dt. caùc heä thoáng minutemen / quaân phaûn öùng nhanh dt. daân quaân
vaän taûi ñöôïc thieát keá ñeå di chuyeån soá löôïng lôùn ngöôøi yeâu nöôùc ngay tröôùc vaø trong Chieán tranh Giaønh Ñoäc
doïc theo caùc tuyeán coá ñònh. laäp, cam keát saün saøng chieán ñaáu chæ moät phuùt sau khi
master / thôï caû dt. moät ngöôøi thôï coù tay ngheà, baùo ñoäng.
thöôøng laø ngöôøi sôû höõu doanh nghieäp hoaëc thueâ möôùn Mississippian / ngöôøi Mississippi dt. coäng ñoàng
ngöôøi khaùc. sau cuøng vaø phöùc taïp nhaát cuûa caùc coäng ñoàng Mound
VIETNAMESE

Maya dt. moät daân toäc Thoå daân chaâu Myõ ñaõ coù neàn vaên Builder, soáng taïi thung luõng caùc soâng Ohio vaø
Mississippi töø khoaûng naêm 700 sau coâng nguyeân ñeán
minh phoàn thònh taïi Guatemala vaø baùn ñaûo Yucataùn
thaäp kyû 1500.
giöõa nhöõng naêm 250 vaø 900 sau coâng nguyeân.
Missouri Compromise / Hoøa öôùc Missouri dt. moät
McCarthyism / Chuû nghóa McCarthy dt. cuoäc coâng
loaït caùc hieäp öôùc ñöôïc Quoác hoäi thoâng qua naêm 1820-
kích, thöôøng laø voâ caên cöù, cuûa Thöôïng Nghò só Joseph
1821 ñeå duy trì caùn caân quyeàn löïc giöõa caùc bang noâ leä
McCarthy vaø nhöõng ngöôøi khaùc ñoái vôùi nhöõng ngöôøi bò
vaø caùc bang töï do.
tình nghi laø Coäng Saûn ñaàu nhöõng naêm 1950.
Monitor dt. moät chieác taøu boïc theùp ñöôïc quaân mieàn
Baéc söû duïng trong cuoäc Noäi chieán Myõ.

MULTI-LANGUAGE GLOSSARY 77
VieGloss.TheAmerican 1/16/04 12:08 PM Page 78

Monroe Doctrine / Hoïc thuyeát Monroe dt. moät National Bank Act / Ñaïo luaät Ngaân haøng Quoác
chính saùch phaûn ñoái cuûa Hoa Kyø vôùi baát cöù söï can gia dt. phaùp cheá ñöôïc thoâng qua naêm 1863 ñeå laøm cho
thieäp naøo cuûa chaâu AÂu vaøo caùc coâng vieäc cuûa Taây Baùn coâng vieäc ngaân haøng an toaøn hôn cho caùc nhaø ñaàu tö.
Caàu, ñöôïc Toång thoáng Monroe coâng boá naêm 1823. Caùc ñieàu khoaûn cuûa noù bao goàm moät heä thoáng ngaân
Moral Majority / Ña soá Ñaïo ñöùc dt. moät lieân minh haøng cho thueâ lieân bang, caùc ñoøi hoûi môùi veà vay voán,
chính trò cuûa caùc nhoùm toân giaùo, bao goàm chuû yeáu vaø moät heä thoáng daønh cho vieäc thanh tra ngaân haøng.
nhöõng ngöôøi Cô Ñoác theo Phuùc AÂm vaø chính thoáng, National Energy Act / Ñaïo luaät Naêng löôïng Quoác
hoaït ñoäng trong nhöõng thaäp kyû 1970 vaø 1980, leân aùn gia dt. moät luaät, ban haønh döôùi thôøi chính quyeàn
caùc thaùi ñoä vaø haønh vi töï do vaø quyeân tieàn uûng hoä caùc Carter thieát laäp moät loaïi thueá ñaùnh vaøo nhöõng "xe hôi
öùng vieân baûo thuû. ngoán xaêng", dôõ boû quyeàn kieåm soaùt daàu löûa vaø khí ñoát
Mormons dt. caùc thaønh vieân cuûa moät giaùo hoäi ñöôïc thieân nhieân, vaø cung caáp tín duïng thueá cho vieäc phaùt
thaønh laäp bôûi Joseph Smith vaø caùc coäng söï cuûa oâng vaøo trieån caùc nguoàn naêng löôïng thay theá.
naêm 1830. National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) / Ñaïo
Morrill Acts / Caùc Ñaïo luaät Morrill dt. caùc luaät ban luaät Phuïc hoài Coâng nghieäp Quoác gia dt. moät luaät
haønh naêm 1862 vaø 1890 ñeå giuùp xaây döïng caùc tröôøng ban haønh naêm 1933 ñeå thieát laäp luaät leä vieäc thöïc thi
ñaïi hoïc noâng nghieäp baèng caùch caáp ñaát lieân bang cho coâng baèng cho caùc ngaønh coâng nghieäp vaø ñaåy maïnh
caùc bang. taêng tröôûng coâng nghieäp.
muckraker / ngöôøi caøo buøn dt. moät trong nhöõng nhaø nationalism / chuû nghóa quoác gia dt. söï coáng hieán
baùo chuyeân phanh phui nhöõng khía caïnh xaáu cuûa quyeàn lôïi vaø vaên hoùa cuûa quoác gia mình.
doanh nghieäp vaø ñôøi soáng coâng coäng nhöõng naêm ñaàu National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) / Boä
thaäp kyû 1900. Quan heä Lao ñoäng Quoác gia dt. moät cô quan ñöôïc
Munn v. Illinois dt. moät vuï naêm 1877 trong ñoù Toái taïo neân naêm 1935 ñeå ngaên caûn vieäc thöïc hieän lao ñoäng
cao Phaùp vieän taùn thaønh quy ñònh cuûa caùc bang veà baát coâng vaø hoøa giaûi tranh chaáp giöõa coâng nhaân vaø giôùi
ñöôøng saét vì lôïi ích noâng daân vaø ngöôøi tieâu duøng, do ñoù quaûn lyù.
thieát laäp quyeàn cuûa chính phuû quy ñònh ngaønh coâng National Organization for Women (NOW) / Toå
nghieäp tö nhaân ñeå phuïc vuï lôïi ích chung. chöùc Phuï nöõ Quoác gia dt. moät toå chöùc thaønh laäp
My Lai / Myõ Lai dt. moät laøng ôû phía baéc cuûa Nam naêm 1966 ñeå theo ñuoåi caùc muïc tieâu quyeàn lôïi phuï nöõ,
Vieät Nam nôi 200 thöôøng daân khoâng coù vuõ khí, goàm caû nhö caùc phöông tieän chaêm soùc treû em toát hôn, caùc cô

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phuï nöõ vaø treû em, bò thaûm saùt bôûi lính Myõ vaøo thaùng 5 hoäi giaùo duïc ñöôïc caûi thieän, vaø söï chaám döùt kyø thò ngheà
naêm 1968. nghieäp.
National Road / Con ñöôøng Quoác gia dt. moät con
ñöôøng ñöôïc lieân bang taøi trôï ñöôïc baét ñaàu naêm 1811 vaø
N ñeán 1838 thì môû roäng töø Cumberland, bang Maryland
ñeán Vandalia, bang Illinois.
NAACP dt. Toå chöùc Quoác gia vì Söï Tieán boä cuûa
National Trades’ Union / Lieân hieäp Ngheà nghieäp
Ngöôøi Da Maøu — moät toå chöùc thaønh laäp naêm 1909 ñeå
Quoác gia dt. hieäp hoäi quoác gia ñaàu tieân veà caùc lieân
ñaåy maïnh quyeàn bình ñaúng ñaày ñuû veà chuûng toäc.
hieäp ngheà nghieäp, thaønh laäp naêm 1834.
NACW dt. Hieäp hoäi Quoác gia Phuï nöõ Da maøu — moät
National Youth Administration / Chính quyeàn
toå chöùc dòch vuï xaõ hoäi thaønh laäp naêm 1896.
Thanh nieân Quoác gia dt. moät cô quan cung caáp cho
NAFTA dt. Hieäp ñònh Maäu dòch Töï do Baéc Myõ — thanh nieân Myõ söï trôï giuùp vaø vieäc laøm trong thôøi cuoäc
moät hieäp öôùc naêm 1993 giaûm thueá quan vaø keát naïp Ñaïi Suy thoaùi.
Mexico vaø vuøng maäu dòch töï do ñöôïc Hoa Kyø vaø
Nation of Islam / Quoác gia Hoài giaùo dt. moät nhoùm
Canada thaønh laäp.
toân giaùo, ñöôïc bieát phoå bieán vôùi teân Tín Ñoà Hoài giaùo
napalm dt. moät chaát thuoäc daïng xaêng söû duïng trong Da Ñen, do Elijah Muhammad thaønh laäp, ñeå thuùc ñaåy
VIETNAMESE

bom maø caùc maùy bay Myõ thaû xuoáng Vieät Nam nhaèm vieäc caùch ly ngöôøi da ñen vaø ñaïo Hoài.
ñoát chaùy heát röøng caây vaø laøm loä ra choã aån naùu cuûa Vieät
nativism / chuû nghóa baûn xöù dt. thieân vò quyeàn lôïi
Coäng.
cuûa nhöõng ngöôøi sinh taïi Myõ hôn laø ngöôøi sinh taïi nöôùc
NASDAQ dt. Hieäp hoäi Quoác gia veà Heä thoáng keâ giaù ngoaøi.
Töï ñoäng cuûa caùc Nhaø Moâi giôùi Chöùng khoaùn — moät
Navigation Acts / Ñaïo luaät Ñi Bieån dt. moät loaït
thò tröôøng chöùng khoaùn ñeå baùn thaúng, bao goàm ñoâng
ñieàu luaät ban haønh bôûi Nghò Vieän, baét ñaàu naêm 1651,
ñaûo caùc coâng ty coâng ngheä.
ñeå thaét chaët quyeàn kieåm soaùt thöông maïi cuûa Anh ôû
thuoäc ñòa Anh ôû Myõ.

78 THE AMERICANS
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NAWSA dt. Hieäp hoäi Quoác gia Quyeàn Baàu cöû Phuï nöõ nonaggression pact / coâng öôùc khoâng xaâm phaïm
Myõ — moät toå chöùc thaønh al65p naêm 1890 ñeå giaønh dt. moät hieäp öôùc trong ñoù hai quoác gia cam keát khoâng
quyeàn baàu cöû cho phuï nöõ. phaùt ñoäng chieán tranh vôùi nhau.
Nazism / Quoác xaõ dt. trieát lyù chính trò — döïa vaøo North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) dt.
chuû nghóa cöïc ñoan veà quoác gia, chuûng toäc vaø baønh NATO dt. Toå chöùc Hieäp öôùc Baéc Ñaïi Taây Döông laø
tröôùng quaân söï — maø Adolf Hitler ñöa vaøo thöïc thi ôû moät lieân minh quaân söï thaønh laäp naêm 1949 bôûi 10 nöôùc
Ñöùc töø 1933 ñeán 1945. Taây AÂu, Hoa Kyø vaø Canada.
neutrality / söï trung laäp dt. moät söï töø choái tham gia Northwest Ordinance of 1787 / Phaùp leänh Taây
vaøo moät cuoäc chieán giöõa caùc nöôùc khaùc. Baéc naêm 1787 dt. moät luaät thieát laäp moät thuû tuïc cho
Neutrality Acts / Ñaïo luaät Trung laäp dt. loaït ñieàu söï cho pheùp caùc bang môùi vaøo Lieân bang.
luaät ban haønh naêm 1935 vaø 1936 ñeå ngaên caûn vieäc baùn nuclear family / gia ñình haït nhaân dt. moät hoä gia
vuõ khí vaø cho vay cuûa Myõ ñoái vôùi caùc nöôùc ñang coù ñình ñöôïc hình thaønh bôûi moät ngöôøi meï, moät ngöôøi cha
chieán tranh. vaø con caùi cuûa hoï.
New Deal / Taân Chính saùch dt. chöông trình cuûa nullification / söï voâ hieäu hoùa dt. söï töø choái cuûa moät
Toång thoáng Franklin Roosevelt ñeå laøm giaûm nheï caùc bang khoâng nhìn nhaän moät Ñaïo luaät cuûa Quoác hoäi maø
vaán naïn cuûa cuoäc Ñaïi Suy thoaùi, taäp trung vaøo cöùu teá bang ñoù cho raèng khoâng hôïp hieán.
nhöõng ngöôøi ngheøo, phuïc hoài kinh teá vaø caûi caùch taøi Nuremmberg Trials / Phieân toøa Nuremberg dt. vuï
chính. toá tuïng toå chöùc taïi Nuremberg, Ñöùc, sau Chieán tranh
New Deal Coalition / Lieân minh Taân Chính saùch Theá giôùi thöù hai, trong ñoù caùc laõnh ñaïo Quoác xaõ bò xöû
dt. moät lieân minh caùc nhoùm khaùc nhau — bao goàm vì toäi aùc chieán tranh.
ngöôøi da traéng mieàn Nam, ngöôøi Myõ goác Phi, vaø nhöõng
coâng nhaân coâng ñoaøn — nhöõng ngöôøi uûng hoä caùc chính
saùch cuûa ñaûng Daân chuû trong caùc thaäp nieân 1930 vaø
1940.
O
Office of Price Administration (OPA) / Vaên phoøng
New Federalism / Chuû nghóa Lieân bang Môùi dt. Quaûn lyù Giaù caû dt. moät cô quan do Quoác hoäi thaønh
chöông trình cuûa Toång thoáng Richard Nixon trao laïi laäp ñeå kieåm soaùt laïm phaùt trong Chieán tranh Theá giôùi
moät phaàn quyeàn löïc cuûa chính phuû lieân bang cho caùc thöù hai.
chính quyeàn ñòa phöông vaø tieåu bang.
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Ohio gang / baêng Ohio dt. moät nhoùm baïn thaân

New Frontier / Bieân cöông Môùi dt. chöông trình laäp
vaø uûng hoä vieân chính trò maø Toång thoáng Warren
phaùp cuûa Toång thoáng John F. Kennedy, bao goàm caùc G. Harding chæ ñònh vaøo noäi caùc.
ñeà nghò cung caáp söï chaêm soùc y teá cho ngöôøi giaø, xaây
döïng laïi caùc khu ñoâ thò hoang taøn, trôï caáp giaùo duïc, Olive Branch Petition / Ñôn thænh caàu Caønh OÂliu
vöïc daäy neàn quoác phoøng, taêng vieän trôï quoác teá, dt. moät vaên baûn do Hoäi nghò Thuoäc ñòa thöù Hai göûi ñeán
vaø môû roäng chöông trình khoâng gian. Vua George III, ñeà nghò moät söï daøn hoøa giöõa caùc thuoäc
ñòa Myõ vaø nöôùc Anh.
New Left / Taân Taû dt. moät phong traøo chính trò do
thanh nieân chi phoái trong nhöõng naêm 1960s, theå hieän ôû Olmec dt. moät boä toäc Thoå daân chaâu Myõ coù neàn vaên
caùc toå chöùc nhö Sinh vieân vì moät Xaõ hoäi Daân chuû vaø minh höng thònh ôû nôi maø nay laø mieàn nam Mexico
Phong traøo Töï do Ngoân luaän. trong khoaûng naêm 1200-400 tröôùc coâng nguyeân.
New Right / Taân Quyeàn dt. moät lieân minh cuoái theá OPEC dt. Toå chöùc caùc nöôùc Xuaát khaåu Daàu löûa —
kyû 20 goàm caùc nhoùm quyeàn lôïi ñaëc bieät baûo thuû quaân moät hieäp hoäi caùc quoác gia saûn xuaát daàu, nhöõng nöôùc coù
taâm ñeán caùc vaán ñeà vaên hoùa, xaõ hoäi vaø ñaïo ñöùc. theå ñònh giaù daàu.
Niagara Movement / Phong traøo Niagara dt. Open Door notes / Böùc ñieän Môû Cöûa dt. moät
thaønh laäp bôûi W. E. B. Du Bois naêm 1905 ñeå thuùc ñaåy thoâng ñieäp do Ngoaïi tröôûng John Hay göûi naêm 1899
giaùo duïc cho ngöôøi Myõ goác Phi trong ngaønh nhaân vaên. ñeán caùc nöôùc Ñöùc, Nga, Anh, Phaùp, YÙ vaø Nhaät, yeâu
VIETNAMESE

caàu caùc nöôùc naøy khoâng can thieäp vaøo quyeàn giao
Nineteenth Amendment / Tu chính soá 19 dt. moät
thöông ôû Trung Quoác cuûa Hoa Kyø.
söï söûa ñoåi cho baûn Hieán phaùp Hoa Kyø, ñöôïc chaáp
thuaän naêm 1920, cho phuï nöõ quyeàn baàu cöû. Operation Desert Storm / Cuoäc haønh quaân Baõo
Sa maïc dt. moät cuoäc haønh quaân naêm 1991 trong ñoù
nomadic / du cö tt. khoâng coù nhaø coá ñònh, di chuyeån
caùc löïc löôïng Lieân Hieäp quoác do Hoa Kyø daãn ñaàu, ñuoåi
töø nôi naøy ñeán nôi khaùc theo muøa vaø söï saün coù cuûa thöùc quaân xaâm löôïc Iraq khoûi Kuwait.
aên vaø nöôùc.
Oregon Trail / Ñöôøng moøn Oregon dt. moät con
“no man’s land” / “ñaát khoâng ngöôøi” dt. moät vuøng
ñöôøng töø Independence, bang Missouri, ñeán Oregon
bò chieám ñoùng giöõa hai quaân ñoäi ñoái ñòch. City, bang Oregon, ñöôïc nhöõng ngöôøi tieân phong ñi
ñeán Laõnh thoå Oregon söû duïng.
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P personal liberty laws / caùc luaät veà töï do caù nhaân

dt. caùc ñieàu luaät, ban haønh ôû 9 bang mieàn Baéc trong
Panama Canal / Keânh ñaøo Panama dt. moät ñöôøng nhöõng naêm 1850, ngaên caám vieäc boû tuø nhöõng noâ leä
thuûy nhaân taïo caét ngang Eo ñaát Panama ñeå cung caáp chaïy troán vaø baûo ñaûm xeùt xöû coù boài thaåm ñoaøn ñoái vôùi
moät loái taét giöõa Ñaïi Taây Döông vaø Thaùi Bình Döông, nhöõng noâ leä chaïy troán.
môû cöûa naêm 1914. planned obsolescence / söï loãi thôøi coù keá hoaïch
panic of 1837 / Cuoäc Hoaûng loaïn 1837 dt. moät dt. vieäc thieát keá saûn phaåm ñeå maëc hoaëc ñeå trôû neân loãi
cuoäc khuûng hoaûng taøi chính maø caùc ngaân haøng ñoùng thôøi nhanh choùng, ñeå moïi ngöôøi seõ caûm thaáy nhu caàu
cöûa vaø heä thoáng tín duïng suïp ñoå, daãn ñeán nhieàu cuoäc thay theá vaät sôû höõu moät caùch thöôøng xuyeân.
phaù saûn vaø thaát nghieäp cao. plantation / ñoàn ñieàn dt. moät trang traïi lôùn treân ñoù
panic of 1873 / Cuoäc hoaûng loaïn 1873 dt. moät lao ñoäng noâ leä hoaëc caùc nhaân coâng khaùc ñöôïc söû duïng
loaït caùc cuoäc thaát baïi taøi chính khai hoûa cho moät cuoäc ñeå troàng moät vuï duy nhaát, nhö mía hay boâng vaûi.
suy thoaùi keùo daøi 5 naêm ôû Hoa Kyø. Platt Amendment / Tu chính Platt dt. moät loaït caùc
parity / tyû suaát ngang giaù dt. moät möùc giaù ñöôïc ñieàu khoaûn maø naêm 1901, Hoa Kyø ñoøi Cuba theâm vaøo
chính phuû uûng hoä ñoái vôùi noâng saûn, nhaèm giöõ thu nhaäp hieán phaùp môùi cuûa nöôùc naøy, leänh cho Cuba phaûi tröø
oån ñònh cho cho noâng gia. heát nôï vaø cho Hoa Kyø quyeàn can thieäp vaøo nöôùc naøy
vaø quyeàn 5 mua hoaëc thueâ ñaát cuûa Cuba cho caùc traïm
Parliament / Nghò vieän dt. cô quan laäp phaùp cuûa
tieáp nhieân lieäu vaø haûi quaân.
Anh.
Plessy v. Ferguson dt. moät vuï naêm 1896 trong ñoù
Patriots / Ngöôøi yeâu nöôùc dt. daân thuoäc ñòa uûng hoä
Toái cao Phaùp vieän phaùn quyeát raèng phaân bieät chuûng
neàn ñoäc laäp cuûa Myõ khoûi nöôùc Anh.
toäc taïi caùc tieän ích coâng coäng laø hôïp phaùp, töø ñoù thieát
patronage / söï ñôõ ñaàu dt. quyeàn cuûa moät quan chöùc laäp hoïc thuyeát "caùch ly nhöng bình ñaúng" doctrine.
ñöôïc chæ ñònh ngöôøi khaùc — thöôøng laø nhöõng ngöôøi ñaõ
political machine / boä maùy chính trò dt. moät nhoùm
giuùp oâng ta thaéng cöû — vaøo caùc chöùc vuï trong chính
coù toå chöùc kieåm soaùt moät ñaûng chính trò ôû moät thaønh
quyeàn.
phoá vaø cung caáp caùc dòch vuï cho caùc cöû tri vaø caùc
pay equity / coâng baèng löông laäu dt. vieäc döïa vaøo doanh nghieäp ñeå ñoåi laáy söï uûng hoä veà chính trò vaø taøi
ñoøi hoûi coâng vieäc cuûa moät ngöôøi maø traû löông hôn laø chính.
döïa vaøo khung löông truyeàn thoáng thöôøng traû löông
poll tax / thueá thaân dt. moät loaïi thueá haøng naêm tröôùc

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phuï nöõ thaáp hôn nam giôùi.
ñaây phaûi ñöôïc ñoùng ôû vaøi bang mieàn Nam bôûi baát cöù ai
Payne-Aldrich Tariff / Thueá quan Payne-Aldrich muoán ñi baàu cöû.
dt. moät boä luaät quy ñònh, ban haønh bôûi Quoác hoäi naêm
popular sovereignty / chuû quyeàn nhaân daân dt.
1909, thaát baïi trong vieäc caét giaûm ñaùng keå thueá quan
moät heä thoáng trong ñoù cö daân bieåu quyeát ñeå quyeát ñònh
ñaùnh vaøo haøng hoùa saûn xuaát.
moät vaán ñeà.
Peace Corps / Toå chöùc Hoøa bình dt. moät cô quan
Populism / Chuû nghóa Vì daân dt. moät phong traøo
thaønh laäp naêm 1961 ñeå cung caáp söï trôï giuùp tình
chính trò cuoái theá kyû 19 yeâu caàu nhaân daân coù tieáng noùi
nguyeän cho caùc quoác gia ñang phaùt trieån ôû chaâu AÙ,
lôùn hôn trong chính quyeàn vaø tìm caùch taêng phuùc lôïi
chaâu Phi vaø chaâu Myõ Latin.
cho noâng daân vaø daân lao ñoäng.
Pendleton Civil Service Act / Ñaïo luaät Dòch vuï
Powhatan dt. moät nhoùm caùc boä toäc Thoå daân Myõ
Daân söï Pendleton dt. moät luaät ban haønh naêm 1883,
group of Native American peoples soáng ôû phía ñoâng
thieát laäp moät uûy ban dòch vuï daân söï löôõng ñaûng ñeå chæ
Virginia vaøo luùc coù nhöõng söï ñònh cö ñaàu tieân cuûa Anh
ñònh caùc chöùc vuï chính quyeàn baèng phöông phaùp heä
taïi ñoù.
thoáng giaù trò.
price support / trôï giaù dt. söï duy trì giaù ôû moät möùc
Pentagon Papers / Baùo Nguõ Giaùc ñaøi dt. moät taøi
naøo ñoù qua söï can thieäp cuûa chính phuû.
lieäu daøi 7.000 trang — bò roø ræ thoâng tin ñeán tai baùo chí
Proclamation of 1763 / Tuyeân caùo 1763 dt. moät
VIETNAMESE

naêm 1971 bôûi cöïu nhaân vieân Boä Quoác phoøng Daniel
Ellsberg — tieát loä raèng chính phuû Hoa Kyø ñaõ khoâng leänh trong ñoù An caám daân thuoäc ñòa Myõ ñöôïc ñònh cö
trung thöïc veà nhöõng döï ñònh cuûa hoï trong Chieán tranh veà phía taây daõy Appalachian.
Vieät Nam. profiteering / söï ñaàu cô dt. vieäc baùn haøng soá löôïng ít
Pequot War / Chieán tranh Pequot dt. moät cuoäc xung ôû giaù taêng cao.
ñoät naêm 1637 trong ñoù nöôùc Pequot ñaùnh daân thuoäc ñòa ôû progressive movement / phong traøo tieán boä dt.
Connecticut vaø caùc ñoàng minh Narragansett cuûa hoï. moät phong traøo caûi caùch ñaàu theá kyû 20 nhaèm giaønh
perestroika / caûi toå dt. vieäc taùi caáu truùc neàn kinh teá quyeàn kieåm soaùt chính quyeàn vaøo tay nhaân daân, nhaèm
vaø chính phuû hình thaønh ôû Lieân Xoâ trong nhöõng naêm phuïc hoài caùc cô hoäi kinh teá, vaø nhaèm khaéc phuïc söï baát
1980. coâng baèng trong ñôøi soáng Myõ.

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prohibition / luaät caám röôïu dt. söï caám saûn xuaát, baùn rationing / chia khaåu phaàn dt. moät söï haïn cheá
vaø sôû höõu caùc ñoà uoáng coù röôïu coàn. quyeàn ñöôïc mua moät löôïng khoâng giôùi haïn thöïc phaåm
Prohibition / Thôøi Caám röôïu dt. khoaûng thôøi gian töø rieâng bieät vaø caùc haøng hoùa khaùc, thöôøng ñöôïc thi haønh
1920-1933 trong ñoù Tu chính thöù 18 caám vieäc saûn xuaát trong thôøi chieán ñeå baûo ñaûm vieäc cung caáp ñaày ñuû cho
vaø baùn röôïu ñöôïc thi haønh ôû Hoa Kyø. quaân söï.
propaganda dt. söï tuyeân truyeàn dt. moät daïng Reaganomics / Kinh teá hoïc Reagan dt. caùc chính
truyeàn ñaït thieân vò ñöôïc ñaët ra ñeå taùc ñoäng ñeán nhöng saùch kinh teá cuûa Toång thoáng Ronald Reagan, ñöôïc taäp
suy nghó vaø haønh ñoäng cuûa ngöôøi daân. trung vaøo vieäc caét giaûm ngaân saùch vaø vieäc cho pheùp
caét giaûm maïnh thueá nhaèm taêng ñaàu tö tö nhaân.
Proposition 187 / Ñeà xuaát 187 dt. moät Ñaïo luaät
ñöôïc thoâng qua ôû California naêm 1994 chaám döùt taát caû realpolitik / chính trò thöïc duïng dt. moät chính saùch
vieäc giaùo duïc vaø phuùc lôïi söùc khoeû khoâng khaån caáp ñoái ñoái ngoaïi ñöôïc Henry Kissinger chuû tröông trong chính
vôùi daân nhaäp cö laäu. quyeàn Nixon, döïa treân vieäc xem xeùt söùc maïnh cuûa moät
quoác gia hôn laø döïa vaøo quan nieäm hoaëc pheùp taéc ñaïo
proprietor / Sôû höõu Chuû dt. moät ngöôøi sôû höõu — cuï
ñöùc.
theå laø ngöôøi ñöôïc caáp chuû quyeàn vaø toaøn quyeàn quaûn
lyù ñoái vôùi moät soá thuoäc ñòa Anh taïi Baéc Myõ. reapportionment / taùi phaân loâ dt. vieäc phaân chia caùc
khu vöïc baàu cöû ñeå phaûn aùnh caùc thay ñoåi trong daân soá.
protective tariff / thueá quan baûo hoä dt. moät loaïi thueá
ñaùnh vaøo haøng nhaäp khaåu nhaèm baûo veä caùc doanh recall / trieäu hoài dt. moät thuû tuïc ñeå ruùt moät coâng chöùc
nghieäp cuûa 1 quoác gia khoûi söï caïnh tranh cuûa nöôùc ngoaøi. ra khoûi chöùc vuï baèng moät cuoäc bieåu quyeát cuûa nhaân
daân.
protectorate / nöôùc bò baûo hoä dt. moät nöôùc maø moïi
coâng vieäc ñeàu ñöôïc kieåm soaùt moät phaàn bôûi moät theá Reconstruction / Cuoäc Taùi thieát dt. giai ñoaïn taùi
löïc maïnh hôn. xaây döïng theo sau cuoäc Noäi chieán Myõ, trong ñoù caùc
bang mieàn Nam thaát baïi ñöôïc taùi keát naïp vaøo Lieân
Pueblo dt. moät nhoùm caùc boä toäc Thoå daân Myõ — con
bang.
chaùu cuûa ngöôøi Anasazi — sinh soáng ôû vuøng sa maïc
Taây Nam. Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) / Taäp
ñoaøn Taøi chính Taùi thieát dt. moät cô quan thaønh laäp
Pure Food and Drug Act / Ñaïo luaät Thöïc phaåm
naêm 1932 ñeå cung caáp taøi chính khaån caáp cho caùc ngaân
vaø Döôïc phaåm thuaàn khieát dt. moät luaät ñöôïc thoâng
haøng, coâng ty baûo hieåm nhaân thoï, ñöôøng saét, vaø caùc
qua naêm 1906 ñeå taïm ngöng vieäc baùn thöùc aên vaø thuoác
doanh nghieäp lôùn khaùc.
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bò nhieãm baån vaø ñeå ñaûm baûo söï thaät veà vieäc daùn nhaõn.
Red Cross / Chöõ Thaäp ñoû dt. moät toå chöùc quoác teá
Puritans / Thanh giaùo dt. nhöõng thaønh vieân cuûa moät
cung caáp vieäc cöùu teá cho nhaân daân trong thôøi chieán
nhoùm muoán töø boû moïi bieåu hieän cuûa leã nghi Thieân
hoaëc thieân tai. Clara Barton thaønh laäp chi nhaùnh Myõ
chuùa La Maõ vaø caùc truyeàn thoáng trong Giaùo hoäi Anh.
naêm 1881.
redemption / söï chuoäc loãi dt. chöõ duøng cuûa nhöõng
Q ngöôøi Daân chuû mieàn Nam cho vieäc hoï trôû laïi quyeàn löïc
ôû mieàn Nam trong nhöõng naêm 1870s.
Quakers dt. nhöõng thaønh vieân cuûa Hoäi Nhöõng ngöôøi referendum / tröng caàu daân yù dt. moät thuû tuïc theo
baïn, moät nhoùm toân giaùo bò ngöôïc ñaõi vì nhöõng nieàm tin ñoù moät quy phaïm phaùp luaät coù theå ñöôïc trình leân ñeå
cuûa noù ôû nöôùc Anh theá kyû 17. nhaân daân bieåu quyeát.
quota system / heä thoáng haïn ngaïch dt. moät heä Reformation / Phong traøo Caûi caùch dt. moät phong
thoáng ñònh ra giôùi haïn bao nhieâu ngöôøi nhaäp cö töø traøo toân giaùo ôû chaâu AÂu theá kyû 16, vöôït khoûi möùc
nhieàu nöôùc maø moät quoác gia cho pheùp vaøo moãi naêm. mong muoán caûi caùch trong Giaùo hoäi Thieân chuùa La Maõ
vaø daãn ñeán vieäc thaønh laäp nhieàu loaïi nhaø thôø Tin laønh
khaùc nhau.
R Renaissance / Phuïc Höng dt. moät giai ñoaïn cuûa
VIETNAMESE

Radical Republican / ngöôøi Coäng hoøa Caáp tieán lòch söû chaâu AÂu, keùo daøi töø khoaûng naêm 1400 ñeán
dt. moät trong nhöõng ngöôøi Coäng hoøa ôû quoác hoäi maø, 1600, trong ñoù söï quan taâm ñöôïc ñoåi môùi trong vaên
sau cuoäc Noäi chieán Myõ, muoán tieâu dieät quyeàn löïc hoùa coå ñieån daãn ñeán nhöõng söï thay ñoåi vöôït xa trong
chính trò cuûa caùc cöïu chuû noâ vaø cho ngöôøi Myõ goác Phi ngheä thuaät, hoïc vaán, vaø theá giôùi quan.
toaøn quyeàn coâng daân vaø quyeàn baàu cöû. reparations / boài thöôøng chieán tranh dt. vieäc ñeàn
ratification / söï pheâ chuaån dt. vieäc chính thöùc chaáp buø do moät quoác gia baïi traän cho söï thieät haïi hoaëc
thuaän baûn Hieán Phaùp, hoaëc moät tu chính, bôûi caùc bang. thöông vong maø nöôùc ñoù gaây ra trong moät cuoäc chieán.
republic / coäng hoøa dt. moät chính phuû trong ñoù caùc
coâng daân cai trò thoâng qua caùc ñaïi dieän ñöôïc baàu leân.

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Republican Party / Ñaûng Coäng hoøa dt. ñaûng chính

trò hieän ñaïi ñöôïc hình thaønh naêm 1854 bôûi caùc ñoái thuû S
cuûa cheá ñoä noâ leä ôû caùc laõnh thoå. SALT I Treaty / Hieäp öôùc SALT I dt. moät hieäp ñònh
republicanism / chuû nghóa coäng hoøa dt. nieàm tin 5 naêm giöõa Hoa Kyø vaø Lieân Xoâ, ñöôïc kyù naêm 1972,
raèng chính phuû phaûi döïa vaøo söï ñoàng taâm nhaát trí cuûa haïn cheá soá teân löûa ñaïn ñaïo xuyeân luïc ñòa vaø caùc teân
nhaân daân. löûa phoùng töø taøu ngaàm.
Republic of California / Coäng hoøa California dt. salutary neglect / söï sao laõng boå ích dt. moät chính
quoác gia ñöôïc tuyeân boá chuû quyeàn bôûi nhöõng nhöõng saùch cuûa Anh laøm suy yeáu vieäc thi haønh luaät leä ôû caùc
ñònh cö Myõ taïi California khi hoï tuyeân boá neàn ñoäc laäp thuoäc ñòa Anh ñeå ñoåi laáy söï trung thaønh lieân tuïc veà
cuûa hoï khoûi Mexico naêm 1846. kinh teá cuûa caùc thuoäc ñòa.
Republic of Texas / Coäng hoøa Texas dt. quoác gia Sandinista tt. thuoäc veà moät nhoùm phieán loaïn caùnh taû
thaønh laäp naêm 1836 khi nhöõng ngöôøi ñònh cö Myõ ôû tænh ñaõ laät ñoå chính phuû Nicaragua naêm 1979.
Tejas thuoäc Mexico tuyeân boá ñoäc laäp vaø chieán ñaáu vì Santa Fe Trail / Ñöôøng moøn Santa Fe dt. moät con
neàn ñoäc laäp naøy, coøn ñöôïc bieát ñeán vaøo thôøi ñoù döôùi ñöôøng töø Independence, bang Missouri, ñeán Santa Fe,
teân "Coäng Hoøa Ngoâi sao Coâ ñôn" bang New Mexico, ñöôïc caùc thöông nhaân söû duïng
revenue sharing / chia seû thu nhaäp dt. vieäc phaân trong nöûa ñaàu thaäp nieân 1800.
chia tieàn cuûa lieân bang cho caùc chính quyeàn bang vaø satellite nation / quoác gia veä tinh dt. moät nöôùc bò
ñòa phöông vôùi raát ít hoaëc khoâng coù haïn cheá naøo veà chi phoái veà chính trò vaø kinh teá bôûi moät quoác gia khaùc.
vieäc tieâu duøng tieàn nhö theá naøo.
Saturday Night Massacre / cuoäc Thaûm saùt Ñeâm
reverse discrimination / kyø thò ngöôïc dt. moät söï Thöù baûy dt. teân goïi vieäc töø chöùc cuûa boä tröôûng tö
ñoái xöû baát coâng ñoái vôùi caùc thaønh vieân moät nhoùm ña soá phaùp Myõ vaø vieäc sa thaûi thöù tröôûng cuûa oâng ta vaøo
— ví duï, ngöôøi da traéng — keát quaû cuûa noã löïc khaéc thaùng 10 naêm 1973, sau khi hoï töø choái thi haønh leänh
phuïc tình traïng phaân bieät chuûng toäc ñoái vôùi caùc nhoùm cuûa Toång thoáng Nixon sa thaûi coâng toá vieân ñaëc bieät
chuûng toäc khaùc. ñieàu tra vuï Watergate.
revival / söï hoài sinh dt. moät söï nhoùm hoïp toân giaùo savanna / hoang maïc dt. moät ñoàng coû khoâ haïn coù
ñaët ra ñeå ñaùnh thöùc laïi nieàm tin qua vieäc thuyeát giaùo raûi raùc caây coái vaø buïi caây, ñöôïc tìm thaáy ôû vuøng baùn sa
soâi noåi. maïc Sahara chaâu Phi vaø caùc vuøng nhieät ñôùi vaø caän
rock ‘n’ roll dt. moät hình thöùc nhaïc pop Myõ tieán hoùa nhieät ñôùi khaùc.

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trong nhöõng naêm 1950 phaùt xuaát töø nhaïc R&B, scalawag dt. moät ngöôøi da traéng mieàn Nam gia nhaäp
country, jazz, Phuùc aâm, vaø pop; hình thöùc aâm nhaïc Myõ Ñaûng Coäng hoøa sau cuoäc Noäi chieán Myõ.
ñaëc tröng bôûi tieát taáu maïnh meõ vaø giai ñieäu ñôn giaûn
scientific management / quaûn lyù theo khoa hoïc
ñaõ lan ra caû theá giôùi vaø coù taùc ñoäng roõ reät ñeán khieâu vuõ
dt. vieäc öùng duïng caùc nguyeân taéc khoa hoïc ñeå taêng
giaûi trí, thôøi trang aên maëc, vaø söï theå hieän phaûn khaùng.
hieäu quaû ôû nôi laøm vieäc.
Roosevelt Corollary / Heä quaû Roosevelt dt. moät
Scopes trial / phieân xöû Scopes dt. moät vuï aùn gaây
söï môû roäng Hoïc thuyeát Monroe Doctrine, ñöôïc Toång
chaán ñoäng naêm 1925 trong ñoù giaùo vieân sinh hoïc
thoáng Theodore Roosevelt coâng boá naêm 1904, theo ñoù
John T. Scopes bò xöû vì toäi thaùch thöùc moät luaät leä ôû
Hoa Kyø coâng boá quyeàn ñöôïc baûo veä caùc lôïi ích kinh teá
Tennessee khoâng cho pheùp daïy veà söï tieán hoùa.
cuûa mình baèng caùc bieän phaùp can thieäp quaân söï trong
caùc coâng vieäc cuûa caùc quoác gia ôû Taây Baùn caàu. search-and-destroy mission / söù meänh tìm-vaø-huûy
dieät dt. moät cuoäc ruoàng boá moät laøng ôû Nam Vieät Nam,
Rough Riders / Kî binh Khoâng chính quy dt. moät
nhaèm tieâu dieät daân laøng coù dính líu vôùi Vieät Coäng nhöng
trung ñoaøn kî binh tình nguyeän, ñöôïc chæ huy bôûi
thöôøng daãn ñeán vieäc phaù huûy laøng vaø ñuoåi daân laøng ñi.
Leonard Wood vaø Theodore Roosevelt, phuïc vuï trong
cuoäc Chieán tranh Taây Ban Nha-Myõ. secession / ly khai dt. vieäc moät bang ruùt moät caùch
chính thöùc khoûi Lieân bang.
royal colony / thuoäc ñòa hoaøng gia dt. moät thuoäc
VIETNAMESE

ñòa döôùi quyeàn kieåm soaùt tröïc tieáp cuûa vöông trieàu Second Continental Congress / Ñaïi hoäi Thuoäc
Anh. ñòa thöù Hai dt. Ñaïi hoäi Thuoäc Ñòa ñöôïc trieäu taäp
thaùng 5 1775, chaáp thuaän baûn Tuyeân ngoân Ñoäc laäp, vaø
rural free delivery (RFD) / giao haøng noâng thoân
phuïc vuï vôùi tö caùch cô quan duy nhaátcuûa chính phuû
mieãn phí dt. vieäc chuyeån phaùt mieãn phí thö töø vaø böu
quoác gia trong cuoäc Chieán tranh Giaønh ñoäc laäp.
cuïc cuûa chính phuû ñeán caùc gia ñình ôû nhöõng vuøng thoân
daõ, baét ñaàu naêm 1896. Second Great Awakening / Söï Thöùc tænh Lôùn thöù
Hai dt. moät phong traøo toân giaùo theá kyû 19 trong ñoù
traùch nhieäm caù nhaân ñeå tìm kieám söï cöùu roãi ñöôïc nhaán
maïnh, cuøng vôùi söï caàn thieát caûi thieän caù nhaân vaø coäng
ñoàng.

82 THE AMERICANS
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sectionalism / chuû nghóa cuïc boä dt. vieäc ñaët nhöõng slave / noâ leä dt. moät ngöôøi trôû thaønh taøi saûn cuûa
lôïi ích cuûa vuøng mình ôû leân treân nhöõng lôïi ích cuûa quoác nhöõng ngöôøi khaùc.
gia noùi chung. Social Darwinism / Hoïc thuyeát Xaõ hoäi Darwin dt.
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) / moät trieát lyù kinh teá vaø xaõ hoäi — ñöôïc xem nhö döïa vaøo
UÛy ban Chöùng khoaùn vaø Hoái ñoaùi dt. moät cô quan, thuyeát tieán hoùa bôûi söï choïn loïc töï nhieân cuûa nhaø sinh
thaønh laäp naêm 1934, theo doõi thò tröôøng chöùng khoaùn vaø vaät hoïc Charles Darwin — cho raèng moät heä thoáng
thöïc thi luaät quy ñònh vieäc baùn coå phieáu vaø traùi phieáu. caïnh tranh khoâng bò kìm cheá seõ baûo ñaûm söï toàn taïi cuûa
segregation / phaân bieät chuûng toäc dt. vieäc chia reõ nhöõng vaät thích hôïp nhaát.
con ngöôøi döïa vaøo chuûng toäc. Social Gospel movement / phong traøo Phuùc aâm
Selective Service Act / Ñaïo luaät Dòch vuï Choïn Xaõ hoäi dt. moät phong traøo caûi caùch theá kyû 19 döïa treân
löïa dt. moät luaät ban haønh naêm 1917, yeâu caàu nam giôùi nieàm tin raèng nhöõng ngöôøi Cô ñoác coù traùch nhieäm giuùp
phaûi ñaêng kyù nghóa vuï quaân söï. caûi thieän ñieàu kieän laøm vieäc vaø laøm giaûm bôùt söï ngheøo
khoù.
Seneca Falls Convention / Hoäi nghò Seneca
Falls dt. moät hoäi nghò veà nöõ quyeàn toå chöùc taïi Seneca Social Security Act / Ñaïo luaät An sinh Xaõ hoäi dt.
Falls, bang New York, naêm 1848. moät luaät ban haønh naêm 1935 ñeå cung caáp vieän trôï cho
nhöõng ngöôøi nghæ höu, ngöôøi thaát nghieäp, ngöôøi khuyeát
Separatist / ngöôøi Ly khai dt. moät thaønh vieân cuûa
taät, vaø caùc gia ñình coù treû em coøn döôùi tuoåi lao ñoäng.
moät trong nhöõng nhoùm Thanh giaùo töø choái khaû naêng
caûi caùch trong phaïm vi Giaùo hoäi Anh, neân thaønh laäp soddy / nhaø xanh dt. moät ngoâi nhaø xaây treân caùc
giaùo ñoaøn ñoäc laäp cuûa chính hoï. maûng coû xanh.
service sector / khu vöïc dòch vuï dt. boä phaän cuûa Songhai dt. moät ñeá cheá maø ôû ñænh cao quyeàn löïc
neàn kinh teá cung caáp dòch vuï cho ngöôøi tieâu duøng hôn trong nhöõng naêm 1500, kieåm soaùt phaàn lôùn Taây Phi.
laø haøng hoùa. soup kitchen / beáp suùp dt. moät nôi maø thöïc phaåm
settlement house / nhaø ñònh cö dt. moät trung taâm mieãn phí hoaëc reû tieàn ñöôïc phuïc vuï cho ngöôøi ngheøo.
sinh hoaït coäng ñoàng cung caáp söï trôï giuùp cho daân cö Southern Christian Leadership Conference
— nhaát laø ngöôøi nhaäp cö — trong moät khu oå chuoät. (SCLC) / Ñaïi hoäi Laõnh ñaïo Cô ñoác mieàn Nam
Seventeenth Amendment / Tu chính soá 17 dt. dt. moät toå chöùc thaønh laäp naêm 1957 bôûi tieán só Dr. Martin
moät söï söûa ñoåi cho baûn Hieán phaùp Hoa Kyø, ñöôïc chaáp Luther King, Jr., vaø caùc nhaø laõnh ñaïo khaùc ñeå laøm vieäc vì
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thuaän naêm 1913, lo vieäc baàu caùc nghò só bôûi nhaân daân daân quyeàn baèng nhöõng bieän phaùp phi baïo löïc.
hôn laø bôûi caùc cô quan laäp phaùp cuûa bang. Southern strategy / chieán löôïc mieàn Nam dt. noã
shantytown / xoùm nhaø tranh dt. moät khu phoá maø löïc cuûa Toång thoáng Nixon nhaèm thu huùt söï uûng hoä cuûa
ngöôøi daân soáng trong nhöõng tuùp leàu döïng taïm bôï. nhöõng ngöôøi Daân chuû baûo thuû mieàn Nam khoâng haøi
loøng vôùi caùc chính saùch choáng phaân bieät chuûng toäc cuûa
sharecropping / vuï muøa phaân chia dt. moät heä
lieân bang vaø Toái cao Phaùp vieän töï do.
thoáng trong ñoù ñòa chuû giao ñaát, haït gioáng, vaø noâng cuï
cho nhaân coâng trang traïi ñeå chia cho hoï moät phaàn thu speakeasy / haøng röôïu laäu dt. moät nôi maø röôïu coàn
hoaïch töø ñoù. ñöôïc baùn vaø uoáng baát hôïp phaùp trong thôøi Caám röôïu.
Shays’s Rebellion / cuoäc Noåi daäy cuûa Shays specialization / chuyeân canh dt. trong noâng nghieäp,
dt. moät cuoäc noåi daäy cuûa caùc noâng daân bò nôï naàn ôû vieäc troàng chæ moät hoaëc ha thöù caây troàng ñeå baùn hôn laø
Massachusetts choáng laïi vieäc taêng thueá tieåu bang naêm nhieàu loaïi thöïc phaåm cho vieäc tieâu thuï caù nhaân.
1787. speculation / phi vuï kinh doanh dt. moät söï tham gia
Sherman Antitrust Act / Ñaïo luaät choáng Ñoäc trong giao dòch kinh doanh nhieàu ruûi ro trong noã löïc
quyeàn Sherman dt. moät luaät ban haønh naêm 1890, kieám lôøi nhanh hoaëc lôøi lôùn.
nhaèm ngaên vieäc taïo döïng caùc nhaø ñoäc quyeàn baèng spoils system dt. vieäc caùc öùng vieân thaéng cöû trao caùc
caùch baát hôïp phaùp hoùa vieäc thaønh laäp caùc coâng ty ñoäc chöùc vuï trong chính phuû cho nhöõng ngöôøi uûng hoä hoï
VIETNAMESE

quyeàn can thieäp vaøo thöông maïi töï do. trong cuoäc chaïy ñua chính trò.
silent majority / nhoùm ña soá traàm laëng dt. teân maø Square Deal / Chính saùch Hình Vuoâng dt. chöông
Toång thoáng Richard Nixon goïi nhöõng ngöôøi Myõ chính trình cuûa Toång thoáng Theodore Roosevelt goàm caùc caûi
coáng, khieâm toán, nhöõng ngöôøi laëng leõ uûng hoä caùc chính caùch tieán boä ñònh ra ñeå baûo veä ngöôøi daân thöôøng choáng
saùch veà Chieán tranh Vieät Nam cuûa oâng. laïi caùc ñaïi gia kinh doanh.
sit-in / ngoài vaøo dt. moät hình thöùc bieåu tình ñöôïc stagflation / laïm phaùt ñình ñoán dt. moät ñieàu kieän
ngöôøi Myõ goác Phi söû duïng ñeå choáng phaân bieät chuûng kinh teá ñöôïc bieåu hieän bôûi laïm phaùt vaø tyû leä thaát
toäc, trong ñoù ngöôøi bieåu tình ngoài xuoáng ôû moät doanh nghieäp cao.
nghieäp phaân bieät chuûng toäc vaø töø choái ra veà cho ñeán
khi hoï ñöôïc phuïc vuï.

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Stamp Act / Ñaïo luaät Tem dt. moät luaät naêm 1765 Telecommunications Act of 1996 / Ñaïo luaät Vieãn
trong ñoù Nghò vieän thieát laäp loaïi thueá tröïc tieáp ñaàu tieân thoâng 1996 dt. moät luaät ban haønh naêm 1996 ñeå thaùo
ñoái vôùi haøng hoùa vaø dòch vuï trong caùc thuoäc ñòa cuûa dôõ caùc raøo caûn maø tröôùc ñoù ñaõ ngaên caùc coâng ty vieãn
Anh ôû Baéc Myõ. thoâng ñöôïc tham gia vaøo nhieàu loaïi hình kinh doanh
Stono Rebellion / cuoäc Noåi daäy Stono dt. moät vieãn thoâng.
cuoäc noåi daäy naêm 1739 bôûi caùc noâ leä ôû South Carolina, telecommute / laøm vieäc töø xa ñt. laøm vieäc taïi nhaø
daãn ñeán vieäc sieát chaët caùc luaät veà noâ leä voán ñaõ khaéc cho moät coâng ty toïa laïc ôû nôi khaùc, baèng caùch söû duïng
nghieät. caùc coâng ngheä vieãn thoâng nhö maùy vi tính, Internet, vaø
Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) / Saùng kieán maùy fax.
Phoøng thuû Chieán löôïc dt. heä thoáng quoác phoøng ñöôïc telegraph / ñieän tín dt. moät thieát bò cho vieäc truyeàn
ñeà xöôùng — ñöôïc bieát roäng raõi vôùi teân Chieán tranh caùc caùc thoâng ñieäp maõ hoùa baèng ñieän qua daây daãn.
Vì sao — nhaèm baûo veä Hoa Kyø khoûi caùc cuoäc taán coâng temperance movement / phong traøo kieàm cheá dt.
baèng teân löûa. moät noã löïc coù toå chöùc nhaèm ngaên vieäc uoáng röôïu.
strike / ñình coâng dt. moät söï ngöng laøm vieäc nhaèm tenant farming / canh taùc taù ñieàn dt. moät heä thoáng
buoäc moät chuû lao ñoäng phaûi ñaùp laïi caùc yeâu saùch. trong ñoù nhaân coâng noâng nghieäp cung caáp caùc coâng cuï
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee vaø ñaát thueâ ñeå laáy tieàn.
(SNCC) / UÛy ban Ñieàu haønh Phi Baïo ñoäng Sinh tenement / chung cö dt. moät toaø nhaø ôû nhieàu gia
vieân dt. moät toå chöùc thaønh laäp naêm 1960 ñeå ñieàu haønh ñình, thöôøng laø ñoâng ñuùc quaù taûi vaø keùm veä sinh.
bieåu tình ngoài vaø caùc cuoäc bieåu tình khaùc vaø ñeå cho
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) / Ban Quaûn trò
nhöõng ngöôøi da ñen treû tuoåi moät vai troø lôùn hôn trong
Thung luõng Tennessee dt. moät taäp ñoaøn lieân bang
phong traøo daân quyeàn.
thaønh laäp naêm 1933 ñeå xaây döïng ñaäp vaø nhaø maùy ñieän
Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) / Sinh ôû vuøng Thung luõng Tennessee ñeå saûn xuaát ñieän cuõng
vieân vì moät Xaõ hoäi Daân chuû dt. Moät nhoùm choáng nhö ngaên luõ luït.
thaønh laäp thuoäc Taân Taû, thaønh laäp naêm 1960, keâu goïi
termination policy / chính saùch keát thuùc dt. keá
quyeàn töï do caù nhaân vaø traùch nhieäm lôùn hôn.
hoaïch cuûa chính phuû Hoa Kyø, coâng boá naêm 1953, töø boû
suburb / ngoaïi oâ dt. moät khu daân cö hoaëc coäng ñoàng traùch nhieäm vôùi caùc boä laïc Thoå daân Myõ baèng caùch töø
gaàn moät thaønh phoá. boû söï hoã trôï kinh teá cuûa lieân bang, khoâng tieáp tuïc heä
suffrage dt. quyeàn baàu cöû.

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thoáng ñaát ñai, vaø taùi phaân phoái ñaát ñai cuûa caùc boä laïc.
Sugar Act / Ñaïo luaät Ñöôøng dt. moät luaät thöông Tet offensive / cuoäc taán coâng Teát Maäu thaân dt.
maïi ban haønh bôûi Nghò vieän naêm 1764 vôùi noã löïc nhaèm moät cuoäc taán coâng oà aït baát ngôø bôûi Vieät Coäng vaøo caùc
giaûm buoân laäu taïi caùc thuoäc ñòa Anh ôû Baéc Myõ. thaønh phoá vaø thò xaõ ôû Nam Vieät Nam ñaàu naêm 1968.
supply-side economics / kinh teá cung caáp phuï dt. Texas Revolution / Caùch maïng Texas dt. cuoäc noåi
yù töôûng raèng haï giaù thueá seõ daãn ñeán vieäc taêng vieäc daäy naêm 1836 trong ñoù Texas giaønh ñoäc laäp töø
laøm, tieát kieäm, ñaàu tö, vaø do ñoù daãn ñeán taêng thu nhaäp Mexico.
cuûa chính phuû. Thirteenth Amendment / Tu chính soá 13 dt. moät söï
söûa ñoåi cho baûn Hieán phaùp Hoa Kyø, ñöôïc chaáp thuaän
naêm 1865, huûy boû cheá ñoä noâ leä vaø noâ dòch baét buoäc.
T Three-Fifths Compromise / Hoaø öôùc 3 phaàn 5 dt.
Taino dt. moät boä toäc Thoå daân chaâu Myõ ôû caùc ñaûo Hieäp öôùc Hoäi nghò Hieán phaùp tính 3 phaàn 5 soá noâ leä
thuoäc vuøng Caribeâ — nhoùm ñaàu tieân chaïm traùn cuûa moät bang nhö laø daân soá cho caùc coâng vieäc thueá maù
Columbus vaø ngöôøi cuûa oâng khi hoï ñeán chaâu Myõ. vaø ñaïi dieän.
Tariff of Abominations / Thueá quan ñaùng Gheâ Tiananmen Square / Quaûng tröôøng Thieân An
tôûm dt. Teân maø John C. Calhoun goïi moät söï gia taêng Moân dt. nôi dieãn ra cuoäc bieåu tình naêm 1989 taïi Baéc
VIETNAMESE

thueá quan naêm 1828 maø daân mieàn Nam thaáy raèng chæ Kinh, Trung Quoác, trong ñoù sinh vieân Trung Quoác ñoøi
laøm giaøu cho daân mieàn Baéc treân moà hoâi nöôùc maét cuûa quyeàn töï do ngoân luaän vaø moät tieáng noùi lôùn hôn trong
hoï. chính phuû.
Tariff of 1816 / Thueá quan 1816 dt. moät loaïi thueá Tonkin Gulf Resolution / Nghò quyeát Vònh Baéc boä
baûo hoä ñaët ra ñeå trôï giuùp caùc ngaønh coâng nghieäp Myõ. dt. moät nghò quyeát ñöôïc Quoác hoäi thoâng qua naêm
Teapot Dome Scandal / vuï Beâ boái Laâu ñaøi AÁm 1964, trao cho toång thoáng quyeàn löïc lôùn hôn ñeå phaùt
traø dt. vuï Boä tröôûng Noäi Vuï Albert B. Fall cho caùc ñoäng chieán tranh ôû Vieät Nam.
coâng ty tö nhaân thueâ ñaát ñai chöùa nhieàu daàu löûa ñeå ñoåi totalitarian / chuyeân cheá tt. tính caùch cuûa moät heä
laáy tieàn vaø ñaát. thoáng chính trò trong ñoù chính phuû thöïc thi toaøn quyeàn
kieåm soaùt ñoái vôùi ñôøi soáng cuûa caùc coâng daân cuûa mình.

84 THE AMERICANS
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Townshend Acts / Ñaïo luaät Townshend dt. moät Truman Doctrine / Hoïc thuyeát Truman dt. moät
loaït ñieàu luaät ban haønh bôûi Nghò Vieän naêm 1767, thieát chính saùch cuûa Hoa Kyø, coâng boá bôûi Toång thoáng Harry
laäp thueá giaùn tieáp ñoái vôùi haøng hoùa nhaäp khaåu töø Anh S. Truman naêm 1947, ñeå cung caáp vieän trôï kinh teá vaø
bôûi caùc thuoäc ñòa cuûa Anh ôû Baéc Myõ. quaân söï cho caùc quoác gia töï do bò ñe doïa bôûi caùc keû thuø
Trail of Tears / Ñöôøng moøn Nöôùc maét dt. caùc cuoäc trong vaø ngoaøi nöôùc.
tuaàn haønh trong ñoù ngöôøi Cherokee bò ñöa rôøi töø Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute / Hoïc
Georgia ñeán Laõnh thoå Da ñoû naêm 1838-1840, vôùi haøng vieän Tieâu chuaån vaø Coâng nghieäp Tuskegee
ngaøn ngöôøi Cherokee cheát treân ñöôøng. dt. thaønh laäp naêm 1881, vaø laõnh ñaïo bôûi Booker T.
transcendentalism / Thuyeát tieân nghieäm dt. moät Washington, ñeå trang bò cho ngöôøi Myõ goác Phi caùc vaên
phong traøo trieát lyù vaø vaên hoïc cuûa nhöõng naêm 1800s baèng giaûng daïy vaø kyõ naêng caàn thieát trong ngheà nghieäp
nhaán maïnh vieäc soáng moät cuoäc soáng ñôn giaûn vaø ca vaø noâng nghieäp.
ngôïi thöïc teá tìm thaáy trong töï nhieân vaø trong tình caûm two-party system / heä thoáng hai ñaûng dt. moät heä
vaø oùc töôøng töôïng caù nhaân. thoáng chính trò ñöôïc chi phoái bôûi hai ñaûng chính yeáu.
transcontinental railroad / ñöôøng saét xuyeân luïc
ñòa dt. moät tuyeát ñöôøng saét noái hai bôø Ñaïi Taây Döông
vaø Thaùi Bình Döông cuû Hoa Kyø, hoaøn thaønh naêm 1869. U
Treaty of Fort Laramie / Hieäp öôùc Fort Laramie Uncle Tom’s Cabin / Tuùp leàu cuûa chuù Toâm
dt. hieäp ñònh buoäc ngöôøi Sioux phaûi soáng treân moät dt. moät cuoán tieåu thuyeát baùn chaïy nhaát cuûa Harriet
maûnh ñaát daønh rieâng doïc soâng Missouri. Beecher Stowe, xuaát baûn naêm 1852, khaéc hoïa cheá ñoä
Treaty of Ghent / Hieäp öôùc dt. hieäp öôùc naêm 1814 noâ leä nhö moät toäi loãi ñaïo ñöùc lôùn.
chaám döùt Chieán tranh 1812. Underground Railroad / Ñöôøng saét Ngaàm dt. moät
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo / Hieäp öôùc heä thoáng caùc con ñöôøng maø doïc ñoù caùc noâ leä chaïy troán
Guadalupe Hidalgo dt. hieäp ñònh naêm 1848 chaám ñöôïc giuùp ñôõ troán sang Canada hoaëc ñeán nhöõng vuøng
döùt chieán tranh giöõa Hoa Kyø vaø Mexico, trong ñoù an toaøn ôû caùc bang töï do.
Mexico nhöôïng laïi California vaø New Mexico cho United Farm Workers Organizing Committee
Hoa Kyø. (UFWOC) / UÛy ban Toå chöùc Coâng nhaân Noâng
Treaty of Paris (1783) / Hieäp öôùc Paris dt. hieäp traïi Thoáng nhaát dt. moät lieân ñoaøn lao ñoäng thaønh laäp
naêm 1966 nhaèm tìm kieám tieàn löông cao hôn vaø caùc
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

ñònh chaám döùt Chieán tranh Giaønh Ñoäc laäp, xaùc nhaän
neàn ñoäc laäp cuûa Hoa Kyø vaø ñònh caùc ñöôøng bieân giôùi ñieàu kieän laøm vieäc toát hôn cho caùc coâng nhaân noâng traïi
cuûa quoác gia môùi. ngöôøi Myõ goác Mexico ôû California.
Treaty of Paris (1898) / Hieäp öôùc Paris (1898) United Nations (UN) / Lieân hieäp Quoác dt. moät toå
dt. hieäp ñònh chaám döùt cuoäc Chieán tranh Taây Ban chöùc giöõ gìn hoøa bình quoác teá bao goàm haàu heát caùc
Nha-Myõ, trong ñoù Taây Ban Nha traû töï do cho Cuba, quoác gia treân theá giôùi, thaønh laäp naêm 1945 ñeå xuùc tieán
trao traû caùc ñaûo Guam vaø Puerto Rico Hoa Kyø, vaø baùn hoøa bình, an ninh, vaø phaùt trieån kinh teá theá giôùi.
Philippines cho Hoa Kyø vôùi giaù $20 million. urban flight / cuoäc ruùt chaïy ñoâ thò dt. moät söï di
Treaty of Tordesillas / Hieäp öôùc Tordesillas dt. cö ngöôøi töø caùc thaønh phoá ñeán caùc khu ngoaïi oâ xung
hieäp öôùc naêm 1494 trong ñoù Taây Ban Nha vaø Boà Ñaøo quanh.
Nha ñoàng yù phaân chia ñaát ñai ôû Taây Baùn caàu giöõa hai urbanization / ñoâ thò hoùa dt. vieäc taêng tröôûng cuûa
nöôùc. caùc thaønh phoá.
Treaty of Versailles / Hieäp öôùc Versailles dt. hieäp urban renewal / ñoåi môùi ñoâ thò dt. söï ñoå naùt vaø thay
ñònh hoøa bình naêm 1919 vaøo luùc keát thuùc Chieán tranh theá caùc toøa nhaø ôû caùc khu phoá xuoáng caáp trong thaønh
Theá giôùi thöù nhaát thaønh laäp caùc quoác gia, ñöôøng bieân phoá.
giôùi môùi, vaø vieäc boài thöôøng chieán tranh. urban sprawl / ñoâ thò vöôn roäng dt. söï traûi roäng
trench warfare / chieán söï giao thoâng haøo dt. hoaït
VIETNAMESE

khoâng tính toaùn ñöôïc vaø khoâng kieåm soaùt ñöôïc cuûa caùc
ñoäng chieán tranh trong ñoù caùc löïc löôïng ñoái nghòch taán thaønh phoá ra ngoaøi caùc vuøng xung quanh.
coâng vaø phaûn coâng töø caùc heä thoáng coâng söï vöõng chaéc U.S.S. Maine dt. moät taøu chieán Myõ ñaõ bí maät phaùt noå
thay vì treân moät chieán tröôøng môû roäng. vaø chìm ôû caûng Havana, Cuba, vaøo ngaøy 15 thaùng 2
triangular trade / thöông maïi töù giaùc dt. heä thoáng naêm 1898.
thöông maïi xuyeân Ñaïi Taây Döông trong ñoù haøng hoùa U-2 incident / vuï vieäc U-2 dt. vieäc moät maùy bay do
vaø ngöôøi, bao goàm caû noâ leä, ñöôïc trao ñoåi giöõa chaâu thaùm Myõ bò rôi vaø vieân phi coâng bò baét bôûi Lieân Xoâ
Phi , Anh, chaâu AÂu, Taây AÁn, vaø caùc thuoäc ñòa ôû Baéc naêm 1960.
Myõ.

MULTI-LANGUAGE GLOSSARY 85
VieGloss.TheAmerican 1/16/04 12:08 PM Page 86

utopian community / xaõ hoäi khoâng töôûng dt. moät war hawk / dieàu haâu chieán tranh dt. moät trong
coäng ñoàng thöïc nghieäm ñöôïc xaây döïng ñeå trôû thaønh nhöõng thaønh vieân Quoác hoäi coù thieân höôùng chieán tranh
moät xaõ hoäi hoaøn haûo, trong ñoù caùc thaønh vieân coù theå vôùi Anh trong nhöõng naêm ñaàu theá kyû 19.
soáng cuøng nhau trong hoaø thuaän. War Industries Board (WIB) / Boä Coâng nghieäp
Chieán tranh dt. moät cô quan thaønh laäp trong Chieán
tranh Theá giôùi thöù nhaát ñeå taêng hieäu quaû vaø ngaên chaát
V thaûi töø caùc ngaønh coâng nghieäp phuïc vuï chieán tranh.
V-E Day / Ngaøy V-E dt. teân goïi ngaøy 8 thaùng 5 naêm War Powers Act (WPA) / Ñaïo luaät Caùc Quyeàn
1945, "Ngaøy Chieán thaéng ôû chaâu AÂu" ngaøy maø vieäc löïc Chieán tranh dt. moät luaät ban haønh naêm 1973, giôùi
Töôùng Eisenhower chaáp nhaän vieäc ñaàu haøng voâ ñieàu haïn quyeàn cuûa moät toång thoáng göûi quaân ñeán chieán
kieän cuûa Ñöùc Quoác xaõ ñaõ ñaùnh daáu chaám heát cho cuoäc tranh maø khoâng hoûi yù kieán Quoác hoäi.
Chieán tranh Theá giôùi thöù hai ôû chaâu AÂu. War Production Board (WPB) / Boä Saûn xuaát
vertical integration / söï tích hôïp doïc dt. vieäc moät Chieán tranh dt. moät cô quan thaønh laäp trong Chieán
coâng ty naém giöõ nhöõng nhaø cung caáp vaø nhaø phaân phoái tranh Theá giôùi thöù hai ñeå ñieàu haønh vieäc saûn xuaát quaân
vaø heä thoáng vaän taûi cuûa noù ñeå giaønh toaøn quyeàn kieåm trang cuûa caùc ngaønh coâng nghieäp Hoa Kyø.
soaùt ñoái vôùi chaát löôïng vaø giaù caû saûn phaåm cuûa noù. Warren Commission / UÛy ban Warren dt. moät
Vietcong / Vieät Coäng dt. quaân Coäng saûn Nam Vieät nhoùm, do Thaåm phaùn Earl Warren daãn ñaàu, ñieàu tra veà
Nam cuøng vôùi söï trôï giuùp cuûa Baéc Vieät Nam, chieán vuï aùm saùt Toång thoáng Kennedy vaø keát luaän raèng moät
ñaáu choáng chính quyeàn Nam Vieät Nam trong Chieán mình Lee Harvey Oswald chòu traùch nhieäm veà vuï naøy.
tranh Vieät Nam. Warren Court / Toøa AÙn Warren dt. Toái cao Phaùp
Vietminh / Vieät Minh dt. moät toå chöùc Coäng saûn Vieät vieän trong giai ñoaïn Earl Warren laøm thaåm phaùn, ñöôïc
Nam vaø caùc nhoùm daân toäc khaùc maø trong khoaûng naêm bieát ñeán vì söï hoaït ñoäng tích cöïc trong lónh vöïc daân
1946 vaø 1954 chieán ñaáu cho neàn ñoäc laäp cuûa Vieät Nam quyeàn vaø töï do ngoân luaän.
töø tay Phaùp. Warsaw Pact / Hieäp öôùc Warsaw dt. moät lieân
Vietnamization / Vieät Nam hoùa dt. chieán löôïc cuûa minh quaân söï thaønh laäp naêm 1955 bôûi Lieân Xoâ vaø caùc
Toång thoáng Nixon ñeå chaám döùt vieäc dính líu cuûa Hoa nöôùc veä tinh khoái Ñoâng AÂu cuûa nöôùc naøy.
Kyø trong Chieán tranh Vieät Nam, bao goàm vieäc ruùt daàn Watergate dt. moät vuï beâ boái naûy sinh töø vieäc chính
quaân Myõ vaø thay theá baèng caùc löïc löôïng Nam Vieät

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quyeàn Nixon tìm caùch che ñaäy söï dính líu vaøo vuï ñoät
Nam. nhaäp vaøo truï sôû UÛy ban Quoác gia Ñaûng Daân chuï taïi
Voting Rights Act of 1965 / Ñaïo luaät luaät Quyeàn khu phöùc hôïp Watergate.
Baàu cöû 1965 dt. moät luaät laøm cho vieäc ngöôøi Myõ goác Whig Party / Ñaûng Whig dt. ñaûng chính trò thaønh laäp
Phi ñaêng kyù baàu cöû ñöôïc deã daøng hôn baèng caùch loaïi naêm 1834 ñeå choáng laïi caùc chín saùch cuûa Andrew
boû caùc cuoäc kieåm tra ñoïc vieát vaø uûy quyeàn cho caùc Jackson.
giaùm khaûo lieân bang ghi danh caùc cöû tri bò töø choái ôû Wilmot Proviso / Ñieàu khoaûn Wilmot dt. moät söï
caáp ñòa phöông. söûa ñoåi cho moät ñaïo luaät daønh rieâng veà quaân söï naêm
1846, ñeà nghò raèng khoâng moät phaàn laõnh thoå naøo giaønh
ñöôïc trong cuoäc chieán tranh vôùi Mexico ñöôïc pheùp söû
W duïng noâ leä.
Wade-Davis Bill / Ñaïo luaät Wade-Davis dt. moät Women’s Auxiliary Army Corps (WAAC) / Quaân
Ñaïo luaät, thoâng qua naêm 1864 vaø bò phuû quyeát bôûi Ñoaøn Phuï trôï cuûa Phuï nöõ dt. ñôn vò thuoäc quaân ñoäi
Toång thoáng President Lincoln, maø neáu coù hieäu löïc seõ Myõ thaønh laäp trong Chieán tranh Theá giôùi thöù hai ñeå
cho Quoác hoäi kieåm soaùt cuoäc Taùi Thieát. cho pheùp phuï nöõ phuïc vuï trong caùc vò trí khoâng tröïc
Wagner Act / Ñaïo luaät Wagner dt. moät luaät — coøn tieáp chieán ñaáu.
Woodstock dt. moät ñaïi hoäi aâm nhaïc mieãn veù thu huùt
VIETNAMESE

ñöôïc bieát vôùi teân goïi Ñaïo luaät Quan heä Lao ñoäng Quoác
gia — ban haønh naêm 1935 ñeå baûo veä quyeàn cuûa coâng hôn 400,000 ngöôøi treû tuoåi ñeán moät trang traïi ôû phaàn
nhaân sau khi Toái cao Phaùp vieän coâng boá Ñaïo luaät Phuïc phía baéc bang New York vaøo thaùng 8 naêm1969.
hoài Coâng nghieäp Quoác gia laø khoâng hôïp hieán. Works Progress Administration (WPA) / Cô quan
war-guilt clause / ñieàu khoaûn toäi chieán tranh dt. Tieán boä Vieäc laøm dt. moät cô quan, thaønh laäp nhö moät
moät ñieàu khoaûn trong Hieäp öôùc Versailles theo ñoù Ñöùc phaàn cuûa Taân Chính saùch thöù Hai, cung caáp vieäc laøm
cho bieát raèng chæ moät mình nöôùc naøy chòu traùch nhieäm trong ngaønh xaây döïng, deät may, giaûng daïy, ngheä thuaät
veà Chieán tranh Theá giôùi thöù nhaát. vaø caùc lónh vöïc khaùc cho nhöõng ngöôøi thaát nghieäp.

86 THE AMERICANS
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X
XYZ Affair / Vieäc XYZ dt. moät vuï naêm 1797 trong ñoù
caùc quan chöùc Phaùp yeâu caàu moät söï hoái loä töø caùc nhaø
ngoaïi giao Hoa Kyø.

Y
yellow journalism / baùo chí vaøng dt. vieäc söû duïng
vieäc ñöa tin giaät gaân vaø thoåi phoàng cuûa caùc tôø baùo vaø
taïp chí ñeå caâu ñoäc giaû.

Z
Zimmermann note / böùc thoâng ñieäp
Zimmermann moät böùc thoâng ñieäp göûi naêm 1917 bôûi
boä tröôûng ngoaïi giao Ñöùc cho ñaïi söù Ñöùc taïi Mexico,
kieán nghò moät lieân minh Ñöùc-Mexico vaø höùa giuùp
Mexico laáy laïi Texas, New Mexico, vaø Arizona neáu
Hoa Kyø tham gia Chieán tranh Theá giôùi thöù nhaát.
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

VIETNAMESE

MULTI-LANGUAGE GLOSSARY 87
 snÞanuRkmPasaGg;eKøs
snÞanuRkmKWCakarrayeQµaHtYGkSrtamlMdab;énBaküsMxan;²dkRsg;ecjBIkfaPaKepSg²EdlmanGtßn½yrbs;va.
KHMER

niymn½yTaMgT,ayEdl)anrayenAkñúgsnÞanuRkmKWCaGtßn½y EdlRtUveTAnwgBaküeBceRbIR)as;enAkñúgGtßbTesovePA.
snÞanuuRkmpþl;enARbePTénBakünimYy². xageRkamenHCaGkSrkat;TaMgT,ayEdlRtUv)aneKeRbI;³

Ku = KuNnam n = nam ki = kiriyas½BÞ

Alien and Sedition Acts / c,ab;sþIBICnbreTs nig karjúHjg;
A [mankarb:He)ar ¬n¦es‘rIc,ab;cMnYnbYnEdlGnum½tkñúgqñaM1798CamYyKña
Abolition / karlubbM)at;TasPaB¬n¦clnabBa©b;GMeBITasPaB . edIm,Ikat;bnßyGMNacneya)ayrbs;CnGenþaRbevsn_fµI²EdlcUlmk
Adams-Onís Treaty / sn§isBaØaGadamGUnI ¬n¦kic©RBmeRBog shrdæGaemrik.
mYyeFVIeLIgenAqñaM 1819 Edlkñúgkic©RBmeRBogenaHRbeTs eGs,aj Alliance for Progress / sm<½n§PaBedIm,IGPivDÆn_ ¬n¦ kmµviFICMnYy
)anRbKl;karkan;kab;TwkdIhø½rIdaeTA[shrdæGaemrik. breTsrbs;shrdæGaemrikenATsvtSr_qñaM1960 Edlpþl;CMnYyEpñk
Adena/GaDINa¬n¦sgÁmGñksagPñMEdlmanrs;enApþúMKñaenARClgPñMTenø esdækic© nig bec©keTs dl;RbeTsnanakñúgTIVbGaemrikLaTIn.
GUhay:U nig EdlekItcab;epþImrugerOgcab; BIGMLúg700qñaMmunRKisþskraC Allies / Rkumsm<½n§mitþ ¬n¦ 1-enAs®gÁamelakelIkTI1 RkumRbCaCati
dl;qñaM100énRKisþskraC. EdlkalBIkekItdMbUgmandUcCacRkPBGg;eKøs )araMg nig rusSúI ehIy
Affirmative action / cMNat;karCaviC¢man ¬n ¦ eKalneya)ay eRkaymkshrdæGaemrik GuItalI nig RbeTsmYycMnYneTot )ancUlrYm

Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

EdlRbkan;ykedIm,IEktRmÚvplb:HBal;nanaekItecjBIkarerIseGIgBI pgEdr. RkumRbeTssm<½n§mitþenHRbqaMgeTAnwgmhaGMNackNþal.
GtItkaledayKaMRTRkumTaMgLayEdlBImunKµaneRbob . 2- enAkñúgs®gÁamelakelIkTI2RkumRbCaCatienH Edlkñúg enaHcRkPB
Agent Orange / fñaMKImIBN’elOg ¬n¦ CatiKImIBulsmøab;søwkeQI Gg;eKøsshPaBsUevotnigshrdæGaemrikRbqaMgnwgRkumsm<½n§Gak;suIs.
Edl ynþehaHGaemrikkaMg)acenARbeTsevotNamedIm,IrkemIlCeRmk American Expeditionary Force (AEF) / kgT½BRsYc
lak;xøÜnrbs;BYkevotkug . GaemrikaMg ¬eG>GuI>eGhV¦¬n¦ kgkmøaMgshrdæGaemrikEdldwknaMeday
Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) / c,ab;sRmbplksikmµ ]tþmesnIy_ cn ePIhSIg Edl RbyuT§tTl;nwg Rkumsm<½n§mitþenATIVbGWr:ub
¬eG>eG>eG¦¬n¦c,ab;EdlGnum½tenAqñaM1933edIm,IeFVI[ksiplman enAGMLúgs®gÁamelakelIkTI1.
témøx<s;edaybg;R)ak;[ksikrcakecjBIdIEdlxøÜnmin)andaMduHeFVIdUcenH American Federation of Labor (AFL) / shB½n§shCIB
edIm,IeFVI[manplitkmµfycuH. kmµkrGaemrikaMg ¬eG>eGhV>Gil¦¬n¦ cMNgTak;TgKñarvagshCIB
AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) ¼ CMgW BaNiC¢kmµ nig shCIBsib,kmµ begáIteLIgenAqñaM 1886.
eGds¾ ¬n¦ CMgWmü:agbgáeLIgedayemeraKEdleFVI[exSaydl;RbB½n§ American Indian Movement (AIM) / clnaTamTarsiT§irbs;

pSaMemeraK eFIV[srIr³gayqøgCMgWepSg² ebI mindUecñaHeT GacmanCMgW CnCatiGaemrikedImkMeNIt\NÐa¬eGm¦¬n¦GgÁkarCIvBlEdlbegáIgeLIg

mharIkedaykRm. enAqñaM1968edIm,ITamTarsiT§iCnCatiedImGaemrikaMg.
Alamo, the / GaLam:U ¬n¦ ebskkmµ nig bnÞayenA sg;Gg;tUnIGU Americanization movement / clnaGaemrikaMgPavUbnIykmµ

rdæticsas; EdlenATIenaHkgkmøaMgmuiksuIkUsmøab;rgÁalCnbHe)ar ¬n¦ kmµviFIneya)ayEdlerobcMeLIgedIm,ICYyGenþaRbeTsnþ[sRmbxøÜn

ticsas;enAqñaM1836. eTAnwgvb,Fm’rbs;Gaemrik.

88 THE AMERICANS
 American System / RbB½n§BRgwgesdækic©GaemrikaMg ¬n¦ viFankar Articles of Confederation / GnusSarN³sþIBIkarcgsm<½n§rdæ ¬n¦
muns®gÁamsuIvilEdlerobcMeLIgedIm,IbRgÜbbRgÜmCati nig BRgwgesdækic© ÉksarmYyEdl Gnum½tedaysmaCTVIbelIkTIBIrenAqñaM1777 ehIycug
tammeFüa)aykarBarTMnijnaMcUl FnaKarCati nigkareFVI[RbesIreLIg eRkay RtÚv)anGnum½tyl;RBmedayrdænana enAqñaM1781 EdlbegáIt)an
nUvehdæarcnasm<½n§mandUcCakarGPivDÆn_RbB½n§dwkCBa¢ÚnCaedIm. CaTRmg;rdæaPi)alfµImYy énshrdæGaemriksm½yTMenIb.
Anaconda plan / EpnkarBs;føan; ¬n¦ yuT§sa®sþEdlmanmuMbI Edl Ashcan school / BYkGasðexn ¬n¦ Rkumsil,³CnCatiGaemrikenA

KHMER
kñúgenaHshCIBesñI[bRgáabnUvshsm<½n§rYmenAkñúgs®gÁamsuIvil. stvtSTI20EdlPaKeRcInKUsKMnUrUbPaBCIvitTIRkugdUcCaCRmkRTuDeRTam
anarchist / GñkGnaFibetyüniym ¬n¦ buKÁlEdlRbqaMgral;TRmg; nigrUbmnusSx©at;RBat;KµanpÞHsEm,gRCkekaNrYcehIyCab;eQµaHdUcenH
TaMgGs;énrdæaPi)al. rhUtmk.
Anasazi / RkumGaNasahSIú¬n¦RkumCnCatiedImGaemrikaMgEdlrs;enA assimilation / karmkrs;enAlayLMKña ¬n¦ karsRmbxøÜnrbs;Rkum

tameqñrsmuRTEdlmanRcaMgfµecaT² nig eRCaHRClgdgGUrenAtMbn; CnCatiPaKtickñúgvis½yCMenOnigrebobrbbrs;enAeTAtamvb,Fm’CnCati

hV½rxnn½r ¬EdlTIenaHsBVéf¶køayCaRbCurM dæGarIhSÚNa jÚvmiksuIkU kULÚr:adU PaKeRcIn.
nig G‘Utas¦cab;taMgBIRbEhl qñaM100dl;1300énRKisþskraC. Atlantic Charter / FmµnuBaØGatøg;Tik ¬n¦ esckþIRbkasqñaM 1941

annex / kat;TwkdIbBa©ÚlbEnßm ¬ki¦ karbBa©ÚlTwkdImYyeTAkñúgGgÁkar sþIGMBI eKalkarN_EdlkñúgenaHshrdæGaemriknigcRkPB Gg;eKøsEcg

neya)ayEdlmanRsab; dUcCardæ b¤ RbCaCatiCaedIm. c,as;GMBIeKaledAkñúgkarRbqaMgeTAnwgRkumsm<½n§Gak;suIs.
antebellum / EdlekIteLIgmuneBls®gÁam ¬Ku¦ Edlsßitkñúgsm½y Axis powers / Rkumsm<½n§Gak;suIs ¬n¦ RkumRbCaCati kñúgenaHrYmman

kalmuns®gÁamsuIvil. GaløWm:g; GuItalI nig Cb:un EdlRbqaMgnwgRkum sm<½n§mitþ.

Antifederalist / GñkniymRbqaMgshB½n§ ¬n¦ GñkRbqaMgCMTas; Aztec / CnCatiGahStic ¬n¦ CnCatiedImGaemrikkaMgEdltaMgTIlMenA

rdæaPi)alkNþalEdlmanlkçNHrwgmMa. enARClgPñMmiksuIkUenATsvtSr_TI12 ehIyeRkaymkvivDÆn_eTACacRkPB

appeasement / kareFVI[s¶b;edaysm,Tan ¬n¦ karpþl;nUvsm,Tan mYydEdlmanGMNac.
dl;rdæ)alEdlRbTUsrayedIm,IrkSasnþiPaB.
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

Appomattox Court House / salakþIGapUm:atUs ¬n¦ TIRkugmYy

enACitGaPUm:atUsrdævICInenoEdlenATIenaHelaklI)anRBmRbKl;[enA
B
baby boom / GaRtakMeNInTark ¬n¦karekIneLIgy:agelOnnUvGRta
éf¶TI 9 Exemsa qñaM1865 edIm,IbBa©b;s®gÁamsuIvil (37°N 79°W).
apprentice / GñkhVwkhat; ¬n¦ kmµkrTTYlkarhVwkhVWinGMBICMnajxag
kMeNItTarkenARbeTsGaemrikeRkayBIs®gÁamelakelIkTI2.
Bank of the United States / FnaKarshrdæGaemrik ¬n¦
CMnYj b¤ sib,kmµ CaTUeTAeRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;RKU.
Arbitration / mCÄtþvinicä½y ¬n¦ viFIsa®sþmYykñúgkaredaHRsayCemøaH
FnaKarCatiTaMgBIr Edl]btßmÖfvikaedayrdæshB½n§ nig vinieyaKinÉkCn
EdltamviFIenHPaKITaMgsgxagelIkeLIgnUvPaBmincuHsRmugKñanana EdlbegáIteLIgedayshsPa. FnaKarTImYybegáItenAqñaM 1791
cMeBaHmuxecARkmmYyrUbEdlPaKITaMgsgxagRBmeRBog[rkdMeNaH FnaKar TIBIrbegáIteLIgenAqñaM1816.
Battle of the Bulge / smrPUmieCaKC½y¬n¦karRbyuT§ry³eBl1Ex
Rsay[.
armistice / yuT§snþiPaB ¬n¦ karp¥aks®gÁam b¤kic©RBmeRBogbBa©b;
enAGMLúgs®gÁamelakelIkTI2 EdlkñúgenaHRkumsm<½n§mitþTTYl)aneCaK
CemøaHRbdab;GavuF. C½ykñúgkarvaybkelIkarvaylukd¾FMrbs;GaløWm:g;enAkñúgs®gÁamenaH.
Battle of Midway / smrPUmimItev: ¬n¦ smrPUmimYyenAGMLúg
Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) / kgT½B

saFarNrdæevotNam ¬eG>Ga>ev>Gin¦¬n ¦kgT½BevotNamxagt,ÚgEdl s®gÁam elakelIkTI2 EdlpÞúHeLIgenAedImExmifuna qñaM1942. Rkum

GaemrikcUlrYmCamYyedIm,Ivay RbqaMgnwgkumµúynisþ nig kgkmøaMgenA sm<½n§mitþkemÞckgnavaCb:unenAmItev:CaekaHmYysßitenAPaKBay½Büén rdæ
evotNamPaKxageCIgenAGMLúgs®gÁamevotNam. haév:. rYcehIyRkumsm<½n§mitþk¾vaylukcUltMbn;)a:suIhVikehIycab;epþIm
rMkilcUlkan;EtekokRbeTsCb:un.

MULTI-LANGUAGE GLOSSARY 89
 Battle of Wounded Knee / smrPUmiERBkRtÚvCgÁg; ¬n¦karsmøab; Black Panthers / xøarxinexµA ¬n¦ GgÁkarcat;taMgneya)ayrbs;
rgÁalBIsMNak;kgT½BGaemrikeTAelICnCatiedImGaemrikkaMgédTeTcMnYn CnCatiGaemrikedImkMeNItGaRhiVkEdlmanlkçNHCakgCIvBl begáIt
300nak; enAÉERBkRtÚvCgÁg; enAdakUtaPaKxagt,Úg enAqñaM1890. eLIgenAqñaM1966 eday h‘uy jÚtun nig bb b‘I suIl kñúgeKalbMNg
Beatles, the / Rkumt®nþIb‘Itfl ¬n¦ RkumePøgGg;eKøsEdlman\T§iBl RbyuT§RbqaMgnwgGMeBIeXareXArbs;bl:U is nig edIm,Ipþl;nUvesvakmµdl;
y:agxøaMgmkelIt®nþIRbCaRbiyenATsvtSr_qñaM1960. tMbn;TITal;Rk ¬CnCatiPaKtic¦.
KHMER

beat movement / clnasgÁmsil,³ ¬n¦ clnasgÁm nig sil,³ Black Power / clnaTamTarsiT§irbs;CnCatiEs,kexµA ¬n¦ Bakü

énTsvtSr_qñaM1960 Edlsgát;F¶n;eTAelIkarsEmþgecjBIkñúgcitþeday esøakbegáIteLIgeday sþÚklI xaém:xl enATsvtSr_qñaM1960 EdlCRmuj

pÞal; nig manlkçNHminRsbCamYynwgvb,Fm’PaKeRcIn. [manemaTnPaB nig PaBCaGñkdwknaMneya)aynig sgÁmsRmab;CnCati
Benin / GaNacRkebnIn ¬n¦ GaNacRkenATIVbGaRhVikxaglic Edl GaemrikedImkMeNItGaRhiVk.
vatTIenAtMbn;dIsNþr nIhÁ½r ¬sBVéf¶RbeTsnIehSrIy:a¦ cab;BIstvtSr_TI Black Tuesday / éf¶GgÁaresakesA ¬n¦ eQµaHEdleKsMedAéf¶TI

14 dl; 17. 29 Extula qñaM1929 EdleBlenaHtémøpSarPaKh‘unFøak;cuHy:agKMhuk.

Berlin airlift / kardwkCBa¢ÚntampøÚvGakasEb‘kLaMg ¬n¦ Rbtibtþikar Bleeding Kansas / TwkdIbgðÚrQamkan;sas; ¬n¦ eQµaHrbs;TwkdI

cMnYn327éf¶ EdlkñúgenaHynþehaHshrdæGaemrik nig Gg;eKøseFVIkar kan;sas; enAb:unµanqñaMmuneBlpÞúHs®gÁamsuIvil EdleBlenaHTwkdIenHkøay

ehaHehIrdwkCBa¢Únes,ógnigeRKOgpÁt;pÁg;cUleTAkñúgTIRkugEb‘kLaMgxag CasmrPUmivayRbyuT§KñarvagkgkmøaMgKaMRT nig RkumRbqaMgTasPaB.
lic eRkayBIsUevotbTpøÚvKmnaKmn_TIRkugnaqñaM1948. blitzkrieg / s®gÁamepøkbenÞar ¬n¦ BaküedIménPasaGaløWm:g; Edl

Berlin Wall / CBa¢aMgEb‘kLaMg ¬n¦ CBa¢aMgeFVIBIsuIm:gt_EdlEckTIRkug mann½yfa{s®gÁamepøkbenÞar}eBalKWkarvayRbharmYyb:RBibEPñknigCa

Eb‘kLaMg[dac;BIKña TImYyehAfa Eb‘kLaMgxagekItTIBIr Eb‘kLaMgxag RTg;RTayFMedaymankarcUlrYmCamYykgT½BGakasnigkgT½BefµIeCIgeFVI
lic cab;BIqñaM1961 dl;qñaM 1989 Edlsg;eLIgdayrdæaPi)alGaløWm:g; eLIgkñúgeKalbMNgseRmc)annUveCaKC½yy:agqab;rh½s.
kumµúynisþxagekItedIm,ITb;sáat;kuM[RbCaBlrdært;eTAxaglic. blockade / karbiTpøÚvmin[ecjcUl ¬n¦ kareRbIk):al; b¤kgT½BedIm,I

Bessemer process / viFIBiessplitEdkEfb ¬n¦ viFImYyEdl Tb;clnamin[rMkilcUlmk b¤[sßitenAq¶ayBI kMBg;Ep b¤ tMbn;Edl

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cMNaytic ehIymanTinñplx<s;kñúgkarplitEdkEfb EdlbegáIteLIg RKb;RKgedayRbeTsbc©amiRt.
enAGMLúgqñaM1850. bonanza farm / cmáarykS ¬n¦ cmáard¾FMmYyEdleKdaMdMNaMEtmYy

Bill of Rights / kRmgsiT§iÉktþCn ¬n¦ c,ab;viesaFnkmµeTAelI muxb:ueNÑaH.

rdæFmµnuBaØ shrdæGaemrik EdlbEnßmenAqñaM1791 nig mankRmgsiT§i Bonus Army / kgT½BTarbMNul¬n¦RkumTahaneCIgcas;mYyRkumenA

nigesrIPaBCamUldæanrbs;RbCaBlrdæ. GMLúgs®gÁamelakelIkTI1nigRkumRKÜsarrbs;BYkeKEdlnaMKñaedIrsMedA
bimetallism / TVielahniym ¬n¦ karniymeRbIrUbiyvtßúBIrmux KWmas mkTIRkugv:asuInetanDIsuIkalBIqñaM1932edIm,ITamTarR)ak;RtÚvbg;bEnßm
nig R)ak; enAkñúgRbB½n§rUbiyvtßúrbs;Cati. Edlrdæ)ansnüafanwgpþl;CUnsRmab;CafñÚrnwgkarbeRmIkgT½B.
black codes / c,ab;CnCatiEs,kexµA¬n¦c,ab;erIseGIgEdleKykmk bootlegger / GñkrksuIbitRsalYclak; ¬n¦ buKÁlEdllYcplitRsa

GnuvtþeBjPaKxagt,ÚgénTwkdIGaemrikeRkays®gÁam suIvilEdlc,ab;enH enA shrdæGaemrikenAGMLúgeBlmankMhat;.

rwtbnþwgCIvitrs;enArbs;CnCatiGaemrikedImkMeNItGaRhVikedayhamR)am Boston Massacre / karsmøab;rgÁalenAbussþún ¬n¦ karb:HTgÁic

skmµPaBmYycMnYndUcCakareFVIdMeNIreday KµankarGnuBaØatkarkan;GavuF rvag kgT½B Gg;eKøs nig GaNaniKmCnenAbussþúnkaBIqñaM 1770 Edl

cUlbeRmIkargarenAKN³vinicä½y eFVIksiNsakSI RbqaMgnwgCnCatiEs,ks kñúgeBl enaHmanGaNaniKmCncMnYn5nak;RtÚv)ansmøab;.
nig karerobkarCamYyCnCatiEs,ks. Boston Tea Party / yuT§nakarkMcat;Et¬n¦karcak;ecalnUvEtcMnYn

blacklist / bBa¢IEs,kEqá ¬n¦ bBa¢ImYyEdlmantYsMEdg GñkniBn§ 18>000epan cUleTAkñúgkMBg;EpbussþúnBIsMNak;GNaniKmCnenAqñaM

plitkr nig caghVagplitkmµcMnYn500nak;EdlminRtÚveKGnuBaØat[ 1773 edIm,Itv:anwgc,ab;eRbIR)as;Et.
eFVIkarenAkñúgExSPaBynþhUlIvUdedaysarGñkTaMgenaHRtÚveKecaTRbkan;
famanninñakarBYkkumµúynisþ.

90 THE AMERICANS
 Boulder Dam / l¥agRtBaMgfµ ¬n¦ CaTMnb;sg;enAelITenøkULÚr:adU cash crop / dMNaMesdækic© ¬n¦ dMNaMEdldaMedayksikrsRmab;lk;Ca
sBVéf¶ eKehAfa{TMnb;Twks¥at} Edlsg;enAGMLúgsm½y»nPaBEdlCa CagsRmab;eRbIR)as;pÞal;xøÜn.
EpñkmYy énkmµviFIsaFarN³ eFVIeLIgkñúgeKalbMNgCRmujvis½y Central Powers / mhaGMNackNþal ¬n¦ RkumRbCaCatimYyRkum

BaNiC¢kmµ nig pþl;kargareFVI. dwknaMedayGaløWm:g; GURTIs-hugRKI nig cRkPBGUtUEmn EdlRbqaMgnwg

Boxer Rebellion /karbHe)arGñkRbdal;¬n¦karbHe)arenAqñaM1900 sm<½n§mitþenAkñúgs®gÁamelakelIkTI1.
EdlkñúgeBlenaHsmaCikénsgÁmsm¶at;rbs;cinriHrkmeFüa)ayrMedaH checks and balances / karføwgGMNac ¬n¦ bBaØtþic,ab;EcgenA

KHMER
RbeTsecjBI\T§iBlrbs;elakxaglic. kñúgrdæFmµnuBaØshrdæGaemrikEdlTb;min[GgÁnItiRbtibtþiénrdæaPi)al
bracero /kmµkrsuIQñÜl ¬n¦ kmµkrCnCatimuiksuIkU EdleKGnuBaØat[ Gaemrik RKb;sgát;elIGgÁnItibBaØtþi nig GgÁtulakar.
cUlTwkdIshrdæGaemrikedIm,IeFVIkarmYyGMLúgeBlxøI enAkñúgs®gÁamelak Chinese Exclusion Act / c,ab;Gbriyab½nñCnCaticin ¬n¦ c,ab;

elIkTI2. Gnum½tenAqñaM1882EdlhamR)amCnCaticinTaMgGs;kuM[cUlmkTwkdI
bread line / kartRmg;CYrTTYlGahar ¬n¦ mnusStRmg;CYrrg;caMTTYl GaemrikelIkElgEtnisSitsa®sþacarüBaNiC¢kreTscr nig m®nþI
Gahareday\tKitéfø. rdæaPi)al.
brinkmanship / karKMramsRtÚv ¬n¦ karKMramsRtÚvfanwgvaysg Chisholm Trail / pøÚvRKIssUl ¬n¦ pøÚvbsustVBI sg;GagtUnIGU

swkvijedayeyaFaebImankarQøanBan. rdæticsaskat;tamGUkøahUma mkkaNasas;.

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka / krNIvivaTelI chlorination / viFIsm¥atTwk ¬n¦ viFImü:agkñúgkar sRmitTwk eday

bBaðaGb;rMenAtUeb:ka ¬n¦ CakrNImYyekIteLIgenAqñaM1954 Edlkñúg layCamYynwgCatiKImIkøÚrIGuIn.

vivaTenaHtulakarkMBUlecjsal dIkaseRmcfa {karGb;rMdac;edayELk CIA / es>GuI>Ga ¬n¦ TIPñak;garsm¶at;rbs;GaemrikEdlbegáIteLIgedIm,I

b:uEnþesµI²KñasRmab;nisSitEs,kexµA nig nisSitEs,ksmanlkçNH RbmUlBt’mansm¶at;BIrdæaPi)albreTs.

GFmµnuBaØPaB. Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) / Pñak;karKaMRTCnsuIvil

Bull Moose Party / KNbkSrmas)a¬n¦eQµaHrbs;KNbkSceRmIn ¬suI>suI>suI¦ ¬n¦Pñak;garEdlbegáIteLIgCaEpñkmYyénkmµviFIdMeNaHRsay

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EdlbegáIteLIgedIm,IKaMRTebkçPaBRbFanaFibtIrbs;elakrUsaEv:l enAqñaM fµI EdlykyuvCn yuvnarI KµankargareFVI[sagsg;pøÚvfñl; GPivDÆn_sYn

1912. kMsanþdaMedImeQI nig CYyKMeragRKb;RKgRcaMg)ak; nig TwkCMnn;.
buying on margin / TijPaKh‘unCMBak; ¬n¦ karTijPaKh‘uneday civil disobedience / karminsþab;bgÁab; ¬n¦ karbdiesFmineKarB

bg;PaKryticb:ueNÑaH eRkABIenaHKWCaR)ak;x©I. tamc,ab;TaMgLayEdlRtÚv)ancat;TukfamanlkçNHGyutþiFm’ eFVIdUcenH

kñúgeKalbMNgnaMmknUvkarpøas;bþÚrneya)ayrdæaPi)al. hinrI edvid fUr:U
C sresrGMBIkarminsþa b;bgÁab;enAstvtSr_ TI 19 ehIymeFüa)ayenHRtÚv
)anelIkdMekIgeday nItiviTU m:aTIn lUD½r XIg enAGMLúgskraCTamTarsiT§I
cabinet / KN³rdæm®nþI ¬n¦ Rkumm®nþIRbmuxRksYgnanaEdlbeRmIkar Blrdæ.
CaTIRbwkSarbs;RbFanaFibtI. Civil Rights Act of 1964 / c,ab;sþIGMBIsiT§iBlrdæqñaM1964 ¬n¦
Camp David Accords / kic©RBmeRBogexmedvId ¬n¦ kic©RBm
c,ab;Edlhammin [mankarerIseGIgedayehtuplBUCsasn_ ePT
eRBogCaRbvtþisa®sþrvagGuIRsaEGl nig eGhSIúb EdlcuHhtßelxa edImkMeNIt CnCati b¤ sasna enAtamTIsaFarN³ nig kEnøgeFVIkarPaK
enATIRkug exmedvId enAqñaM1978. eRcIn.
capitalism / mUlFnniym ¬n¦ RbB½n§esdækic©EdlkñúgRbB½n§enHbuKÁl
Civil Rights Act of 1968 / c,ab;sþIGMBIsiT§iBlrdæqñaM1964 ¬n¦
ÉktþCn nig saCIvkmµRKb;RKgmeFüa)ayplitkmµ ehIy eRbImeFüa)ay c,ab;Edlhammin [mankarerIseGIgenAkñúgeKhdæan¬T>928¦.
TaMgenaHedIm,IEsVgrkplcMeNj. civil service / rdæ)alsuIvil¬n¦saxaRKb;RKgrdæ)alminEmneyaFa.
carpetbagger / ebkçCnneya)ayEdlKµanTMnak;TMngkñúgmNÐl ¬n¦

GñkRsukEdleFVIdMeNIrBIPaKxageCIgeTAPaKxagt,ÚgeRkay
s®gÁamsuIvil.

MULTI-LANGUAGE GLOSSARY 91
 Clayton Antitrust Act / c,ab;ekøtunTb;Tl;nwgRtwsþ ¬n¦ c,ab; concentration camp / CMrMRbmUlpþúM ¬n¦ kEnøgXuMXaMgRKb;RKg
Gnum½tenAqñaM 1914 EdlkMNt;c,as;faCMnYjpþac;muxNamYycMnYnman eday BYkNahSúIenAGaløWm:g;EdlkñúgenaHCnCatiCIVhVnigRkumCnCatiepSg
lkçNH GnItüanukUl ehIyEdlkarBarsiT§irbs;shCIBkmµkr nig GgÁkar eTot EdlRtÚv)ancat;TukCaxµaMgrbs;GuIEtøenaHRtÚv)anbg¥t;Gahar[eFVIkar
ksidæan. CaTaskr b¤ RtÚvykeTAsmøab;ecal.
Cold War / s®gÁamRtCak; ¬n¦ sßanPaBmanRbTUsray edayKµan Confederacy / shB½n§rYm ¬n¦ rdæshB½n§Gaemrik CashB½n§rYm
KHMER

CemøaHeyaFaedaypÞal; EdlsPaBEbbenHekIteLIg rvagshrdæGaemrik begáIteLIgenAqñaM1861edayrdæPaKxagt,ÚgeRkayBIbMEbkecj

nig shPaBsUevoteRkay s®gÁmaelakelIkTI2. BIshPaB.
colonization / GaNaniKmniym ¬n¦ karbegáItnUvkartaMgTIlMenABI confederation / shrdæ ¬n¦ sm<½n§PaBEdlGnuBaØat[rdæb¤RbCaCati

cm¶ayedayRbeTsCaGaNaBüa)al. nanaeFVIskmµPaBrYmKñaelIbBaðaEdlTak;TgplRbeyaCn_eTAvijeTAmk.
Columbian Exchange / karedaHdUrenATwkdIkULMúb‘I ¬n¦ karedaHdUr conglomerate / saCIvkmµcRmuH¬n¦saCIvkmµFMmYyEdlmanRkumh‘un

KñanUvrukçCati bsustV nig CMgW rvag GDÆeKalxaglic nig GDÆeKalxag tUc²EdlmanmuxCMnYyepSg²Kña.

ekIt Edlcab;epþImenAkñúgdMeNIrtamnavakULúMbWselIkTI1. Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) / smaC

committees of correspondence / KN³kmµaFikareqøIyqøg GgÁkar]sSahkmµ¬suI>Gay>GU¦¬n¦GgÁkarBlkmµEdlRtÚvbeNþjecjBI

Bt’man ¬n¦ CaKN³kmµaFikarmYybegáIteLIgedayGaNaniKmCn shB½n§kmµkrGaemrikenAqñaM 1938.
Gaemrik edIm,I pøas;bþÚrBt’manGMBIkarKMramkMEhgrbs;Gg;eKøsmkelI Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) / smaCsmPaBCati

esrIPaBrbs;BYkeK. sasn_ ¬x½r¦¬n¦RkumcRmuHCatisasn_EdlbegáIteLIgenAqñaM 1942 eday

Committee to Reelect the President / KN³kmµaFikar elakeCmhVamm½redIm,IeFVIkarRbqaMgnwgvieyaKkmµCatisasn_enATIRkugPa
eRCIserIsRbFanaFibtICafµI ¬n¦ GgÁkarmYybegáIteLIgedIm,IerobcM KxageCIg.
yuT§nakare)aHeqñateLIg vijnaGaNtþirbs;elakRbFanaFibtIqñaM1972 conquistador / CnCatikugXVIstaD½r ¬n¦CnCatiedImeGs,ajmYyrUb

EdlEdlBak;B½n§eTAnwgkarbukTmøúHcUlTIsñak;karKN³kmµaFikarCati EdleFVIdMeNIrmkkan;TIVbGaemrikkñúgnamCaGñkrukrk nig Gñkkan;kab;TwkdI

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RbCaFibetyüEdlbNþal[manerOgGaRsUvv½tF½rehát. enAstvtSr_TI16.
Common Sense / suPnicä½y ¬n¦ lixitxøImYyrbs;elak fMm:as epn conscientious objector / GñkRbqaMgnwgs®gÁam ¬n¦ buKÁlEdl

Edle)aHpSayenAqñaM1776 EdlGMBavnav[mankarEbkecjBI bdiesFmincUlrYmkñúgs®gÁamedayehtuplsIlFm’.

GaNaniKmGg;eKøs. conscription / karekNÐT½B ¬n¦ karekNÐBlrdæ[beRmIkgT½B.

communism / lT§ikumµúynisþ ¬n¦ RbB½n§esdækic© nig neya)ayEdl conservation / GPirkS¬n¦karRKb;RKgEdlmankareRKagTukeTAelI

Ep¥kelIrdæaPi)alman1KN³bkSehIykmµsiT§ielIRTBüsm,tþisßitkñúgéd FnFanFmµCati EdlTak;TgnwgkarkarBartMbn;TIrehadæan nig

rbs;rdæ. karGPivDÆn_kEnøgepSgeTotedIm,IplRbeyaCn_rYm.
Compromise of 1850 / kic©sRmbsRmÜlqñaM1850 ¬n¦ viFankar conservative coalition / sm<½n§PaBGPirkS ¬n¦ sm<½n§PaBbegáIt

nanaecjBIsmaCeFVIeLIgedIm,IedaHRsaykarmincuHsRmugKñaFM²rvag eLIgenABak;kNþalTsvtSr_qñaM1960rvagRkumsþaMniymEdlRbqaMgeTA
rdæesrI nig rdæeRkambgÁab;. nwgrdæaPi)alFM.
Compromise of 1877 / kic©sRmbsRmÜl1877 ¬n¦ viFankar consolidation / karrYmcUlKña ¬n¦ karrYmrYm b¤ karbBa©ÚlKña.

nana ecjBIsmaCEdleRkamviFankarTaMgenHsmaCikKNbkS consumerism / karkarBarplRbeyaCn_GtifiCn¬n¦karmémKitEt

RbCaFibetyü yl;RBmTTYlebkçPaBKNbkSsaFarNrdærUD½rhV½dehCa GMBIkarTijplitkmµCasmÖar³.

RbFanaFibetyüebITukCaelak)at;sMeLgeqñatRbCaBlrdæk¾eday. containment / karraraMg\T§iBl¬n¦karTb;sáat;karb:unb:grbs;RbeTs

viFankarTaMgenHrYmman kardkkgT½BrdæshB½n§ecjBIrdæPaKxagt,Úg mYykuM[BRgIk\T§iBlrbs;xøÜn CaBiesskic©xitxMRbwgERbgrbs;shrdæ

fvikasRmab;GPivDÆn_ ehdæarcnasm<½n§rdæxagt,ÚgnigkarEtgtaMgsmaCik GaemrikkñúgkarTb;min[sUevotrIksay\T§iBlrbs;xøÜnenAcugTsvtSr_qñaM
KNrdæm®nþIGPirkSrdæPaKxagt,Úg. 1940 nig edImTsvtSr_qñaM 1950.

92 THE AMERICANS
 Contract with America / kic©snüaCamYyGaemrik ¬n¦ Éksar
EdlRtÚv)anRBag eLIgedaytMNagBlrdæelak jÚv hÁIgrIc ehIycuH D
htßelxa edayebkçPaBKNbkSsaFarNrdæCag300 rUbenAqñaM1994 Dawes Act / c,ab;devs ¬n¦ c,ab;Gnum½tenAqñaM1887 Edltak;Etg
edayEcgc,as;GMBIrebobvar³énGgÁ nItibBaØtþiGPirkS niymrbs;KNbkS eLIgedIm,IGaemrikaMgPavUbnIykmµeTAelICnCatiedIm GaemrikaMg
saFarNrdæ. edayEck dIEdlbRmugTukeTA[kmµsiT§krÉktþCn.
Contras / kgkmøaMgRbqaMgbdivtþn_ ¬n¦RkumbHe)arnIhÁar:ah½ÁrEdlTTYl D-Day / DIed ¬n¦ eQµaHEdleKeRbIsMKal;éf¶TI 6 Exmifuna qñaM1944 Ca

KHMER
CMnYyBIrdækarelakRbFanaFibtIrIehÁn enA kñúgkic©xitxM RbwgERbgpþÜlrlM éf¶EdlRkumsm<½n§mitþcab;epþImkarvaylukCaelIkdMbUgcUlEdndIGWr:ubenA
rdæaPi)alsanDInnIsþa enATsvtSr_qñaM1980. GMLúgs®gÁamelakelIkTI2.
convoy system /k,ÚnGnuKmN_¬n¦karkarBarnavaGñkCMnYjBIkarvay debt peonage / bMNulesvPaB ¬n¦RbB½n§mYyEdlkmµkrmancMNg
Rbharrbs;navamuCTwkGaløWm:g;EdlmanTRmg;GkSr {yU}. karkarBarenH Ktiyutþpþl;nUvkarbeRmIluHdl;éf¶EdlbMNulenaHRtÚvsgGs;.
KWmankarEhrhmedayRkumCa eRcInEdlCiHnavacm,aMg. Declaration of Independence / esckþIRbkasÉkraCü ¬n¦
Copperhead / Bs;kMNac ¬n¦ smaCikKNbkSRbCaFibetyüPaK Éksar EdlsresredayfMm:as echV½rsun enAqñaM1776 EdlkñúgenaH
xageCIgEdlbegáItsnþiPaBCamYyshB½n§rYmenAGMLúgs®gÁamsuIvil. RbtiPUénsmaCTVIb)anRBkasÉkraCüPaBelIGaNaniKmBIcRkPB
cottage industry/]sSahkmµenApÞH ¬n¦RbB½n§plitkmµEdlkñúgenaH Gg;eKøs.
eragcRkpþl;nUvsmÖar³edIm,Iplitrbs;rbbrenApÞH. de facto segregation / vieyaKkmµtamRBwtþn½y ¬n¦ karbMEbk
cotton gin / m:asuInbnøicRKab;kb,as ¬n¦ m:asuInRbelHRKab;kb,as Catisasn_eTAtamkarGnuvtþCak;Esþg nig tamTmøab; minEmntamc,ab;
EdlpliteLIgeday eGlI vItnI enAqñaM1793. GnuBaØatenaHeT.
counterculture / vb,Fm’Rcas ¬n¦ vb,Fm’rbs;yuvv½yEdlRcan deficit spending / »nPaBcMNay ¬n¦ karcMNayfvikarrbs;
ecalsgÁmPaKeRcInrbs;GaemrikenAkñúgTsvtSr_qñaM1960edayriHrk rdæaPi)al mancMnYneRcInCagR)ak;cMNUlEdlxøÜnTTYl)an ¬T>698¦.
meFüa)aybegáItsgÁm fµImYyepSgeTotedayyksnþiPaB esckþIRslaj; de jure segregation / vieyaKkmµtampøÚvc,ab; ¬n¦ karbMEbkCati
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

nig esrIPaBrbs;buKÁlCamUldæan . sasn_kMNt;edayc,ab;.

credibility gap / kgVHTMnukcitþ¬n¦esckþIminTukcitþrbs;saFarN³ Democratic-Republican /KNbkSsaFarNrdæRbCaFibetyü
cMeBaHesckþIEføgrbs;rdæaPi)al. ¬n¦ KNbkSneya)ayEdlKaMRTdl;rdæaPi)alrbs;rdæEdlmanGMNac
credit / karTijeCO ¬n¦ karerobcMmYyEbbEdlkñúgenaHGñkTijCavrbs; xøaMg EdlKNbkSenHbegáIteLIgedayelak fMm:as echV½rsun enAqñaM
rYceTIbbg;luyeBleRkay CaerOy²edaykarbg; rMelaHbnþicmþgehIy 1792 RbqaMgCamYynwgKNbkSGPirkSniym.
mankarR)ak;eTotpg. deregulation / vibBaØtþi¬n¦karkat;bBaØtþirdæshB½n§sþIGMBI]sSahkmµ
Crédit Mobilier / Rkumh‘uneRkDitm:Ub‘Il½r ¬n¦ Rkumh‘unsMNg;mYy ecal.
begáIteLIgenAqñaM1864 eFVIGaCIvkmµeTAelIpøÚvreTsePøIgmaneQµaHfa détente / karbn§ÚrPaBtantwgEPñkTMnak;TMngGnþrCati¬n¦ eKal
yUnan )a:suIhVik er:lr:Ut ehIym©as;PaKTunTaMgenHbnøMykplRbeyaCn_ neya)ayTn;Pøn; Tak;TgnwgqnÞ³kñúgkarcrca nig bn§ÚrbnßyPaBtantwg
ecjBIpøÚvfñl;eFVICaRbeyaCn_pÞal;xøÜnrbs;BYk eK. EdleKalneya)ayenHGnum½tedayelakRbFanaFibtI rIqat nicsun nig
Crusades / karvayRbharrbs;RbCaCnGWr:ub ¬n¦ karvayRbyuT§tam TIRbwkSarbs;elak KW ehnrI XIssuIgeCI kñúgkaredaH RsaybBaðaCamYynwg
pøÚveyaFarbs;RKisþsasnikcUleTAkñúgmCÆimbUBa’qñaM1096 nig 1270 RbCaCatikan;lT§ikumµúynisþ.
énRKisþskraC edIm,IbeNþjBYkmUsøImecjBITwkdIhUlIELn. direct relief / CMnYys®gÁaHpÞal; ¬n¦ karpþl;R)ak; b¤ es,ógGahar
cult of domesticity / CMenORKÜsarniym ¬n¦ CMenOEdlfa®sþIEdl BIsMNak;rdæaPi)alpÞal;eTAdl;RbCaCnEdlkMBugEtxVHxat.
erobkarehIyKYrEtkRmitskmµPaBrbs;xøÜncMeBaHpÞHsEm,g nig RKÜsar. division of labor / karEbgEckkargar ¬n¦ karcat;taMgkic©kar nig

karTTYlxusRtÚvepSg²dl;Rkum b¤ buKÁlepSgKña.

MULTI-LANGUAGE GLOSSARY 93
 Dixiecrat / daysuIGuIr:at ¬n¦ RbtiPUmYyrUbEdltv:aRbqaMgeTAnwgeKal Eisenhower Doctrine / RTwsþIeGsinhUv½r ¬n¦ kartaMgcitþrbs;
neya)aysiT§iBlrdærbs;elakRbFanaFibtIRTÚEmnEdledIrecjBIsnñi)at shrdæGaemrikkñúgkarkarBarmCÄimbUBa’min[mankarvayRbharBIRbeTs
RbCaFibetyüCati eTAbegáItKNbkSRbCaFibetyüsiT§irdæ. kumµúynisþNamYyeLIyEdlRTwsþIenHRbkaseLIgedayelak
dollar diplomacy / eKalneya)ayCHTwkR)ak; ¬n¦eKalneya)ay RbFanaFibtI vIt eGsinhUv½renAqñaM1957.
rbs;shrdæGaemrikkñúgkareRbIR)as;GN M acesdækic©rbs;xøÜnedIm,IeRbIelectoral college / KN³Gñke)aHeqñat ¬n¦ RkumGñktMNagEdl

\T§iBleTAelIRbeTsepSgeTot. eRCIserIseLIgedayrdæedIm,I[eTAe)aHeqñateRCIserIsRbFanaFibtI nig

KHMER

domino theory / RTwsþIdUmINU ¬n¦ KMnitEdlyl;eXIjfaRbsinebI GnuRbFanaFibtI EdlkñúgenaHRkumGñke)aHeqñatrbs;rdæ mancMnYnesµIKña

RbCaCatimYyFøak;eRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;kumµúynisþ RbCaCatienAEk,renaH eTAnwgcMnYnsmaCikRBwT§sPa nigtMNagenAkñúg sPa rbs;rdæenaHEdr.
k¾ nwgFøak;cUleTAkñúgkarRKb;RKgrbs;kumµúynisþEdr. emancipation / kar[rYcCaGñkCa ¬n¦ karedaHElgTaskr.

dotcom / dt;xM ¬n¦ kic©karEdlTak;Tgnwgb¤eFVIeLIgenAkñúgGuInFWeNt. Emancipation Proclamation / esckþIRbkas[rYcCaGñkCa ¬n¦

double standard / maRtdæaneTV ¬n¦ bNþúMéneKalkarN_Edlpþl; bTbBa¢aBIGgÁnItiRbtibtþiEdlecjedayelak GaR)aham lInxun enAéf¶TI

esrIPaBxagpøÚvePTdl;burseRcInCag®sþI. 1 Ex mkra qñaM 1863 edaHElgTaskrenARKb;tMbn;TaMgGs;enAeRkay
dove / snþiPaBniymCn ¬n¦ buKÁlEdlRbqaMgnwgs®gÁamevotNam KMnUssm<½n§niym.
ehIyeCOfashrdæGaemrikKYrEtdkfyecjBITwkdI evotNam. embargo / ninñivarN_ ¬n¦ karhamXat;rbs;rdæaPi)aleTAelIvis½y

Dow Jones Industrial Average/ viFansÞg;mFümPaK]sSahkmµ CMnYjCamYyRbeTsmYy b¤RbeTsepSgeTot.

dUcUn ¬n¦ CargVas;mYyEdlEp¥kelItémøénPaKh‘unrbs;Rkumh‘unFM²30 encomienda / karpþl;esvaBlkmµ ¬n¦ RbB½n§EdlkñúgenaHGaCJaFr

EdleKykeTAeRbIR)as;y:agTUlayCa)ar:UEmRtvas;sßanPaBTIpSar eGs,ajbgçM[BlkrCnCatiGaemrikedImeFIVCa´beRmIdl;m©as;dI
PaKh‘un. GaNaniKm.
downsize / kat;bnßybuKÁlik ¬ki¦ edjneyaCitGcié®nþy_kñúgeKal Enlightenment / viFITajykR)aCJaCalkçNHGg;eKøs ¬n¦ rMeBIk

bMNg[RbtibtþikarRkumh‘unRbRBwtþeTAedaypþl;pll¥ehIysnSMsMéc bBaØaenAstvtSr_TI18Edlsgát;F¶n;eTAelIkareRbIR)as;ehtupl nig

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R)ak;. viFIsa®sþtamEbbviTüasa®sþCameFüa)ayTTYl)annUvcMeNHdwg.
draft / kMENn ¬n¦ karcuHeQµaHcUlbeRmIkgT½BedaykartRmÚv. entitlement program / kmµviFIpþl;siT§i ¬n¦ kmµviFIrbs;rdæaPi)al

Dust Bowl / valxSac; ¬n¦ tMbn; dUcCa ticsas; GUkøahUm:a kan;sas; dUcCanirP½ysgÁm suxaPi)al EdlFana nig pþl;nUvplRbeyaCn_dl;
kULÚr:adU nig jÚmiksuIkU EdlminGaceFVIERscmáar)anedaysareRKaHraMgs¶Üt
RkumNamYy.
nig xül;KYc enAGMLúgTsvtSr_qñaM1930. entrepreneur / shRKin ¬n¦ GñkerobcM Rbtibtþi nig Rbfuynwgkar

xatbg;xagCMnYj.
E environmentalist / brisßanCn ¬n¦ GñkEdleFVIkaredIm,IkarBar

brisßan min[manhaynPaB nig eFVI[kxVk;.

Earth Day / Tivabrisßan ¬n¦ BiFIGb;rMGMBIbrisßan EdlR)arB§eLIgCa
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) / Pñak;garKaMBar
erogral;qñaMenAéf¶TI22Exemsa. brisßan ¬n¦ Pñak;garshB½n§EdlbegáIteLIgenAqñaM1970 edIm,Icat;Ecg
Economic Opportunity Act / c,ab;»kasesdækic© ¬n¦ c,ab;
RKb;RKgeTAelIkareFVI[Twk kxVk; nig bMBulxül;Gakas sRmamman
Gnum½tenAqñaM1964 Edlpþl;nUvfvikasRmab;begáItkmµviFIyuvv½y viFankar CatiBul fñaMsmøab;stVl¥it nig cMhayviTúüúskmµ.
RbqaMgnwgPaBRkIRk R)ak;km©IsRmab;shRKasFntUc nig karhVwkhat; Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) / c,ab;viesaFn kmµeTAelI
kargar. smsiT§i ¬GIur:a¦¬n¦ esckþIesñIc,ab;viesaFnkmµ ¬b:uEnþmin)anseRmc¦ eTA
egalitarianism / smPaBniym ¬n¦ CMenOEdlfaRbCaCnTaMgGs;
elIrdæFmµnuBaØ shrdæGaemrikEdlebIcUlCaFrmannwgmanGanuPaB
KYrEtmansiT§iBlrdæ siT§isgÁmkic© siT§iesdækic© nig siT§ineya)ay hamR)am min[mankarerIseGIgBIsMNak;rdæaPi)aledaysarmUlehtu
esµI²Kña. ePTxusKña.

94 THE AMERICANS
 Erie Canal / ERBkCIk GuIrI ¬n¦ RbLayTwkmanRbEvg363 m:ayEdl Federal Communications Commission (FCC) / KN³
P¢ab;BI sÞwghat;sun eTAnwgbwgGuIrI Edlsg;eLIgenAcenøaH qñaM 1817 dl; kmµkarTTYlbnÞúkKmnaKmn_shB½n§ ¬eGhV>suI>suI¦¬n¦ Pñak;garEdl
1825. erobcMRKb;RKg]sSahkmµKmnaKmn_kñúg enaHmanTaMgkarpSayviTüú nig
Espionage and Sedition Acts / c,ab;sþIGMBIcarkmµ nig karnaMbH TUrTsSn_ pgEdr.
e)ar ¬n¦ c,ab;BIr EdlmYyGnum½tenAqñaM1917 nig c,ab;mYyeTotGnum½t Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) ¼
enAqñaM1918Edlc,ab;TaMgBIrenHdak;TNÐkmµy:agF¶n;F¶reTAelICnNaEd saCIvkmµFanaR)ak;shB½n§¬eGhV>DI>Gay>suI¦¬n¦ Pñak;garbegáIteLIg

KHMER
lbg¥ak;b¤niyayRbqaMgnwgkarcUlrYmrbs;shrdæGaemrikenAkñúgs®gÁam enAqñaM1933edIm,IFanadl;KNnIyFnaKarbs;buKÁledaykarBarmin[
elakelIkTI1. RbCaCnmankarxatbg;edaysarkarxatbg;rbs;FnaKar.
excise tax / Bn§Gakr ¬n¦ Bn§elIplitpl karlk; b¤ kareRbIR)as; Federal Home Loan Bank Act / c,ab;sþIGMBIFanaKarx©IR)ak;
rbs; rbr EdlplitenAkñúgRbeTsmYy. shB½n§ ¬n¦ c,ab;Gnum½tenAqñaM1931 EdlbnßyGaRtaGuIb:UEtk nig
executive branch / GgÁnItiRbtibtþi ¬n¦ GaCJaFrEdlRKb;RKg nig GnuBaØat[ksikr pþl;R)ak;saCafµIcMeBaHkarR)ak;rbs;Kat; nig eCosvag
Gnuvtþc,ab;. kuM[manbNþwgpþac;RTBübBa©aM.
exoduster / Cnpøas;TIlMenA ¬n¦ CnCatiGaemrikedImkMeNItGaRhVik federalism / shB½n§niym ¬n¦ RbB½n§neya)ayEdlkñúgenaH
Edlpøas;TIBIPaKxagt,ÚgeTAkan;sas;enAGMLúgqñaMeRkaysm½yksag rdæaPi)alkNþal nig GgÁnItibBaØtþirdæ dUcCaGaCJaFrrdænana EckrMElk
RbeTseLIgvij. GMNacKñakñúgkarRKb;RKg.
extortion / karCRmit¬n¦kareRbItYnaTIpøÚvkaredayxusc,ab;edIm,ITTYl
Federalists / shB½n§niymCn ¬n¦ GñkKaMRTrdæFmµnuBaØ nig rdæaPi)al
)annUvRTBüsm,tþi b¤fvika. kNþalxøaMg.
Federalist, The / sMeNrkarBarrdæFmµnuBaØ ¬n¦ niBn§Caes‘rI Edl

F karBar nig Bnül;GMBIrdæFmµnuBaØ EdlsresreLIgeday GaLic san;dW

EhmItun eCm m:aDIsun nig cn ec.
Fair Deal / dMeNaHRsaysmFm’ ¬n¦ kmµviFIesdækic©rbs;RbFanaFibtI

harI RTUEmn EdlCakmµviFIBRgIk{eKalneya)ayfµI} rbs; elakERhVglIn Federal Reserve System / RbB½n§bRmugshB½n§ ¬n¦ RbB½n§
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rUsWEvl EdlkñúgenaHmanviFankarnanakñúgkarbegáInR)ak;QñÜl[x<s; FnaKar Cati begáIteLIgenAqñaM1913 EdlRKb;RKgkarpÁt;pÁg;luy nig

BRgIkesvanirP½ysgÁm nig pþl; nUvpÞHsEm,gdl;RKÜsarEdlmanR)ak; \NTan enAkñúgRbeTs.
Federal Securities Act / c,ab;mUlFnb½RtshB½n§ ¬n¦ c,ab;
cMnUlTab.
Family Assistance Plan / EpnkarCMnYyRKÜsar ¬n¦ esckþIesñIEk
Gnum½tenAqñaM1933 EdltRmUv[saCIvkmµpþl;nUvBt’maneBjelj nig
TRmg;suxmalPaB EdlGnum½tedaysPaCatienAqñaM1970b:uEnþRtÚvCMTas; suRkit sþIGMBIkarpþl;h‘un.
edayRBwT§sPaEdlesckþIesñIc,ab;enHebImanGanuPaBGnuvtþKWGacFana[ Federal Trade Commission (FTC) / KN³kmµkarBaNiC¢kmµ
manR)ak;cMnUldl;GñkEdlTTYlsuxmalPaBTaMgLayNaEdlRBmeRBog shB½n§ ¬eGhV>FI>suI¦¬n¦ Pñak;garshB½n§begáIt eLIgenAqñaM1914 edIm,I
TTYlyknUvkarhVwkhVWnkargar nig TTYlykkargareFVI. esuIbGegát nig QaneTAbBaÄb;kareFVICMnYj.
feminism / ®sþIniym ¬n¦ CMenOEdlfa®sþIKYrEtsmPaBEpñkesdækic©
Farmers’ Alliances / sm<½n§PaBksikr ¬n¦ Rkumksikr b¤ CnTaMg

LayEdlmansmancitþnwgbBaðaeFVIERscmáarEdlbBa¢ÚnRKÚ]eTÞsBITIRbCuM neya)ay nig sgÁm CamYyburs.

Fifteenth Amendment / c,ab;viesaFnkmµTI15 ¬n¦ viesaFnkmµ
CnmYyeTATIRbCuMCnmYyeTotedIm,IGb;rMRbCaCn[yl;GMBIbBaðaksikmµ
nig CnbT. rdæFmµnuBaØshrdæGaemrik EdlGnum½tenAqñaM1870 Edlc,ab;viesaFnkmµ
fascism / hVassuIsniym ¬n¦ KMnitneya)ayEdlKaMRTnUvrdæaPi)al
enHhamR)ammin[bdiesFsiT§ie)aHeqñatrbs;RbCaCn edayehtupl
xøaMgmanlkçNHmCÄkar nig Catiniym EdldwknaMedayGñkpþac;kard¾man Catisasn_ b¤ BN’sm,úr b¤ edayehtuplfa GñkTaMgenaHCaGtItTaskr
GMNac. enaHeT.

MULTI-LANGUAGE GLOSSARY 95
 “Fifty-Four Forty or Fight!” / {hasibbYn Essib b¤k¾karvay Freedom Summer / esrIPaBenArdUvekþA ¬n¦ KeRmagkmµviFIqñaM
ykEtmþg} ¬n¦ BaküesøakeRbIeRbIenAGMLúgeBlyuT§nakare)aHeqñat 1964 begáIteLIgedIm,IcuHeQµaHCnCatiGaemrikaMgedImkM enItGaRhVik enA
RbFanaFibtI enAqñaM 1844 EdlCakarGMBavnav[mankarbBa©ÚlTwkdI mIsuIsuIPI.
GUrIhÁúg TaMgmUl[eTACaTwkdIshrdæGaemrik. Freeport Doctrine / RTwsþIRhVIpt ¬n¦ KMnit rbs;elak sÞIvvin DUkøas

flapper / ®sþIminFmµta ¬n¦ RsþIekµgmanKMnitesrI EdlRkesabyk enAqñaM1858 EdlfaTwkdINamYyk¾GacbdiesFTasPaB)anEdr eday

KHMER

nUvm:Ud eBjniym nig critlkçNHGñkTIRkugenATsvtSr_ qñaM 1920. RKan;EtbdiesFminRBmGnum½tc,ab;KaMRTc,ab;enaHeTACakareRsc .

flexible response / kareqøIytbedayEp¥keTAelIkal³eTs³ ¬n¦ Free-Soil Party / KNbkSTwkdIesrI ¬n¦ KNbkSneya)aybegáIt

eKalneya)aybegáIteLIgenAGMLúgrdækarRbFanaFibtIekNÑWDI Edl eLIgenAqñaM1848edIm,ICMTas;eTAnwgkarBRgIkTasPaBenAkñúgTwkdI

niyayGMBIkarerobcM[mankareqøIytbtamEbbeyaFacMeBaHvibtþiGnþrCati Gaemrik.
CaCagepþateTAelIkareRbIGavuFnuyekøEG‘. Free Speech Movement / clnaniyayesrI ¬n¦ GgÁkarEdlcab;

Foraker Act / c,ab;hV½rer:X½r ¬n¦ c,ab;Gnum½tedayshsPaenAqñaM bdisn§ieLIgenAqñaM1964 Edlb:HTgÁicrvagnisSit nig GñkRKb;RKgenA

1900 EdlEcgfashrdæGaemrikRtÚvbBa©b;rbbdwknaMedayeyaFa enAkñúg saklviTüal½ykalIhV½rj:a rdæeb‘IklI.
RbeTsB½rtUrIkU ehIybegáItnUvrdæaPi)alsuIvilmYy. French and Indian War / s®gÁam)araMg\NÐa ¬n¦ CemøaHenA

Fordney-McCumber Tariff / GaRtaBn§naMcUl hV½dnI XüÚmb‘½r GaemrikxageCIg cab;BIqñaM1754 dl; 1763 EdlCaEpñkmYyénkarts‘U
¬n¦ bNþúMénbTbBaØtþi Gnum½tedayshsPaenAqñaM1922 EdlbegáIn CalkçNH BiPBelak rvag)araMg nig Gg;eKøs ehIys®gÁamenHbBa©b;eTA
GRtaBn§elI \v:an;naMcUl edImI,karBarRkumh‘unGaemrik kuM[mankarRbkYt eday)araMgCaGñkcaj;ehIy)anepÞrTwkdIkaNadaniyayPasa)araMgmk[
RbECgCamYybreTs. cRkPBGg;eKøs.
forty-niner / Gñkrt;rkePaKRTBü ¬n¦ GñkEdlpøas;TImktaMgTIlMenAfµI Fugitive Slave Act / c,ab;TaskrePosxøÜn ¬n¦ c,ab;Gnum½tCaEpñk

enAkalIhV½rj:aedIm,IEsVgrkePaKRTBü eRkayeBlEdleKrkeXIjEr:mas mYyéneKalkarN_sRmbsRmÜlqñaM1850 EdleFVIeLIgedIm,IFanafa

enATIenaH kalBIqñaM1848. Taskr Edlrt;ePosxøÜnGacRtUv)aneKcab;[RtLb;mkCab;cMNg

Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

Fourteen Points / eKalkarN_14cMnuc ¬n¦ eKalkarN_begáIt TasPaBvij.
Epnkarrbs;RbFanaFibtIvUdrU vIlsun edIm,I[mansnþiPaBBiPBelak Fundamentalism / karniymKm<Irtwgrwg ¬n¦ clnasasnanikay

eRkays®gÁamelakelIkTI1. RbUetssþgEdlRbkan;CMenOfaRKb;dMeNIrerOg nig karbriyayy:agBisþar

Fourteenth Amendment / c,ab;viesaFnkmµTI14 ¬n¦ enAkñúgKm<IrsuT§EtBitTaMgGs;.
viesaFnkmµ eTAelIrdæFmµnuBaØshrdæGaemrik EdlGnum½tenAqñaM 1868
Edlc,ab; viesaFnkmµenHeFVI[RbCaCnTaMgGs; eTaHCamankMeNItekItCa
enAshrdæ Gaemrik b¤ cUlsBa¢ati rYmTaMgTaskrpgkøayCaBlrdæ
G
Gadsden Purchase / karTijTwkdImiksuIkU ¬n¦ karTijeFVIeLIgenA
GaemrikaMgRsbc,ab; ehIyFananUvkarkarBaresµI²KñacMeBaHmuxc,ab.
franchise / siT§ieRbIyIeha ¬n¦ Rkumh‘unEdl)anTijsiT§ikñúgkareRbI
qñaM1853edayshrdæGaemrikBIRbeTsmiksuIkU EdlbegáIt)anCa
eQµaH nig viFIsa®sþrbs;Rkumh‘unmYyeTot edIm,I[Rkumh‘unfµIenaHkøayCa RBMRbTl; Gaemrik-miksuIkU mkdl;sBVéf¶enH.
Rkumh‘un EdlmanlkçNHdUcKñaeTAnwgRkumh‘undéTeTotenAtMbn;epSg². gag rule / viFanbiTmat; ¬n¦ viFanEdlkRmit b¤ hammin[mankar
Freedmen’s Bureau / kariyal½yCMnYyTaskrRhVIdEmn ¬n¦
BiPakSaGMBIbBaðaGIVmYy.
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) / kic©
Pñak;garshB½n§EdlbegáIteLIgedIm,ICYyGtItTaskreRkayBIs®gÁam
suIvil. RBmeRBogTUeTAsþIGMBIBn§ ¬háat;¦¬n¦ kic©RBmeRBogGnþrCatiEdlcuH
freedom rider / GñkCiHrfynþedIm,IesrIPaB ¬n¦skmµCnmYyrUbEdl
htßelxadMbUgenAqñaM1947. enAqñaM1994 shrdæGaemrik nig RbeTs
CiHrfynþRkugBIeBjPaKxagt,ÚgenAedImTsvtSr_qñaM1960 edIm,Ip©aj;tb epSgeTot)anGnum½tGtßbTc,ab;enH fµImYyeTot. sn§isBaØaenHbnßy
eTAnwgkarbMEbkCatisasn_. r)aMgBaNiC¢kmµdUcCaBn§elI\v:an;naMcUlehIy begáItGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµ
BiPBelakEdlmansmtßkic©edaHRsayvivaTBaNiC¢kmµ.

96 THE AMERICANS
 genetic engineering / karbgáat;BUC ¬n¦ viePTeTAelIekasikaEbb graft / GMeBIBukrlYy ¬n¦ kareRbI\T§iBlneya)ayxusc,ab;edIm,Ipl
srIragviTüaedIm,IbegáIt)anCa)ak;etrI rukçCati nig stVRbePTfµI . RbeyaCn_pÞal;xøÜn.
Geneva Accords / kic©RBmeRBogTIRkughSWENv ¬n¦ kic©RBmeRBog grandfather clause / xbn§Úrbnßy ¬n¦ bTbBaØtþiEdlelIkElg

snþiPaBqñaM1954EdlEbgEckRbeTsevotNamCaBIrEpñkmçagCaevotNam RbCaCnmYycMnYnBIc,ab;edayEp¥kelIkal³eTs³EdlkMBugmankalBIeBl
xageCIgEdlRKb;RKgedaykumµúynisþmçageTotCaevotNamxagt,ÚgEdl munCaBiessCaxEdlmanEcgenAkñúgrdæFmµnuBaØénrdæmYycMnYnenAPaKxag
minEmnkumµúynisþrhUtdl;kare)aHeqñatbRgÜbbRgÜmeFVIeLIgenAqñaM1956. t,ÚgEdl)anelIkElgdl;CnCati Es,ks min caM)ac;[CnCatiEs,ks

KHMER
genocide / GMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_ ¬n¦ karsmøab;bMputBUCedayectna bMeBjtRmÚvkartwgrwgeBkeTeFVIdUcenHKWedIm,IkuM[CnCatiEs,kexµAGac
nig CaRbB½n§eTAelIRkumCatisasn_ RkumCnCati b¤ Rkum sasna. e)aHeqñat)an.
Gentlemen’s Agreement / kic©RBmeRBogCakitþiys ¬n¦ kic©RBm Grange / GgÁkarpÞHGñkERs ¬n¦ GgÁkarbeRmIEpñksgÁm nig Gb;rM Edl

eRBogqñaM1907-1908 edayrdæaPi)alCb:unedIm,IkRmitnirevsn_CnCati tamry³GgÁkarenHksikrb:unb:gRbyuT§RbqaMgnwg GMNacrbs;Rkumh‘un

Cb:uncUlTwkdIshrdæGaemrik. Gysµ½yyanenAcugstvtSr_TI19.
gentrification / karsßaPaBRTuDeRTamRTBüsm,tþiTIRkug ¬n¦ dMeNIr Grapes of Wrath, The / bNþúMkMhwg ¬n¦ erOgRbelamelakmYy

karsþareLIgvijnUvRTBüsm,tþiEdlRTuDeRTam EdlkarsþarenH eFVIeLIg niBn§eday cn esþneb‘k Edle)aHpSayenAqñaM1939 EdlniyayGMBI

eday RbCaCnvNѳkNþalehIyEdllT§pleRcInEtnaMdl;karbnøas;TI erOgr:av RKÜsarrbs;RbCaCnGUkøahUma:n EdlcakecjBItMbn;valxSac;eq<aH
rbs;RbCaCnEdlmanR)ak;cMnUlTab. eTArdækalIhV½rj:a.
Gettysburg Address / vieyaKkfaehÁtFIes,Iúk ¬n¦ vieyaKkfa Great Awakening / kardas;sti ¬n¦ karrMlwkeLIgvijnUvGarmµN_

d¾xÞrxÞareFVIeLIgedayelakGaR)aham lInxun enAExvicäika qñaM 1863 sasnaenAkñúgGaNaniKmGaemrikenAGMLúgTsvtSr_qñaM 1730 nig

enATIsµsanCatimaneQµaHfa smrPUmiehÁtFWes,úWk. 1750.
ghetto / tMbn;CnCatiPaKticrs;enA ¬n¦ sgáat;mYyEdlRkumCnCati Great Compromise / karsRmbsRmÜld¾eqñIm ¬n¦ karRBmeRBog

PaKticmYyRkumRtÚv)anKabsgáat; b¤ bgçM[rs;enA. tamrdæFmµnuBaØkñúgkarbegáItnUvGgÁnItibBaØtþiCatiBIr EdlrdæTaMgGs;man

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GI Bill of Rights / kRmgsiT§iÉktþCnCIGay ¬n¦ eQµaHc,ab;mYy tMNagesµIKñaenAkñúgGgÁnItibBaØtþimYyehIyGgÁnItibBaØtþinImYy²mantMNag

Gnum½tenAqñaM 1944 Edlpþl;plRbeyaCn_hirBaØvtßú nig Gb;rMdl;Tahan edayEp¥keTAelIcMnYnRbCaCnrbs;xøÜnenAkñúgGgÁnItibBaØtþimYyeTot.
eCIgcas;éns®gÁamelakelIkTI1. Great Depression / karFøak;cuHesdækic©d¾KMhuk ¬n¦ sm½ykalKit

glasnost / eKalneya)ayebIkcMhrrdæaPi)al ¬n¦ karBiPakSaeday cab;BIqñaM 1929 dl; 1940EdlkñúgeBlenaHesdækic©GaemrikFøak;cuHy:ag

cMhrGMBIbBaðasgÁmEdlRtÚv)anGnuBaØat[maneLIgenAshPaBsUevot xøaMg ehIyCnCatiGaemrikaMgCaeRcInlannak;Gt;kargareFVI.
naTsvtSr_qñaM 1980. Great Migration / bmøas;lMenAdæanPøÚkTwkPøÚkdI ¬n¦ clnaCa

Glass-Steagall Act / c,ab;køassuIháal ¬n¦ c,ab;qñaM1933 Edl RTg;RTayFMrbs;CnCatiGaemrikedImkMeNItGaRhiVkBITIRkugnana enAPaK

begáItnUvsaCIvkmµFanaR)ak;shB½n§ edIm,IkarBarKNnIyFnaKarrbs; xagt,ÚgeTA PaKxageCIg enAedImstvtSr_TI 20.
buKÁl. Great Plains / TMnabkNþalFMeFg ¬n¦ valesµAemIldac;knÞúyEPñk

Glorious Revolution / bdivtþn_rugerOg ¬n¦ karepÞrRBHmhakSRt Edllatsn§wgeBjEpñkkNþalénTIVbGaemrikxageCIg BIrdæticsas; PaK

Gg;eKøsBIesþc ecmTI2 mk vIelom nig m:arI enAqñaM1688-1689. xageCIgTl;nwgRbeTskaNadaPaKxagekIténPñMr:kXI.
gold rush / karsRmukeTArkmas ¬n¦ Great Society / sgÁmGs©arü ¬n¦ kmµviFIrbs;RbFanaFibtI lIndun

clnarbs;RbCaCnCaeRcIneq<aH eTAtMbn;mYyEdleKrkeXIjEr:mas. cnsun erobcMeLIgedIm,Ikat;bnßyPaBRkIRkk nig GyutþiFm’xag

gold standard / sþg;damas ¬n¦ RbB½n§rUbiyvtßúEdlkñúgRbB½n§enaH Catisasn_ nig edIm,IelIkkMBs;KuNPaBCIvit[kan;EtRbesIreLIg
ktþa rUbiyvtßúCamUldæanRtÚvkMNt;CaduMmas. enAshrdæGaemrik.
Gone with the Wind / rsat;tamxül; ¬n¦ ExSPaBynþplitqñaM

1939 niyayGMBIerOgr:avCIvitrbs;m©as;cmáarenAPaKxagt,ÚgenAGMLúg
s®gÁamsuIvil. ExSPaBynþenHeBjniymCaTIbMput enARKb;sm½ykal.

MULTI-LANGUAGE GLOSSARY 97
 Holocaust / haynPaBCnCatiCVIhV ¬n¦ XatkmµCalkçNHRbB½n§ b¤
H karRbl½yBUCsasn_mkelICnCatiCVIhV nig RkumCnCatidéTeTotenATVIb
habeas corpus / dIka[ykxøÜnmktulakar ¬n¦ dIkatulakar[ GWr:ub EdlRbRBwtþeLIgedayBYkNahSIúenAGaløWm:g;mun nig GMLúg s®gÁam
GaCJaFrnaMxøÜnGñkeTasmkcMeBaHmuxtulakaredIm,I[tulakarGacseRmc elakelIkTI2.
faetIGñk eTasrUbenaHCab;XuMRtwmRtÚvtamc,ab;Edrb¤eT. home rule / viFanpÞHsEm,g ¬n¦ GMNacrbs;rdækñúgkarRKb;RKgBlrdæ

Haight-Ashbury / eht-GahSb‘UrI ¬n¦ RsukmYyenAkñúgrdæsan;RhVan

KHMER

rbs;xøÜnedayKµankarBak;B½n§CamYyrdæaPi)alshB½n§.
suIskUEdlkøayCa{rdæFanI}énRkummineFVItamTMenomTmøab;enAGMLúg Homestead Act / c,ab;PUmi)al¬n¦c,ab;shrdæGaemrikGnum½tenAqñaM

TsvtSr_qñaM 1960. 1862Edlpþl;dI160GaenAPaKxaglicdl;BlrdæNa b¤ Blrdæman

Harlem Renaissance / sil, ³haLim ¬n¦ karTTYl)anEpøpáa bMNgEdlCaemRKÜsarehIyGacdaMduMGaRs½yplelIdIenaHkñúgry³eBl
BIsñaédécñRbDitsil,³rbs;CnCatiGaemrikedImkMeNItGaRhiVkenAGMLúg 5qñaM. c,ab;EdleRkayeBlGnum½tehIycuH)anCab Ba¢IGñkmktaMgTIlMenA
TsvtSr_qñaM1920Edlcab;kMeNItenAshKmn_haLiménTIRkugjÚy:k. kñúgTwkdIGaemrikEdlTamTarRTBüsm,tþiÉkCn EdlBImunmkeKbRmugTuk
hawk / GñkKaMRTneya)ayekþA ¬n¦ GñkEdlKaMRTkareFVIs®gÁamrbs; edaysn§I sBaØa nig edayRbéBNIsRmab;CnCa tiedImGaemrikaMgEdl
Gaemrikkñúgs®gÁamevotNamehIyeCOfashrdæGaemrikKYrEteRbIkmøaMg pøas;TIedIm,Irs; enA nig eRbIR)as;dIFøIenH. c,ab;dEdlenHRtÚv)anBRgwg
eyaFaedIm,IykQñHelIevotNam. bEnßmenAqñaM1889edIm,ICRmuj[rUbv½nþbuKÁlGnuvtþnUvsiT§ikan;kab;RTBü
Hawley-Smoot Tariff Act / c,ab;Bn§naMcUlhaLI-sµÚ‘t ¬n¦ c,ab; sm,tþiÉkCnrbs;xøÜnRBmTaMgGPivDÆn_pÞHsEm,geRkABIdId¾lVwgelVIyrbs;
Gnum½tenAqñaM1930EdlbegáItnUvtaragBn§naMcUlEdlmanlkçNHkarBar rdæaPi)al.
x<s;bMputenAkñúgRbvtþisa®sþGaemrikEdlrwgritEteFVI[karFøak;cuHesdækic© Hopewell / BYkhUbev:lD½r ¬n¦ sgÁmksagPñM EdlmanedImkMeNIt
kan;EtxøaMgenATIVbGaemrik nig enAbreTs. enARClgdgGUr GUhay:U ehIyrIkceRmInRbEhl200qñaM mun RKisþskraC
H-bomb / RKab;EbkGuIRdUEhSn ¬n¦ GavuFbrmaNUEdlmankmøaMgxøaMg dl; 400qñaMénRKisþskraC.
CagRKab;EbkGatUmikeTAeTot. horizontal integration / smahrNkmµRsbKña ¬n¦ karbBa©ÚlKña

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headright system / RbB½n§Ehdér: ¬n¦eKalneya)ayrbs;Rkumh‘un rvagRkumh‘unEdlplitplitplRsedogKña.
vICInIj:akñúgkarpþl;dI50Gardl;GñktaMgTIlMenA nig dl;smaCikRKÜsarRKb; hot line / ExSTUrsB½ÞpÞal;Biess ¬n¦ TMnak;TMngtamKmnaKmn_Edl
rUbEdlmktamKat;. begáIteLIgenAqñaM1963 edIm,I[emdwknaMshrdæGaemrik nig shPaB
hierarchy / zananuRkm ¬n¦ lMdab;fñak;sgÁmKitCabuNüskþi b¤ zan³ sUevotTak;TgCamYyKñaeTAvijeTAmkenAeBlmanvib½tþ.
sgÁm. House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) ¼

Ho Chi Minh Trail / pøÚvlMhUCImij ¬n¦ RbB½n§pøÚvlMEdlevotNam KN³kmµaFikarRbRBwtþkmµénsPashrdæGaemrik ¬n¦ KN³kmµaFikar

xageCIgeRbIR)as;edIm,IdwkCBa¢ÚneRKOgsmÖar³pÁt;pÁg;dl;BYkevotkugenA sPaEdlesuIbGegát\T§iBlrbs;kumµúynisþenAkñúgnigeRkArdæaPi)al
evotNamxagt,Úg. GaemrikenAb:unµanqñaMeRkays®gÁamelakelIkTI2.
Hohokam / CnCatihUhUexm ¬n¦ RkumCnCatiGaemrikaMgedImEdlrs; human rights / siT§imnusS ¬n¦ siT§I nig esrIPaB dUcEdl)anEcg

enARClgdgGUrénTenø sl nig hÁILa ¬EdlCatMbn;GarIhSÚNabc©úb,nñ¦ enAkñúgesckþIRbkasÉkraCü nig kRmgsiT§iÉktþCn.

Kitcab;taMgBI300qñaMmunRKisþskraC dl; qñaM 1400 énRKisþskraC.
Hollywood Ten / RkumsakSI10nak;enAhUlIvUd ¬n¦ sakSI10 nak;

eFVIkarkñúg]sSahkmµplitExSPaBynþEdlbdiesFminRBmshkar I
CamYykaresuIbGegátrbs;Rkum HUAC'S eTAelI\T§iBlkumµúynisþenA Immigration Act of 1965 / c,ab;GenþaRbevsn_ qñaM1965 ¬n¦
kñúgCYrplitkmµPaBynþhUlIvUd. c,ab;EdlbegáIncMnYnCnGenþaRbevsn_EdlTTYl)ankarGnuBaØat[taMg
TIlMenAenAshrdæGardæGaemrik.

98 THE AMERICANS
 impeach / ecaTRbkan;m®nþIsaFarN³ ¬ki¦ karecaTRbkan;edaypøÚvkar INF Treaty / sn§isBaØa Gay>Gin>eGhV ¬n¦ sn§isBaØakgkmøaMg
mkelIm®nþIEdlRbRBwtþminRtwmRtÚvenAkñúgkariyal½y. sPaCatiman nuyekøEG‘)aj;)ankRmitmFüm EdlCakic©RBmeRBogqñaM1987 rvag
GMNackñúgkarecaTRbkan;m®nþIshB½n§. shrdæGaemrik nig shPaBsUevot. kic©RBmeRBogenHlubbM)at;ecalnUv
impeachment / karsYredjedal ¬n¦ dMeNIrkarecaTRbkan;m®nþI RbB½n§GavuFmYycMnYnEdl nig GnuBaØat[ mankarRtÜtBinitüCak;Esþgdl;
saFarN³GMBIkarRbRBwtþxus. kartemøIgbrikçaeyaFa.
imperialism / cRkBtþiniym ¬n¦ eKalneya)ayBRgIkGMNacrbs; initiative / beNþImKMnit ¬n¦nItiviFIEdlcMNat;karxagnItibBaØtþiGacRtÚv

KHMER
CatimYyeTAelIRbeTsepSgeTottammeFüa)ayesdækic© neya )ay b¤ epþImeLIgedayRbCaCn CaCagGñktak;Etgc,ab;.
eyaFa. installment plan / Epnkarbg;R)ak;tamdMNak;kal ¬n¦ karerobcM

impressment / kMENnkgT½B ¬n¦ karcab;burs[eFVITahan. EdlkñúgenaHGñkTijbg;R)ak;kñúgry³eBlyUredaymincaM)ac;cMNayR)ak;

Inca / CnCatiGuInxa ¬n¦ CnCatiedImGaemrikaMgEdlenAGMLúgqñaM1400 eRcInenAeBlTijrbs;enaHeT.
)anbegáItnUvcRkPBmYylatsn§wgCiitdl;2500 m:ayl_ tameqñrTVIb interchangeable parts / eRKOgbnøas;EdlGaceRbICMnYsKña)an

Gaemrikxagt,Úg. ¬n¦ eRKOgbnøas;Edlmansþg;dadUcKñaGacykmkeRbICMnYseRKOgbnøas;

incandescent / EdlekþAeLIgs ¬Ku¦EdlGacemIleXIjePøIgenAeBl epSgeTot)an.
dutrYc. Internet / GuInFWNit ¬n¦ bNþajBiPBelak EdlbegáItmuneKbg¥s;

income tax / Bn§elIR)ak;cMnUl ¬n¦ Bn§elIR)ak;Edlrk)an. edayRksYgkarbreTsshrdæGaemrik EdlP¢ab;CamYynwg kuMBüÚT½r nig

indentured servant / GñkbeRmICab;kic©snüa ¬n¦ GñkEdl)ancuH eFVI[mankarTak;TgKña)any:agrh½s mandUcCaGtßbTTaMgmUl rUbPaB
kic©snüaeFVIkar[GñkdéTkñúgry³eBlkMNt; EdlCajwkjyeFVIkaredIm,I nig sMeLg.
bþÚrykesarh‘uyeFVIdMeNIr CRmk nig cMNIGahar. internment / kMhitelIkareFVIdMeNIr ¬n¦ karXuM b¤ karritt,itmin[eFVI

Indian Removal Act / c,ab;cab;CemøósCnCati\NÐa ¬n¦ dMeNIr CaBiessenAkñúgsßankarN_mans®gÁam.

c,ab;Gnum½t enAqñaM 1830 EdlbgçM[CnCatiGaemrikedImrs;enA Interstate Commerce Act / c,ab;BaNiC¢kmµGnþrrdæ ¬n¦ c,ab;
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mIsuIsuIPIxagekIt[ eTArs;enATwkdIxaglicvij. Gnum½tenAqñaM1887EdlbegáItsiT§irbs;rdæaPi)alshB½n§eLIgvijkñúgkar

Industrial Revolution / bdivtþn_]sSahkmµ ¬n¦ karpøas;bþÚrGgÁkar RKb;RKgskmµPaBRkumh‘unGysµ½yyanehIybegáItnUvKN³kmµkar
sgÁm nig esdækic©EdlCalT§plBIkarCMnYs]b krN_eRbIedayédCamYy BaNiC¢kmµGnþrrdæEdlmansmaCik5rUbedIm,IeFVIkic©karenH.
nwgm:asIun nig BIkarGPivDÆn_énplitkmµ]sShkmµRTg;RTayFM. Intolerable Acts / c,ab;bRgáab ¬n¦ c,ab;mYyes‘rIEdlGnum½teday

Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) ¼ kmµkreragcRk sPatMNagenAqñaM1774 edIm,IpþnÞaeTasGaNaniKmCnrdæm:asaXüÚest

]sShkmµBiPBelak ¬Gay>dab;EblyU>dab;EblyU¦ ¬n¦ GgÁkar EdlbegáItKNbkSEt.
BlkmµsRmab;kmµkrEdlKµanCMnaj EdlGgÁkarenHbegáIteLIgeday iron curtain / rnaMgEdk ¬n¦ XøamYyEdlelak vInsþún eqIQIl enAqñaM

RkumshCIBr:aDIkal nig sgÁmniym kñúgqñaM1905. 1946 kñúgkarBiBN’naExSbnÞat;EdlmanenAkñúgKMnitEdl ExSbnÞat;enH

inflation / GtiprNa ¬n¦ karekIntémø b¤ Føak;cuHxagkarTij Edl x½NÐEckRbeTskumµúynisþ enAbøúksUevot enATIVbGWr:ub xagekIt[dac;BI
bNþalmkBIkarekIneLIgnUvkarpÁt;pÁg;luy. RbeTsenATIVbGWr:ubxaglic.
information superhighway / mhavifIBt’manviTüa ¬n¦ bNþaj Iroquois / CnCatiGayr:UxV½y ¬n¦ CnCatiedImGaemrikrs;enAtMbn;éRB

KmnaKmn_kuMBüÚT½rEdlP¢ab;RbCaCn nig sßab½n[manTM nak;TMngCamYyKña PaK\sanRbeTs.

TUTaMg BiPBelak edaypþl;dl;buKÁlnananUvesvakmµepSg²dUcCa Islam / sasna\søam ¬n¦sasnamYyEdlbegáIteLIgenARbeTsGar:ab;

bNÑal½y \v:an;sRmab;Tij ExSPaBynþTsSna nig Bt’man. enA 622qñaMmunRKisþskraC edayBüakarImUhaem:d. \søamsasnikeK[

eQµaHfa {mUsøIm}.
isolationism / Éekaniym ¬n¦ karCMTas;eTAnwgkarTak;Tgxag

neya)ay nig esdækic©CamYyRbeTsdéT.

MULTI-LANGUAGE GLOSSARY 99
 Kansas-Nebraska Act / c,ab;kan;sas;-eNR)aska ¬n¦ c,ab;
J Gnum½tenAqñaM1854 EdlbegáItTwkdIkan;sas; nig eNR)aska RBmTaMg
Japanese American Citizens League (JACL) / sm<½n§ pþl;Gñkrs;enArdæenaHnUvsiT§ikñúgkarseRmcfaetIRtÚvGnuBaØat[manTa
BlrdæCb:unedImkMeNItGaemrik ¬Eckxl¦¬n¦ GgÁkarEdlCRmuj[ sPaBEdrb¤y:agNa.
rdæaPi)alshrdæGaemriksgdl;CnCatiGaemrikaMg edImkMeNItCb:un Kashaya Pomo / CnCatikahSay:a b:Um:U ¬n¦ CnCatiedImGaemrik
KHMER

cMeBaHRTBü sm,tþi EdlxøÜn)an)at;bg;enAeBlEdlxøÜnRtÚvXuMTukenA EdlBImunrs;enAvalPk;EdlCardækalIhV½rj:asBVéf¶.

kñúgGMLúgs®gÁam elakelIkTI2. Kent State University / saklviTüal½yexn ¬n¦ saklviTüal½y

jazz / vg;ePøghSas ¬n¦ t®nþImYyEbbpÁúMeLIgedaymankarécñRbDit. rdæGUhay:UEdlenATIenaHqñaMkarBarCati)an)aj;RbhareTAelInisSitEdl

Jim Crow laws / c,ab;CImRkU ¬n¦ c,ab;Gnum½tedayrdæxagt,Úg nig tv:aRbqaMgnwgs®gÁamevotNam naéf¶Ti 4 Ex]sPa qñaM 1970 eFVI[rbYs
rdæaPi)alrdæcMNuHshB½n§edIm,IEbgEckCnCatiEs,ks nig Es,kexµA 9nak; nig )at;bg;CIvit 4nak;.
kuM[eRbIR)as;smÖar³saFarN nig ÉkCndUcKña. Kerner Commission / KN³kmµkareXInn½r ¬n¦ RkummYyEdlcat;

joint-stock companies / Rkumh‘uncUlh‘unKña ¬n¦ TRmg;GaCIvkmµ taMgeLIgedayRbFanaFibtI cnsun edIm,I[eTA sikSaGMBIbuBVehtunaM[

EdlkñúgenaHvinieyaKindak;RTBüsm,tþirbs;xøÜnedIm,IeKalbMNgrYmmYy. manGMeBIhigSaenATIRkug ehIyEdlpþl;Gnusasn_[mankarlubbM)at;nUv
journeyman / kmµkrCMnaj ¬n¦ enAkñúgRbB½n§bgðat;viC¢aCIv³ kmµkr vieyaK kmµCatisasn_tamRBwtþn½yenAkñúg sgÁmGaemrikaMg.
CMnajEdleFVIkar[emCag. King Philip’s War / s®gÁamesþchVIlIb ¬n¦ CemøaHmYyenAkñúgqñaM

judicial branch / GgÁtulakar ¬n¦ GgÁmYyrbs;rdæaPi)alEdl 1675-1676 rvagGaNaniKmCnjÚGuIgEln nig RkumCnCatiedIm

bkRsayc,ab; nig rdæFmµnuBaØ. Gaemrik Edlcgsm<½n§nwgKñaeRkamkardwknaMrbs;emk®nÞaj tMbn;
judicial review / karRtÜtBinitüFmµnuBaØPaB ¬n¦ GMNacrbs;tulakar v:ampaNuk eQµaH emtaxum.
kMBUlkñúgkarRbkasfac,ab;rbs;shsPaminman FmµnuBaØPaB. kinship / PaBCasac;jati ¬n¦ karCab;Tak;TgKñarvagsmaCikRKÜsar.

Judiciary Act of 1789 / c,ab;tulakarqñaM1789 ¬n¦ c,ab;Edl Know-Nothing Party / KNbkSmindwgGIVTaMgGs; ¬n¦ eQµaH

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begáItRbB½n§tulakarshB½n§ nig tulakarkMBUl ehIyEdlEcgGMBIbNþwg KNbkSmYybegáIteLIgenATsvtSr_qñaM1850 edIm,Ikat;bnßy\T§iBl
]T§rN_eTAtulakarshB½n§cMeBaHesckþIseRmcrbs;tulakarrdæ. neya)ayrbs;CnGenþaRbevsn_.
Judiciary Act of 1801 / c,ab;tulakarqñaM1801 ¬n¦ c,ab;Edl Kongo / kugehÁa ¬n¦ RkumGaNacRktUc²enAtambeNþayTenøhSaeGo

begáIncMnYnecARkmshB½n§ EdlGnuBaØat[RbFanaFibtIcn GadambMeBj enATVIGaRhiVkkNþalPaKxaglicEdlrYmrYmKñaeRkam emdwknaMmYyrYmenA

tYnaTIfµI²rbs;elakCamYyCamYysm<½n§niymCn. cugTsvtSr_qñaM1400.
Jungle, The / éRBs,at ¬n¦ erOgRbelamelakniBn§eday Gab;tun Korean War / s®gÁamkUer: ¬n¦ CemøaHrvagkUer:xageCIg nigkUer:xagt,Úg

suIkEkø e)aHpSayenAqñaM1906 EdlqøHú bBa©aMgGMBIsßanPaB RKaHfñak; nig EdlekItmanBIqñaM1950 dl; 1953 EdlkñúgCemøaHenaH shrdæGaemrik
minsmRbkbdl;suxPaBEdlmanlkçNHTUeTAenAkñúg]sSahkmµmðÚmx©b; rYmCamYyRbeTsepSgeTotEdlCasmaCikGgÁkarshRbCaCati)anCYy
nasm½yenaH. eRCamERCgCnCatikUer:xag t,Úg cMENkÉRbeTscinCYyeRCamERCgCnCati
kUer:xageCIg.
Kristallnacht / RKIsþalNac ¬n¦ {raRtIEbkEkv} CaeQµaHmYy
K niyaysMedAdl;raRtImYynaéf¶TI 9 Exvicäika qñaM 1938 EdlnaraRtI
kamikaze / Edldak;RKab;bMpÞúH ¬Ku¦ Tak;Tg b¤Bak;B½n§nwgkar dak;RKab; enaHRkumRkumb:UlisCiHesHBYkNahSIú)anvayRbharmkelIpÞHsEm,g
EbkbMpÞúHenAkñúgynþehaH[Føak;cMmuxRBÜjeyaFa. rbs;CnCatiCVIhV Rkumh‘un nig viharCVIhVenARbeTsGaløWm:g;.
Ku Klux Klan (KKK) / GgÁkarKUKøúhSkøan ¬ex>ex>ex¦¬n¦ GgÁkar

sm¶at;mYyEdleRbIkll,icePrvkmµenAkñúgeKalbMNgsþareLIgvijnUv
]tþmPaBsRmab;CnCatiEs,ksenArdæPaKxagt,ÚgeRkays®gÁamsuIvil.

100 THE AMERICANS

 Kwakiutl / kVakKIfl ¬n¦ CnCatiedImGaemrikEdlBIedImeLIyrs;enA
tMbn;eqñrPaKxageCIgénTVIbGaemrikxageCIg. M
mandate / GaNtþi ¬n¦ GMNackñúgkarRbtibtþi Edlm®nþITTYlkareRCIs
L taMgrYcRtÚvTTYlBIm©as;eqñatEdle)aHeqñatCUnKat;.
Manhattan Project / KeRmagkmµviFIm:an;han;tan; ¬n¦ kmµviFIrbs;
land grant / Gnub,TandI ¬n¦ GMeNayCadIsaFarN³CUndl;buKÁl b¤ shrdæGaemrikkñúgkarGPivDÆn_RKab;EbkGatUmikedIm,IykeTAeRbIenA

KHMER
GgÁkar. s®gÁamelakelIkTI2.
Land Ordinance of 1785 / c,ab;sþIGMBIdIFøIqñaM1785 ¬n¦ c,ab; manifest destiny / vasnaCak;Esþg ¬n¦ CMenOenAstvtSr_TI19
EdlbegáItCaEpnkarsRmab;sÞg;emIl nig lk;dIEdlCakmµsiT§irbs; Edl fashrdæGaemriknwgBRgIk)anTwkdIedjeTAPaKxaglicrhUtdl;
shB½n§enAPaKxaglicPñMGapaLaeQon. mhasmuRT )a:suIhVik nig cUlkñúgTwkdImiuksuIkU.
La Raza Unida / GgÁkarLara;has yUnIda ¬n¦GgÁkarneya)ay
Marbury v. Madison / erOgkþIm:ab‘WrI nig m:aDIsun ¬n¦ erOgkþIqñaM
LaTInEdlbegáIteLIgenAqñaM1970 eday EG‘gECl hÁÚETer:. 1803 EdlkñúgenaHtulakarkMBUlseRmcfaxøÜnman GMNaclubecalnUv
League of Nations / sm<½n§RbCaCati ¬n¦ smaKmn_RbCaCatiEdl
c,ab; énGgÁnItibBaØtþi edayRbkasfac,ab;TaMgenaH manGFmµnuBaØPaB.
begáIteLIgenAqñaM1920 edIm,IbegáInkic©shRbtibtþikarGnþrCati nig GMNacenHeRkaymkeK[eQµaHCaTUeTAfakarRtÜt BinitüFmµnuBaØPaB.
snþiPaB. market revolution / bdivtþn_TIpSar ¬n¦ karpøas;bþÚrd¾FMenAkñúg
legislative branch / GgÁnItibBaØtþi ¬n¦ GgÁrbs;rdæaPi)alEdltak;
esdækic© shrdæGaemrikEdlkñúgenaHRbCaCnGaemrikcab;epþImTij nig
Etgc,ab;. lk;TMnij Ca CagplitTMnijedIm,IeRbIR)as;xøÜnÉg.
Lend-Lease Act / c,ab;kic©snüa[x©I ¬n¦ c,ab;Gnum½tenAqñaM1941
Marshall Plan / Epnkarm:ahSl ¬n¦ kmµviFI EdlesñIeLIgeday
EdlGnuBaØat[shrdæGaemrikdwkCBa¢ÚnGavuFyuT§P½NÐ nig brikça epSg rdæm®nþIRksYgkarbreTsshrdæGaemrikeQµaH cc m:ahSl naqñaM1947
eTotedaymincaM)ac;bg;R)ak;PøameT CBa¢ÚneTA[Rkumsm<½n§Gak;suIs. EdltamkmµviFIenaHshrdæGaemrikpÁt;pÁg;CMnYydl;RbCaCatienATIVbGWr:ub
Limited Test Ban Treaty / sn§isBaØakRmitkarsakl,gGavuF
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edImI,CYyksagRbeTseLIgvij enAeRkays®gÁamelakelIkTI2.
nuyekøEG‘r ¬n¦ sn§isBaØaqñaM1963 EdlkñúgenaHshrdæGaemrik nig martial law / c,ab;GaCJaswk ¬n¦ viFanbeNþaHGasnñsRmab;eyaFaCa
shPaB sUevotyl;RsbKñamineFVIkarsakl,gGavuFnuyekøEG‘renAeTA CagGaCaJFrsuIvil.
elIGakas. mass media / RbB½n§pSBVpSayBt’man ¬n¦ meFüa)ayTMnak;TMngdUc
lineage / RtkUl ¬n¦ RkummnusSEdlmantMNBUCBIbuBVCn.
CaTUrTsSn_ kaEst nig viTüú Edlpþl;Bt’mandl;Rbiymitþ GñkGan
long drive / dMeNIrCiHbsustV ¬n¦ karCiHbsustVsMedAeTAmNÐl
Gñksþab; nig TsSnikCnCaeRcIn.
lk;dUr. mass production / plitkmµeRcIn ¬n¦ karplitrbs;kñúgcMnYneRcIn
longhorn / eKaEsñgEvg ¬n¦ BUCeKaEdlmanEsñgmaMehIyEvgnaMmkBI
edaykareRbIeRKOgm:asuIn nig kmøaMgBlkmµ.
RbeTseGs,aj eTAmiksuIkU ehIyBUCenHRtÚvnwgFatuGa kass¶ÜtenAtMbn; mass transit / Rckqøgkat;mhaCn ¬n¦ RbB½n§dwkCBa¢ÚnEdlerobcM
PaKxagnirtI. eLIgedIm,ICBa¢ÚnmnusSCaeRcIntampøÚgEdlmankMNt;.
Louisiana Purchase / karTijTwkdIlVIhSaNa ¬n¦ karTijrbs;
master / emCag ¬n¦ sib,krCMnaj CaTUeTACamnusSEdlebIikGaCIvkmµ
shrdæGaemrikqñaM1803 nUvTwkdIlVIhSaNajrbs;)araMg Edllatsn§wg edayxøÜnÉgedayCYlGñkeFVIkar[beRmIkar.
BITenømuIsuIsuIPI dl;PñMr:kXI Edlmantémø15landuløa. Maya / m:aya: ¬n¦ CnCatiGaemrikedImEdlmanGriyFm’rugerOgenA
Loyalists / RkumrkSasµ½RK ¬n¦ GaNaniKmCnEdlKaMRTrdæaPi)al
RbeTsehÁtam:aLa nig dIekaHyUextEtn rvagqñaM250-900 énRKisþ
Gg;eKøsenAGMLúgbdivtþn_Gaemrik. skraC.
Lusitania / lUsuItaeno ¬n¦ k):al;dwkGñkdMeNIrrbs;Gg;eKøsEdlRtÚv

)an)aj;Bnøicedaynavacm,aMgGaløWm:g;naqñaM1915.

MULTI-LANGUAGE GLOSSARY 101

 McCarthyism / EmkkaFIniym ¬n¦ karTietony:agxøaMgEdlCa minutemen / yuT§CneRtom ¬n¦ TahansuIvilesñhaCatiEdlenAmun
jwkjy min)ancg¥úlPsþútag BIsMNak;smaCikRBwT§sPa cUs EmkkaFI nigGMLúgs®gÁambdivtþn_)ansnüaeRtomxøÜnRbyuT§RbqaMgenAeBlman
eTAelI GñkdéTeTotEdlsgS½yfaCaCnkumµúynisþenAedImTsvtSr_ qñaM esckþIRbkasNamYy.
1950. Mississippian / RbCaCnmuIsIusuIPI ¬n¦ sgÁmksagPñMcugeRkay ehIy

McCulloch v. Maryland / krNIEmkKULúc nig m:arIEln ¬n¦ sµúRKsµajbMputEdlrs;enARClg GUhayU: nig muIsuIsuIPI cab;taMg BIqñaM700
KHMER

erOgkþImYykalBIqñaM 1819 EdlkñúgenaHtulakarkMBUl)anseRmcfa énRKisþskraC dl; TsvtSr_qñaM1500.

m:arIEln KµansiT§iykBn§ elIFnaKarrbs;shrdæGaemrikeLIy Missouri Compromise / esckþIsRmbsRmÜlmuIs‘UrI ¬n¦ kic©RBm

eFVIy:agdUcenHCakarBRgwgGMNac dl;karRKb;RKgrbs;rdæaPi)al eRBogmYyes‘rI EdlGnum½tedayshsPakñúgqñaM1820-1821 edIm,I

shB½n§eTAelIesdækic©. rkSakarføwgGMNac[esµIrvagrdæCaTaskr nig rdæesrI.
Meat Inspection Act / c,ab;sþIGMBIGFikarkic©sac;Rss; ¬n¦ c,ab; Monitor / ]bkrN_RtÜtBinitü ¬n¦ k)a;l;BasEdkEdleRbIedaykgT½B

Gnum½tenAqñaM1906 Edlritbnþwg[rkSaGnam½yBIsMNak; Gñkx©b;Gahar PaKxageCIgenAkñúgGMLúgs®gÁamsuIvil.

ehIybegáItCakmµviFIGFikarkic©sac;shB½n§. Monroe Doctrine / RTwsþIm:ugRtW ¬n¦ eKalneya)ayrbs; shrdæ

Medicaid / kmµviFICMnYyse®gÁaH ¬n¦ kmµviFIbegáIteLIgenAqñaM1965 Gaemrik CMTas;eTAnwgkareRCotERCkrbs;GWr:ubenAkñúgkic©karrbs;

Edlpþl;karFanar:ab;rgsuxPaBdl;RbCaCn EdlRtÚvkarse®gÁaH. GDÆeKalxaglic EdlRbkaseLIgedayRbFanaFibtI m:ugeRtI kalBIqñaM
Medicare / suxaPi)al ¬n¦ kmµviFIrbs;rdæshB½n§begáIteLIgenA qñaM 1823.
1965 Edlpþl;nUvkarr:ab;rgBImnÞIreBTü nig karr:ab;rgsuxPaB Edlman Moral Majority / sm<½n§PaBpþl;dMbUnµan ¬n¦ sm<½n§PaBneya)ayén

témøTabsRmab;CnCatiGaemrikaMgcab;BIGayu65qñaMeLIgeTA. Rkumsasna EdlPaKeRcInCaRKisþsasnikGa Rs½yFmµeTsnarbs;

melting pot / tMbn;cRmuHvb,Fm’Catisasn_ ¬n¦ karrs;enAlayLMKña RBHRKisþ nig EdlRbkan;vin½ytwgrwg EdlRKisþsasnikTaMgenHedIrtYy:ag
rvagRbCaCnmanvb,Fm’ nig Catisasn_epSgKña edaye)aHbg; ecalnUv skmµenATsvtSr_qñaM1970 nig 1980 EdlefáaleTasdl;CMhr nig
PasakMeNIt nig vb,Fm’ rbs;pgxøÜn. Gakb,kiriyaesrIniym RBmTaMgérGegÁósR)ak;[ebkçPaBKNbkSGPirkS

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mercantilism / CMnYjniym ¬n¦RbB½n§esdækic©EdlkñúgenaHRbCaCati niym.
nanariHrkmeFüa)aykñúgkarbegáInRTBü nig GMNacrbs;pgxøÜn edayTTYl Mormons / KN³kmµaFikarGacarüvtþ ¬n¦ smaCikbeRmIkarenAkñúg

)anmasR)ak;CaeRcIn nigedayCatulüPaBBaNiC¢kmµEdlKYrCaTIeBjcitþ. vihar RKisþEdlbegáIteLIgeday cUs sµIt nig shkarIenAqñaM 1830.

Merrimack / mWrIEmk ¬n¦ navaBasEdkeRbIR)as;edayRbCaCnPaK Morrill Acts / c,ab;m½rrIl ¬n¦ c,ab;Gnum½tenAqñaM1862 nig 1890

xagt,ÚgenAkñúgs®gÁamsuIvil. edIm,ICYybegáItkEnøgviPaKksikmµedaypþl;dIshB½n§eTArdæ.
mestizo / énBUCBgSemsTIhSÚ ¬Ku¦ EdlcRmuHKñarvagBUCBgSeGs,aj muckraker / GñkCCIkrkerOgGaRsÚv ¬n¦ GñksresrTsSnavdþImYyrUb

nig CnCatiedImGaemrik. EdlkkUrkkayerOgBukrlYykñúgRkumh‘un nig CIvitÉkCn enAedImTsvtSr_

middle passage / dMeNIrdl;Bak;kNþalpøÚv ¬n¦ dMeNIrEdlnaMyk
qñaM1900.
Munn v. Illinois / erOgkþI m:an; nig GuIlINy ¬n¦ erOgkþIenAqñaM
CnCatiGaRhVikCaTaskrmkkan;TwkdIÉkraCüPaKxaglic ehIy eRkay
mkykeTATIVGaemrikxageCIg. 1877 EdlkñúgenaHtulakarkMBUlseRmctambTbBaØtþirbs;rdækñúg
midnight judge / ecARkmGRFat ¬n¦ ecARkmmYyrUbEdlRtÚv)an
karRKb;RKg Rkumh‘unGysµ½yyanedIm,IbeRmIplRbeyaCn_ksikr nig
EtgtaMgeday cn Gadam enAb:unµanem:agcugeRkayénkarbBa¢b;kardwknaM GtIfiCn Edl begáIt)anCasiT§irbs;rdæaPi)alkñúg kardak;kRmitdl;
énrdækarrbs;elak. ]sShkmµÉkCn[beRmIdl;plRbeyaCn_saFarN³.
My Lai / muI éL ¬n¦ PUmimYysßitenAPaKxageCIgevotNamxagt,Úg
militarism / eyaFaniym ¬n¦ eKalneya)ayksagkmøaMgRbdab;

GavuF edIm,IerobcMxøÜnCaeRsckñúgkareFVIs®gÁam nig eRbIkmøaMgTaMgenHCa EdlenATIenaHCnsuIvilKµanGavuF rYmTaMg®sþI nig kumar cMnYn200nak;RtÚv

GavuFsRmab;TMnak;TMngpøÚvTUt. )ansmøab;rgÁaledaykgT½BGaemrikenAEx]sPa qñaM 1968.

102 THE AMERICANS

 National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) / KN³TMnak;TMng
N xagBlkmµCati ¬Gin>EGl>Gab‘I¦¬n¦ Pñak;garbegáIteLIgenAqñaM1935
NAACP / Gin>eG>eG>suI>PI ¬n¦ smaKmCatielIkkMBs;smPaBxagCati kñúgkarTb;sáat;kareFVIBlkmµminyutþiFm’ nig edIm,IsRmbsRmYlvivaTrvag
sasn_ ¬n¦ GgÁkarb egáIteLIgenAqñaM1909 edIm,IelIkkMBs;smPaBxag kmµkr-neyaCit nig neyaCk.
Catisasn_eBjelj. National Organization for Women (NOW) / GgÁkarCati

NACW / Gin>eG>suI>dab;EblyU ¬n¦ smaKmCatielIkMBs;®sþIEs,k sRmab;®sþI ¬Nav¦¬n¦ GgÁkarbegáIteLIgenAqñaM1966 edIm,IQaneTA

KHMER
exµA. GgÁkaresvasgÁmmYyEdlbegáIteLIgenAqñaM1896. seRmceKaledA®sþIniym dUcCasmÖar³ sRmab;EfTaM umar[kan;EtRbesIr
NAFTA / NahVta ¬n¦ kic©RBmeRBogBaNiC¢kmµesrIGaemrikxageCIg. »kasTTYlkarGb;rMEdlmankarrIkceRmIn nig karbBa©b;karerIseGIg
sn§isBaØaqñaM1993 EdlbnÞabGaRtaBn§naMcUl nig eFVInaMmuiksuIkU cUleTA kargar.
kñúgtMbn;BaNiC¢kmµesrIEdlbegáIteLIgedayshrdæGaemrik nig National Road / pøÚvCati ¬n¦pøÚvEdlsg;eLIgedayhirBaØb,Tanrbs;

kaNada. rdæshB½n§ cab;epþImenAqñaM1811 ehIyenAqñaM1838 cab;BI XüÚmb‘WELn

napalm / l,ayGuIRdUkabUn ¬n¦ sarFatuplitecjBIeRbgsaMg eKyk m:arIELn eTAv:andlelo rdæGuIlINy.
eTAeFIVCaRKab;EbkEdlynþehaHGaemrikTmøak;mkelI TwkdIevotNam National Trades’ Union / shCIBBaNiC¢kmµCati ¬n¦ smaKm

edImI,beBaäHéRBRBmTaMgrkemIlCRmklak;xøÜnrbs;BYkevotkug. shCIbBaNiC¢kmµfñak;CatiMbUgbg¥s; begáIteLIgenAqñaM1834.

NASDAQ / Nas;dak ¬n ¦ smaKmCatiénRbB½n§Rsg;témømUlFnb½Rt National Youth Administration / rdæ)alyuvCnCati ¬n¦

sV½yRbvtþi. pSaPaKh‘uneRbIbNþajkuMBüÚT½rEdlPaKeRcIn sRmab;Rkumh‘un Pñak;garEdlpþl;yuvCnGaemrikaMgnUvCMnYy nig kargareFVI enAGMLúgeBl

bec©kviTüa. énkarFøak;cuHesdækic© Cati.
National Bank Act / c,ab;FnaKarCati ¬n¦ c,ab;EdlGnum½tenAqñaM Nation of Islam / RbCaCati\søam ¬n¦ RkumsasnamYy EdleKehA

1863 edIm,IeFVI[CMnYjFnaKarkan;EtmansuvtßiPaBdl;vinieyaKin. BaØtþi CaTUeTAfa mUsøImEs,kexµA EdlbegáIteLIgeday eGlIcahS mUhaem:d

EcgenAkñúgc,ab;enHrYmmanRbB½n§FnaKarshB½n§EdlbMBjlkçxNÐRtwm- edIm,IelIktemáIgGñkbMEbkxøÜnCnCatiEs,kexµA nig sasna\søam.
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RtÚvtRmÚvkarfµIénR)ak;km©I RBmTaMg RbB½n§GFikar ic©FnaKar. nativism / edImkMeNItniym ¬n¦ kareBjcitþnwgplRbeyan_ecjBI

National Energy Act / c,ab;famBlCati ¬n¦c,ab;Gnum½tenAGMLúg RbCaCnEdlmankMeNItedIm CagRbCaCnEdlmankMeNIt breTs.

karRKb;RKgRbeTsrbs;rdækarRbFanaFibtICImmI xatF½r EdlbegáItCa Navigation Acts / c,ab;navacr ¬n¦ c,ab;mYyes‘rIEdlGnum½t eday

Bn§darelI{rfynþeRbI]sµ½n} lubecalnUvkarRtYtBiniütémøeRbgshrdæ sPatMNagra®sþ Edlcab;epþImenAqñaM1651edIm,IritbnþwgkarRKb;RKgrbs;

Gaemrik nig ]sµ½nFmµCati RBmTaMgpþl;nUvkar ykBn§CakarelIkTwikcitþ Gg;eKøseTAelIvis½yBaNiC¢kmµenAkñúgTwkdIGaNaniKmGaemrikaMg.
cMeBaHkarGPivDÆn_FnFanfamBlepSg²eTot. NAWSA / smaKmCatipþl;siT§ie)aHeqñatdl;®sþIGaemrikaMg¬Nsa¦¬n¦

National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) / c,ab;sþIGMBIkar GgÁkarEdlbegáIteLIgenAqñaM1890 edIm,ITTYlnUv siT§ie)aHeqñatsRmab;

egIbeLIgvij]sSahkmµCati ¬nIr:a¦¬n¦ c,ab;Gnum½tenAqñaM1933 edIm,I ®sþI .
begáItCac,ab;sRmab;kar Gnuvtþ RbkbedayyutþiFm’kñúgvis½y]sSahkmµ Nazism / NahSIúniym ¬n¦ TsSn³neya)ay Ep¥kelICatiniymRCul
nig edIm,ICRmuj[ ankarrIkceRmInxag]sSahkmµ. BUCsasn_niymRCul nig vatTIniymeyaFa Edl GadulhV GuIEtø ykmk
nationalism / Catiniym ¬n¦ karlHbg;edIm,IplRbeyaCn_ nig GnuvtþenARbeTsGaløWm:g;cab;BIqñaM1933 dl; 1945.
vb,Fm’ rbs;CatimYy . neutrality / GBüaRkwtPaB ¬n¦ karbdiesFmincUlrYkñúgs®gÁam rvag

RbeTsnana.
Neutrality Acts / c,ab;sþIGMBIGBüaRkwt ¬n¦ c,ab;mYyes‘rIEdl

Gnum½tenAqñaM1935 nig 1936 edIm,ITb;sáat;karlk;GavuFrbs;shrdæ

Gaemrik nig R)ak;km©IeTA[RbeTsEdlkMBugmans®gÁam.

MULTI-LANGUAGE GLOSSARY 103

 New Deal / dMeNaHRsayfµI ¬n¦ kmµviFIrbs;RbFanaFibtIERhVglIn Northwest Ordinance of 1787 / c,ab;Bay½BüqñaM1787 ¬n¦
rUsWEvl kñúgkarkat;bnßybBaðananabNþalmkBIkarFøak;cuH esdækic©d¾KMhuk c,ab;EdlbegáItnUvnItiviFImYysRmab;TTYlyknUvrdæfµI[cUlkñúgshB½n§.
edayepþatsMxan;eTAelICMnYydl;GñkTITal;Rk kareFVI[egIbeLIgvij Epñk nuclear family / RKÜsarvg;tUc ¬n¦ pÞHsEm,gEdlmanmþay «Buk

esdækic© nig karEkTRmg; hirBaØvtßú. nig kUn².

New Deal Coalition / sm<½n§PaBdMeNaHRsayfµI ¬n¦ sm<½n§PaBén nullification / emaXkmµ ¬n¦ karbdiesFminTTYlsÁal;c,ab;mYy
KHMER

RkumepSg²Kña kñúgenaHmanCnCatiEs,ksenAPaKxagt,Úg CnCatiGaemrik rbs;shsPaEdlxøÜncat;TukfamanGFmµnuBaØPaB.

edImkMeNItGaRhVik nig kmµkrneyaCitEdlcgCashCIB EdlRkumTaMg Nuremberg trials / karCMnuMCRmHkþIenAnUrimeb‘Ik ¬n¦ dMeNIrkarkþIEdl

Gs;enHKaMRTneya)aybkSRbCaFibetyü enATsvtSr_qñaM 930 nig eFVIeLIgenATIRkugnUrimeb‘Ik RbeTsGaløWm:g; eRkays®gÁamelak elIkTI2

1940. Edl kñúgkarCMnuMCRmHenaH mdwknaMBYkNahSúIRtÚvkat;eTasBIbT]Rkidæ
New Federalism / shB½n§niymEbbfµI ¬n¦ kmµviFI bs;RbFanaFibtI s®gÁam.
rIqat nicsunkñúgkarERbRtLb;GMNacrbs;rdæaPi)alshB½n§[dl;
rdæaPi)alrdæeRkamcMNuH nig rdæ)alEdndI.
New Frontier / tMbn;RBMEdnfµI ¬n¦ kmµviFIbBaØtþirbs;RbFanaFibtIcn O
ekNÑWDI EdlrYmmansMeNIpþl;nUvkarEfTaM suxPaBmnusScas;ksageLIg Office of Price Administration (OPA) / kariyal½yRKb;RKg
vijnUvtMbn;CayRkug[PøWciBa©ac pþl;CMnYyxagvis½yGb;rM elIkkMBs;kar témø ¬n¦ Pñak;garbegáIteLIgedayshsPa edIm,IRKb;RKgGtiprNaenA
karBarRbeTs begáInCMnYyGnþrCati nig BRgIkkmµviFIGvkas. GMLúgs®gÁamelakelIk TI2.
New Left / clnaeqVgniymfµI ¬n¦ lnaneya)ayEdldwknaMeday Ohio gang / RkumGUhay:U ¬n¦ RkummitþPkþiCitsñiT nig GñkKaMRT
yuvCnenATsvtSr_qñaM1960 EdltMNagedayGgÁkarmYy cMnYndUcCa neya)ay EdlRbFanaFibtI v:arin hadDIg EtgtaMg[beRmIkarenA
GgÁkarnisSitedIm,IsgÁmRbCaFibetyü nig clnaniyaysþIesrI. xuTÞkal½y rbs;elak.
New Right / clnasþaMniymfµI ¬n¦ sm<½n§PaBstvtSr_TI20 énRkum Olive Branch Petition / BaØtþipSHpSa ¬n¦ ÉksarEdlbBa¢Úneday

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GPirkSniymplRbeyaCn_BiessEdlykcitþTukdak;eTAelIbBaðavb,Fm’ smaCTwkdIelIkTI2 dl;esþc cc TI3 EdlesñI[mankarpSHpSa rvagTwkdI
sgÁm nig sIlFm’. GaNaniKm nig cRkPBGg;eKøs.
Niagara Movement / clnaenoháar:a ¬n¦ begáIteLIgeday DU b‘½y Olmec / CnCatiGUlEmk ¬n¦ CnCatiedImGaemrikaMgEdlGarüm’rbs;
enAqñaM1905 edIm,IelIkkMBs;karGb;rMCnCatiGaemrikedImkMeNItGaRhiVk RbCaCnenHrIkduHdalenAkñúgTwkdImuiksuIkUPaKxagt,Úg sBVéf¶ enAsm½y
enAkñúgsil,³esrI . qñaM1200-400 munRKisþskraC.
Nineteenth Amendment / c,ab;viesaFnkmµTI19 ¬n¦ OPEC / GgÁkarRbeTsrukrkeRbgkat ¬n¦ smaKmesdækic©énRbeTs
viesaFnkmµ elIrdæFmµnuBaØshrdæGaemrik Gnum½tenAqñaM1920 Edlpþl; pliteRbg EdlmansmtßPaBkMNt;témøeRbg.
[®sþInUvsiT§i e)aHeqñat. Open Door notes / kMNt;cMhrTVar ¬n¦
nomadic / EdlminnwglMenA ¬Ku¦ EdlKµanlMenAdæannwgn edayerIBI sarbBa¢Únedayrdæm®nþIRksYg karbreTs cn eh kalBIqñaM 1899 dl;
kEnøgmYyeTAkEnøgmYyeToteTAtamrdUv nig kEnøgman Gahar nig Twk. RbeTsGaløWm:g; rusSúI cRkPB Gg;eKøs )araMg GuItalI nig Cb:un edaysuMesñI
“no man’s land” / TwkdIGaNamik ¬n¦ tMbn;EdlminTan;mankgT½B RbeTsxagelIenHkuM[eRCot ERCksiT§iBaNiC¢kmµrbs;shrdæGaemrik enA
EdlkMBugRbyuT§Kñakan;kab;enAeLIy. kñúgRbeTscin.
nonaggression pact / kic©RBmeRBogminQøanBanKña ¬n¦ kic©RBm Operation Desert Storm / RbtibtþikarBüúHsmuRTxSac; ¬n¦
eRBogEdlkñúgenaHRbeTsBIrsnüafaminQøaneFVIs®gÁamCamYyKña RbtibtþikareyaFaqñaM1991EdlkñúgenaHkgkmøaMgshRbCaCatidwknaM
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) / GgÁkar edayshrdæGaemrikvaybeNþjGñkQøanBanGuIr:ak;ecjBIRbeTs
sn§isBaØaGatøg;TikxageCIg ¬NatU¦¬n¦ sm<½n§PaBeyaFaEdlbegáIteLIg KuyEv:t.
enAqñaM1949 edaybNþaRbeTs enATIVbGWr:ub xaglic shrdæGaemrik nig
kaNada.

104 THE AMERICANS

 Oregon Trail / pøÚvGUrIhán ¬n¦ pøÚvlMBItMbn; GuInDIpindin muIs‘UrI eTARkug Pentagon Papers /
ÉksarTIsþIkarRksYgkarBarRbeTs ¬n¦
GUrIhán EdleRbIedayGñkRtÜsRtaypøÚvdMbUgEdleFVIdMeNIreTATwkdI Éksar cMnYn 7000snøwk EdleFVI[elcB¤dl;sarBt’mankalBIqñaM
GUrIhán. 1971 eday GtItbuKÁlikRksYgkarBarRbeTs danIEjl eGls_ebuIk
EdlsbBa¢ak;[ eXIjfardæaPi)alshrdæGaemrikminesµaHRtg;cMeBaH
ectnarbs;xøÜnenAkñúg s®gÁamevotNameT.
P Pequot War / s®gÁamepkVÚt ¬n¦ CemøaHmYyenAqñaM 1637 Edlkñúg

KHMER
Panama Canal / ERBkCIk)a:Nam:a ¬n¦ ERBkCIkEdlkat;ta GuIsµú‘s enaH RbCaCatiepkVÚtRbyuT§ts‘UCamYyGaNaniKmnCnenArdæ xnNikFIxat;
énRbeTs)a:Nam:aedIm,IeFVICapøÚvkat;rvagmhasmuRTGatøg;Tik nig nig sm<½n§mitþNar:aháan.
mhasmuRT)a:suIhVik EdlERBkCIkenHebIkeLIgenAqñaM1914. perestroika / yuT§sa®sþEkTRmg;esdækic©nigneya)ay ¬n¦ kar

panic of 1837 / vibtþiqñaM1837 ¬n¦ vibtþienAshrdæGaemrikEdlkñúg sßabnaeLIgvijnUvesdækic© ehIyrdæaPi)al)anykmkeRbIenAshPaB

vibtþienaHFnaKar)anbiTTVar cMENkÉRbB½n§\NTanRtÚvdYlrlMCalT§pl sUevot enA TsvtSr_qñaM 1980.
eFVI[manFnaKarkS½yFnCaeRcIn nig GRtaGt;kargareFVIx<s; ¬T>234¦. personal liberty laws / c,ab;esrIPaBbuKÁl ¬n¦ lkçnþik³c,ab;
panic of 1873 / vibtþiqñaM1873¬n¦kardYlrlMhirBaØvtßúEdlnaMdl;kar Gnum½tenAkñúgrdæPaKxageCIgcMnYn 9 rdæ enATsvtSr_qñaM1850 Edlham
Føak;cuHesdækic©y:agKMhukcMnYn5qñaMenAkñúgshrdæGaemrik. R)ammin[mankardak;KukbgçMdl;rUbkayrbs;TaskrEdllYcrt; ehIy
parity / yuKPaB ¬n¦ kRmitkMNt;témøksiplEdlKaMRTeday Fana[mankarCMnuMCRmHedayKN³vinicä½ycMeBaH TaskrEdllYcrt;.
rdæaPi)al manbMNgeFVI[R)ak;cMnUlrbs;ksikrmanlMnwg. planned obsolescence / kareFVI[putsm½yedayeRKagTukCamun

Parliament / sPatMNagra®sþ ¬n¦ GgÁnItibBaØtþirbs;Gg;eKøs. ¬n¦ karerobcMplitpleFVIy:agNa[gayeLak b¤ qab;hYssm½y edIm,I

Patriots / GñkesñhaCati ¬n¦ GNaniKmCnEdlKaMRTÉkraCü rbs; [mnusScg;)anplitplfµIeTotmkCMnYsCaerOy².
GaemrikBIcRkPBGg;eKøs. plantation / cmáar ¬n¦ cmáarFMEdlBlkmµrbs;Taskr b¤ kmµkrepSg

patronage / bri)alkic© n¦ GMNacrbs;GñkmanmuxnaTIkñúgkarEtgtaMg eTotRtÚveKykmkeRbIedIm,IdaMdMNaMmyY muxdUcCa GMeBA b¤ kb,asCaedIm.

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buKÁlikCaTUeTAEtgtaMgGñkEdlCYy[GñkmanmuxnaTIenaH Platt Amendment / c,ab;viesaFnkmµpøat ¬n¦ xnanaEdl enAqñaM

[manCab;eqñat edIm,Ikan;muxtMENgkñúgCYrrdæaPi)al. 1901 shrdæGaemrikTTUc[RbeTsKuy)abEnßmeTAkñúgrdæFmµnuBaØfµI

pay equity / R)ak;QñÜlsmFm’ ¬n¦ karpþl;R)ak;Exdl;neyaCiteday rbs;xøÜn edaybBa¢a[Kuy)aQb;bg;R)ak;CMBak;bMNul ehIypþl;siT§I[
Ep¥kelItRmÚvkarkargarrbs;Kat;CaCagEp¥kelIGaRtaénkarpþl;R)ak;QñÜl shrdæGaemrikkñúgkarGnþraKmn_cUlkñúg RbeTsKuy)a nig siT§ikñúgkarTij
CalkçNHRbéBNIEdlCaerOy²RsþIEtgEtTTYl)anR)ak;cMnUlticCag b¤ CYlTwkdIKuy)aCasßanIy_nava nig eRbg\n§n³.
burs. Plessy v. Ferguson / erOgkþI eposes nig hVWháassun ¬n¦ erOgkþI

Payne-Aldrich Tariff / GaRtaBn§ epnI-GalRDIc ¬n¦ bNþúMén qñaM1896 EdlkñúgenaHtulakarkMBUlseRmcfakarEbgEckBUCsasn_

bBaØtþielIkarykBn§ EdlGnum½tedayshsPaenAqñaM1909 Edlxkxan Tak;Tgnwgkarsñak;GaRs½yenACasaFarN³CakarRsbc,ab; dUcenHnaM[
min)ankat;bnßyCaduMkMPYndl;karykBn§elIplitpleragcRk. mankarbegáItmanCaRTwsþImYyfa{enAdac;BIKña b:uEnþesµIKña{.
Peace Corps / GgÁsnþiPaB ¬n¦ Pñak;garbegáIteLIgenAqñaM 1961 political machine / k,alm:asuInneya)ay ¬n¦ RkumEdlman

edIm,Ipþl;nUvCMnYysµ½RKcitþdl;RbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_enAGasuI GaRhVik nig GgÁkarcat;taMgEdlRKb;RKgKNbkSneya)aykñúgTIRkug nig pþl;nUv

GaemrikLaTIn. esvakmµdl; Gñke)aHeqñat nig kumh‘unnanaCafñÚrnwgkarKaMRTxag
Pendleton Civil Service Act / c,ab;m®nþIrdækarsuIvilpinlittun neya)ay nig hirBaØvtßú .
¬n¦ c,ab;Gnum½tenAqñaM 1883 dlbegáItKN³ kmµaFikarm®nþIrdækarsuIvil poll tax / Bn§elIkare)aHeqñat ¬n¦ Bn§GakrEdlkalBImunc,ab;tRmÚv
EdlmansmasPaBBIrbkSedIm,Icat;taMgkargarrdæaPi)altamry³ [bg;enAkñúgrdæmYycMnYnenAPaKxagt,ÚgcMeBaHbuKÁlNa Edlcg;eTA
KuNsm,tþi rbs;m®nþIpÞal;. e)aHeqñat .
popular sovereignty / RbCaFibetyüPaB ¬n¦ RbB½n§mYyEdlkúñg

enaHGñkRsuke)aHeqñatedIm,IseRmcbBaðaGIVmYy.

MULTI-LANGUAGE GLOSSARY 105

 Populism / RbCaniym ¬n¦ clnaneya)aycugstvtSr_TI19 Edl Pure Food and Drug Act / c,ab;kMNt;GaharnigfñaMbrisuT§ ¬n¦
TamTarfaRbCaCnmansMeLgxøaMgCagenAkñúgrdæaPi)al ehIy riHrk c,ab;Gnum½tenAqñaM1906 edim,IhamXat;karlk;Gahar nig fñaMEdleFVI
meFüa)aytmál;plRbeyaCn_ksikr nig Blkr[kan;Etx<s;. mins¥at nig edIm,IFana[mankarvaypøakBitR)akd.
Powhatan / pUhattan; ¬n¦ RkumCnCatiedImGaemrikEdlrs;enA Puritans / GñkbrisuT§niym ¬n¦ smaCikénRkummYyEdlcg;lubbM)at;

rdævICInIj:aPaKxagekItenAeBlmanGñktaMgTIlMenAGg;eKøsmuneKbg¥s; ecalral;TMenomTmøab;RbéBNIrbs;nikayr:UmuaMgkatUlikenAkñúgviharTwkdI
KHMER

enATIenaH. Gg;eKøs.
price support / karKaMRTtémø ¬n¦ karEfrkSatémøenAkñúgkRmitNa

mYy tamry³GnþraKmn_rbs;rdæaPi)al.
Proclamation of 1763 / esckþIRbkasqñaM1763 ¬n¦ bTbBa¢a Q
EdlkñúgenaHcRkPBGg;eKøshamR)ammin[GaNaniKmCnGaemrikaMgtaMg Quakers / BYkexVkX½r ¬n¦ smaCiksgÁmmitþPkþiniym EdlCaRkum
TIlMenAPaKxaglicPñMGapaLaeQoneT. sasnamYyRkumRtÚvTTYlrgnUvkareFVITukçbukemñjedaysareCOCMenOrbs;
profiteering / kareqøótykkéRmFM ¬n¦ karlk;TMnijkñúgeBlman xøÜnenARbeTsGg;eKøsnastvtSr_TI17.
TMnijsþÜcesþIg. quota system / RbB½n§kUta ¬n¦ RbB½n§EdlkMNt;faCnGenþaRbevsn_
progressive movement / clnaceRmIn ¬n¦ clnaEkTRmg;edIm b:unµannak;mkBIRbeTsnanaEdlRbeTsmYyeTotnwgTTYlcUlmkkñúgmYy
stvtSr_TI20EdlriHrkmeFüa)aykñúgkarRtLb;karRKb;RKgrbs; qñaM².
rdæaPi)al eTA[RbCaCnRKb;RKgvijedIm,Isþar»kaseFVIesdækic© nig
EktRmUvGyutþiFm’kñúgCIvPaBrbs;CnCatiGaemrikaMg.
prohibition / Gay½tkmµ ¬n¦ karhamXat;karplit karlk; nig kar R
TijePs¢C³CatiGal;kul. Radical Republican / CnsaFarNrdæniymr:aDIkal ¬n¦ smaCik
Prohibition / Gay½tkmµkñúgviesaFnkmµ ¬n¦ sm½ykalqñaM 1920- sPamkBIKNbkSsaFarNrdæ EdleRkayBIs®gáamsuIvil cg;bMpøaj

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1933 EdlGMLúgeBlenaHc,ab;viesaFnkmµTI18 EdlhamR)amkar GMNacneya)ayrbs;GtItGñkRKb;RKgTaskr nigpþl;[CnCati
plit nig karlk;RsacUlCaFrmanenAkñúgshrdæGaemrik. GaemrikaMgedImkMeNItGaRhiVknUvsiT§iCaBlrdæeBjelj RBmTaMgsiT§i
propaganda / kareXasna ¬n¦ karTMnak;TMngmü:agEdlmanPaB kñúgkare)aHeqñateTotpg.
lMeGogEdlerobcMeLIgedIm,ICH\T§iBleTAKMnit nig skmµPaBrbs; ratification / sc©ab½n ¬n¦ karGnum½tCapøÚvkareTAelIrdæFmµnuBaØ b¤
RbCaCn. c,ab;viesaFnkmµ BIsMNak;rdæ.
Proposition 187 / esckþIRBagc,ab; 187 ¬n¦ esckþIRBagc,ab; rationing / karkMNt;rbbGahar ¬n¦karkMNt;siT§irbs;RbCaCnmin[
Gnum½t enArdækalIhV½rj:a qñaM 1994 Edlc,ab;enHbBa©b;nUvral;pl TijGaharNa b¤\v:an;epSg²hYskRmit EdlkarkMNt;enHGnuvtþenAGMLúg
RbeyaCn_xagvis½yGb;rM nig suxPaBminbnÞan; cMeBaHGenþaRbevsn_ eBlmans®gÁam edIm,IFana[mankarpÁt;pÁg;RKb;RKan;sRmab;eyaFa.
minRsbc,ab;. Reaganomics / eKalneya)ayesdækic©rIEhÁn ¬n¦ eKalneya)ay
proprietor / m©as;kmµsiT§i ¬n¦ m©as; CaBiessCnEdl)anpþl;kmµsiT§i esdækic©rbs;RbFanaFibtI r:UNal; rIEhÁn EdlepþatsMxan;eTAelIkarkat;
énkarRKb;RKgeBjeljcMeBaHTwkdIGaNaniKmGg;eKøs mYycMnYnenATVIb bnßyfvika nig karkat;Bn§Gakr edIm,IbegáInvinieyaKÉkCn ¬T>1040¦.
GaemrikxageCIg . realpolitik / neya)ayBit ¬n¦ eKalneya)aykarbreTsEdlKaMRT
protective tariff / GaRtaBn§karBar ¬n¦ Bn§elI\v:an;naMcUlEdlman eday ehnrI XIssuIgeCI enAkñúgrdækarnic sun edayEp¥kelIkarKitKUrdl;
bMNgkarBarRkumh‘unCati min[mankarRbkYtRbECgBIxageRkA. GMNacrbs;RbeTsmYy CaCagKMnit b¤ eKalkarN_sIlFm’rbs;RbeTs
protectorate / rdæcMNuH ¬n¦ RbeTsEdlkic©karrbs;xøÜnmYyEpñkRtÚv enaH.
)anRKb;RKgedayRbeTsEdlmanGMNacxøaMgCag. reapportionment / karEckeLIgvij ¬n¦ karKn;KUrmNÐle)aHeqñat
Pueblo / BUbøÚ ¬n¦ RkumCnCatiedImGaemrik eBalKWCabcäaCnrbs; eLIgvij edIm,Irk[eXIjnUvkarERbRbYlcMnYnRbCaCn.
GaNasahSIú Edlrs;enAelIvalxSac;PaKxagnirtI.

106 THE AMERICANS

 recall / kare)aHeqñatdktMENg ¬n¦ nItiviFIdkm®nþIsaFarN³ecjBI Republic of California / saFarNrdækalIhV½rj:a ¬n¦ RbCaCati
tMENgedaysMeLgeqñatRbCaCn. mYy EdlRbkasedayGñkmktaMgTIlMenACnCatiGaemrikaMgelITwkdI
Reconstruction / karsßabnaeLIgvij ¬n¦ sm½ykalsßabna kalIhV½rj:a enAeBlEdlBYkeKRbkasÉkraCBIRbeTsmuiksuIkU kñúgqñaM
RbeTseLIgvijeRkayBIs®gÁamsuIvil EdlkñúgGMLúgeBlenaHrdæsm<½n§ 1846.
Edlcaj; s®gÁamRtÚv)anGnuBaØat[cUl kñúgshB½n§vij . Republic of Texas / saFarNrdæticsas ¬n¦ RbCaCatimYyEdl

Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) / saCIvkmµ begáIteLIgenAqñaM1836 enAeBlEdlGñktaMgTIlMenACnCatiGaemrik

KHMER
hirBaØvtßúsßabna ¬n¦ Pñak;garbegáIteLIgenAqñaM1932 edIm,Ipþl;nUvkar enAkñúgextþmiuksuIkUeQµaH etcas Rbkas nig RbyuT§edIm,IÉkraCü ehIy
pþl;fvikabnÞan;dl;FnaKar Rkumh‘un Fanar:ab;rgCIvitRkumh‘unGysµ½yyan rdæenHeKehACaTUeTAnaeBlenaHfa{saFarN rdætaraeTal}.
nig Rkumh‘unFM²CaeRcIneTot. revenue sharing / karEckrMElkR)ak;cMnUl ¬n¦ karEbgEckR)ak;

Red Cross / kak)aTRkhm ¬n¦ GgÁkarGnþrCatiEdlpþl;nUvCMnYy shB½n§dl;rdæeRkam»vaT nig rdæ)alEdndI nUvbRmammYycMnYn b¤ KµaneTA
se®gÁaH dl;RbCaCnenAeBlmans®gÁam b¤ eRKaHFmµCati. køar:a )atun elIviFIEdlRtÚvcMNayR)ak;cMnUlenaH .
)anbegáItsaxakak)atGaemrikaMgenAqñaM1881. reverse discrimination / karerIseGIgb®Ba©as ¬n¦ karRbRBwtþ

redemption / kareLIgmkkan;;GMNacvij ¬n¦ Bakürbs;KNbkS edayGyutþiFm’mkelIsmaCikRkumRbCaCnPaKeRcIn dUcCa CnCati

RbCaFibetyüenAPaKxagt,ÚgeRbIsRmab;smÁal;karvilRtLb;mkkan; Es,ks CaedIm dlbNþalmkBIkarxitxMRbwgERbgEktRmÚvkarerIseGIg
GMNaceLIgvijenAPaKxagt,ÚgnaTsvtSr_qñaM1870. RbqaMgnwgsmaCikRkumepSgeTot .
referendum / RbCamti ¬n¦ nItiviFIEdltamry³enHviFankarEdlesñI revival / karykmksEmþgeLIgvij ¬n¦ karRbCuMsasnaEdlerobcM

eLIg edayGgÁnItibBaØtþiGacdak;CUnedIm,I[RbCaCne)aHeqñat ¬T>518¦. eLIgedIm,Idas;nUvCMenOeLIgvijtamry³karkarsEmþgFmµeTsnad¾rMeCIb

Reformation / bdirUbkmµ ¬n¦ clnasasnaenATVIbGWr:ubstvtSr_TI16 rMCYl .
EdlepþImecjBIbMNgR)afñacg;[mankarEkTRmg;viharr:UmuaMg katUlik nig rock ’n’ roll / r:ukEGnr:Ul ¬n¦ t®nþIRbCaRbiyGaemrikaMgmü:agEdl

naMdl;karbegáItnUvviharRbUetsþg;epSg²CaeRcIneTot. vivDÆn_enATsvtSr_qñaM1950 ecjBITMnukeRcognigbTePøgGENþgGNþÚg

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Renaissance / bunvuDÆisil, ³ ¬n¦ sm½ykalRbvtþisa®sþGWr:ub Kit RsukERs t®nþIhSas sikçabTénRBHeys‘U nig t®nþIEdleKniym. TRmg;
cab;BIqñaM1400 dl; 1600 Edlnasm½yenaHkarcab;GarmµN_mansaCafµI t®nþIEbbGaemrikaMgenHcugCYnxøaMg nig bTsamBaØ EdlCH\T§iBlTUTaMg
eTAelIvb,Fm’sm½yburaNEdlnaMdl;karpøas;bþÚry:ageRcInkñúgvisS½y BiPBelak eTAelIkarraMErkCalkçNHsgÁm m:UtsemøókbMBak;Tan;sm½y
sil,³ karhat;eron nig karyl; eXIjcMeBaHBiPBelakTaMgmUl. nig karERskeRcogxøaMg² .
reparations / sMNg ¬n¦ karsgkarxUcxatBIsMNak;RbeTsEdl Roosevelt Corollary / GnusaFürUesEvl ¬n¦ karBRgIkRTwsþIm:unr:U

caj;s®gÁamcMeBaHkarxUcxat b¤ karxUcRbeyaCn_nanaEdlxøÜn)aneFVIeLIg EdlRbkasedayRbFanaFibtI rUesEvl enAqñaM 1904 EdleRkamtam

enAkñúgGMLúgeBleFVIs®gÁam. karBRgIkRTwsþIenHshrdæGaemrikTamTarsiT§ikñúgkarkarBarplRbeyaCn_
republic / saFarNrdæ ¬n¦rdæaPi)alEdlkñúgenaHBlrdædwknaMtamry³ esdækic©rbs;xøÜnedayeRbIGnþraKmn_eyaFaenAkñúgkic©karénRbCaCatisßit
tMNagEdlxøÜn)ane)aHeqñat[. enAGDÆeKalxaglic.
Republican Party / KNbkSsaFarNrdæ ¬n¦ KNbkSneya)ay Rough Riders / GñkCiHesHeqA ¬n¦ kgvresnaFMeyaFasµ½RKcitþ

sm½yTMenIbEdlbegáIteLIgenAqñaM1854 edayGñkRbqaMgnwgTasPaB Edl sßiteRkambBa¢akarelak lIGUNad vUd nig rUesEvl EdlbeRmI

enAelITwkdIenH. enAkñúg s®gÁameGs,aj-Gaemrik.
republicanism / saFarNrdæniym ¬n¦ CMenOEdlfardæaPi)alenaH royal colony / GaNaniKmRBHraCa¬n¦GaNaniKmEdlsßitenAeRkam

KYrEtEp¥keTAelIkaryl;Rsbrbs;RbCaCnCamUldæan. karRKb;RKgrbs;RBHmhakSRtGg;eKøs.
rural free delivery (RFD) / karEcksMbuRteday\tKitéfø ¬n¦

karEckrbs;rdæaPi)alnUvsMbuRt nig kBa©b;dl;pÞHnanaenAtamCnbT Edl

cab;epþImenAqñaM1896.

MULTI-LANGUAGE GLOSSARY 107

 secession / GbKmn_ ¬n¦ kardkxøÜnCapøÚvkarrbs;rdæmYyecjBI
S shB½n§.
SALT I Treaty / sn§isBaØaslFI ¬n¦ kic©RBmeRBog5qñaMrvag shrdæ Second Continental Congress / smaCTwkdIelIkTIBIr ¬n¦
Gaemrik nig shPaBsUevot EdlcuHhtßelxaenAqñaM 1972 dl;kic© smaCTwkdI EdlRbRBwtþeTAenAEx]sPa qñaM 1775 EdlGnum½teday
RBmeRBogenHkRmitcMnYnkaMRCYcepøagqøgTVIb nig kaMRCYc)aj;ecjBInava esckþIRbkas ÉkraCü ehIyCaTIPñak;garEtmYyKt;énrdæaPi)alCatienA
KHMER

muCTwk. GMLúgsm½ys®gÁambdivtþ.
salutary neglect / karminykcitþTukdak;Etpþl;plRbeyaCn_ ¬n¦ Second Great Awakening / karPJak;rlwkelIkTIBIr ¬n¦ clna

eKalneya)ayrbs;Gg;eKøskñúgkarbn§Úr[GnuvtþtambTbBaØtþieday sasnamYyenAstvtSr_TI19EdlkñúgenaHmankarsgát;F¶n;eTAelIkarTTYl
sRmYlenAkñúgTwkdIGaNaniKm CafñÚrnwgkarbnþPkþIPaBxagesdækic©. xusRtÚv CabuKÁlkñúgkareRsacRsg; rYmCamYynwgtRmÚvkar PivDÆn_xøÜn nig
Sandinista / EdlCarbs;BYk]TÞam ¬Ku¦EdlCarbs;RkumGñkbHe)ar sgÁm.
EdlpþÜlrMlMrdæaPi)alnIháar:ahÁ½rnaqñaM 1979. sectionalism / tMbn;niym ¬n¦ kardak;plRbeyaCn_tMbn;rbs;buKÁl

Santa Fe Trail / pøÚvEsnfa hVI ¬n¦ pøÚvlMmYyBItMbn;GuInDIpindin mIs‘UrI mñak;FMCagplRbeyaCn_rbs;CatiTaMgmUl.

Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) /
mk EsnfahVI jÚvmiuksuIkU EdleRbIR)as;edayGñkCMnYjenAedIm nig Bak;
kNþalTsvtSr_qñaM1800. KN³kmµkarmUlFnb½Rt nig bþÚrR)ak; ¬n¦ TIPñak;garEdlbegáIteLIgenA
satellite nation / RbeTsrNb ¬n¦ RbeTsmYyEdlRKb;RKgEpñk
qñaM1934 EdlRKb;RKgpSarPaKh‘un RBm TaMgGnuvtþc,ab;EdlRKb;RKg
neya)ay nig Epñkesdækic©edayRbeTsmYyeTot. elIkarlk;PaKh‘un nig b½NÑbMNul.
segregation / vieyaKkmµ ¬n¦ karbMEbkRbCaCnedayehtupl
Saturday Night Massacre / karsmøab;rgÁalraRtIéf¶esAr_ ¬n¦

eQµaHEdleKsMedAdl;karlaElgBItMENgrbs;rdæm®nþIRksYgyutþiFm’ BUCsasn_.
Selective Service Act / c,ab;eRCIserIskgT½B ¬n¦ c,ab;Gnum½t
Gaemrik nig kar)aj;elIrUbGnurdæm®nþIrbs;elak enAExtula qñaM 1973
eRkayeBlEdleKminbdiesFminRBmGnuvtþtambBa¢arbs;RbFanaFibtI enAqñaM 1917 EdltRmÚv[burscuHeQµaHbeRmIkgT½B.

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Seneca Falls Convention / GnusBaØaesnIka hVls_ ¬n¦
nicsun kñúgkarbeNþjrdæGaCJaBiessEdlesuIbGegátkrNIvtFWehát.
savanna / valesµA ¬n¦ valesµAs¶ÜtEdlmanedImeQInigKuem<atéRB
GnusBaØa siT§inarIEdlerobcMeLIgenA esnIka hVls_ TIRkugjÚvy:k qñaM
Rtg;enHmYydibRtg;enHmYydubEdleKeXIjmanenAtMbn;tUcbnÞab;BI 1848.
Separatist / GñkbMEbkxøÜn ¬n¦ smaCikénRkumbrisuT§niymEdlbegáIt
sahara:enATVIbGaRhVik nig tMbn;RtUBic nig eRkamRtUBicepSgeTot.
scalawag / mnusSxUc ¬n¦ CnCatiEs,ksrs;enAPaKxagt,ÚgEdl
Rkumskáar³edayxøÜnÉgpÞal; eRkayBIbdiesFlT§PaBkñúgkarEkTRmg;enA
cUlKNbkSsaFarNrdæeRkayBIs®gÁamsuIvil. kñúgRBHviharGg;eKøs.
service sector / EpñkbeRmIesvakmµ ¬n¦ EpñkmYyénesdækic©Edlpþl;
scientific management / karRKb;RKgtamEbbviTüasa®sþ ¬n¦

karGnuvtþn_eKalkarN_EbbviTüasa®sþedIm,IbegáInRbsiT§PaBenAkEnøgeFVI GtifiCnnUvesvakmµnanaCaCagplitkmµ.
settlement house / mNÐltaMglMenA ¬n¦ mNÐlshKmn_Edlpþl;
kar.
Scopes trial / karCMnuMCRmHkþIsáÚb ¬n¦ erOgkþIenAtulakarqñaM1925
CMnYydl;Gñksñak;enA CaBiessCnGenþaRbevsn_enAkñúgsgáat;GñkTITal;Rk
EdlkñúgenaHRKÚbeRgonCIvviTüa eQµaH cn sáÚb RtÚv)anvinicä½ykþI BIbT rs;enA.
Seventeenth Amendment / c,ab;viesaFnkmµTI17 ¬n¦
beBa©jeyabl;RbqaMgnwgc,ab;rdæefneNsuI EdlhamR)ammin[beRgon
GMBIkarvivtþn_. viesaFnkmµrdæFmµnuBaØshrdæGaemrik EdlGnum½tenAqñaM 1913 EdlEcg
search-and-destroy mission / ebskmµEsVgkemÞc ¬n¦ kar
GMBIkare)aH eqñateRCIserIssmaCikRBwT§sPashrdæGaemrikedayRbCaCn
vaylukrbs;eyaFashrdæGaemrikeTAelIPUmimYyenAevotNamxagt,Úg CaCagedayGgÁnItibBaØtþi.
shantytown / TIRkugxÞm ¬n¦ sgáat;mYyenAkñúgenaHRbCaCnrs;enAkñúg
kñúgeKalbMNg sVgrkkm©at;ecalnUvGñkRsukGñkPUmiEdlmanTMnak;TMng
CamYyBYkevotkug b:uEnþCajwkjab;EtgEtnaM[PUmihinehac ehIyCMnYs xÞmbeNþaHGasnñ.
edayGñkRsukepSgeTot.
108 THE AMERICANS
 sharecropping / karRbvas;éd ¬n¦ RbB½n§EdlkñúgenaHm©as;dI pþl; Southern strategy / yuT§sa®sþPaKxagt,Úg ¬n¦ karb:unb:grbs;
kmµkrnUvdIcmáar RKab;BUC nig ]bkrN_ksikmµ CafñÚrnwgplmYyEpñk Edl RbFanaFibtI nicsun kñúgkarTak;TajkarKaMRTrbs;smaCikKNbkS
eKTTYl)ancugeRkay. RbCaFibetyüGPirkSniymEdlminsb,aycitþcMeBaHkarlayLMKñaén
Shays’s Rebellion / ]TÞamkmµehS ¬n¦ karbHe)arrbs;ksikr eKalneya)ayshB½n§ nig tulakarkMBUl EbbesrIniym.
m:asaXüÚestCMBak;bMNultv:anwgkarbegáInBn§rbs;rdæenAqñaM 1787 . speakeasy / kEnøglk; nig pwkRsaxusc,ab;enA BlmanGay½tkmµkñúg

Sherman Antitrust Act / c,ab;RbqaMgRtwsþhSWEmn ¬n¦ c,ab; viesaFnkmµ.

KHMER
Gnum½tenAqñaM 1890 EdlmanbMNgTb;sáat;min[ mankarbegáItPaBpþac; specialization / ÉkeTskmµ ¬n¦ niyayGMBIkareFVIERscmáar KWCakar

mux edayEcgfaGaNtþiBüa)alPaBEdlCakareRCotERCkBaNiC¢kmµesrI daMduMdMNaMBIrRbePTsRmab;lk; CaCagdaMeRcInmuxedIm,IeFVICamðÚbGaharpÞal;

CakarelµIsc,ab; . xøÜn.
silent majority / mtiPaKeRcIns¶b;es¶óm ¬n¦ eQµaHenHdak;eday speculation / karsµan ¬n¦karcUlrYmkñúgkarRbfuykñúgkareFVImuxCMnYj

RbFanaFibtIrIqat niksunkñúgkareFVICamCÄniþikdl;CnCatiGaemrikPaKeRcIn enAkñúgkic©xitxMRbwgERbgTTYl)annUvplcMeNjqab;rh½sehIylaPFM

EdlKaMRTeKalneya)ays®gÁamevotNamrbs;elak. eTotpg.
sit-in / karGgÁúytv:a ¬n¦ kareFVI)atukmµmYyRbePTEdlCnCati spoils system / RbB½n§elIkTwkcitþ ¬n¦ karGnuvtþrbs;ebkçCnC½y

GaemrikaMgedImkMeNItGaRhiVk eFVIeLIgedIm,Itv:aRbqaMgnwgkar erIseGIg laPICakarelIkTwkcitþdl;GñkKaMRTrbs;xøÜnfanwgRbKl; kargarrdæaPi)al

Edlkñúg)atukmµenaHGñktv:a)anGgÁúycuHenAEbkBIKña ehIybdiesFminRBm eFVI .
cakecjrhUtTal;EteKeFVIkar[ . Square Deal / dMeNaHRsayRtwmRtÚv ¬n¦ kmµviFIrbs;RbFanaFibtI

slave / Taskr ¬n¦ GñkEdlkøayCaRTBüsm,tþirbs;GñkdéT . rUesEvl kñúgkarEkTRmg;RbkbedaykarrIkceRmInEdlerobcMeLIgedIm,I

Social Darwinism / RTwsþivivtþn_sgÁm ¬n¦ TsSn³esdækic© nig sgÁm karBarkuM[RbCaCnFmµtaRbkbCMnYjFM.
Edltamkarsnµt;RbEhlCaEp¥kelIRTwsþICIvviTüaGMBIkarviivtþn_énCeRmIs stagflation / GtiprNaesdækic©nigKµankargareFVI ¬n¦ lkçxNÐesdækic©

FmµCati rbs;elakqals_ davIn EdlkMNt;faRbB½n§RbkYt RbECgEbb EdlmanGtiprNa nig GaRtaGt;kargareFVIx<s;.

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CiHesHElgédnwgFanadl;karrs; rbs;GñkEdlmansmtßPaB . Stamp Act / c,ab;Rbfab;Rta ¬n¦ c,ab;qñaM1765 EdlkñúgenaHsPa

Social Gospel movement / clnasgÁmsc©³ ¬n¦ clnaEk tMNagra®sþbegáItnUvkarykBn§pÞal;eTAelITMnij nig esvakmµ enAkñúgTwkdI
TRmg;stvtSr_TI19 EdlEp¥kelICMenOfa RKisþsasnikmankarTTYlxus GaNaniKmGg;eKøsenAGaemrikxageCIg.
RtÚvkñúgkarCYyGPivDÆn_lkçxNÐkargar nig kat;bnßyPaBRkIRk . Stono Rebellion / ]TÞamkmµsþÚNU ¬n¦ karbHe)arrbs;TaskrnaqñaM

Social Security Act / c,ab;mUlFnb½RtsgÁm ¬n¦ c,ab;Gnum½tenA 1739 enATwkdIkar:UlINaxagt,Úg EdlnaM[mankarrwtbnþwgc,ab;Taskr

qñaM1935 edIm,Ipþl;CMnYydl;GñkcUlnivtþn_ GñkKµankargareFVI CnBikar nig EdlmanlkçNHtwgEtgRsab;eTAehIyenaH.
RkumRKÜsarEdlmankUnenAkñúgbnÞúk . Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) / karpþÜcepþImyuT§sa®sþ

soddy / eKhdæanEdlmandaMesµACuMvij . karBar ¬suI>DI>Gay¦¬n¦ RbB½n§karBarEdlesñIeLIg CaTUeTAeK[eQµaHfa

Songhai / sugéh ¬n¦ cRkPBmYyEdlenAeBlGMNacrbs;xøÜneLIg s®gÁampáay EdlerobcMeLIg kñúgeKalbMNgkarBarshrdæGaemrik[rYc
dl;kMBUlenATsvtSr_qñaM1500 )anRKb;RKgTVIbGaRhVik xaglicesÞIrEt putBIkarvayRbharkaMRCYc .
TaMgGs;. strike / kUdkmµ ¬n¦ karQb;eFIVkargarkñúgeKalbMNgedIm,IbgçM[

soup kitchen / pÞH)ayGñkRk ¬n¦ TIkEnøgpþl;GaharminKitéfø b¤ nyaCkeqøIytbtamtRmÚvkar .

GaharEdlmantémøTabCUndl;GñkTITal;Rk. Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) ¼
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) ¼ KN³kmµaFikarsRmbsRmÜlnisSitGhigSa ¬eGs>Gin>suI>suI¦¬n¦ GgÁkar
snñisITfñak;dwknaMCaRKisþsasnikPaKxagt,Úg ¬eGs>suI>Gil>suI¦¬n¦ begáIteLIgenAqñaM1960 edIm,IsRmbsRmYlGñkGgÁúyeFVI kUdkmµ nig
GgÁkarmYyEdlbegáIteLIgenAqñaM1957eday bNÐit m:aTIn lUeFI XIg Gñktv:adéTeTot dIm,Ipþl;tYnaTIdl;yuvCnCnCatiEs,kexµAkan;EtFM kñúg
nig emdwknaMdéTeTotedIm,IbeRmI[siT§iBlrdætamGhigSa. clnasiT§iBlrdæ .

MULTI-LANGUAGE GLOSSARY 109

 Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) / clnanisSit tenant farming / kareFVIERsCYldI ¬n¦ RbB½n§mYyEbbEdlkñúgenaH
edIm,IsgÁmRbCaFibetyü ¬eGs>DI>eGs¦¬n¦ RkumjÚveLhVRbqaMgGñk kmµkrrk]bkrN_edayxøÜnÉg ehIyCYldIcmáarGñkdéT.
kan;GMNacbegáIteLIgenAqñaM 1960EdlGMBav nav[manesrIPaBbuKÁl tenement / pÞHQñÜly:agRTuDeRTam ¬n¦ karrs;enAcRmuHRKÜsarenA

nig karTTYlxusRtÚvkan;EtxøaMg . tamCayRkugEdlCaTUeTAmanmnusSrs;enAENnNaMtan;tab; nig Kµan

suburb / CayRkug ¬n¦ lMenAÉkCn b¤ shKmn_CitTIRkug. Gnam½y.
suffrage / siT§ie)aHeqñat ¬n¦. Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) /GaCJaFrRClgPñMfineNsuI
KHMER

Sugar Act / c,ab;sár ¬n¦ c,ab;BaNiC¢kmµEdlGnum½teday sPa ¬FI>vI>eG¦¬n¦ saCIvkmµshB½n§begáIteLIgenAqñaM 1933 edIm,Isg;TMnb;
tMNagra®sþenAqñaM1764 kñúgeKalbMNgkat;bnßykarrt;Bn§ enAkñúgTwkdInig eFVIvarIGKÁIsnI enA tMbn;RClgPñMfineNsuI edImI,TajykGKÁIsnI
GaNaniKmGg;eKøsenATIVbGaemrikxageCIg. eRbIR)as;RBmTaMgedIm,IkarBarTwkCMnn;pg.
supply-side economics / esdæsa®sþtamtRmÚvkar ¬n¦ KMnitEdl termination policy / eKalneya)aybBa©b; ¬n¦ Epnkarrbs;

yl;eXIjfa karkat;bnßyGRtaBn§nwgnaM[ekInkargareFVI snSMR)ak; rdæaPi)alGaemrik EdlRbkasenAqñaM1953 edIm,Ie)aH g;karTTYlxusRtÚv

nigkarvinieyaKeFVIdUcenHKWedIm,IbegáInR)ak;cMnUlrbs;rdæaPi)al. cMeBaHkulsm<½n§CnCatiedImGaemrikaMg edaylubbM)at;nUvkarKaMRTesdækic©
BIshB½n§ ElgbnþRbB½n§bRmug nig EbgEck TwkdIkulsm<½n§saCafµI.
T Tet offensive / karvayRbharett ¬n¦ karvayRbharRTg;RTay

FMKYr[PJak;ep¥IlmYyedayBYkevotkugeTAelITIRkugevotNamxag t,Úg nig

Taino / efnNU ¬n¦ CnCatiedImGaemrikaMgrs;enAelIekaHkarIb‘In Edl
TIRkugnanaenAedImqñaM1968.
CaRkumdMbUgeKbg¥s;Edlk):al;kULMebuIs nig Gñkk):al;)aneBIbRbTH Texas Revolution / bdivtþn_ticsas; ¬n¦ karbHe)arqñaM1836
enAeBleKcUldl;TVIbGaemrik. Edl kñúgkarbHe)arenaHrdæticsas;TTYl)annUvÉkraCürbs;xøÜnBImiuksuIkU.
Tariff of Abominations / GaRtaBn§s¥b;ex<Im ¬n¦ kardak;eQµaH
Thirteenth Amendment / c,ab;viesaFnkmµTI13 ¬n¦
[edayelak cn calhU‘n cMeBaHkarbegáInGaRtaBn§naMcUlqñaM1828 viesaFnkmµrdæFmµnuBaØshrdæGaemrik Gnum½tenAqñaM 1865 EdllubbM)at;

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Edlhak;dUcCadak;cMeBaHRbCaCnPaKxagt,Úg edIm,IeFVI[RbCaCnPaKxag TasPaB nig karbeRmIeday\tsµ½RKcitþ.
eCIgmanR)ak;eRcInvijmþg . Three-Fifths Compromise / karsRmbsRmÜl3PaK5 ¬n¦
Tariff of 1816 / Bn§elITMnijnaMcUlqñaM1816 ¬n¦ GaRtaBn§Edlman
kic©RBmeRBogsm½yRbCuMeBjGgÁedIm,IKNnacMnYnTaskrrbs;rdæ3PaK5
lkçNHkarBarEdlerobcMeLIgedIm,ICMnYydl;]sSahkmµ Gaemrik. CaRbCaCn srubedIm,IkartMNag nig karykBn§.
Teapot Dome scandal / erOgGaRsUvcMBYyEt ¬n¦ karCYlCa
Tiananmen Square / TIlanFanGanmin ¬n¦ TIkEnøg)atukmµnaqñaM
sm¶at; rbs;rdæm®nþIRksYgmhaépÞ Gal;ebuIt hVl nUvdIsaFarN³Edl 1989 enATIRkugeb:kaMg RbeTscin EdlkñúgenaHnisSitcin)anTamTar
sMbUreTA edayeRbgdl;Rkumh‘unÉkCn CafñÚrnwgR)ak; nig dIFøI. esrIPaBkñúgkarniyaysþI nig GMNacbeBa©jmtikan;EteRcInenAkñúg
Telecommunications Act of 1996 / c,ab;TUrKmnaKmn_ qñaM
rdæaPi)al.
1996 ¬n¦ c,ab;Gnum½tenAqñaM1996 edIm,IelIkecjnUvrnaMgnanaEdl Tonkin Gulf Resolution / esckþIseRmcsþIGMBIQUgsmuRTtugkwg
BImunraraMgRkumh‘unKmnaKmn_min[eFVICMnYjKmnaKmn_EdlelIsBIBIr ¬n¦ esckþIseRmcEdlGnum½tedayshsPaenAqñaM1964 Edlpþl;[
RbePT. RbFanaFibtInUvGMNacd¾FMeFgkñúgkareFVIs®gÁamenAkñúgRbeTsevotNam.
telecommute / eFVITUrKmnaKmn_ ¬ki¦ eFVIkarenApÞHbRmIRkumh‘unEdl
totalitarian / Edlpþac;karniym ¬Ku¦ caritlkçNHénRbB½n§neya)ay
sßitenAkEnøgepSgedayeRbIbec©kviTüaKmnaKmn_epSg²dUcCa kuMBüÚT½r mYyEdlrdæaPi)aleFVIkarRKb;RKgedayeBjeljnUvCIvit rbs;Blrdæ.
GuIneFINit nig m:asIunhVak;. Townshend Acts / c,ab;efansin ¬n¦ c,ab;mYyes‘rIGnum½teday
telegraph / TUrelx ¬n¦ eRKOg]bkrN_bBa¢ÚnsareGLicRtUnikEdl
sPatMNagra®sþenAqñaM 1767 EdlbegáIt[manBn§RbeyalelITMnij
eRbIBaküsm¶at;tamExSePøIg. naMcUlBIcRkPBGg;eKøsedayGaNaniKmGg;eKøsenATVIbGaemrikxageCIg.
temperance movement / clnamtþBaØúta ¬n¦ kic©xitxMRbwgERbg

EdlerobcMeLIgedIm,ITb;sáat;min[esBVRsaRsvwg.

110 THE AMERICANS

 Trail of Tears / pøÚvlMTwkEPñk ¬n¦ kareFVIdMeNIrEdlkñúgenaH RbCaCn triangular trade / BaNiC¢kmµRtIekaN ¬n¦ RbB½n§BaNiC¢kmµGnþr
eqIr:ukXI RtÚv)anCemøósecjedaybgçBM IrTwkdIhSkhSIú eTATwkdI \NÐa Gatøg;TikEdlkñúgenaHTMnij nig mnusS EdlrYmmanTaskrpgEdr RtÚv)an
enAqñaM 1838-1840 daymanRbCaCneqIr:ukXIsøab;enAtampøÚvCaeRcIn edaHdUrrvagTVIbGaRhVik Gg;eKøs GWr:ub nig ev:sGuInDI nig GaNaniKmenA
Ban;nak;. GaemrikxageCIg .
transcendentalism / RTwsþIGrUbiuy ¬n¦ clnaKMnit nig GkSrsIl,_ Truman Doctrine / RTwsþIRTÚEmn ¬n¦ eKalneya)ayrbs; shrdæ

naTsvtSr_qñaM1800 Edlsgát;F¶n;eTAelIkarrs;enAsamBaØ nig sresIr GaemrikEdlRbkasedayRbFanaFibtI h;arI RTÚEmn enAqñaM 1947 Edl

KHMER
karBitEdlrkeXIjenAkñúgFmµCati nig kñúgevTnaGarmµN_ RBmTaMgkar pþl;nUvCMnYyesdækic© nig eyaFadl;RbeTskan;lT§iesrIniymEdlsßit
RsemIRsém. eRkamkarKMramkEhgBIGñkRbqaMgBIxag kñúg nig xageRkA .
transcontinental railroad / pøÚvrfePøIgqøgTVIb ¬n¦ ExSrfePøIgP¢ab; Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute / viTüasßan

eqñrmhasmuRTGatøg;Tik nig )a:suIhVik énshrdæGaemrik Edlsagsg; ]sSahkmµfas;KIgI ¬n¦ viTüasßanenHbegáIteLIgenAqñaM 1881 nigdwknaM
rYcral; enAqñaM 1869 . edayelakb‘UkeXIv:asuInetandIm,IbMb:nCnCatiGaemrikedImkMeNItGaRhVik
Treaty of Fort Laramie / sn§isBaØahV½t Lar:amI ¬n¦ sn§isBaØa nUvKruekaslübeRgon nig MnajmanRbeyaCn_epSg² TotenAkñúgvis½y
EdltRmÚv[CnCatis‘Usrs;enAelITwkdIbRmugenAtambeNþayTenømIs‘UrI . CMnYj nig ksikmµ .
Treaty of Ghent / sn§isBaØaeCn ¬n¦ sn§isBaØaqñaM1814 EdlbBa©b; two-party system / RbB½n§KNbkSBIr ¬n¦ RbB½n§neya)ayEdl

s®gÁamqñaM 1812. RKb;RKgedayKNbkSFMBIr.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo / sn§isBaØahÁ½tdalUb huIdalehÁa

¬n¦ sn§isBaØaqñaM 1848 EdlbBa©b;s®gÁamrbs;GaemrikCamYymuiksuIkU

Edlkñúg sn§isBaØaenaHmiuksuIkUyl;RBmepÞrTwkdIkalIhV½rj:a nigjÚvmuiksuIkU
U
Uncle Tom’s Cabin / bnÞb;BUfM ¬n¦ erOgRbelamelaKlk;dac;Cag
mk[Gaemrikvij.
Treaty of Paris (1783) / sn§isBaØaTiRkug)a:rIs ¬1783¦ ¬n¦
eKbg¥s;niBn§edayelak harIt b‘IceqI sþÚv Edle)aHBum<pSayenAqñaM
sn§isBaØaEdlbBa©b;s®gÁambdivtþn_ edayRbKl;ÉkraCdl;shrdæGaemrik 1852. erOgenHniyayGMBITasPaBfaCaGMeBIKµansIlFm’.
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

Underground Railroad / pøÚvGysµ½yyaneRkamdI ¬n¦ RbB½n§pøÚv

nig kMNt;RBMEdnénRbeTsenHCaRbeTsfµImYy.
Treaty of Paris (1898) / sn§isBaØaATIRkug)a:rIs ¬1898¦¬n¦
EdlTaskrePosxøÜnRtÚv)aneKCYy[rt;ePosxøÜneTARbeTskaNada b¤
sn§isBaØabBa¢b; s®gÁameGs,aj-Gaemrik Edlkñúgkic©RBmeRBogenH eTA kEnøgEdlmansuvtßiPaBenAkñúgrdænanaEdlkan;rbs;esrIniym.
United Farm Workers Organizing Committee
RbeTs eGs,ajpþl;esrIPaBdl;RbeTsKuy)a RbKl;ekaH hÁÚm nig (UFWOC) / KN³kmµaFikarrYmRKb;RKgksikr ¬yU>eGhV>dab;EblyU>
B½rtUrIkU mk[shrdæGaemrikvij nig lk;TwkdIhVIlIBIn [Gaemrikkñúg GU>suI¦¬n¦ shB½n§shCIBkmµkrEdlbegáIteLIg enAqñaM 1966 edIm,I
témø20landuløa. EsVgrkR)ak;kéRm nig lkçxNÐkar arRbesIrCagmun sRmab;GñkeFVIkar
Treaty of Tordesillas / sn§isBaØaT½reDIsuILa ¬n¦ sn§isBaØaqñaM
enAkñúgksidæanmiksuIkU-GaemrikaMgenAkñúgrdækalIhV½rj:a.
1494 EdlkñúgenaHRbeTseGs,aj nig B½rTuyhÁal; RBmeRBogKñayk United Nations (UN) / shRbCaCati ¬yU>Gin¦¬n¦ GgÁkarEfrkSa
TwkdIGDÆeKalxaglicEckKñaCaBIr. snþiPaBGnþrCatiEdlkñúgenaHRbCaCatiPaKeRcInenAkñúgBiPBelakcYlCa
Treaty of Versailles / sn§isBaØavWés ¬n¦ sn§isBaØasnþiPaBqñaM
smaCik ehIyGgÁkarenHbegáIteLIgenAqñaM1945 edIm,IelIkkMBs;snþiPaB
1919 enAcugs®gÁamelakelIkTI1 EdlbegáItCaRbeTsfµI RBMEdnfµI nig BiPBelak snþisux nig karGPivDÆn_ esdækic© .
kar sgkarxUcxatedays®gÁam. urban flight / karpøas;lMenAeTACayRkug ¬n¦ dMeNIrpøas;TIkEnøgBI
trench warfare / s®gÁamRtg;es ¬n¦ RbtibtþikareyaFaEdlkñúgenaH
TIRkugmkCagRkugenAEk,r²enaH.
kg kmøaMgRbqaMgeFVIkarvayRbhar nig vaybkecjtamRbB½n§karBar urbanization / nKrrUbnIykmµ ¬n¦ karrIkceRmInénTIRkug .
Rtg;esrwgmaM CaCagvayRbharedaycMhrenAelIsmrPUmi. urban renewal / karEkERbmuxmat;TIRkug ¬n¦ karvaykemÞcecal

GaKarcas;³ nig CMnYsvijeda GaKarfµIenAkñúgsgáat;RkIRkkñúgTIRkug.

MULTI-LANGUAGE GLOSSARY 111

 urban sprawl / karBRgIkTIRkugedayKµanEpnkarc,as;las; ¬n¦ kar
vatTIRkugedayKµanerobcMbøg; nig karRKb;RKgRtwmRtÚv eTAelItMbn;CuMvij. W
U.S.S. Maine / navacm,aMgyUeGseGsem:n ¬n¦ navacm,aMgshrdæ Wade-Davis Bill / esckþIRBagc,ab; ev:d-edvIs ¬n¦ esckþIRBag
GamrikEdlpÞúHedayGaf’kM)aMg nig licenAÉkMBg;Ephav:aNa RbeTs c,ab; qñaM1864 Edle)aHeqñatKaMRTedayRbFanaFibtIlInxunEdlnwgpþl;
Kuy)a éf¶TI15 ExkumÖH qñaM 1898 . siT§i[shsPaCaGñkRKb;RKgeTAelIkarsßabnaRbeTseLIgvij.
U-2 incident ]b,tþiehtuyUFU ¬n¦ karFøak;ynþehaHesuIbkarN_rbs; Wagner Act / c,ab;ev:kn½r ¬n¦ c,ab; EdleKehAmü:ageTotfa {c,ab;
Gaemrik nig karcab;)anGakasyanikBIsMNak;shPaBsUevotenAqñaM TMnak;TMngBlkmµCati} EdlGnum½tenAqñaM1935 edIm,IkarBarsiT§irbs;
KHMER

1960. kmµkreRkayBItulakarkMBUlRbkasc,ab;sþIGMBIsþareLIgvijnUv]sSahkmµ
utopian community / shKmsuxekSmkSanþ ¬n¦ shKm CatifaGFmµnuBaØ.
BiesaFnEdl)anerobcMeLIgedIm,I[køayCasgÁm\tex©aH Edl war-guilt clause / xTTYlkMhuss®gÁam ¬n¦ bTbBaØtþienAkñúg

smaCikTaMgGs;Gacrs;enACamYyKñaedaysuxdum . sn§isBaØa vWnés EdlkñúgenaHGaløWm:g;TTYlsÁal;fa xøÜnEtmñak;ÉgCaGñk

TTYlxusRtÚvcMeBaHs®gÁamelakelIkTI1.
V war hawk / GñkcUlcitþs®gÁam ¬n¦ smaCikshsPaGaemrikEdl

eBjcitþnwgkareFVIs®gÁamCamYyGg;eKøsenAb:unµanqñaMdMbUg én stvtSr_TI
V-E Day / TivaC½yCMnHvI-GuI ¬n¦ eQµaHéf¶TI8 Ex]sPa qñaM 1945 {Tiva 19.
C½yCMnHenAGWr:ub} EdlenAéf¶enaH]tþmesnIy_ eGsinhUv½r TTYlykcuH War Industries Board (WIB) / RkumRbwkSa]sSahkmµs®gÁam
caj; edayKµanlkçxNÐrbs;BYkNahSúIGaløWm:g; EdlCakarbBa©b;s®gÁam ¬dab;EblyU>Gay>b‘I¦¬n¦ TIPñak;garEdlbegáIteLIgenAGMLúgs®gÁam
elakelIkTI2 enATVIbGWr:ub . elakelIkTI1 edIm,IbegáInRbsiT§PaB nig kuM[eRbIR)as;]sSahkmµ
vertical integration / smahrNkmµpþac;mux ¬n¦ kar):avpþac;kar Tak;Tg nwgs®gÁameday\tRbeyaCn_ .
pÁt;pÁg;rbs;Rkumh‘unmYy nig GñkEckcayRBmTaMg RbB½n§dwkCBa¢ÚnedIm,I War Powers Act (WPA) / c,ab;sþIGMBIGMNacs®gÁam
RKb;RKgTaMgmUleTAelIKuNPaB nig témørb s;plitplrbs;xøÜn. ¬dab;EblyU>PI>eG¦¬n¦ c,ab;Gnum½tenAqñaM1973 EdlkRmitsiT§irbs;
Vietcong / evotkug ¬n¦CnkumµúynisþevotNamxagt,ÚgEdledayman RbFanaFibtIkñúgkarbBa¢ÚnkgT½BeTAsmrPUmiedaymin)anBieRKaHCamYy

Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

karKaMRTBIsMNak;evotNamxageCIgpg RbyuT§RbqaMgrdæaPi)alevotNam shsPa .
xagt,ÚgenAkñúgs®gÁamevotNam. War Production Board (WPB) / RkumRbwkSas®gÁam
Vietminh / evotmij ¬n¦ GgÁkarkumµúynisþevotNam nig RkumCati ¬dab;EblyU>PI>b‘I¦¬n¦ TIPñak;garEdlbegáItenAGMLúgs®gÁamelakelIk
niymdéTeTotEdlenAGMLúgqñaM1946-1954 RbyuT§ edIm,ITamTar TI2 edIm,IsRmbsRmYl karplitbrikça eyaFarbs;]sSahkmµ shrdæ
ÉkraCüBIRbeTs)araMg ¬T>937¦. Gaemrik .
Vietnamization / evotNamPavUbnIykmµ ¬n¦ yuT§sa®sþrbs; Warren Commission / KN³kmµkarv:arin ¬n¦ RkumEdldwknaMeday
RbFanaFibtIGaemriknik sun edIm,IbBa©b;kareFVIs gÁamrbs;Gaemrik RbFantulakar eGol v:arin EdlesuIbGegátkarlYceFVIXatRbFanaFibtI
enAkñúg RbeTsevotNam Edlmankar kkgT½BshrdæGaemrik nig ekNÑWDI ehIyseRmcfa lI haev: GUsev:l CaGñkTTYlxusRtÚvEtmñak;Ég
kardak;CMnYs vijnUvkgT½BevotNamxagt,Úg. Kt;.
Voting Rights Act of 1965 / c,ab;sþIGMBIsiT§ie)aHeqñat qñaM1965 Warren Court / tulakarv:arin ¬n¦ tulakarkMBUlenAGMLúgsm½yEdl
¬n¦ c,ab;EdlbgálkçNHgayRsYldl;CnCatiGaemrikedImkMeNIt eGol v:arin CaRbFantulakar RtÚv)ankt;smÁal;edaysarPaBskmµniym
GaRhiVk kñúgkarcuHeQµaHe)aHeqñatedaylubbM)at;ecalnUvkareFVIetsþkar rbs;tulakarenHenAkñúgvis½ysiT§iBlrdæ nig karniyaysþIedayesrI.
ecHGanecHsresrEdlmanlkçNHerIseGIg RBmTaMg GnuBaØat[GñkRtÜt Warsaw Pact / ktikasBaØav:asavI ¬n¦ sm<½n§PaBeyaFaEdlbegáIt
BinitümkBIrdæshB½n§cuHeQµaHGñke)aHeqñatEdlRtÚv)aneKbdiesF enA eLIgenAqñaM1955 edayshPaBsUevot nig RbeTsrNbrbs;xøÜnenATVIb
tammUldæan. GWr:ubxagekIt.

112 THE AMERICANS

 Watergate / erOgGaRsUvvtF½rehát ¬n¦ erOgGaRsUvekItecjBIkar
b:unb:grbs;rdækarnicsunkñúgkarlak;)aMgkarBak;B½n§rbs;xøÜnenAkñúgkareFVI Z
[karTmøúHcUllYc karlYcsþab;karsnÞnatamTUrs½BÞnigskmµPaBepSg² Zimmermann note / esckþIRbkashSIúmemuIEmn ¬n¦ sarmYyeFVI
eTotenAqñaM1972 enAÉTIsñak;kar KN³kmµaFikarCatiRbCaFibetyüEk,r
eLIg qñaM1917Edlrdæm®nþIRksYgkarbreTsGaløWm:g;)anepJICUnÉkGKÁrdæ
bNþúMGaKarvtF½rehátedIm,ICYy[nicsunCab;eqñat.
TUtGaløWm:g;RbcaMenAmiuksuIkU dlesñI[mansm<½n§PaBrvagGaløWm:g;-miuksuIkU
Whig Party / KNbkSEkTRmg; ¬n¦ KNbkSneya)ayEdlbegáIt

KHMER
nig snüafanwgCYy[miuksuIkUdeNþIm)an TwkdIBIrdæticsas jÚvmuiksuIkU nig
eLIgenAqñaM1846edIm,ICMTas;neya)ayrbs;EGnRDÚECksun .
GarIhSÚNa RbsinebIshrdæGaemrikcUlkñúgs®gÁam lakelIkTI1.
Wilmot Proviso / bdiBaØavIlm:ut ¬n¦ c,ab;viesaFnkmµeTAelIesckþI

RBagc,ab;elIxÞg;cMNayqñaM1834EdlesñIfaKµanTwkdINamYyEdl)anmk
BIs®gÁamCamYymiksuIkURtÚvebIkcMhr[manTasPaBeLIy .
Women’s Auxiliary Army Corps (WAAC) / GgÁPaBCMnYy

kgT½BnarI ¬dab;EblyU>eG>eG>suI¦¬n¦ GgÁPaBeyaFaGaemrikbegáIteLIg

enAGMLúgs®gÁamelakelIk TI2 edIm,ICYy[®sþIbeRmIkarkñúgmuxnaTImin
RbyuT§
Woodstock / t®nþIFmµCati ¬n¦BiFIRbKuMt®nþIEdlTak;TajyuvCnyuvnarI

Cag4Esnnak;[mkcUlrYmkMsanþkñúgextþPaKxageCIgrdæ jÚvy:k enAEx

sIha qñaM 1969.
Works Progress Administration (WPA) / rdæ)alkargarrIk

ceRmIn ¬Gab;EblyU>PI>eG¦¬n¦ Pñak;gar begáIteLIgCaEpñkmYyéndMeNaH

RsayfµITIBIr Edlpþl;[GñkGt;kargareFVInUvkargarsMNg; kat;edr
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beRgon viciRtsis,³ nig vis½yepSg² eTot.

X
XYZ Affair / erOgr:avGuicv:ayhiSd ¬n¦ ]b,tþiehtuqñaM1797 Edlkñúg
enaHm®nþI)araMgTamTarsMNUkBIGñkkarTUtshrdæGaemrik.

Y
yellow journalism / rbbsarBt’maneRbIGarmµN_ ¬n¦ kareRbI
GarmµN_ nig karbMepøIskñúgkareFVIesckþIraykarN_ tamsarBt’man b¤
TsSnavdþI edIm,ITak;TajGñkGan .

MULTI-LANGUAGE GLOSSARY 113

Lao-TheAmericans.qxd 1/16/2004 2:38 PM Page 114

rkdvtmy[kp7elar rklk]k;
rkdvtmy[kp7elar wfh]PCgxao]efa[ 8k,8q;vadlvo 0vC7elarmujle7aos]kpM7e 9kds]kp[qfF I;,maC
7;k,s,kp 0vC,aoD 7e9edaf7;k, muj1j6.orkdvtmy[kp7elar c,jo7emuj.-h 1j6.osoaClnIPosq;oUD rkdvtmy[kp7elar
.shsohkmuj [aopkp7e c8j]t7eD 7esp=h8jkCM mujwfhoe,k.-h c,jo 8+]qCwxoU G
adj. = adjective X7e75olar? n. = noun X7eok,? v. = verb X7edyiypk?

A
American Federation of Labor (AFL) / lt,kraocICCko
n. raomt,y8 0vC ltstrao dko7hk
vtg,iydoa Xgv cv2 cv]?
c]tsaf4tda,F 8AC0bho g,njvxu !))*D
abolition / g]ud]Q, n. dkog7njvows; grnjvp58ydkogxaomklD American Indian Movement (AIM) / 0[;odko vyogfaPcfC Xgv
wv cv,?n. vqCdko9af8AC mujdjP;da[dko8+lh6 1j6g]NvpM wfh8AC0bho .oxu !_*)
Adams-Onís Treaty / lqomyloa pk vkfa,{3voul n. dko8qd]qC xu !)!_ grnjvloa[lo5o lyfmy 0vCvyogfaPcfCD
-bjC ltgxo wfh,v[veokf7;[75, fyocfo 2]=iyfk .shcdj ltstia4D
Americanization movement / dkog7njvows; .shgxao vtg,iydoa n.
Adena / vkfyok n. laC7q, lhkC dvCfyo muj,u.9dkC1j6 s5[g0qk 37Cdkolbdlk muj,u95f,h5Cs,kp -j;p-k;vqrpq[ Ia[gvqk ;amotma,vtg,iydao
c,joE3vwI3v c]t9giuoI5jCgInvC c8jxu (WW djvo 7DlD g4yCxu 7DlD !WWD g0Qkw;hD
affirmative action /
dko1no1ao7;k,xtrbf n. ot3p[kfmujlvfljvC
LAOTIAN

American System / it[q[ vtg,iydo a n. dqfs,kp ,k8dko djvolqC

skmkCcdhzqodtmq[0vCdkoc[jCcpd.ovtfuf 3fpdkog0Qk0hkCdj5,muj4nd gvqk 7k,rkp.oxtgmf muj,u95f,h5Cs,kp grnjvmhvo3I,xtgmf
xP[,kc8jdjvoD c]t-jvp.shgl4dyf c0CcIC 3fp.-h;ymu rkluvkdvo xhvCdaoF
Agent Orange / gvg1ao v=giao n. lkog7,umujgxaoryf0hk.[w,h mujgInv[yo mtok7kocsjC-kfFc]tdkogIaf.shrkp.ofu0bho g-ajo ramok it[q[dko0qolqjCD
vtg,iydao luf.o;Pfok, grnjvgzup[jvo]U0vC;PfdqCD Anaconda plan / czo vkok7vofk n. p5m;ymu # 0Ao muj ltstraoia4
Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) / dqfs,kp xa[x5C dtlyd,a lgou grnjv9t -tot /jkp 7vog2gfuik-u .olqC7k,rkp.oxtgmfD
n. dqfs,kpmujvvd,k.oxu!_## grnjv0bhoik7kzq]x6d 3fp9jkpgCyo
Xgv gv gv? anarchist / zh6[+8hvCdko.sh,ui4a [ko n. [577qo
.sh -k;dtlydvo .sh9qjCmujfyo[kC[jvow;h3fp[+x6d/aCFfajCoAo 9bjC]qfdkoz]yfD muj8+8hkoit[q[dkoxqd7vC m5dI6[c[[D
AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) / 3i7 gvfl%

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Anasazi / vkok-kk-uu n. dj5, vyogfaPcfCdj5,objC mujvk.l1j6 9v,mujIk[l6CF
n. 3i7-toyfobjCmujgduf9kdw;ial mujgIaf.shr6,
X3i7r6,7h5,daoglnjv,? laozkF c]t rnhos5[g0qkg]yd 0vCg0f $ ,5,Xxaf95[aoc,jo ia4 vkiu3-okFoy;
8hkomkovjvo]qCFgIaf.sh8qo38,ad8yfg-nhv3i7 s]n[+fajCoAod=8yfg-nhvmujskpkd c,ad-y3dF373]ik3fFc]t16mk ,k95dao?oa[c8jxu 7DlD!WW g4yC !#WWD
0vC,tgiCD
annex / pbf v. dkoI;,fyocfoobjC wxg0Qkoedaoda[soj;pdkog,nvCmuj,u1j6
Alamo, the / gfy vk]k3, n. 7totg9it9k c]t7hkpmtsko muj c-o cvo c]h;Fg-ajo ia4 s]n xtgmfD
3moy3vFgmad-alFlt4komujc,ad-ydao 0hkr;d9t]k9q] gmad-al .oxu !)#*D
antebellum / vaCg8c[]]a, adj. 1j6.o p57 djvolqC7k,rkp.oxtgmfD
Alien and Sedition Acts / dqfs,kp -kk;8jkCfhk; c]tdkod+dko
9t]k9q] n. -5fdqfs,kp $ 0=h wfh[aopafvvd.-h .oxu !(_) grnjv8afmvo Antifederalist / x=itxad8+lt,kraoia4 n. /jkpdqCdao0hk, da[
veokf fhkodkog,nvC0vCzh6g0Qk,kvk.l.s,j.oltstia4D ia4[kodkC mujg0A,c0CD
Alliance for Progress / raomt,y8 grnjv 7;k,dhk;sohk appeasement / dkoxv[.9 n. dkopyopv, 8+veokflaf8i6 grnjvIadlk
n. 37Cdko -j;pgs]nv8jkCfhk;0vCltstia4 .o-5,xu !_*WF lao8yrk[D
9afsk7;k,-j;pgs]nvfhko gl4dyf c]t/jkpgmadoyd .shcdjxtgmf
]k8yo vtg,iydkD Appomattox Court House / muj;jkdkolko vt3r,k8vl% n. g,nvC
ohvp .dh vt3r,k8vl%Fg;u9ugoaPF muj ]u pv,crh 8+ dcio8% .o;aomu
Allies / raomt,y8 n. !D .olqC7k,3]d7AcmuobjCFdj5,xtgmf8jkCM{ _ g,lk !)*&F9bjCp58y lqC7k,rkp.oxtgmfD
fACgfu, ,u xtgmfvaCdyfF/iajCFc]t iafg-aP c]t8+,k d=,u,kIj;,vud 7n
ltstia4Fvy8k]uFc]t vnjoM{muj[+gsaofuoe veokf l6odkCD (p. 579). @D apprentice/ /bdsafCko n. 7qoCkomujIPodko7hk s]n sa4da,Flj;o,kd
.olqC7k,3]d7AcmulvCF dj5,xtgmf8jkCM muj,u vaCdyfFltstrk[3-;PfFc]t rkp.8hdkog[yjCcpC0vCokp-jkCD
ltstia4{muj[+gsaofuoe veokf vadltD
arbitration /dko8aflyo n. ;ymuitCa[dko0afcpjC 3fpmaClvC/jkp ,v[
American Expeditionary Force (AEF) / dvCde]aCvvdiq[ 7;k,0afcpjC.shlkomujmaClvC/jkppv,Ia[D
n. dvCde]aCma[ ltstia4Foe3fp okprqo 9vo
vtg,iydoa Xgv vu cv2?
gru-yC mujlh6iq[Ij;,da[/jkpraomt,y8 .o153ix it;jkC lqC7k,3]d7ACmuobjCD armistice / dkoradiq[ n. dkolCq[glydFs]n dkogsaorhvCmuj9tp58ydko
lh6iq[D

114 THE AMERICANS

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Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) / beat movement / dkog7njvows; gxao9aCs;t n.

dvCma[csjClkmkitotia4 ;Pfok, Xgv vki% ;u cvo? n. dkog7njvows;0vClaC 7q, c]t dkoly]xt 0vC-5,xu !_&WF goAosoad
mkosko0vC ;Pf ok,.8h mujdvCma[ltstia4 8+lh6 8hko]afmy7v,,6oyl dko[+shk, dkoltcfC7;k,7yf lj;o8q; djP;da[ ;aoot7tfu c]t
c]tde]aCmkCgsonv 8volqC7k, ;Pfok,D 7;k,[+g0Qkdaoda[ ;amotma, lj;o.spjD
Articles of Confederation / vkd8ygdy]l% vv2 7vog2gfugig-yyo n. Benin / g[oyo n. vkok9ad va2iydao 8kg;ao8qd muj9giuoIj5CgInvC .og0fxkd
gvdlkoF muj g-ygdyof% 7vomugoao8k] 7vodgifl% wfhIa[gvqk .oxu !((( c]t oE 0vC wog9uXxaf95[aoIPd;jk wo9ugiaP? oa[c8j laf8t;afmu !$ g4yC !(D
wfh vto5,af.omujl5f9kdia48jkCM .oxu !()!F mujIjkCczoia4[ko 0vC
ltstia4 .s,jD Berlin airlift / dko0qolqjCmkCvkdkf wxg[u]uo n. dkoxt8y[afdko #@(
,N mujgInv[yo ltstia4 c]t vaCdyf [yo0qovksko c]tlt[PC g0Qkwx g[u]uo
Ashcan school / 3ICIPo cvlc7o n. dj5,ly]xyo vtg,iydao 8kG;ao8qd s]aC9kdmuj 3-;Pf w-hgInviq[xyfg,nvC .oxu !_$)D
8vo8Qolaf 8t;afmu @W mujlj;os]kp c8h,I6[ ]adltotgs,nvo9yC0vC-
u;yf.og,nvC{g-ajo 8bd [hkomuj-5f3-, c]t7qo[+,umujradvk.l{fh;pgsfoU Berlin Wall / decrC g[u]uo n. decrC-ug,ao mujdAo g[u]uo 8kg;aovvd da[
r;dg0qk9bjC,u-njlPCD g[u]uo 8kg;ao8qd oa[c8jxu !_*! g4yC !_)_F lhkC3fp ia4[ko 7v,,6oyl
g1uit,ao 8kg;aovvd grnjv0;kCdAo xt-k-qo0vCg0qk [+.shsouwxlj6 8kg;ao8qdD
assimilation / zlq,zlko n. dj5,-qos,j6ohvp Ia[gvqk 7;k,g-njv4n c]t;y4u
-u;yf c]t ;amotma, 0vCdj5,muj,uveokfgsonvd;jkD Bessemer process / ;ymu g[lglyg,u n. ;ymugIafgs]adik7k4nd
c]t,uxtlyf myrk[F 7yf7Qo0bho xt,ko xu !)&WD
Atlantic Charter / cva8c]o8yd =kg8ui% n. dkoxtdkf s]addko.oxu
!_$! Muj ltstia4 c]t vaCdyf 8AC95fs,kp0vCr;dg0qk.odko8+8hko veokf Bill of Rights /lyfgliurk[0vCrq]g,nvC n. dko8+g8u, !W 0=hcid0vC

LAOTIAN
vadltD ia4 ma,,to6o ltstia4F 8nj,g,njvxu !(_! C]t xtdv[fh;pikpdko0vClyfmy
c]t gliurk[0vCrq]g,nvCD
Axis powers / veokf vadlt n. dj5, xtgmf8jkCM{I;,maC g1uit,aoF
vy8k]uF c]t pujxj5o{muj8+8hko raomt,y8 .olqC7k,3]d7ACmulvCD bimetallism / [kpg,8k]y-b, n. dko.-hmaC7e c]t gCyo gxao,k84kole
ia[ it[q[dkogCyo 0vCxtgmfD
Aztec / vklg8ad n. -k;vyogfaPcfC muj8AC4yjo4ko1j6 s5[g0qk 0vC c,ad-y3d
.o-5,xu 7DlD!@WW c]t rkp]5o,k wfhramokgxaovkok9admuj,uveokfD black codes / s]adgdo lufe n. dqfs,kpmujl+.shgsao;jk ,udkoc[jCcpd
wfhvvd.-h mqj;8]vfmkC.8h s]aClqC7k,rkp.o

B
muj9edaf-u;yf0vC-k; va2iydao vtg,iydao 1jkCg7ajC7afF
3fpshk,dyf9tda,8jkCM g-ajo gfuomkC3fp[+,u.[vto5 pkfF 4nvk;5fF
Ia[.-hgxao7tot]6d05oF dkogxaortpko8hko7qozy;0k;F c]tc8jC
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

baby boom / g[[u [6, n. vaf8ikdkogduf .oltstia4 wfhl6C0bho s]aC9kd Ckoda[8qozy;0k;D

lqC7k,3]d 7ACmulvCD
blacklist / [ao-uufe n. [ao-uikp-nj 0vCoadltcfC xt,ko &WW 7qoF
Bank of the United States / mtok7ko 0vC ltstia4 n. mtok7ko oad0PoF zh6z]yfF c]t zh6deda[dkoltcfC muj[+wfhIa[vto5pkf.shgIaf-ygo,k
0vC-kf objC.olvC[jvo wfhIa[dvCmbo 9kdia4[kodkC c]t Ivo]u;6f phvo0=hdjk;sk;jk ,udkodjP;0hvCda[7v,,6oylD
zh6]qCmbolj;o8q;F 9af8AC0bho 3fpltrk7vodgifl%F[jvocid .oxu !(_!
Black Panthers / glnv fe n. vqCdko8+lh6fhkodkog,nvC 0vC va2iydao
c]t[jvomulvC .oxu !)*!D
vtg,iydao 8AC0bho.oxu !_** 3fp I5p oy;8ao c]t [Hv[[u lu] grnjv8+lh6da[7;k,
Battle of the Bulge / dko8+lh6 0vC gfy [6] n. 3sfIhkp0vC8ei;f c]t grnjv.sh[=iydkocdj7qog0flt]a,D
dkoiq[gxaog;]kpk;okoobjCgfnvo .olqC7k,3]d7AcmulvCF -bjC/jkpraomt,y8
Black Power / veokf lufe n. xt3pd96C.9 .-h3fp lt38d]u 7kw,gdy]
lk,kf8hko1aodko[5di5d.spj 7ACl5fmhkp 0vC g1uit,ao.sh4vpda[wxD
.o-6,xu !_*W mujloa[lo5o.sh -k; va2iydao vtg,iydao r6,.9 c]tdkooerk
Battle of Midway / dkolh6iq[ ,yfg; n. dkoiq[.olqC7k,3]d7ACmulvC fhkolaC7q,c]tdkog,nvCD
mujgduf0bho.o8Qogfnvo ,y45ok !_$@D /jkpraomt,y8me]kpdvCma[gInv0vCpujxj5o
Black Tuesday / ;aovaC7ko lufe n. -njmuj8AC.sh ;aomu @_ 85]k !_@_F
gxao 9eo;o,kd muj ,yfg;F gdktcsjCobjC1j6mkC8kg;ao8qd lPCgsonv 0vC
Ik;kpD /jkpraomt,y8 wfh[5d8+wx.oc4[ cx-y2yd c]tg]U,phkpg0Qkwx.dhpujxj5oD g,njvik7kIh5o8qd 1jkCw;D
Bleeding Kansas / []uffyC c7o-al n. -nj muj.-h Ipdg0fcfo
Battle of Wounded Knee / dko8+lh6 muj ;6ofyf ou n. dko0hks,j6
-k; vyogfaPcfC mujxkl9kdvk;5f #WW 7qo 3fpmtskovtg,iydao muj ;6ofyf c7o-al .o xu djvoMlqC7k,rkp.oxtgmfF 8vomujg0fcfo
ou diudF -k;m% fk3d8kF .oxu !)_WD wfh4nd.-hgxaolok,iq[ it;jkC de]aC /jkpmujgsaofuda[dko,umkl
c]t/jkp[+gsaofuoedko,umklD
Beatles, the / gfy [yg8y] n. ;qCfqo8iu -k;vaCdyf muj,uvyfmyrqo1jkC,kd,kp
blitzkrieg / lqC7k,lkp2hkc][ n. ,k9kdrklkg1uit,ao
8+fqo8iumujgxaomujoypq, .o-5,xu !_*WD
mujs,kp7;k,;jk <lqC7k,lkp2hkc][<F dtmaosaoF
dko96j39,1jkCsoadsoj;C mujI;,de]aCmkC vkdkf c]trkdrNofyoF
95fxtlqC7n [ao]5zqolegiaf1jkCw;D

MULTI-LANGUAGE GLOSSARY 115

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blockade / []avdgdf n. dko.-hgInv s]n mtsko 0af0;kCdkog7njvows; Camp David Accords / c7a,x gf;yf vad7vfl% n. dko8qd]qC
dkog0Qk c]t vvd 0vCmjkgInv s]n g0fmuj1j6.8hveokf0vCxtgmflaf8i6D xt;afdko it;jkC vtlikcv] c]t vu1yxF [ao]5zqo .odkog9it9k muj c7a,x
gf;yf .oxu !_()D
bonanza farm / 2ki%, 3[oko-kk n. 2ki%,mujd;hkC.spj -bjC x6dc8j
rnfzq] -toyffP;D capitalism / ]afmy mbooypq, n. it[q[gl4dyf muj[577qolj;o8q; c]t [=iylaf
7;[75, ;ymudkoz]yf c]t.-h,ao grnjvIa[zqodewiD
Bonus Army / 3[oal vki%,u n. dj5,oadiq[gdqjk lqC7k,3]d 7AcmuobjC
c]t7v[7q;0vCr;dg0qk wfhgfuo0[;oxtmh;C mujd5C ;=-yC8aoF fuD-uDF carpetbagger / 7kgxaf c[adgdu n. 7qomkCgsonv mujphkpwxmkC.8h
.oxu !_#@ grnjvIpdIhvC gvqkdko9jkpgCyo 3[oal 3fpmaomu s]aC9kdlqC7k,rkp.oxtgmfD
-bjCia4[kowfh.shlaopk;jk 9t9jkp .sh 9kddkoIa[.-hmkCdkomtskoD
cash crop / dkogda[djP; gCyolqf n. rn- muj-k;okx6dw;h0kp
bootlegger/ [68g]7gdu n. 7qomuj]ad]v[gvqkgs]Qkg0Qk,k ltstia4 .oitpt cmomuj9tw;h.-hgvCD
dkoshk,oel5ikg0QkD
Central Powers / g-aomik] rk;%g;u n. d5j,xtgmf{oe3fp g1uit,aoF
Boston Massacre / dko0hks,j6 muj[vl8ao n. dkoxtmtdao it;jkC vvl9giaP{IaCdkiuF c]t vkok9ad 3v838,ao{ muj gxaox=itxad
mtskovaCdyf c]t -k;vkokoy7q, [vl8ao .oxu !((WF -bjC,u-k;vkokoy7q, da[/jkpraomt,y8 .olqC7k,3]d 7ACmuobjCD
& 7qo 4nd0hkD
checks and balances / d;flv[
Boston Tea Party/ [vl8ao mu rki%8U n. dkogvqk-k !)FWWW xvo gm c]t7;k,lq,f5]n. [qf[aopaf 0vC ia4ma,,to6o ltstia4
4yh,]qCmjkgInv [vl8ao 3fp -k;vkokoy7q, .oxu !((# grnjvxtmh;C dqfs,kp mujxhvCdao[+.shlk-k.flk0kobjC0vCia4[koltstia4 ,uveokf
LAOTIAN

-kD gsonvlk0kvnjoMD
Boulder Dam / g0njvo 3[]gfu n. g0njvo 1j6c,joE 373]ik3f{ fP;oU Chinese Exclusion Act / dqfs,kp dufdao7qo9uo n. dqfs,kpF vto5
IPd;jk I6g;u cf, {mujwfhlhkC0bhog;]kxtgmf8qd8+k7AC.spjXdgif furcil-ao? ,af .oxu !))@F mujshk,7qo9uo[+.shg0Qkxtgmf ltstia4 ovd9kd oadlbdlkF
grnjvgxaolj;oobjC0vC37Cdko3pmk 9bjC,u95fxtlqC dt85hodko7hk c]t 9afsk okp7i6F r+7hkF oadmjvCmjP;F c]t g9Qksohkmujia4[koD
;PddkoD
Chisholm Trail / glAomkC -yy3-,, n. glAomkClkp.spj0vCCq; 9kd c-o
Boxer Rebellion/ [ va dg-uu iuc[]]yvvo n. dko9t]k9q] .oxu !_WW -bjC cvo3moy3vF gmad-alF zjko 3vdt]t3I,k g4yC c7o-alD
lt,k-ydlt,k7q,]a[ 0vC9uo wfhskmkCxqfxjvpxtgmf0vCg0qk vvd9kd
vyfmyrqo 8kg;ao8qdD chlorination / dko0hkg-nnhv3i7 fh;p7]=iuo n. ;ymudko gIaf.shoe[=iyl5f
3fpdkoxtlq,oEda[lkog7,u 7]=iuoD

Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

bracero/ [ikg-33i n. 7qovvdcICCko c,ad-ydao mujwfhIa[vto5pkf g0Qk
ltstia4 grnjvgIaf;Pd gxaog;]k9edaf .oitpt lqC7k,3]d 7AcmulvCD CIA / -uuwvgv n. leoadCkoln[ik-dko]a[{vqCdko-vC ltstia4 muj
8AC0bho,kgrnjv gda[de 7;k,]a[ djP;da[ia4[ko0vC8jkCxtgmfD
bread line / c4; g0Qk9uj n. 7qog0Qkc4; grnjvIa[vksko2iuD
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) / - u;u]Po 7vog-uug;g-yyo
brinkmanship / dkoljPCwr 9qog4yC0ufvao8ikp n. dko.-h;ymu0j6laf8i6 n. vqCdkoobjCF 9af8AC0bho gxaolj;oobjC0vC37Cdko oy; fP;F
7vi%l X-uu-u-u?
fh;pdko8v[cmofhkode]aCmtsko1jkCI5ocIC leia[dkoi5dikom5d i6[ muj gvqk-kpsoj5,muj;jkCCkowxgIaf;Pd lhkC4oqoF ramokl;olkmkitotF
c[[D x6d8Qow,hF c]t -jvp75,dkog-ktraC c]t37Cdko7;[75,oE4h;,D
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka / [ik;o% lh6d[a civil disobedience / dko[+o[a 4ndqfs,kp0vCrq]g,nvC
ltrkdkolbdlk 38gxdk n. 7tfu .oxu !_&$ mujlkol6Cl5f 8aflyo;jk n. dkoxt8yglf [+g-njv 2aCdqfs,kp mujgsao;jk [+p58yma,
dkolbdlk <c[[ cpd c8jlg,urk[< leia[oadIPo zy;fe c]t0k; c,jozyf8 .odkortpkpk,muj9toe,k-bjCdkoxjPo cxC ot3p[kp0vCia4[koD
+dqfs,kp ia4ma,,to6oD gIoiu gf;yf m=3i wfh0Po djP;da[dko[+oa[4n dqf s,kp 0vCrq]g,nvC
.olaf8t;af mu !_F c]tp5m;ymu -bjCloa[lo5o 3fp ,k8yo]6gmu 7yCF
Bull Moose Party / [6] ,66l rki%8U n. -nj muj8AC.shrad dhk;sohk 96goaPDF.op57 lyfmygliurk[0vCxt-k-qoD
(Progressive Party)F8AC0bhogrnjvloa[lo5o gm3vf= i6lc;]8% zh6l,adc0jC0ao
gxaoxtmkokmy[=fu .oxu !_!@D Civil Rights Act of 1964 / dqfs,kp lyfmygliurk[0vCxt-kk-qqo xu
!_*$ n. dqfs,kp mujshk, dkoc[jCcpd 8k,gdo0vC gzqjkraoF grfF g-Nv-kf
buying on margin / -nnh 8k,7jkc8d8jkC it;jkCik7kmbo n. dko-nhIh5o s]n lklok .omujlkmkitot c]tmujgIafdko8jkCMD
3fp9jkpc8jrPClj;oohvp 0vCik7k c]t1n,9eo;omujgs]nvD
Civil Rights Act of 1968 / dqfs,kp lyfmygliurk[0vCxt-kk-qqo xu
C
!_*) n. dqfs,kp mujshk, dkoc[jCcpd fhkog7stl4koD

civil service / ik-ddkorq]gInvo n. lk0kdko[=iysko0vC ia4[ko

cabinet / 7totia4,qo8iu n. dj5,sq;sohkdt-;C mujIa[[=iydkogxao mujxbdlk /jkpmuj[+c,jodkomtskoD
0vCxtmkokmy[=fuD

116 THE AMERICANS

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Clayton Antitrust Act / 7gi8ao cvomkp mialm% cvad n. dqfs,kpF Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) / 7vodgif vv2
vto5,afg,njvxu !_!$F muj ;ymudko7hk0kp gvdlyf[kC-toyf zyf8+dqfs,kp c]t n. ltstrao da,,tdvo muj4ndw]j
vyofal8iPo vvaddkwo-kk-ao X-uuwv3v?
xhvCdao lyfmy 0vC ltstraocICCko c]t vqCdko9af8AC2ki%,D vvd9kd vqCdko vtg,iydao g2gfygig-yo vv2 g]g[u .oxu !_#)D
Cold War / lqC7k,g1ao n. ltrk[dkogxao x=itxadF 3fp[+,udko8+lh6mkC Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) /
mtsko3fpdqCF mujgduf0bho it;jkC ltstia4 c]t ltstrk[ 3-;Pf s]aC lqC ltrk dkolg,urk[dao mkCg-NNv-kkf X-uu3vvki%vu?
7k,3]d 7ACmu lvCD n. dj5,8jkCzy; 8AC0bhog,njvxu !_$@ 3fp g9,l% 2ki%g,u
grnjvgIaf;Pd8+lh6dkoc[jCcpdrq]g,nvC8jkCzy;.og0fg,nvCgsonvD
colonization / dko8ACvkokoy7q, n. dko9af8AC4yjo4ko.omujsjkCwd 3fp
xtgmfc,jD conquistador /7vodyl8tf= n. -k;ltgxozh6objC -bjCgfuomkC,k vtg,iy
dk .ook,oadlei;f c]tgxaozh6ry-yf.olaf8t;afmu !*D
Columbian Exchange / 37]a,[Po gvadg-oo n.
dkopqdphkp{g]uh,9kddkogfuomkC7Accid0vC 37]a,[al{0vC8Qow,hF lafF conscientious objector / zh67fa 7hko phvo7vCma, n. [577qomuj[+pv,F
c]t 3i78jkCM it;jkC -ud3]d8kg;ao8qd c]t -ud3]d 8kg;aovvdD grktzyfly]ma,Fmuj9tIj;,,noedkolqC7k,D
committees of correspondence / da,,tdko dko8yf8+ n. d5j,muj 8AC conscription / dkogdomtsko n. dkogdorq]g,nvCwxIa[.-hfhkodko
0bho 2fp-k;vkokoy7q, vtg,iydao grnjvc]dxjPo0jk; mtskoD
djP;da[dko75d7k,0vC vaCdyf 8+gliurk[0vCr;dg0qkD
conservation / dkovto5id a n. dko;kCczo g[yjCcpC -arpkdvoma,,t
Committee to Reelect the President / 7totda,,tdko -kfF I;,maCdkoxhvCdao g0fxjkfqC c]tdkoramok0qCg0fvnjoM grnjvxt3pf

LAOTIAN
n. vqCdkoobjC muj8AC0bhogrnjv
grnjvdkog]nvd8AC.s,jj 0vC xtmkokmy[=fu 0vC 7qomqj;wxD
fegouo dko37ltoksklPC grnjvg]nvd8AC.s,j0vCxtmkokmy[\fu
oydlao .oxu !_(@ -bjC,udkodjP;0hvCda[dko]adg0Qkwx muj8AcleoadCko conservative coalition / dkoIj;,,ndoa 0vCr;dIadlkc[[gdqjk n.
da,,tdkoradgf3,7ik8yd csjC-kf -bjCgIaf.shgdufgiNvCvNlk;0vC ;=g8ugdfD raomt,y8 muj8AC0bho.o dkCxu !_*W 0vCdj5,/jkp0;k 8+8hko ia4[ko.spjD

Common Sense / 7v,,vo g-aol% n. soaClngs]A,ohvpM 0Po3fp consolidation / dkoI;,g0Qkdao n. dkoI;,dao s]n xtdv[daoD
3m,al groF ry,0bho.oxu !((*F -bjCIPdIhvC.sh vkokoy7q, cpd8q; consumerism / dkov5xt3rd n. dkodaC;qooedko-Nv5xtdvolyo7hkD
vvd9kdvaCdyfD
containment / dko9edaf n. dko0af0;kC 7;k,rtpkpk,0vC xtgmf
communism / ]afmy 7v,,6oyl n. it[q[gl4dyf c]t dkog,nvC vnjomuj9tczjzkp vyfmyrqo{3fpltgrkt c,jo7;k,,kot 0vC ltstia4
muj,urNo4ko1j6muj ia4[ko radfP; c]tia4 gxaog9Qk0vCmujfyoD
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

muj9t0af 0;kCdkoczjzkpvyfmyrqo0vC3-;Pf it;jkC

Compromise of 1850 / dkoxtouxtov, xu !)&W n. itptl5fmhkp0vC-5,xu !_$W g4yC8Qo-5,xu !_&WD
ikpdkodqfs,kpvvd9kdltrk7vodgifl% muj,u95fs,kp.odko8aflyo Contract with America / laopk da[vtg,iydk n. gvdlkomujIjkC0bho
giNvC 0afcpjC it;jkC ia4 gliurk[ c]t ia4 ,umklD 3fp lt,k-ydltrk oy;m% dyCiy- c]t g-ao3fp zh6l,ad radiura[iydao
Compromise of 1877 / dkoxtouxtov, xu !)(( n. s]kpd;jk #WW 7qo .oxu !__$F -bjC9t8ACgxaos]ad.sh it[P[;kitdkoxt-5,
ikpdkodqfs,kpvvd9kdltrk 7vodgifl% -bjC/jkp gf3,7ci8 8qd]qCpv, ia4ltrk iura[iydao/jkpIadlkc[[gdqjkD
Ia[zh6l,ad iura[]ydao i6gmu2vi%f [uD gIl% gxaoxtmkokmy[=fuF g4yC;jkg0qk9t glaP Contras / 7vo8ikl% n. r;d wodkikd;k muj8+8hkoia4[ko -bjCwfhIa[
dko]qC7tcoo0vCxt-k-qoD dqfs,kp I;,dko4vo380vCmtskoia4[ko dko-j;pgs]nv9kd 7tot[=iysko iudao .odkortpkpk,muj9t]Q,]hkCia4[ko
dkC 9kdia4mkC.8hF gCyo ia4[kodkC grnjv-j;plhkClkramokmkC.8hF c-ofuoyl8hk .o-5,xu !_)WD
c]tdkoc8jC8AC 7totia4,ao8iu /jkp.8h muj,usq;oypq,gdqjkD
convoy system / it[q[75,gInvlyo7hkfh;pgInviq[ n.
concentration camp / 7hkpdaddao n. lt4komuj75,0aCoad3mf [=iysko dkoxhvCdaogInvlyo 7hk 9kddkomeIhkp0vC 16{3[8{
3fp ok-u g1uit,ao muj 1y; c]tdj5,vnjoMmuj4n;jk gxaolaf8i60vC vkfv2 Iyfg]u gInvfeoE0vCg1uit,ao{3fp.shgInvgs]qjkoU gfuomkCgxaodj5,.spj
wfh 4nd.shvqfvksko .o0totmujgIaf;Pd1jkC0hkmkl s]nd=4nd0hk4Y,D 3fp,ugInviq[ gxaozh6rymadD
Confederacy / 7vog2gfuik-uu n. dj5,ltstraoia4rkd.8h 0vCvtg,iydkF
Copperhead / 7vxgxugIf n. gf3,7ci8 rkdgsonv zh6muj loa[lo5o
dkoI;,d5j, !# ia4rkd.8h wfh8AC0bho.oxu !)*! 3fp d5j,ia4mkC.8h s]aC9kd .sh,ulao8yrk[ da[/jkp 7vog2gfyik-u .oit;jkCg;]k lqC7k,rkp.oxtgmfD
r;dg0qkwfhcpd48vvd9kd/jkp 16oPoD
cottage industry / v5lkstda,.o[hko n. it[q[dkoz]yf
confederation / 7vog2gfugig-yyo n. raomt,y8 mujveo;pdko.sh ia4 s]n mujg9Qk0vC3ICCko9afsk;af45 grnjvlyo7hk9twfhz]yf.o[hkoD
xtgmf Ij;,,ndao djP;da[giNvCle7ao mujdjP;rao -bjCdaoc]tdaoD
cotton gin / g7njvCxajo/hkp n.
conglomerate / dj5,[=iylfa n. 7tot[=iylaf.spj mujgxaog9Qk0vC g7njvC9adleia[me7;k,ltvkfg,afvvd9kd p;C/hkpF
[=iylafohvp s]kpM[=iylaf muj1j6.og7nvfP;daoD xtfyf0bho3fp cv]u ;y8ou .oxu !(_#D

MULTI-LANGUAGE GLOSSARY 117

Lao-TheAmericans.qxd 1/16/2004 2:38 PM Page 118

counterculture / ;amotma, 8+8hko n. ;amotma,0vC-k;soj5, direct relief / [aogmqkm5d3fpdqC n. dko.shgCyo s]n vksko 9kd ia4[ko
muj[+pv, Ia[ laC7q, vtg,iydao lkp.spj .o-5,xu !_*WF lc;Csk 3fpdqCcdj7qo0aflqoD
muj9tlhkClaC7q,vnjo0bho ,us]ad.o7;k,lCq[F 7;k,IadF
c]tgliurk[lj;o[577qoD division of labor /dkoc[jCcICCko n. dkodesoqfsohkmuj0vC;Pd
8jkCM c]t7;k,Ia[zyf-v[ .shdj5,8jkCM s]n [577qoD
credibility gap / -jjvC;jkC .odkog-nnjv4n n. dko[+w;h;kC.90vC
lkmkitot-qo 8+7e4c]Cdko 0vCia4[koD Dixiecrat / fyd-uu 7cif n. objC.ozh6cmomkC.8hmujF xtmh;C
ot3p[kp lyfmy gliurk[0vCxt-k-qo 0vC xtmkokmy[=fu mi6c,oF
credit /7gify8 n. dko8qd]qCmujzh6-nh 9jkpik7k0vC-N 8k,mus]aCF pjkCvvd9kddvCxt-5, csjC-kf 0vCrad gf3,8cif .oxu !_$) c]t
lj;o,kd c,jozjvolqjC gxaoC;f 3fp,u7jkfvdg[APoeD 8ACrad ltg8fl% wiml% gf3,7ik8ydD
Crédit Mobilier / 7gify8 3,[y]ygv n. [=iylafd+lhkC muj8AC0bho.oxu !)*$ dollar diplomacy / dkom6f 0vCgCyofv]]k n.
3fpg9Qk0vC 16oPo cx-y2yd c];3ifF mujwfh.-h,aod;f]hkCgvqk dewi ot3p[kp0vCltstia4 muj.-hveokfmkCgl4dyf0vCxtgmf
9kdmkC iq4w2 wx1jkCl=h3dC grnjvx3pflj;o8q;0vCg0qkD grnjvgxaoveokf[aC7a[8+xtgmfvnjoMD
Crusades / 7i6glf n. mtsko 7iyl8Po vklklqC7k,wx 8kg;aovvddkC domino theory / mylfu 3f,y3o n. 7;k,7bfmju;jk 4hkxtgmfobjC8qdwx 1j6
it;jkC 7DlD!W_* c]t !@(WF 95fxtlqC9t0a[w]j ,5l]y, vvd9kd 3I]uc]of%D rkp.8hdko7;[75,0vC7v,,6oylF xtgmfmuj1j6.dh7PCd=9t8qdwx1j6.8hdhvC 7v,
,6oylg-ajofP;daoD
cult of domesticity / ]afmy ,ad1j6[hko n. dkog-njv4n;jk zh6pyCmujc8jCCko
c]h; 7;o9t4nd9edaf .sh,udy9da,ltgrkt1j6.ogInvo c]t 1j6oe7v[7q;D dotcom / fav87v, n. m5itdyf mujdjP;0hvCda[ s]n fegouody9dkomkC
LAOTIAN

vyogmucoa8D

D double standard / fa[g[y] lc8ofkf n. -5fdqfgdomuj.shgliurk[

mkCgrf cdjzh6-kp s]kpd;jkzh6pyCD
Dawes Act / f=l cvad n. dqfs,kpF vto5,afg,njv !))(Fmuj,u95fxtlqC 9t dove / oqdlao8yrk[ n. [577qomuj 8+8hko lqC7k,;Pfok, c]t g-njv;jk
gIaf.sh-k;vyogfaPcfC <xjPowx8k, vtg,iydao< 3fpc9dmujfyog0flC;o ltstia4 7;o4vo8q;vvd9kd;Pfok,D
.shg9Qk0vClj;o[577qoD
Dow Jones Industrial Average / fk; 39ol% vyofal8P] vkg;ygi9%
D-Day / fu{gf n. -nj muj8AC.sh ;aomu * ,y45ok !_$$F ;aomuj /jkpraomt,y8 n. dko;afcmd muj.-hik7kIh5o0vC[=iylaf.spj #W [=iylaf gxaos]adF .-h1jkC
]qC,n[5d 153ix czjofyo.spj .og;]k lqC7k,3]d7ACmulvCD d;hkC0;kC gxaog7njvC;af l50rk[0vC8]kfIh5hoD

Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

debt peonage / ltrk[ mujgxao0hksoUlyo n. it[q[muj7qoCko 4ndz6d,af downsize / dkosp=hlf a lj;o v. dkogvqk]6d9hkC4k;vo
8+dkoIa[.-h 9qod;jk9t.-hsohus,qfD 9eo;os]kpvvddko grnjvmuj9trtpkpk, .shdkoxt8y[afdko
Declaration of Independence / dkoxtdkf gvdikf n. gvdlkoF [aCgdufzqofu0bho c]t-j;px1afgCyoD
muj0Po3fp 3m,al c9a2g2ulao .oxu !((*F muj7totzh6cmo0vC 7vomugoao38 draft / dkogdo n. dko[aC7a[9qfmt[Po g0QkwxIa[.-h.odvCma[D
7vo dgif wfhxtdkf vkokoy7q, gxaogvdikf 9kd vaCdyfD
Dust Bowl / falm% 3[;%] n. g0fF I;,maC gmad-alF 3v7]k3I,kF
de facto segregation / gfy c2d38 g-88gigd-ao n. dkoc[jCcpd dao c7o-al F 373]ik3fF c]t oy; c,ad-y3dF muj[+,u75o7jk8+dkogIaf 2ki%,
fhkog-Nv-kf 8AC0bhophvo dkoxt8y[af c]t xtgrouF [+c,jophvodqfs,kpD phvo7;k,cshC c]hC c]t rkp50U/j5o .o-5,xu !_#WD
deficit spending / .-hhgCyogduoikpwfh n. dko.-h9jkp0vCia4[komuj,u9e
o;ogduoikpwfhD
E
de jure segregation / gfu 96gi g-ddgig-yyo n. dkocpddaofhkog-Nv-kf
8AC0bho8k,dqfs,kpD Earth Day / gvuf gf n. ,Nmuj9afw;h8jkCskd grnjvlbdlk lyjCc;f]hv,F
l]vCdaom5dxu .o;aomu @@ g,lkD
Democratic-Republican / gf3,7ik8yd{iur[a iydoa n. raddkog,nvC
muj,u-njlPC phvog0qkloa[lo5o ia4[koia4mujg0A,c0CF 8AC0bho 3fp 3m,al c9a2g2u Economic Opportunity Act / vu7=3o,yd vvrr=m6ou8u cvad n. dqf
lao .oxu !(_@ grnjv8+8hkorad g2gfik]yl8%D s,kpF vto5,af g,njv !_*$F -bjC9afskgCyo-j;pgs]nv 37Cdkogpqk;t-qoF 37C
dko8+8hko7;k,pkd9qoF dkodh6gCyoleia[m5itdyfohvpF c]t dko/bdCkoD
deregulation / dko8afdqfgdo n. dko8afdqfgdo0vCia4[kodkC 8+
v5lkstda,D egalitarianism / dkolg,urk[ n. dkog-njv4nmju;jk 7qom5d7qo
8hvC,ulyfgliufhkodkog,nvCF gl4dyfF laC7q, c]tlyfmygliurk[0vCrq]gInvoD
détente / gf8aC n. ot3p[kpmujxjPocxCwfhF rkfryCg4yCdkol,ad.9
.odko g9it9k c]tdkozjvo7kp7;k,8bC7Pf mujoe,k.-h3fp Eisenhower Doctrine / s]addko 0vC wvg-aoIk; n. 0=hz6d,af 0vC
xtmkokmy[=fu iu-kf oydlao c]t mujxbdlk0vCg0qk gIoiu 7yl-yCg9u .odko ltstia4 muj9t8+lh6 grnjvxhvCdao 8kg;aovvd dkC 8+dko39,8u 0vCxtgmf
9afdkoda[ xtgmf7v, ,6oylD 7v, ,6oylF xtdkf3fp xtmkokmy[=fu fw;m% fuD wvg-aoIk;
.oxu !_&(D

118 THE AMERICANS

Lao-TheAmericans.qxd 1/16/2004 2:38 PM Page 119

F
electoral college / 7totzh6g]nvd xtmkokmy[=fu n.
dj5,muj7afg]nvd3fpia4 grnjvg]nvdxtmkokmy[=fu c]t]vC xtmkokmy[=fuF
-bjC 9eo;o0vC7qomujxt-k-qo g]nvd8AC0bho,kc8j]tia4
9tgmqjkda[9eo;o0vClt,k-ydltrkl6C c]tlt,k-yd ltrk8+k
Fair Deal / dko8qd]qC mujp58ym,a n. 37Cdkogl4dyf 0vC xtmkokmy[=fu
.o7vCdgifl%D
cIiu cvlD mi6c,o{lj;ogrU,g8u, oy; fu] 0vC 2ciC7]uo i6lc;]m%
emancipation / dkoxjvpgxaovylit n. dkoxjvpmkl .sh,uvylitD mujxtdv[ fh;p ,k8ikdko 0bhogCyo7jk9hkC1jkC8+k0vCda,,tdvoF
dko8+l;affydkolaC7q, .shpnfvvdF c]t dko9afsk[hkog-qjk
Emancipation Proclamation / xtdkf dkoxjvpgxaovylit n. cdj7v[7q;mujgCyogfnvosohvpD
7elajC zh6[=iysko mujvvd3fp gv[ikcI, ]yC7vo .o;aomu ! ,tdtik !)*#F
.shxjvp mkl .om5dMg0fmuj1j6s]aCg0fcfo0vC 7vog2gfugifD Family Assistance Plan / czodko -jj;pgs]nv 7v[7q; n. 0=hlgou
xjPocxCl;affydkoF vto5,af 3fp ltrk8+k .oxu !_(W c8j4nd itCa[ .oltrk
embargo / gva,[k3d n. ia4[koshk,[+.shmedko7hk0kpda[xtgmfobjC s]n l6CF muj9tIa[IvC .shikpwfhcdjzh6wfhIa[l;affydko muj8qd]qCwx/bdCko c]tIa[
s]kpxtgmfD gIaf;Pd D
encomienda / gvao3d,Pofk n. it[q[ mujzh6,uveokf0vC ltgxo Farmers' Alliances / ltstrao 2ki%g,u n. dj5,2ki%g,uF s]n7qomujgsaovqd
vto5pkf .shg9Qk0vCmujfyo vkokoy7q, .-hdko[=iydko0vC-k; vyogfaPcfC gsao.9 8k,0=h[aosk0vC2ki%g,uF -bjC7qowx[aoitpkp 9kdg,nvCobjCwx
gxao7qoCkomuj4nd/no.9D g,nvCobjC grnjv/bd/qo7qo djP;da[dkodtlyda,
c]t0=h[aoskmuj38h4PcdaodjP;da[4yjo-qoot [qfD
Enlightenment / dkoIh6c9hC n. .olaf8t;af mu !) dkog7njvows;fhko

LAOTIAN
xia-pk c,jogoAodko.-hgsfzqo c]t;ympklkf grnjvgxaomkC[ao]57;k,Ih6D fascism / c2-yyl-bb, n. xia-pk dkog,nvC mujloa[lo5o
ia4[komuj,uveokfFl6odkCveokfF -kfoypq, ,uzh6oeia4[ko
entitlement program / 37Cdko x3pfmkClaC7q, n. 37Cdko0vC gxaozgfafdkomujg0A,c0CD
ia4[ko{g-ajo l;affydkolaC7q,F g,fyc8i%F s]n g,fyg7f{muj.sh7e Ia[IvC c]t
9afskx3pf.shdj5,objC3fpltgrktD Federal Communications Commission (FCC) / da,,kmy dko
n. vqCdko muj8ACdqf djP;da[ v5lkst
7q,ok7q, ia4pkodkC X cv2 -uu -uu ?
entrepreneur / oad;ylkstdyf n. [577qomuj 9af8ACF [=iyskoF c]t Ia[zyf - da, 7q,ok7q, 0vC ltstia4F I;,maC dkodt9kplPC ;ymp5 c]t 3mitmafD
v[8+dkoljPC0vC m5itdyfD
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) / g2gfuik]
environmentalist / zh6gIaf;PdfhkolyjCc;f]hv, n. [577qomuj n. vqCdko muj8AC0bho .o xu
fur=ly8 vyo-qq;iaC 7=3rgi-aho X cv2 fu wv -uu ?
gIaf;PdgrnjvxadxhvC ltrk[c;f]hv, 9kddkome]kp c]t gxaoryfD !_## grnjvxtdaogCyo/kd.omtok7koF xhvCdao7qo 8+dkoglaPskp phvodko
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) / vqCdko ]Q,]t]kp0vCmtok7koD

n. vqCdko0vCia4[kodkC
xhvCdaoltrk[lyjCc;f]hv, Xvurugv? Federal Home Loan Bank Act / g2gfuik] 3I, 3]o c[HC cvad n.
8AC0bhog,njvxu !_(W grnjvdko;kCit[P[0vCoE c]t vkdkfgxaoryfF dqfs,kpF vto5,af.oxu !_#!F mujs]5ffvdg[AP0vCdko9eovC[hko c]t
0UgspNvgxaoryfF 1k-hklaf c]tdkodt9kpiaCluD .sh3v dkf 2ki%g,u xjPofvdg[AP0vCdko1n,gCyo0vCg0qk
Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) / vkg,aog,yo 0vClyf lg,urk[X c]ts]ud]jPCdkopbf laCskiy,t-a[ muj,af9ew;hD
n. dko8+g8u,muj4ndlgou c8j[+zjkog0Qkia4ma,,to6o ltstia4 muj9t
vuvki%gv? federalism / g2gfuik]y-b, n. it[q[dkog,nvC mujia4[ko0vC-kf c]t
shk, [+.sh,udkoc[jCcpdphvogrf 1j6.o ia4[ko.fMD soj;pxtdv[F g-ajo ia4[ko0vCia4F c[jCveokfdaoD
Erie Canal / vuiu 7kok] n. mkCoEmP, pk; #*# w,]% g- federalists / g2gfuik]u- n. zh6loa[lo5o ia4ma,,to6o
njv,8yfda[c,joE Iaflao da[ mtg]lk[ vuiuF lhkC it;jkC xu !)!( c]t !)@&D c]tia4[ko0vC-kf mujg0A,c0CD
Espionage and Sedition Acts / dqfs,kp dkolvfco, c]t Federalist, The / gfy g2gfyik]u- n. -5f[qf7;k,8jkCM mujxhvCdao c]t
n. dqfs,kp @ dqfF vto5,afg,njv xu !_!( c]t !_!)F -bjC
d+dko 0t[qf vtmy[kp ia4ma,,to6oF 0Po3fp vkg]ad-kogfu Ik,y]8aoF g9,l% ,kfylaoF
8Acdkoxa[ws, 1jkCsoad 8+[577qo.fd=8k, muj dhk;djkp s]n g;Qk8+8hko c]t 9vo g9D
dkomujltstia4 g0QkIj;,.olqC7k,3]d7ACmuobjCD
Federal Reserve System / g2gfuik] iuglu[ -yylg8y, n.
excise tax / rklu dkoz]yf n. rkludkoz]yfF dko0kp s]n [=iy3rd it[q[dkomtok7kocsjC-kfF 8AC0bho .oxu !_!#F ,uveokf
0vClyo 7hk mujz]yf0bho.oxtgmfD 7;[75,9eo;ogCyo 0vCltstia4 c]t 7gifyf mujoe,k.-hwfh.oxtgmfD
executive branch / lk0k/jkp[=iysko n. lk0k0vCia4[ko Federal Securities Act / g2gfuik] g-uu7y;iy8ul% cvad n.
muj[=iyskoc]t [aC7a[.shgxaowx8k,dqfs,kpD dqf,skpF vto5,afg,njvxu !_##F mujdesoqf.sh[=iylaf 9af8P,dko
exoduster / gvad3-ffla g8u n. -k;va2iydao vtg,iydao mujphkp9kdmkC.8h,k .shikp]tvPfmuj7q[4h;oF 4nd8hvC djP;da[ 7elgoudko0kpIh5oD
c7o-al s]aC9kd xu dkolhkC.s,jD Federal Trade Commission (FTC) / g2gfuik] mgif 7v,,y--yybho X
n. vqCdko ia4[kodkC 8AC0bho.oxu !_!$ grnjvln[l;o c]t15f1AC
cv2 mu -uu ?
extortion / dko0hP;g0ao n. dko.-h8ecsojC0vC8qogvC.omkC zyfdqf
s,kp grnjvIa[mujfyo s]ngCyo7eD dkoxt8y[af fhkom5itdyf muj[+gxaoma,D

MULTI-LANGUAGE GLOSSARY 119

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feminism / g2,uoy--bbh, n. 7;k,g-njv muj;jk zh6pyC 7;o9twfh7;k,lg,urk[ Free-Soil Party / 2iu{-vvp]% rki%8U n. raddkog,nvCmuj8AC0bho.oxu !)$)
fhkogl4dyfF dkog,nvC c]tlaC7q, gmqjkmP,da[zh6-kpD grnjv8+8hkodko0pkpdkogxaomkl g0Qklj6g0fcfo ltstia4D
Fifteenth Amendment / 2y2muom% vtg,aog,yom% n. dko8+g8u,0vC ia4 Free Speech Movement / dkog7njvows; gliurk[ .odkoxkdg;Qk
ma,,to6o ltstia4F vto5,af .oxu !)(WF mujshk, dkoxt8yglf n. vqCdko8+8hko oy; c]2m% muj8AC0bho.oxu !_*$ wfhxtmtdao it;jkC oadlbdlk
0vClyfmydko]qC 7tcoolPC8+xt-k-qo phvo g-Nv-kf s]n lu s]n grkt;jk c]t 7tot[=iysko muj ,tst;ympk]ap c7]y2=goaP muj g[ud]uD
g0qkg7upgxaomkl ,k djvoD
French and Indian War / lqC7k, /iajC c]t vyogfaPcfC n.
"Fifty-Four Forty or Fight!" / <2y28u{32 2=8u v=J w2m%< n. lPCIhvC dkoryrkf .ovtg,iydkgsonvF oa[c8jxu !(&$ g4yC !(*#F
muju.-h.oxu !)$$ 8vosklPC xtmkokmy[=fu grnjv.shltstia4 -bjCc,jolj;oobjC0vC dko 8+lh6s,qfmqj;3]d it;jkC /iajC c]t vaCdyf
4ngvqkg0fcfo0vC v=iydao maCs,qfD c]tp58y]qCfh;pdkozjkpcrh0vC/iajC c]tdkolqjC,v[ /iajC c7okfk .sh
vaCdyfD
flapper / pyClk;;api5ho n. objC.opyClk;zh5ojbC muj,u7;k,7yf gliurk[
zh6mujpbf gvqk c2-ao .s,j c]t ;kC8q;c[[7qo.og,nvC 0vC-5,xu !_@WD Fugitive Slave Act / dqfs,kp djP;da[dkos]q[sou0vCmkl n. dko
vto5,afdqfs,kp gxaolj;oobjC0vC 7v,r3]w,l% Xdkoxtouxtov, ?0vCxu
flexible response / 7e8v[ mujxjPocxCwfh n. ot3p[kpF !)&WF xtlqCmuj9tIa[xtdao;jk mklmujs]q[sou9t4ndlqjCda[7nowx lj67;k, gxao
ramok0bho .og; ]k dko[=iysko0vC g7gofuF mujdjP;raoda[dko mklfajCgfu,D
8P,7e8v[ mkCmtsko s]kp 1jkC 8+;ydyfdko0vCokok-kf
cmomuj9tco.ljdko.-hvk;5foy;7g]aPD Fundamentalism / 2aofkg,ao8k]y--bb, n.
dkog7njvows;mkClklok0vC x3ic8lc8o8% mujg-njvcsoAo
LAOTIAN

Foraker Act / 2=gigdu n. dqfs,kp zjko 3fpltrk7vodgif .oxu !_WWF .ogiNvCik;ikp]tvPf0vC7erulklok;jk,u7;k,9yCcmhD

-bjC ltstia4 p58y dkoxqd7vC3fpmtsko .o gxui%38 iu3d c]t 9af8AC

G
ia4[ko rq]gInvo 0bhocmoD
Fordney-McCumber Tariff / 2vi%fou{c,ad7eg[u mkiu2 n.
-5fdqf s,kpF vto5,af3fp ltrk7vodgif .oxu !_@@F muj0bhorklu cdjlyo7hk
Gadsden Purchase / dko-NN cdflgfao n. .oxu !)&# ltstia4 wfh-N
0kg0Qk g4yC vaf8ik0Aol6Cl5f grnjvxhvCdao m5itdyf0vC vtg,iydao
8+dkoc0jC0ao0vC8jkCfhk;D mujfyo 9kdc,ad-y3dF 8ACs]adg0fcfo0vC ltstia4{c,ad-y3d 0vCxaf95[aoD
gag rule / dqf xyfxkd n. dqfit[P[ muj9edaf c]t 0af0;kC dko38h4PC
forty-niner / 2=8u{okpgou n. 7qozh6objC mujphkpwx c7]y2=goaP grnjvlc;Csk
7;k,IajC,u s]aC9kdmuj mvC7e wfh4nd7Qorq[mujoAo .oxu !)$)D giNvC.fgiNvCobjCD

Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) / laopk
Fourteen Points / 32muo rvpl% n. s]addko mujc,jolj;oobjC 0vC37C
n. laopk okok-kf
mqj;wx djP;da[rkluvkdvo c]tdko7hk X cd88 ?
dko lao8yrk[0vC3]d 0vC xtmkokmy[=fu ;6f3i ;y]lao s]aC lqC7k,3]d
7AC muobjCD g-aodao7Accid.oxu !_$(D .oxu !__$F ltstia4 c]t xtgmfvnjoM
wfhia[gvqkczo.s,j 0vC cd88D dkog9it9koU ]qfv5xtlad dko7hk.sh8+kF g-ajo
Fourteenth Amendment / 32muo vtg,aog,yom% n. dko8+g8u,.lj vaf8ikrkluF c]td+8AC vqCdko7hk okok-kf0bhoF -bjC;yg7kt dko0afcpjCfhko
ia4ma,,to6o ltstia4F vto5,af .oxu !)*)F mujgIaf.sh m5d7qomujgduf s]n 3vo dko7hkdaoD
lao-kf .o ltstia4{I;,maC vtfufmkl{gxaoxt-kdvo0vCxtgmf c]t
genetic engineering / ;ylt;tda, dko4jkprao n. dkozaocx 0vC
Ia[xtdao 7;k,lg,urk[ fhkodkoxhvCdao mkCdqfs,kpD
-u;t;ympk vto6 0vCsoj;pgoNvsoaClaf c]t8Qow,h grnjv9tlhkCc[admugiaPF
franchise / lyfryglf n. m5itdyf mujwfh-nhlyfmy muj9t.-h -nj c]t;ymudko 8Qow,h c]tlafs]kpM-toyf 0bho,k.s,jD
0vC [=iylafc,jF fajCoAo 9bjCdkpgxaoobjC.o9eo;o0vC[=iylafmaCs]kp muj-nj7ndao
Geneva Accords / laopk g9ou;k n. laopklao8yrk[ .oxu !_&$ mujc[jC
.ol4komuj8jkCMD
;Pfok, gxao ;Pfok,gsonv 7;[75,3fp 7v,,6oyl c]t ;Pfok,.8h
Freedmen's Bureau / 2iufc,o [63i n. vqCdkoia4[kodkC 8AC0bho muj[+wfh1j6.8hveokf7v,,6oyl 9qod;jkdkog]nvd8ACIj;,dao ,u0bho.oxu !_&*D
grnjv-j;p vtfufmkl s]aC9kd lqC7k,rkp.oxtgmfD
genocide / dkome]kpg-NNvrao n. dkode9af.shlYo]qC1jkC9qC.9 c]t
freedom rider / 0ujiq4 grnjvgliurk[ n. objC.o7tot8+lh6grnjvlyfmy0vC ,uit [P[ 0vC9egrktdj5,g-Nv-kfF xt-k-kf s]n dj5,lklokD
rq]g,nvC wfh0juiq4[al zjko8]vfmkC.8h .o-5,8Qoxu !_*W grnjvmhkmkp
Gentlemen's Agreement / dko8qd]qCdaofh;pdPf8ypqf n. laopk
dkoc[jC cpdzy;raoD
xu!_W({ !_W) 3fp ia4[ko pujxj5o muj9edaf
Freedom Summer / 2iu3f, -a,g,u n. 37Cdko xu !_*$ grnjv]qCmt[Po dkovqrpq[vvd9kdxtgmf0vCpujxj5o ,k ltstia4D
-k;va2iydao vtg,iydao gxaozh6]qC7tcoolPC .o ,yllyly[xuD
gentrification / it[q[dko2No26.s,j n. da,,t;ymu lhv,c-, [hkog,nvC
Freeport Doctrine / 2iurv8 fvHd8iuo n. mujwfhglnjv,3-,]qC 3fp-qo-AodkCF -bjClj;oskp
7;k,7bfF lcfCvvd 3fp l8ug2ao faHd]kl .oxu !)&)F muj;jk gIaf.shgdufdko0a[w]jzh6mujvk.l mujm5d9qoD
g0fcfo.fd=lk,kfdaodkogxaomklwfh 3fp rPCc8jxt8yglf
[+vto5,afdqfs,kpmujloa[lo5o,aoD

120 THE AMERICANS

Lao-TheAmericans.qxd 1/16/2004 2:38 PM Page 121

Gettysburg Address / 7exk.l muj gdaf8Ulg[ud n. 7exk.l Great Migration / dkopqdphkp 7AcpyjC.spj n. dkog7jnvows; 0okf.spj
muj,u-njlPC djk;3fp gv[ikcI, ]yo7vo .ogfnvo rbl9ydk !)*#F 8vo v5myf 0vC-k; va2iydao vtg,iydao 9kdmkC.8h wxlj6 g,nvCmkCgsonv
xjk-hk/aClq[ csjC-kf 1j6muj8Aclok,iq[ gdaf8Ulg[udD .oxucidM0vC laf8t;af mu @W D
ghetto / g0flt]a, n. g0f7h5,.og,nvC 0bjC7qodj5,ohvp[kCdj5, 4nd[aC7a[ Great Plains / dgif rg]ol% n. mqjC.spjwrlko mujczjd;hkC9kd.9dkC
c]t/no.9.shradvk.l1j6D 0vC vtg,iydkgsonvF 9kd gmad-al 0bhogsonvwx c7okfkF 8kg;aovvd 0vC
r6g0qk iHvddUD
GI Bill of Rights / paf8y lyfmygliurk[ 0vCmtsko vtg,iydoa n.
-njmu j 8AC.shdqfs,kp xa[x5C .s,j0vCmtskoF dqfs,kpxu !_$$ Great Society / dgif 3-ww-v vy8u n. 37Cdkodko0vC xtmkokmy[=fu
muj9afskdko-j;p gs]nvfhkodkogCyo c]t dkolbdlk cdjoadiq[gdqjk ]yofvo [uD 9volao grnjv]qf7;k,pkd9qo c]t7;k,vtp58yma, mkCg-Nv-kf
0vClqC7k,3]d 7ACmulvCD c]t lqjCglu, 75ootrk[0vC-u;yfmujfu0bho .o ltstia4D

H
glasnost / dikl3olm% n. dkolqomtok1jkCgxufgzup djP;da[
[aosklaC7q, mujwfhIa[vto5pkf .o ltstrk[ 3-;Pf .o-5,xu !_)WD
Glass-Steagall Act / dikl l8u3d cvad n. dqfs,kpxu !_## muj9af8AC
habeas corpus / Ik[ul% 7=rl a n. 7elajClko .shg9Qksohkmuj oe8q;oad3mf
vqCdkoxtdaowrgCyo/kd grnjvxhvCdaogCyomuj7qowfh/kdw;hmujmtok7koD
,kmujlko grnjvlko9twfhry9kitok;jk oad3mf4nddad0aC4nd8hvC8k,dqf s,kp
Glorious Revolution / d]=iuvl a iu3;]6-oa n. dkoxt8y;af mujsohk lao s]n[=D
gluo dko3voveokfdkoxqd7vC0vCik-;qCvaCdyf 9kd g9,l% mujlvC
Haight-Ashbury / gIdm%{cv-cc[iu n. ,qomqo c-o 2cio-yl3d mujdkp

LAOTIAN
.sh;y]]P, c]t c,iu .oxu !*)){!*)_D
gxao <g,nvCs];C<0vCr;dlaf8i6;amotma, s]n IyxxU .oitpt-5,xu !_*WD
gold rush / dko2hk;wxskmvC7e n. dkog7njvows; 0vC/6C-qo mujs]ajC
Harlem Renaissance / Ikg]a, giucol-aC n. dkoIj5CgInvCfhkoly]xt
ws]wxg0fmuj,u7qo7Qorq[mvC7eD
0vC-k; va2iyado vtg,iydao .o-5,xu !_@WF l6odkCc,jo.og0f xt-k7q,
gold standard / ,k84komvC7e n. it[q[dkogCyo mujik7kgCyo8ik 9t g,nvC oy; 1vdD
4nddesoqf 8k,9eo;ogmqjkda[mvC7eD
hawk / 7qodtskplqC7k, n. 7qomujlqjCglu,dkog0Qkwx0hvCdjP;0vC
Gone with the Wind / dvo ;ym gfy ;yo n. -ygo xu !_#_ mujdjP;da[ ltstia4 .o lqC7k, ;Pfok, c]t g-njv;jk ltstia4
-u;yf 0vCg9Qk0vCwIj/hkp mkC.8h it;jkC lqC7k,rkp.oxtgmf{objC.o -ygo 7;o9t.-hde]aCmtskogrU,0bho grnjv9twfhIa[w--totD
mujgxaomujoypq,-q,-v[ 0vCm5dl,apD
Hawley-Smoot Tariff Act / I=]u{lt,68 mkiy2 cvad n. dqfs,kpF
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

graft / lyo[qo n. dko.-hveokfmkCdkog,nvC.omkCm59tiyf grnjvx3pf vto5,afg,njvxu !_#WF muj9af8AC rkluvkdvo mujl6Cmujl5f.oxt;aflkf ltstia4F
lj;o8q;D gIaf.sh lt4kotdkofhkogl4dyfmuj8qd8+k IhkpcIC0bhovud .o ltstia4 c]t
8jkCxtgmfD
grandfather clause / dcio 2kgmu 7ivl n. [qf[aopaf mujpqdg;Ao 7qo
[kC7qo9kddqfs,kp phvolt4kotdkomuj,u1j6c8jdjvo { 3fpltgrkt [qf[aopaf H-bomb / gI-{{[v, n. itg[uf wIf3ig9o{vk;5f gmu3,oy;7g]aP muj,u
7ACobjC .oia4ma,,to6omkC.8h mujpqdg;Ao7qozy;0k; veokfIhkpcICd;jk itg[uf xtit,ko6D
9kddkoIPdIhvC0vCdko xjvo[af -bjCg7upgIafda[ va2iydao vtg,iydao
headright system / gIfwim% -yylg8a, n. ot3p[kp 0vC
.odko]qC7tcoolPCD
[=iylaf g;u9ugoaP mujvto5pkf.shmujfyo &W gvg7u cdjzh6,k8AC4yjo4ko
Grange / 2ki%, n. vqCdkomkClaC7q, c]tdkolbdlk -bjC 2ki%g,u c]tlt,k-yd7v[7q;0vCg0qkD
rtpkpk, 9t38h8v[ veokf0vCmkCiq4w2 .o-5,xul5fmhkp 0vClaf8t;afmu
hierarchy / dkoxqd7vC3fp]efa[0Ao n. dko9afit[P[.olaC7q, 8k,-
!_D
Ao c]t 9er;dD
Grapes of Wrath, The / gfy 7gi[ vv2 ;ikf n. ot;toypkp
Ho Chi Minh Trail / glAomkC 3I9y,yo n. glAomkC8jkCM muj;Pfok,
0Po 3fp 9vo lw8g[adF ry,0bho.oxu !_#_F mujda[7v[7q; .o 3vdik3I,k
mujsouvvd 9kd falm% 3[] wx c7]y2=goaPD gsonv .-h 0qolqjC lt[PC8jkCM .sh ;PfdqC .o;Pfok,.8hD
Hohokam / 3I3I7e n. dj5, vyogfaPcfC muj.-h-u;yf 1j6s5[g0qk0vCc,joE
Great Awakening / dko8njo8q; 7AC.spj n. dko2No26 0vCdkola,zaf
mkClklok .o vkokoy7q, vtg,iydao .o-5,xu !(#W c]t !(&WD lv]8% c]t c,joE 9u]k X xaf95[aoc,jo vkiu3-ok ? c8jxt,ko #WW xu djvo
7DlD g4yC xu 7DlD !$WWD
Great Compromise / dkoxtouxtov, 7AC.spj n. dko8qd]qC
Hollywood Ten / Iv]]u;6f gmao n. rtpko !W 7qo 9kddj5,
0vC vt o5laopk ia4ma,,to6o grnjv9af8AC ia4ltrk0vC-kf .sh,u @ ltrkF
ia4 c8j]t ia4 ,uzh68kCsohkgmqjkdao .oltrkobjC c]t c8j]tia4 ,uzh68kCsohk v5lkstda,gIaf-ygo muj xt8yglf[+Ij;,,nda[dkoln[l;o0vC HUAC 0vC
3fpvyC.lj 9eo;o xt-kdvo .ovudltrkobjCD dkowfhIa[vyfmyrqo 7v,,6oyl .o Iv]]u;6fD
Holocaust / 3I3]7vlm% n. dkog0ajo0hk1jkCgxaoit[q[ s]n
Great Depression / dko8qd8+k1jkC.spjs];C n. itptg;]k
-j;Cxu !_@_ g4yC !_$WF mujgl4dyf 0vC ltstia4 1j6.oltrk[8qd8+k dko]hkCgzqjkrao -k;1y; c]tdj5,vnjoM .o153ix 3fp ok-u djvo c]t0tot
1jkCI5ocIC c]t vtg,iydao gxao]hkoM7qo 8qdCkoD lqC7k,3]d7ACmulvCD

MULTI-LANGUAGE GLOSSARY 121

Lao-TheAmericans.qxd 1/16/2004 2:38 PM Page 122

home rule / dkoxqd7vCmhvC4yjo n. veokf0vCia4 .odkoxqd7vC indentured servant / zh6I[a .-hh8k,laopk n. 7qomujwfhgIaflaopk gIaf;Pd
rq]g,nvC 0vCg0qk 3fp[+,udkosph5CdjP;9kdia4[kodkCD .shvud7qoobjC .oitptg;]k9edafF lj;os]kpc,jogrnjv wfhIa[7jkgfuomkCF
mujrad g-qkF c]t7jkdyo1jgxaodko8v[cmoD
Homestead Act / 3I,lg8f cvad n. dqfs,kp ltstia4 vto5,af.oxu
!)*@F muj9afskmujfyo !*W gvg7u .o 8kg;ao8qd cdjrq]g,nvC s]n zh6muj9t,kgxaorq] Indian Removal Act / paf8y pqdphkp vyogfaPcfC n. dqfs,kpF
g,nvC mujgxaosq;sohk7v[7q; c]t muj9t,kmedkodtlyda, .ofyooU gxaoitpt vto5,afg,njv xu !)#WF muj[aC7a[.sh-k;gzqjkvyogfaPcfCmkC8kg;aovvd0vC
& xuS dqfs,kpmujvto5,af gIaf.sh,u7qo,k8AC4yjo4ko gxao9eo;omujme]kplt4y8y ,y-y-yxxu .shphkpwxskmujfyomkC8kg;ao8qdD
,kvhkClyfmujfyolj;o[577qo mujc8jdjvoc,jo9vCw;h.shvyogfaPcfC
8k,lqomylaopkc]t8k,ma,oP,xtgrou grnjvgxaomuj1j6vk.l.odkomjvCmjP; Industrial Revolution / dkoxt8y;fa fhkov5lkstda, n. dkoxjPocxC
Xdko1j6[+gxaomuj? c]tdko.-h0vCr;dg0qkS dqfs,kpfP;dao wfhg0A,C;f0bho .o vqCdkofhkolaC7q, c]tgl4dyf
.oxu !))_ grnjv -ad-;o.sh7qo,k.-hlyf .odkovhkClyfmylj;o[577qo muj,k9kddkoxjPog7njvC,n wxgxaog7njvC9ad c]t 9kddkoramok
c]tlhkClkramok fyolC;o muj d;hkC.spj 0vCia4[koD 0vCdkoz]yfmkCv5lkstda,gxao9eo;o,kdD

Hopewell / 3Ixc;] n. laC7q, ,6of% [P;gfu muj,ul6odkCmujs5[g0qk 0vCc,j Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) / vqCdko7qoCko
oE 3vwI3v c]t9giuo0bho.oxu @WW djvo 7DlD skxu 7DlD$WWD v5lkstda,0vC3]d n. vqCdko cICCko leia[muj[+,u7;k,-eokoF 8AC0bho
3fpdj5, lt,k-yd ltstrk[da,,tdvo mujsq;I5ocIC c]t r;dlaC7q,oypq,
horizontal integration / dkoI;,8q;0vCxtgrffP;dao n. .oxu !_W&D
dkoI;,dao0vC[=iylafmujz]yflyo7hk1jkCfP;daoD
inflation / gCyog2U n. dko0bho0vCik7k s]n dko]qC0vC7;k,lk,kf.o
hot line / Iavf ]kpo% n. soj;plnjlko 8AC0bho.oxu !_*# grnjv.shzh6oe0vC dko-Nlyo7hk phvodko0pkpgCyo8ikD
LAOTIAN

ltstia4a c]tltstrk[ 3-;Pf wfh8yf8+skdao .opk,l5dgluoD

information superhighway / vyo2=g,g-yyo -55[gxuwIg; n. 8ksojkC
House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) / gIQk dko8yf8+ fh;p 7v,ry;g8u mujxtlko7qog0Qkda[dko[=iydko g-ajo s=l,5fF
n. 7totda,,tdko ia4ltrk
vao{vtg,iydoa cvad8u;u8ul% 7v,,y8u Ihko7hkF 3IC-ygo c]t 0jk;lkoD
mujln[l;o dkoIa[vyfmyrqo 7v,,6oyl maCrkp.o c]tovdia4[ko ltstia4
.oxu s]aClqC7k,3]d7ACmulvCD INF Treaty / lqomyloa pk wvcvocv2 n. lqomylaopk vk;5f oy;7g]aP
;y4udtl5o 0okfdkC{ 8qd]qCdao .oxu !_)( it;jkC ltstia4 c]t ltstrk[
human rights / lyfmy,to5f-qqo n. lyfmyc]tgliurk[F 3-;Pf mujde9afit[q[vk;5f[kC-toyf c]tvto5pkf.odkod;fdkmuj 8ACmt
g-ajoc[[mujdesoqf w;h.odkoxtdkfgxaogvdikf c]t paf8y lyfmy skog4yCmujD
c]tgliurk[0vCrq]g,nvC muj 7qo maCs]kplq,7;owfhIa[D
initiative / dko]yg]U, n. it[P[dkomuj ltrkoy8y[aopaf ;kC,k8dko

Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

I
lk,kf ]yg]U, 3fpxt-k-qo cmomuj9tc,jo zh6gIafdqfs,kpD
installment plan / zjvolqjC n. ;ymumuj7qo-N 9jkp.oitptpk;F
3fpmuj[+wfh9jkp gCyofk;o% s]kpg;]kmuj-ND
Immigration Act of 1965 / dqfs,kpdjP;da[ 7qovqrpq[g0Qkxtgmf xu
!_*&n. dqfs,kp mju0bho9eo;o7qomujvqrpq[g0Qkxtgmf .shvto5pkf,k8AC4yjo interchangeable parts / g7njvCvtws]j mujxjPodaowfh n. -Yolj;o
4ko .o ltstia4D muj,k84ko muj.-hcmodaowfhD
impeach / vy,ru- v. dkodjk;3mf1jkCgxaomkCdko8+g9Qksohkmuj mujxtrbf Internet / vyogmucoaf n. dkoxtlkoCkodaomqj;3]dF ]yg]U, 3fp dt-;C
zyf.osohkmujD ltrkzh6cmo ,uveokfrPCzh6fP; .odkodjk;3mfg9Qksohkmuj xhvCdaoxtgmf ltstia4F muj xtlko 7v,ry;g8u c]tvto5pkf.shdko8yf+
ia4[kodkCD lnjlko daoc[[maomumao.f mkCvadlvoF I6[F c]tlPCD
impeachment / vy,ru-g,yom% n. dkofegouodkodjk;3mf 0vCg9Qksohk internment /dkodaddao n. dkogda[8q; s]n 9edafdkog7njvows;F
mujlkmkitot .odkodtmezyfD 3fpltgrkt rkp.8hltrk[dko g;]klqC7k,D
imperialism / ]afmy9da dtrafoypq, n. Interstate Commerce Act / dqfs,kpdko7hk it;jkC ia4 n.
ot3p[kpdko0pkpveokf0vCxtgmf 8+xtgmfvnjoM dqfs,kpD vto5,af .oxu !))(F mujpaC7qC.shlyf ia4[kodkC 7;[75,dy9da,
3fp;ymumkCgl4dyfF dkog,nvC c]tdkomtskoD mkC iq4w2 c]t 8AC7totda,,tdko & mjko grnjv,kc]jo;Pd dko7hk it;jkC
ia4D
impressments / dkogdo n. dko9a[zh6-kpg0QkgxaomtskoD
Intolerable Acts / dqfs,kp l5fmqo n. -5fdqfs,kp mujvto5,af3fp
Inca / vyo7k n. 7qovyogfaPcfC -bjC.oxu !$WW wfh8AC vkok9ad 0bho muj,vkok ia4ltrk .oxu !(($ grnjv]qC3mf -k;vkokoy7q, ,k-k96c-l .ogiNvC
g0f gdnv[g4yC @F&WW w,]% 8k,-kp/ajc 8kg;ao8qd 0vC vtg,iydk.8hD [vl8ao mu rki%8UD
incandescent / clC]5dl;jkC adj. mujvvdclC.shgsao iron curtain / zhkdACgs]ad n. 4hvp7e muj ;yolt8ao g-u-y] .-h.oxu !_$*
-bjCgxaozqo9kddko 4nd7;k,IhvoD mujvtmy[kp glAo,t3ork[ mujcpd xtgmf7v,,6oylmuj1j6.odj5,3-;Pf .o153ix
income tax / rkluikpwfh n. rklumuj,k9kdikpwfhD 8kg;aovvd 9kdxtgmf 153ix 8kg;ao8qdD

122 THE AMERICANS

Lao-TheAmericans.qxd 1/16/2004 2:38 PM Page 123

Iroquois / gzqjk vu3idq; n. -k;vyogfaPcfC dj5,objC mujvk.l1j6muj mujgxaoxjk Kashaya Pomo / dk-kk1k 3r3, n. -k;vyogfaPcfC mujl,apdjvo
.o8kg;aovvdlPCgsonvD 1j6c4;[bC c7,/ajCmtg] -bjCfP;oUc,jo c7]y2=goaPD
Islam / vyl]k, n. lklok muj8AC0bho muj vkikg[aP .oxu 7DlD *@@ 3fpzh68AC Kent State University / g7ao ltg8f 16oyg;u-u8u n. ,tsk;ymtpk]ap
lklok ,6Ik,s,afS zh6mujoa[4n.olklokoU IPd;jk ,5l]y,D 3vwI3v mujmtskocsjCpyCoadlbdlkmujxtmh;C lqC7k,;Pfok, .o;aomu $
rblrk !_(W [kfg9a[ _ 7qo c]t 8kp $ 7qoD
isolationism / ]afmy dko1j63fffjP; n. dko7af7hko 8+lyjCrq;rao
fhkodkog,nvC c]t gl4dyf da[ xtgmfvnjoMD Kerner Commission / g7ugou 7v,,y--ao n. dj5,mujwfhIa[c8jC8AC 3fp
xtmkokmy[=fu 9volao .shlbdlk skgsf 0vCdkoI5ocIC .odecrCot7vo

J c]t cotoe.sh9edafdkoc[jCcpd c[[meoP,[+8k,dqfs,kp .olaC7q,

vtg,iydaoD
King Philip's War / lqC7k,0vC 7yC 2u]yx n. dko0afcpjCF .oxu
Japanese American Citizens League (JACL) / lt,k7q, pujxj5o
n. lt,k7q, muj-5dph6 .shia4[ko ltstia4 -qfg-up .shcdj-k; pujxj5o
vtg,iydoa !*(&{!*(*F it;jkC -k;vkokoy7q, oy; vyCc]of% c]t dj5,vyogfaPcfC
vtg,iydao leia[ -a[lq,[af0vCr;dg0qk mu l6oglaPwx .o7k;mujr;dg0qk raomt,yf rkp .8hdkooerk0vC sq;sohkgzqjk ;k,xk3ovad g,8k7v,D
4nddad8q; .olqC7k,3]d7ACmulvCD kinship / ruj ohvC n. 7;k,la,rao it;jkC lt,k-yd.o7v[7q;D
jazz / c9l n. fqo8iuc[[objC -bjC,u]adltotryglf Know-Nothing Party / rad 3o{oavfmyjC n. -njmuj8AC.sh rad
7ndkoltcfC3fp[+,udkodtdP,. vtg,iydaoF0bjCgduf0bho.o -5,xu !)&W grnjv8afmvo vyfmyrqofhkodkog,nvC 0vC

LAOTIAN
Jim Crow laws / dqfs,kp 9y, 73i;% n. dqfs,kp vto5,af 3fpia4
zh6vqrpq[g0Qk xtgmfD
mkC.8h c]t ia4[komhvC4yjo grnjvcpd7qo0k; c]t 7qofe .olt4komuj Kongo / 7vC3d n. dj5,vkok9adohvpM c4;g]ktc,joE c-I%
lkmkitot c]t lt4komujlj;o8q;D .ova2iydkdkC 8kg;ao8qdF I;[I;,dao rkp.8hzh6oe7qofP; .omhkp-5,xu
joint-stock companies / g0QkIh5o [=iylfa n. m5itdyf mujr;d]qCmbo gvqk- !$WWD
a[lq,[af0vCg0qkI;,dao grnjvzqox3pfIj;,daoD Korean War / lqC7k, gdqks]u n. dko0afcpjCdao it;jkC gdqks]u gsonv
journeyman / zh6-eokoCko n. .oit[q[/bdsafCkoF 7qoCkomuj,u7;k,-e c]t gdqks]u .8hF oa[c8jxu !_&W g4yC !_&#F muj ltstia4F rhv,xtgmf
oko 4nd9hkC 3fpokp.spjD ltstxt-k-kf vnjoMF 8+lh61j6/jkp gdqks]u.8h c]t 9uo8+lh61j6mkC/jkp gdqks]u
gsonvD
judicial branch / /jkp p58ym,a n. lk0k0vCia4[ko mujvtmy[kpdqfs,kp
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

Kristallnacht / 7iyl8v]oadm% n. <7nomujdt9qdc8d< -nj muj8AC.sh 7no;aomu_

c]t ia4ma,,to6oD
rbl9ydk !_#)F g,njv cdaC rqomtsko,hk ok-u [5d gInvo-k;1y;F m5itdyfF c]t
judicial review / dkomq[m;o.s,j fhkop58ym,
a n. veokflkol6Cl5f mju 3[f0vClklok 1y; .og1uit,aoD
9txtdkf;jk dkodtme0vCltrk7vCdgif [+4nd ia4ma,to6oD
Ku Klux Klan (KKK) / 76 7]ad 7]ko X g7 g7 g7 ? n. vqCdko]a[ muj .-h
Judiciary Act of 1789 / dqfs,kp p58ym,a xu !()_ n. dqfs,kp muj8AC p5m;ymu c[[d+dkoIhkp .odkortpkpk,muj9t8AC7;k,pyjC.spj 0vC7qozy;
it[q[lko ia4[kodkC c]t lkol6Cl5f c]tgxuf-jvC.shdkov5mvo0vC dko 0k;0bho.s,j .oia4mkC.8h s]aC lqC7k,rkp.oxtgmfD
8aflyo0vC[kCia4 wxsklko ia4[kodkCD
Kwakiutl / 7;k8yv68 n. -k;vyogfaPcfC l,apdjvo g7up,u4jyo4ko1j6g0f
Judiciary Act of 1801 / dqfs,kpp58ym,a xu !)W! n. dqfs,kp g]kt -kpmtg] 8kg;ao8qd lPCgsonv 0vC vtg,iydkgsonvD
muj0bho9eo;o0vCzh6ryrkdlkF pv,.sh xtmkokmy[=fu 9vo vkfa,l% [ao958e
csojC.s,j fh;p zh6loa[lo5odkoxqd7vCc[[ltstia4D
Jungle, The / gfy 9aCgdy n. ot;toypkp 0Po3fp va[8ao -yo7ciF
L
ry,0bho.oxu !_W*F mujra]okdjP;da[lt4kotdkomujvao8ikp land grant / dkopv,.shmujfyo n. 0vC0;ao gxaomujfyo lkmkitot .shcdj
c]t[+4ndvtokw,mujcz j s]kp.or;d v5lkstda,-Uolaf .og;]koAoD [577qo s]n vqCdkoD

K Land Ordinance of 1785 / gml[aopaf mujfyo 0vCxu !()& n. dqf

s,kp muj8AC37Cdko leia[dkolei;f c]t 0kpmujfyo 0vC ia4[kodkC
/ajC8kg;ao8qd 0vC r6g0qk vaxxk]k-PoD
kamikaze / dkolh6iq[c[[pv,8kp0vCpujxj5o adj. dkorkfryCg4yC s]n
La Raza Unida / ]k ik-kk 16oufk n. vqCdko dkog,nvC ]k8y3o 8AC0bhoxu
z6d,af .odkogIafgInv[yomujg8a,wxfh;pitg[uf8qd 3fpg98ok]qC.ljgxQks,kp
mtskoD !_(W 3fp 3Ig- gvao39 d68ugvgil D
League of Nations / ]ud vv2 go-aol% n. lt,k7q,0vCxtgmf 8AC0bho
Kansas-Nebraska Act / c7o-al{go[ikldhk cvad n. dqfs,kpF
vto5,af .oxu !)&$F muj9af8Acg0fcfo0vC c7o-al c]t go[ikldhk g,njvxu !_@W grnjvlqjCglu, dkoIj;,,n c]t lao8yrk[ it;jkCxtgmfD
c]t.shrq] g,nvCg0qk,ulyfg]nvd;jk 9tvto5pkf.sh,umkls]n[=D legislative branch / lk0k oy8y[oa paf n. lk0k0vCia4[ko mujvvddqf
s,kpD
MULTI-LANGUAGE GLOSSARY 123
Lao-TheAmericans.qxd 1/16/2004 2:38 PM Page 124

Lend-Lease Act / g]aof%{]ul cvadm% n. dqfs,kpF vvd.oxu !_$!F mass production / dkoz]yf1jkC,kd,kp n. dkoz]yflyo7hk gxao9e
mujvto5pkf.sh ltstia4 lqjCvk;5f c]tlt[PCF 3fp[+,udko9jkpgCyo3fpmaomuF o;o,kdF gIafwfh grktdko.-hg7njvC9ad c]tdkoc[jCxaocICCkoD
wx.shxtgmfmuj8+lh6da[veokf vadltD
mass transit / dko0qolqjC,;o-qqo n. it[q[dko0qolqjC mujvvdc[[grnjv
Limited Test Ban Treaty / lqomyloa pk ]u,yf8yf cmlm% c[o n. lqo dko 0qolqjC7qogxao9eo;o,kd 8k,glAomkCmujit[5w;hD
mylaopk xu !_*# muj ltstia4 c]t ltstrk[ 3-;Pf 8qd]qC [+medkomqf]vC
itg[uf oy;7g]aP .o[aopkdkfD master / vk9ko n. -jkC/u,n muj,u7;k,-eokoF xtdt8y
gxaog9Qk0vCm5itdyfc]t 9hkC7qovnjo,kgIaf;Pd.shD
lineage / g-NNvlkp n. dj5,7qo mujln[lkp,k9kd [aort[5i5fzh6fP;daoD
Maya / gzqjk,k1k n. -k;vyogfaPcfC muj,u7;k,9giuo Ij5CgInvC muj
long drive / dko8hvolafitptpk; n. dkog7njvophkpCq; dq;g8,k]k c]t cs], 16dt8ao it;jkC xt,ko 7DlD @&W g4yC _WWD
8k,mkCmuj9twx mujl6odkC dkolqjClyo7hkD
McCarthyism / mylfu ,ad7kmu n. dkodjk;39,8uF lj;os]kp[+,us]ad
longhorn / g0qkpk; n. rao0vC Cq; mujc0CcICF g0qkpk; oe,k3fp 7qo 4koF 3fp lt,k-ydltrkl6C 39g-a[ ,ad7kmu c]t 7qovnjoM muj4ndlqC.l ;jkgxao
ltgxo lj6 c,ad-y3d c]t gs,ktlq,8+ltrk[mujcshCc]hC 0vC8kg;ao8qd 7v,,6oyl .o8vo8Qo0vC-5,xu !_&WD
lPC.8hD
McCulloch v. Maryland / ,ad7a]]avd lh6d[ a c,iuc]of% n. 7tfu .oxu
Louisiana Purchase / dko-NN ]5pg-aPok n. dko-N .oxu !)W# 3fp !)!_ -bjClkol6Cl5f wfh8aflyo;jk c,iuc]of% [+,ulyf 9tgda[rklu mtok7ko
ltstia4 9kd fyocfo ]5pg-aPok 0vC/iajC { 9kdg0f c,joE ,u--y-yxxu g4yC 0vC ltstia4F fajCoAo 9bjCgoAoveokf 0vCia4[kodkC .odko7;[75,
r6g0qk iavddU g,qkgmao .oik7k > !& ]hko fv]]kD gl4dyfD
LAOTIAN

Loyalists /
9qCIadradfu n. -k;vkokoy7q,mujloa[lo5o ia4[kovaCdyf .o Meat Inspection Act / dqfs,kp d;fdk -UUo n. dqfs,kpF vto5,af
0tot dkoxt8y;af0vC vtg,iydaoD .oxu !_W*F muj8AC0=h[aC7a[mujg7ajC7af djP;da[7;k,ltvkf 0vCr;d9af9esojkp
-Uo c]t lhkC37Cdko ia4[kodkC giNvCdkod;fdk-UoD
Lusitania / ]6lyf8kgoaP n. gInv3fplko vaCdyf muj4ndgIaf.sh9q, 3fp
16{3[f XgInvfeoE? G1uit,ao .oxu !_!&D Medicaid / g,fyg7f n. 37CdkoF 8AC0bhog,njvxu !_*&F grnjv9afsk xtdaowr
l50rk[ .shcdj7qomujwfhIa[dko-j;pgs]nv c;;c2i%D

M Medicare / g,fyc7i% n. 37Cdko ia4[kodkCF 8AC0bho.oxu !_*&F

grnjv9af sk xtdaowr 3ICs,= c]t xtdaowr l50rk[ c[[ik7k4nd
mandate / .shveokf n. veokfmujoext8y[af -bjC zh6mujwfhIa[dkog]nvd8AC .shcdj-k;vtg,iydao vkp5 *& xu 0bhowxD

Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

9kd zh6]qC7tcoolPC mujg]nvd8ACg0qkD melting pot / c,]8yC rav8 n. dkoxtxqo9kd7qos]kpM;amotma, c]t-

Manhattan Project / 37Cdko c,oIaf8ao n. 37Cdko 0vC ltstia3 qo-kf mujxtlq,g0Qkdao 3fpxt]trklk c]t ;amotma,gdqjkD
mujramok itg[uf xtit,ko6 grnjv.-h.o lqC7k,3]d7ACmulvCD mercantilism / dko7hk0kp n. it[q[ gl4dyf -bjCmkCxtgmfmaCs]kp

manifest destiny / -tt8kda, muj-fa g9o n. 7;k,g-njv4n .olaf8t;afmu !_ sk;ymu 0pkpveokfc]t-a[lyo0vCg0qk 3fp dv[3dp gvqk7e c]t gCyo gxao
;jk ltstia4 9t0pkp wxmkC8kg;ao8qd lj6 ,tskl,5f cx-y2yd c]t lj6 fyo 9eo;o,kd c]tdko-N0kp.shlq,f5]D
cfo c,ad-y3d 1jkCs]ud]jPC[+wfhD Merrimack / c,iuc,ad n. gInviq[sh5,gdkt mujmkC.8h .-h.olqC7k,rkp
Marbury v. Madison / ,k[6iu lh6d[a ,kfyloa n. 7tfu .oxu !)W# muj .oxtgmfD
lkol6Cl5f 8aflyo ;jk lko,ulyfmuj9t]q[]hkC dqfs,kp 3fpvvd7;k,gsao;jk mestizo / g,-88u3- adj. g-Nvxtlq, [aort[5i5f ltgxo c]t vyogfaPcfCD
dqfs,kpoAo zyfs]ad ia4ma,to6oS veokfoU 9bjCIPd;jk dko]B,7no mkC
dqfs,kpD middle passage / sh;CdkogfuomkC8vodkC n. dkogfuomkC
mujoegvqk mkl va2iydao ,k c;l vyoful% c]t8+,k muj vtg,iydk gsonvD
market revolution / dkoxt8y;f a 8]kf n. dkoxjPocxC mujle7ao .o
gl4dyf ltstia4 phvodkog]U,8Qo0vC7qo-N c]t 0kplyo7hk midnight judge / zh6ryrkdlk mjPC7no n. objC.ozh6ryrkdlk
cmomuj9tgIafgrnjv .-hgvCD mujwfh4ndc8jC8AC 0bho3fp 9vo vkfa,l% .o-qj;3,Cl5fmhkp
0vCdko[=iysko0vCg0qkD
Marshall Plan / czo ,k-== n. 37CdkoF lgou 3fp ia4,qo8iu 8jkCxtgmf
1vf9% ,k-= .oxu !_$(F -bjC,u ltstia4 .sh7;k,-j;pgs]nv fhko gl4dyf militarism /]afmymtsko n. ot3p[kpdko9af8ACmtsko
cdjxt gmf153ix grnjv-j;p.shg0qkwfh lhkClk.s,j s]aC9kd lqC7k,3]d 7AC .odko8P,rhv, 8+dkomelqC7k,1jkCc0C0ao c]tdko.-hgxaog7njvC,n
mulvCD fhkodkom6fD
martial law / dqf wvptdkoglyd n. dqf-qj;7k; 0vCmtsko cmomuj 9t minutemen / ,yoyfc,o n. mtskorq]gInvomujIad-kf r=fu djvoc]tit;jkC
c,jo veokf rq]gInvoD lqC7k,xt8y;afF lk[ko;jk rhv,muj9tlh6.ookmu l5fmhkpmuj[vddjk;D
mass media / lnj,;o-qqo n. g7jnvC,udko8yf8+{g-ajo 3mitmafF soaClnry,F
c]t ;ymp5{muj wxg4yC,;o-qowfhD

124 THE AMERICANS

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Mississippian / ,y--yy--yyxxPo n. laC7q, ,6of% [P;gfu National Bank Act / dqfs,kp mtok7ko csjC-kkf n. dqfs,kp
vaol5fmhkpc]tvaomuj -a[-hvod;jks,j6F mujvk.l1j6Ijv,r6 3vwI3v c]t ,y--y-- muj vvd.oxu !)*# mujgIaf.shmtok7ko xvfwr leia[ zh6]qCmboD [qf[aopaf
yxxu c8jxu (WW skxy !&WWD mujIj;, it[q[ 0vCmtok7ko mujwfhIa[vto5pkf .sh8AC0bho
8k,it[P[0vCia4[kodkCF 0=hdesoqf.s,j.odkodh6gCyoF c]t
Missouri Compromise / ,yl5iu 7v,r3i,kpl% n. dqfs,kp -5fmuj it[q[dkod;fdk 0vCmtok7koD
vvd3fp ltrk7vCdgif .oxu !)@W{!)@! GrnjvIadlkw;h csjC7;k,lq,f5]
it;jkC ia4,umkl c]t ia4[+,umklD National Energy Act / dqfs,kp r]aCCko csjC-kkf n. dqfs,kpF
vto5,af .ol,apdko[=iysko 0vC 7kg8uF muj8ACrklu .shiq4 mujdyooE,aos]kpF
Monitor / ,=oug8u n. gInviq[ mujgIaffh;pgs]ad muj.-h.orkdgsonv .olqC7k, ]q[]hkCdko7;[75,ik7koE,ao c]t cdlma,,t-kfF c]t.shlyfmkCrklu
rkp.oxtgmfD leia[dkoramokfhko [+gduf.s,j0vCr]aCXgvgou9u?D
Monroe Doctrine / s]ad ,vo3i n. ot3p[kp 0vC ltstia4 National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) / gog-yyook]
muj8+8hkodkosph5CdjP; 0vC 153ix .odyfm5it 0vC-ud3]d8kg;ao8qdF n. dqfs,kpmujvvd.oxu !_##
vyofal8iP; iu37g;uiu cvad
xtdkfvvd,k 3fp xtmkokmy[=fu ,vo3i .oxu !)@#D muj9af8Acdqfit[P[ 0vCdkoxt8y[afc[[p58yma, leia[ v5lkstda,
grnjvdkolqjCglu,dko0pkp38 0vCv5lkstda,D
Moral Majority / ,=ik] ,k9=iu8u n. raomt,yfdkog,nvC 0vCdj5, lklok
xtdv[fh;p lj;o.spj c,jo 7iyl8Po gvc;og9u]yl c]t 2aofkc,o8k]ylF nationalism / co;7bf-kkfoypq, n. 7;k,9qCIadradfu 8+zqox3pf c]t
muj,u [qf[kf.odkoxt-5, xu !_(W c]t !_)WF 7af7hko dko;kC8q; ;amotma,0vCxtgmf8qoD
c]tdkoxtrbf gxaoxt-kmyxtw8 c]t skgCyo.shzh6l,ad muj4n ]afmy 9giuooypq,D
National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) / ltrk la,rao cICCko

LAOTIAN
Mormons / ,=,oa l% n. lt,k-yd;af muj9af8AC0bho3fp 39g-[ lt,y8 c]t csjC-kkfn. vqCdko muj8AC0bho.oxu !_#& grnjv xhvCdaodkoxt8y[af muj[+p58yma,
l,adradr;d .oxu !)#WD /jkpcICCko c]tgrnjvgxaozh6wdjgdajP g,njv,udko0afcpjCdao it;jkC
rtoadCko c]t/jkp[=iyskoD
Morrill Acts / dqfs,kp ,=iy] n. dqfs,kp vto5,af .oxu !)*@ c]t !)_W
grnjv-j;plhkClk 3ICIPodtlyda, 3fpgvqkmujfyo ia4[kodkC.shcdjia4D National Organization for Women (NOW) / vqCdko9af8AC
n. vqCdko 9af8AC0bho.oxu !_** grnjvwxlj6
leia[zh6pyC csjC-kkf
muckraker / r;d05f7Qo0vCgxytgxNvo n. objC.ooad0Po lkit7tfu
gxQks,kp0vC 7;k,lg,urk[0vCzh6pyCF g-ajo lt4komuj]hPCgfad mujfu0bhoF
c]t[aogmuC mujgxuf3xCdkom59tiyf 0vCm5itdyf c]t-u;yflkmkitot .o-5, 3vdkffhkodkolbdlkF c]t p58ydkodufdaofhkodkoCkoD
8Qoxu !_WWD
National Road / gog-yyook] 3if n. 4oq[
Munn v. Illinois / ,aoo% lh6d[a vu]uovpl% n. 7tfu xu !)(( mujlkol6Cl5f mujwfhIa[gCyo9kdia4[kodkC,klhkC g]U,c8jxu !)!! c]t Ivfxu !)#)
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

1no1ao [aopaf 0vCia4 djP;da[dkomkCiq4w2 grnjvx3pf cdj 2ki%g,u c]t d;,9kd 7eg[uc]of%F c,iuc]of%g4yC c;ofkg]aPF vu]uovpl%D
zh6muj-N 0vCwx.-hF fajCoAo 9bjCwfh8Aclyf 0vCia4[ko muj9t[aopafm5itdyf
grnjvlovCzqo x3pf 0vC lkmkitot-qoD National Trades' Union / ltstrao dko7hk csjC-kkf n. lt,k7q,
dko7hk csjCcid 0vC-kfF 8AC0bho .oxu !)#$D
My Lai / ,kp ]kp n. s,j6[hko mkCrkdgsonv 0vC ;Pfok,.8h muj
rq]g,nvC muj[+,uvk;5f s]kpd;jk @WW 7qoF I;,maCzh6pyC c]t gfadohvpF National Youth Administration / dkolqjCglu, gpqk;t-qqo csjC-kkf
4ndmtsko ltst ia4 0hk8kp .o gfnvorblrk !_*)D n. vqCdko mujveo;pdkocdj gpqk;t-qo vtg,iydao
giNvCdko-j;pgs]nv c]t ;Pddko .opk, dko8qd8ej 1jkC.spjs];CD
N Nation of Islam / gog-uuook] vv2 vyl]k, n. dj5,lklokobjCF mujoypq,
Ipddao;jk ,5l]y, feF 8AC0bho 3fp gv]y9ks% ,6Ik,s,af grnjv lqjCglu,dkocpd
NAACP / cvo gv gv -uu ru n. lt,k7q,csjC-kf grnjv7;k,dhk;sohk 0vC 38 0vC7qofe c]t lklok vyl]k,D
7qozy;,ulu{vqCdkooU 8AC0bho .oxu !_W_ grnjvlqjCglu,7;k,lg,urk[
nativism / ]afmy7qorNog,nvC n.
0vC-qog-Nv maCs,qfD
g0Qk0hkCzqox3pf0vCr;dmujgduf.omhvC4yjo cmomuj9tc,jo
NACW / cvo gv -uu fa[g[y]16 n. lt,k7q,csjC-kf leia[zh6pyC zy;,ulu zh6gduf.o8jkCxtgmfD
vqCdko [=iydko laC7q, 8AC0bho xu !)_*D
Navigation Acts / dqfs,kpdkogfuogInv n. dqfs,kpmaC-5f mujvvd,k
NAFTA / oa28hk n. laopk dko7hkgliu vtg,iydk gsonv{ lqomylaopk .oxu 3fpia4ltrk g]U,c8jxu !*&!F grnjvd;f0ao dko7;[75,dko7hk 0vCvaCdyf
!__# mujs]5frkluvkdvo c]tdesoqfgvqk c,ad-y3d g0Qkglfdko7hkgliu .ovkokoy7q, vtg,iydao 0vCg0qkD
muj8AC0bho3fp ltstia4 c]t c7okfkD
NAWSA / o=-k n. lt,k7q, lyfmyvvdlPC zh6pyC vtg,iydao
napalm / okxk]%, n. oE,aog-NvgruC .-h.o itg[uf muj gInv[yo ltstia4 csjC-kf{c,jo vqCdkoobjC 8AC0bho.oxu !)_W grnjv 9twfh,k0bjClyfmyvvdlPC
gvqkwx4Y,.lj ;Pfok, grnjv9tgzqkxjk c]tgxuf3xC[jvo]U8q; 0vC;PfdqCD 0vCzh6pyCD
NASDAQ / colcfa7 n. lt,k7q,csjC-kf 0vCit[q[dkoc9hCik7k Nazism / ]afmyok-uu n. xia-pk dkog,nvC{8AC1j6[qorNo4ko -kfoypq,F
3fpvaf8t3o,af 0vC r+7hk Ih5o{dkoc]dxjPoIh5o 3fp[+zjko8]kfdko7hkF ]afmy4ng-Nv-kfF c]t dko0pkpveokfmkCmtsko{muj vkfv2 Iyfg]uF
xtdv[fh;p [=iylaf gmad3o3]9u gxaolj;o.spjD oe,kxt8y[af.og1uit,ao 9kdxu !_## g4yCxu !_$&D

MULTI-LANGUAGE GLOSSARY 125

Lao-TheAmericans.qxd 1/16/2004 2:38 PM Page 126

neutrality / 7;k,gxaodkC n. dkoxt8yglf muj9tg0Qkgxao/jkp.f/jkp objC nullification / dkome.sh3,7t n. dkoxt8yglf 0vC ia4 muj9tIa[gvqk
.olqC7k, it;jkC xtgmfD dqfxt8y[af0vCltrk7vCdgif mujg0qk4n;jk zyf8+ia4ma,,to6oD
Neutrality Acts / dqfs,kp7;k,gxaodkC n. dqfs,kpmaC-5f mujvto5,af Nuremberg trials / dkory9kitok7tfu o6i,a g[ud n. it[P[dkory9k
.oxu !_#& c]t !_#* grnjv xhvCdaodko0kpvk;5f0vC vtg,iydk c]t itok0vClko muj,u0bho mju o6ia,g[udF g1uit,aoF s]aClqC7k,3]d7ACmulvCF -bjC
dko.sh dh6gCyo cdjxtgmf .olqC7k,D zh6oe ok-u 4ndry9kitok gxaovk-pkdvolqC7k,D

O
New Deal / 0=h8qd]qC.s,j n. 37Cdko 0vC xtmkokmy[=fu 2ciC7]yo
i6l c;]m% grnjvc[jCg[qk[aosk0vC dko8qd8+k1jkC.spjs];CF 8AC95f,h5Cs,kp
.ljzh6 mujm5dpkdF dko2No26gl4dyfF c]tdkoxjPocxCmkCfhkodkogCyoD
Office of Price Administration (OPA) / 3vrugv n. vqCdko muj 8AC0bho
New Deal Coalition / dkoIj;,,n 8qd]qC.s,j n. la,raomt,y8
it;jkCs]kpdj5,{mujI;,r;d0k; mkC.8hF va2iydao vtg,iydaoF c]tltstrao 3fpltrk7vCdgif grnjv 7;[75, gCyog2U .oit;jkC lqC7k,3]d 7AC mu lvCD
7qoCko{zh6mujloa[lo5o ot3p[kp rad gf3,7ik8yd .o-5,xu !_#W c]t !_$WD Ohio gang / 3vwI3v cdHC n. dj5,,yfltskpzh6.dh-yf c]t zh6loa[lo5odko

New Federalism / it[q[dkoxqd7vCc[[ltstia4 .s,j n. 37Cdko g,nvC mujxtmkokmy[=fu ;ki%iao 9uD Iki%fyC wfhc8jC8AC g0Qkgxao ia4,qo8iu 0vC
0vC xtmkokmy[=fu iu-ki%f oydlao grnjvgvqkveokf0vCia4[kodkC [kClj;o g0qkD
wx.shia4[ko ia4 c]t ia4[komhvC4yjoD Olive Branch Petition / v=]u[ [cio-%% gxumug-yyo n. gvdlko lqjCwx
New Frontier / g0fcfo .s,j n. 37Cdko oy8y[aopaf 0vC xtmkokmy[=fu 3fpltrk 7vomugoao8k] mu lvC lqjCg4yC 7yC 1vi%9 mu #Flgou7;k,xvCfvC
it;jkC vkokoy7q, c]t vaCdyfD
LAOTIAN

9vo cv2D g7ogofuF mujI;,fh;p0=hlgou muj9t9afsk dkoxyjoxq;rtpk[ko

.shcdj zh6g4QkF 9tlhkCg0frtot7vomujglnjv,3-,0bho.s,jF - Olmec / 3v]g,7 n. -k;vyogfaPcfC muj,u7;k,9giuolu;yw] .omuj xaf95[ao
j;pgs]nvdkolbdlkF lqjCglu, dkoxhvCdao xtgmfF gruh,dko-j;pgs]nv okok- c,jomkC.8h 0vC c,ad-y3d .oxu !@WW{$WW djvo 7DlD
kfF c]t 0pkp37Cdko vt;tdkfD
OPEC / 3vgxad n. vqCdko0vCxtgmf0kpoE,aovvdovd{lt,k7q,
New Left / ot; c]2m% n. dkog7njvows;0vCdj5,dkog,nvC gl4dyf 0vC xtgmf gIafoE,ao mujlk,kf 8ACik7koE,aoD
muj,u-k;soj5,.o-5,xu !_*WF I;[I;, .ovqCdko8jkCM g-ajo oadlbdlk grnjv
laC7q, xt-kmyxt w8 c]t 0[;odko grnjv gliurk[.odkoxkdg;QkD Open Door notes / 3vgxyo f= 3o8 n. 9qfs,kp mujia4,qo8iu8jkCxtgmf
9vo gI .oxu !)__ lqjCg4yC g1uit,aoF
New Right / oy; wim% n. la,raomt,y8 .omhkplaf8t;afmu @W iafg-aPF vaCdyfF /iajCF vy8k]uF c]t pujxj5oF c9hC8+xtgmfgs]qjkoU
0vCdj5,sq; gdqjk muj,uzqox3pf3foltgrkt gxaodaC;qoda[ ;amotma,F fhkolaC7q,

Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

[+.shsph5CdjP;da[lyfmydko7hk0vCltstia4 .oxtgmf 9uoD
c]t [aosklyoma,D
Operation Desert Storm / v=gxugig-uuo cfgluf lt8v, n.
Niagara Movement / .odkik ,6g;y,oa m% n. 8AC0bho 3fp fa[g[y]16D vuD [uD dkoxt8y[afdkomkCmtsko .oxu !__! mujde]aC ltstxt-k-kfF oe3fp
f6 [q;l% .oxu !_W& grnjvloa[lo5odkolbdlk 0vC va2iydao vtg,iydao ltstia4 0a[w]j vuiad zh6[5d]5d vvd9kd 76g;fD
/jkpvadlvolkfD
Oregon Trail / glAomkC v=iudo a n. mkC 9kd g,nvC vyofugraogfaol%F ,ul5iyF
Nineteenth Amendment / vtg,aog,yo mu ly[gdQk n. dko8+g8u,.lj wx v=iydao -u8uF ia4 v=iydaoF .-h3fpzh6g[udmkC mujgfuomkClj6 vkokg0f v=iydaoD
ia4ma,,to6o0vCltstia4F Ia[g0Qk.-h .oxu !_@WF muj.shlyf zh6pyC.odko]qC

P
7tcoolPCg]nvd8ACD
nomadic / 7qomjvCmjP; adj. [+1j6gxaomujF phkp9kd[jvoobjCwx[jvoobjC 8k,
itf6dk] c]t gmqjkmuj9tsk vksko c]t oEwfhD
Panama Canal / 7vCoE rkok,k n. mkCoEmuj7qolhkC 8afzjko vylm%,6l
"no man's land" / g0f8hvCshk, n. g0fmuj[+,u7qo1j6 it;jkC dvCma[/jkp vv2 rkok,k grnjv gxuf-jvC.shmkC]af it;jkC ,tskl,5f cvafc]o8yf c]t
dqCdao0hk,D cx-y2ydF gxuf.-h.oxu !_!$D
nonaggression pact / lqomyloa pk [+]5d]kodao n. laopk panic of 1837 / 7;k,8njo8qd.9 0vCxu !)#( n. ;ydyfdko fhkodkogCyo
mujlvCxtgmf .shdao muj9t[+]5d]ko-bjCdaoc]tdaoD 0vCltstia4 mujmtok7komaCs]kp wfhxyf]qC c]t it[q[ 7gifyf
]Q,]t]kpFgxaogsf.sh ,udko]Q,]t]kps]kp1jkC c]t7qo;jkCCko l6CD
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) / vqCdkook38 n.
la,raomt,yf mkCmtsko grnjv xhvCdao8q; 8AC0bho.oxu !_$_ 3fp !W xtgmf panic of 1873 / 7;k,8qd.9 0vCxu !)(# n. -5fdko]Q,gs]; fhkodko
0vC153ix 8kg;ao8qdF ltstia4 c]t c7okfkD gCyo mujd+.shgdufdko8qd8+kmkCgl4dyf .o ltstia4 gxaog;]k & xuD
Northwest Ordinance of 1787 / gml[aopaf 8kg;ao8qdlPCgsonv parity / 7;k,lg,udo a n. itfa[0vC ik7klyo7hkdkodtglfF xtlqC
0vCxu !()(n. dqfs,kp muj8AC;ymudko;jk ia4.s,j 9tg0QkIj;, ltstraowfh .shikp wfh0vC 2ki%g,u l,+klg,uD
1jkC.fD
Parliament / ia4ltrk n. ltrkoy8y[aopaf 0vC vaCdyfD
nuclear family / 7v[7q; oy;7g]aP n. [hkomujxtdv[fh;p c,jF r+F
c]t]6dM 0vCg0qkD

126 THE AMERICANS

Lao-TheAmericans.qxd 1/16/2004 2:38 PM Page 127

Patriots / zh6Ida -kkf n. -k;vkokoy7q, mujloa[lo5o dkogxaogvdikf 0vC poll tax / rklu xjvo[af n. rklu xt9exu muj ia4mkC.8h [kCia4 mujc8jdjvo
vtg,iydao 9kd vaCdyfD 9t8hvC9jkp.shia4 3fp m6d7qomujxtlqC 9t]qC7tcoolPCD
patronage / zh6v5x4a, n. veokf0vCg9Qksohkmujik-dko muj c8jC8AC7qo{ popular sovereignty / veokfvtmyxtw8 mujgxaomujoypq, n. it[q[muj-k;
lj;os]kp c,jo7qomujwfh-j;pg0qk.shwfhIa[g]nvd8AC{.o8ecsojC .oia4[koD g,nvC]qC7tcoolPC grnjv8aflyo[aoskD
pay equity / dko9jkp mujlg,urk[ n. dko;kC4ko 0vCgCyogfnvo]6d9hkC Populism / 3rr6]y-b, n. dkog7njvows;dkog,nvC .omhkp laf8t;af mu !_
8k,desoqf0vC;Pddko 0vCg0qk cmomuj9tgvqk8k,vaf8ikdko9jkpgCyomju muj IPdIhvC .sh7qo,ulPC .oia4[ko s]kp0bho c]t skmkC7n[sohk
g7upxt8y[afln[8+dao,kmuj.sh zh6pyC ,uikpwfhsohvpd;jk zh6-kpD .shzqox3pf cdj 2ki%g,u c]t zh6vvdcICCkoD
Payne-Aldrich Tariff / rkluvkdvo gro{vv]fiyf n. - Powhatan / gzqjk rk;Ik8ko n. dj5, -k;vyogfaPcfC mujvk.l1j6c4[
5fdqfit[P[rkluvkdvoF vto5,af g,njvxu !_W_F muj[+lk,kfs]5frkluvkdvo 8kg;ao vvd 0vC g;u9ugoaP .og;]k muj-k;vaCdyf 8AC4yjo4ko 7ACcidmujoAoD
.shgfajo-af 0vC dkoz]yflyo7hkD
price support / dko7Eik7k n. dko7E95oik7k .sh1j6.o itfa[.fit
Peace Corps / ry- 7vi%x n. vqCdko muj8AC0bho .oxu !_*! fa[objC 3fpdkosph5CdjP;0vCia4[koD
grnjv9afskdko-j;pgs]nvfhko vklkl,ad cdjxtgmf mujde]aCramok .ogvg-aPF
va2iydkF c]t ]k8yo vtg,iydkD Proclamation of 1763 / dkoxtdkf xu !(*# n. 7elajC mujvaCdyf shk,
-k;vkokoy7q, vtg,iydao [+.shwx8AC4yjo4ko c4[8kg;ao8qd 0vCr6g0qk vaxxk
Pendleton Civil Service Act / dqfs,kp djP;da[ g9Qksohkmuj/jkp ]k-Po D
n. dqfs,kpF vto5,af.oxu !))#F muj9af8AC
rq]gInvo 0vC grao3fg8uoD
profiteering / dkogvqkdewigduo7;o n. dko0kplyo7hkmjuskpkd.o

LAOTIAN
7totda, ,tdkog9Qksohkmuj /jkprq]gInvo
xtdv[fh;plt,k-yd0vClvCrad grnjvc8jC8AC 7qog0QkgIaf;Pd.oia4[ko ik7kl6CD
3fpvyC8k, 75olq,[afD
progressive movement / dkog7njvows; 0vC7qosq;.s,j
Pentagon Papers / gvdlko grao8kdvo n. gvdlko (FWWW sohk{Iqj; n. dko g7njvows; xt8yI6[ .orkd8Qo 0vC laf8t;af mu @W
ws] wxsk[aofksoaClnry, 3fpvtfuf rtoadCko dt-;C xhvCdaoxtgmf mujlc;Cskdkogvqkveokf ia4[ko 7no.shxt-k-qoF 2No26 3vdkf
cfoycv] cv]lg[ud{lcfC.shgsao;jk ia4[ko ltstia4 [+wfh,ug98ok9yC.9 8+ mkCgl4dyfF c]t cdhw07;k,[+p58yma, .o-u;yf vtg,iydaoD
lqC7k,;Pfok,D prohibition / dkoshk,l5ik n. dkoshk,z]yfF 0kpF c]t
Pequot War / lqC7k, ru7vf n. dko0afcpjC.oxu !*#( -bjCxtgmf ru7vf dkogxaog9Qk0vC g7njvCfbj, muj,ul5ik m5d-toyfD
8+lh6da[ -k;vkokoy7q, 7vogoad8y7af c]t c]t raomt,y8 Prohibition / itptdkoshk,l5ik n. itptg;]k c8jxu !_@W{ !_## muj
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

okikcdCg-af 0vC g0qkD vtg,aog,yo mu !) wfhshk,dkoz]yf c]t 0kp l5ik .oltstia4D

perestroika / gxgil8iq;dk n. dkofafcxC.s,j 0vC gl4dyf c]t
propaganda / dko37ltok-; ;og-nnjv n. c[[dko8yf8+ muj3vovPCg98ok
lt4k[ao ia4[ko .o ltstrk[ 3-;Pf .o-5,xu !_)WD ,h5Cs,kp muj9t-ad96C7;k,7yf c]tdkodtme0vC7qoD
personal liberty laws / dqfs,kp gliurk[ lj;o8q; n. ik-[aopaf F Proposition 187 / 0=hlgou !)( n. dqfs,kp mujvto5,af .o c7]y2=goaP xu
vto5,af .shia4mkCgsonv _ ia4 .o-5,xu !)&WF mujshk, [+.sh9a[gvqkmkl muj]ad !__$ muj p58ydko-j;pgs]nvm5d1jkC fhkodkolbdlk c]t
souwx ,k75,0aC c]t Ia[xtdaodkory9kitok 3fp7tot]6d05o cdjmkl zh6 l50rk[muj[+c,jol5dgluo cdj 7qog0Qkg,nvCmujzyfdqfs,kpD
]UwrD
proprietor / zh64nd, a ,tlyf n. g9Qk0vC{3fpltgrkt
planned obsolescence / czo gIaf.sh]hkl,ap n. dkovvdc[[lyo7hk objC.ozh64nda,,tlyfF3fp dko,v[.sh0vCia4[koF c]t
.sh -5f3-, s]n s,qfl,ap1jkCw;F grnjv7qo9tIh6lbd,u7;k,9egxao ,ulyfg8a,muj.odkoxqd7vCF vkokoy7q,vaCdyf [kC[jvo .o vtg,iydkgsonvD
xjPolyjCmujg0qk,u 1j6 lg,uD
protective tariff /rklu xhvCdao n. rklu lyo7hk0kg0Qk muj,u95fxtlqCxhvC
plantation / mujx6d/aC n. mujx6d/aC muj.spj muj.-hcICCkomkl c]t 7qoCko dao m5itdyf 0vCxtgmf 9kf 7j6c0jC9kd 8jkCxtgmfD
vnjoM ,kx6d/aC rn-zqoco;fP;F g-ajo 8Qovhvp s]n 8Qo/hkpD
protectorate / ia4 .ovkiad0k n. xtgmf -bjC m5itdyflj;oobjC 1j6rkp.8h
Platt Amendment / vtg,aog,yom% rc]8 n. -5f[aopaf .oxu !_W!F muj veokf 0vCzh6muj,ude]aCd;jkD
ltstia4 IPdIhvC .sh7y;[k 8nj,g0Qk.oia4ma,,to6o.s,j0vCg0qkF lajCdko.sh
7y;[k 1jkgxaosoU c]t.shltstia4 ,ulyf -N s]n g-qjk fyo0vC 7y;[k leia[gxao Pueblo / gzqjk x6gv[3] n. dj5,-k;vyogfaPcfC{zh6ln[ltd5o 0vC
mjkmtskogInv c]tgxaoxhv,oE,aoD vkok-k-u{,u4yjovk.l1j6 mtg]-kp 0vC8kg;ao8qdlPC.8hD
Plessy v. Ferguson / rc]llu lh6d[ a g2uduloa n. 7tfu .oxu !)_* mujlko Pure Food and Drug Act / dqfs,kp vksko c]t 1k[=iyl5f n.
l6Cl5f wfh8aflyo;jk dkoc[jCcpdzy;rao .olt4komuj lkmkitot dqfs,kp vto5,af .oxu !_W* mujshk,dko0kpvksko c]t 1k muj,ug-Nv3i7
c,jo4nd8hvC 8k,dqfs,kpF -bjCgIaf.shgduf ]afmy <cpd c8jlg,urk[<D c]tmujme.shcoj.odko8yfdk mujgxao7;k,9yCD
political machine / dqowd dkog,nvC n. dj5,dko9af8AC muj7;[75, Puritans / r6iu8oa l% n. lt,k-yd0vCdj5, muj1kd8afIjvCIvp dy9;af c]t
raddkog,nvCobjC .og,nvC c]t Ia[[=iydkocdjzh6]qC7tcoolPC c]t m5itdyf rymudkom5d1jkC 0vC 3i,ao c7f3m]yd .o;af 0vCvaCdyfD
.odko c]dxjPoda[dkoloa[lo5ofhkodkog,nvC c]tdkogCyoD
MULTI-LANGUAGE GLOSSARY 127
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Q
Reformation / dkoxt8yI6[ n. dkog7njvows;mkClklok .o153ix
laf8t;af mu !*F gduf0bho9kddko1kdxjPocxC0vC lklok 3i,ao c73m]yd
g-uf c]t oewxlj6dko9af8AC 0vCoydkp vnjoMD
Quakers / 7g;dgdU n. lt,k-yd0vClt,k7q, ,yfltskpF dj5,lklok muj4nd Renaissance / p572No26 n. itptg;]k .ox;aflkf 153ixF c8jxu !$WW sk
2hvCIhvC phvo7;k,g-njv4n0vCg0qk .ovaCdyf .olaf8t;af mu !(D xu !*WWF -bjCoe,k csjC7;k,lqo.9.s,j .o ;amotma,mujfugfajo
-bjCrk.sh,udkoxjPocxC1jkCs];Cs]kp .ofhkoly]xtF dkoIPoIh6F c]t
quota system / it[q[ c[jClj;o n. it[q[mujdesoqf9eo;o7qog0Qkg,nvC malot0vC3]dD
muj ,k9kds]kpxtgmf
-bjCmkCxtgmfobjC 9tIa[g0Qk c8j]txuD reparations / dko-qqf.-hh n. dko-qfg-up 9kd xtgmfmujglaPlqC7k, leia[
7jkglaPskp s]n [kfg9a[ mujwfhIa[.o lqC7k,D
R republic / lkmkitot n. ia4[komujxt-k-qo,ulyf.odkoxqd7vC 3fpzjko
zh6cmo mujg]nvd8AC0bho,kD
Radical Republican / iur[ a iydoa sq;I5ocIC n. objC.ozh6cmo 0vCrad
Republican Party / rad iur[a iydoa n. raddkog,nvC l,ap.s,j muj8AC0bho
iyra[iydao mujF s]aC9kd lqC7k,rkp.oxtgmfF 8hvCdkomuj9tme]kp veokf
dkog,nvC 0vCvtfufg9Qk0vCmkl c]t .sh-k;va2iydao vtg,iydao gxaolao- .oxu !)&$ 3fp/jkpdqCdao0hk, 0vCdko,umkl .og0fcfoD
kf1jkCg8a,38 c]t,ulyf.odko]qC7tcoolPCD republicanism / ]afmy loaolo5o lkmkitotia4 n. dkog-njv;jk ia4[ko
ratification /dkovto5,fa n. dkovto5pkf1jkCgxaomkCdko0vC 7;o9t8AC1j6 [qornho4ko .odkogsaorhv,0vCxt-k-qoD
LAOTIAN

ia4ma,,to6oF s]ndko8+g8u,F 3fp ia4D Republic of California / lkmkitotia4 c7]y2=goaP n. xtgmf mujxjk;

rationing / dkoxaolj;o n. dko9edaflyf0vC7qomuj9t-N0vC3fp[+9edaf xtdkf 3fp vtg,iydao muj8AC4yjo4ko.o c7]y2=goaP 8vog0qkxtdkfgvdikf

9eo;o 9egrkt vksko c]t lyo7hkvbnjoMF lj;os]kp 9tgvqk,k.-h.oitpt 9kd c,ad-y3d .oxu !)$*D
lqC7k, grnjv9twfh,ult[PC rPCr= .shmtskoD Republic of Texas / lkmkitotia4 gmad-al n. xtgmf muj8AC0bho .oxu

Reaganomics / iudoa o=,ydl% n. ot3p[kp gl4dyf 0vC xtmkokmy[=fu !)#* g,njv vtg,iydao muj8AC4yjo4ko .o c0;C g8Ikl% c,ad-y3d xtdkf c]t
3iok] iudaoF -bjC 8AC95f.lj dko8afCq[xt,ko c]tdkopv,8afrklu grnjv 8+lh6 grnjv gvdikf 0vCg0qkF s]n muj IPddaomqj;wx .og;]koAo;jk < 3]o lt8k
9t.shdko]qCmbo 0vC gvd-qos]kp0bhoD ]ura[]yd<D
revenue sharing / xaorklu n. dkoc9d1kp gCyo0vCia4[ko dkC cdj
realpolitik / iP;r=]u8yd n. ot3p[kp8jkCxtgmf loa[lo5o 3fp gIaoiu 7y-

Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

-yog9u .o dko[=iysko0vC oydlaoF [qorNo4ko0vC dkory9kitok ia4 c]t ia4[komhvC4yjo 3fp,udko9edaf s]n 9edafsohvp ;jk9tgvqk wx.-h
veokf 0vC xtgmf cmomuj9tc,jo v5fq,dko s]n s]ad ly]ma,D 9jkpc[[.fD
reverse discrimination / dkoc[jCcpdmujd[a xUo n.
reapportionment / dkoc[jClj;o.s,j n. dko0ufglAo0vCg0f g]nvd
8AC 0bho.s,j grnjvgxaodkoltmhvo0vCdkoxjPocxC 9eo;oxt-kdvoD dkoxt8y[af muj[+ gxaoma, 0vClt,k-yd7qodj5,.spj{8q;1jkCF
-kpzy;0k;{mujgxaozqo,k9kd7;k, rtpkpk,9tcdhw0 dkoc[jCcpd
recall / IPd7no n. ;ymu gvqkg9Qksohkmujlkmkitot vvd9kd8ecsojC 3fp .olt,k-yd dj5,vnjoD
dko]qC7tcoolPC 0vCxt-k-qoD
revival / 2No26 n. dko-5,o5,0vClklokobjC g98ok ,h5Cs,kp
Reconstruction / dkolhkC.s,j n. itptg;]k 0vCdkolhkC.s,j muj8yf grnjvx5d7;k,g-njv4n0bho,k.s,j 3fpdkogmf 1jkCgzafIhvoD
8k, lqC7k,rkp.oxtgmfF -bjCia4mujwfhzjkpcrh 0vC 7vog2gfugif d=wfh
rock 'n' roll / iavd cvo 3i] n. co;fqo8iu muj vtg,iydao oypq,c[[objC
4ndIa[ g0Qk7no ltstrao X16oPo?D
muj,u0bho.o-5,xu !_&W vvd,k9kd lPCla,zaf c]t []6l%F ]6dmqjCF c9lF grC
Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) / [=iylfa dko lklokF c]t rHvxS c[[fqo8iu vtg,iydao ]adltotryglf c,jo 9aCs;tsoad
n. vqCdko muj8AC0bho .oxu !_#@ grnjv.shmbo l5dgluo cdj
gCyo grnjvlhkC0bho.s,j c]tlPCmeovCsohk2aC mujwfhczjzkpwxmqj;3]d 9bjC,uveokf -ad96C
mtok7koF [=iylaf xtdaowr-u;yfF dkomkCia4w2F c]t m5itdyf .spjM vnjoMD .odkog8Ao ]e.olaC7q,F c2-Ao glNvzhkF c]tdkolcfC
4hvp7e.odkoxtmh;CD
Red Cross / ltrkdk-k kf n. vqCdko okok-kf muj9afsk7;k,[aogmqk
,k.sh7qo .opk,lqC7k, s]n wrma,,t-kfD 7c]ik [ki%8ao gxaozh68AC lk0k Roosevelt Corollary / [qfryl6f 0vC i6lc;]m% n. lj;ogrU,g8u, 0vC
vtg,iydao 0bho .oxu !))!D ]afmy ,vo3iF xtdkfvvd,k 3fp xtmkokmy[=fu gm3vf= i6lc;]m% .oxu
!_W$ F -bjC ltstia4 IpdIhvC lyfmy .odkoxqdxhvCzqox3pfmkCgl4dyf
redemption / 7jk-eeit n. gCnjvow0 0vC gf3,7ci8 mkC.8h .odko7no 3fpdkosph5C djP; mkCmtsko oedyfm5it xtgmf 0vC-ud3]d 8kg;ao8qdD
lj6veokf mkC.8h .o-5,xu !)(WD
Rough Riders / ia2 ikpgful% n. gs]qjkmtsko,hk vklkl,adF rkp.8h
referendum / xt-kk,t8y n. ;ymumuj,k8dko.oia4ltrk 9t4ndlqjC.sh7qo [ao-kdko 0vC g]3vokf ;6f c]t gm3vf= i6lc;]m%F mujIa[.-h.o lqC7k,
wfh]qC7tcoolPCD ltgxo{vtg,iydaoD
royal colony / ik-vvkokoy7q, n. vkokoy7q, rkp.8hveokf3fpdqC
0vCdtlaf vaCdyfD
128 THE AMERICANS
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rural free delivery (RFD) / dkolqjC2iu .o4yjo-qqoot[qf n. dkolqjC Second Great Awakening / dko8njo8q;mujpyjC.spj 7ACmulvC n.
wxltou 3fp[+7yf7jk 0vC 9qfs,kp c]t s+0vC wxsk[hkogInvo dkog7njvows;0vCdj5,zh6oa[4nlklok .o laf8t;af mu !_ -bjCc8j]t7qo Ia[zyf
.o-qoot[qfF g]U,.oxu !)_*D -v[ goAodko-vdsk dko-jvp.shrQo[k[F I;,maC7;k,8hvCdkolj;o8q;
c]tdkoramok laC7q,D

S sectionalism / rkdlj;o n. dko.sh7;k,lqo.9cdj0v[g0f0vC8qo

djvo.sh 7;k,lqo.9xtgmf-kf mujgxaolj;oI;,maCs,qfD
SALT I Treaty /lqomyloa pk -vv]m% ! n. dko8qd]qC shk{xu it;jkC Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) / da,,kmydko
ltstia4 c]t ltstrk[ 3-;PfF g-aodao .oxu !_(@F -bjC n. vqCdkoobjCF 8AC0bho .oxu !_#$F grnjvd;flv[
7;[75, dko7hkIh5o
9edaf9eo;ovk;5f9i;f0uxtok;5f mujpyC0hk,mt;ux c]t 8]kfIh5o c]t [aC7a[.whgxaowx8k,dqfs,kp ;kCit[P[dko0kpIh5o
gInvfeoEpyC9i;f0uxtok;5fD c]traomt[afD
salutary neglect / 7;k,]tg]up mujgdufx3pf n. ot3p[kp0vCvaCdyf muj segregation / cpd8q;vvd n. dkoc[jCcpd7qovvd [qorNo4ko0vC g-
zjvo7kp dko.-hde]aC[aC7a[ dqfit[P[ .o vkokoy7q,0vCg0qk Nv-kfD
gxaodko8v[ cmomuj vkokoy7q, ln[8+ 9qCIadradfu fhkogl4dyfD
Selective Service Act / dqfs,kp djP;da[dko7afg]nvdmtsko n.
Sandinista / c-oofuoyl8k adj. 0bho8+dj5,0[qf -hkp9af mujpbfveokf dqfs,kpF vto5,af .oxu !_!(F muj[aC7a[.sh-kpsoj5, ]qCmt[Po leia[dkoIa[
ia4[ko oydkikdq; .oxu !_(_D .-h.odvCma[D
Santa Fe Trail / glAomkC c-oo8kg2 n. glAomkC9kd vyogfgrogfyol%F

LAOTIAN
Seneca Falls Convention / dkoxt-55,muj g-ggodk 2v]l% n. dkoxt-
,yll5iuF lj6 c-o8k g2F oy; c,ad-y3dF .-h3fpr+7hk .o-5,8Qoxu c]t dkC{!)WWD 5, djP;da[ lyfmy0vCzh6pyC 9af0bhomuj g-godk 2v]l%F oy;1vdF .oxu !)$)D
satellite nation / xtgmf [=iy;ko n. xtgmf muj4ndxtgmfvnjo 7v[Ce Separatist / zh6c[jCcpd n. lt,k-ydzh6objC 0vC dj5,lklokoydkpx3ic8l
mkCfhko dkog,nvC c]t fhkogl4dyfD c8o8% mujF xt8yglf dkogxaowxwfh0vCdko9af8AC.s,j rkp.o lklok9ad
Saturday Night Massacre / dko0hkgxaos,j6 7no;aoglqk n. gxao-nj muj
0vCvaCdyfF wfh8AC dko-5,o5, 1jkCgvdikf 0vCg0qkgvCD
8AC.sh dko]kvvd9kd8ecsojC 0vC ia4,qo8iu p58yma, 0vC ltstia4 c]t service sector / rkdlj;o [=iydko n. rkdlj;o0vCgl4dyf
dkow]jzh6-j;p0vCgryjovvd9kdik-dko .ogfnvo 85]k !_(#F muj.sh[=iydko cdj zh6[=iy3rd cmolyo7hkD
s]aC9kdmujr;dg0qk xt8yglfmuj9tme8k, 7elajC 0vC xtmkokmy[=fu oydlao
mujlajC.sh w]j wvpt dko ryglf mujln[l;o7tfu mujsohkvkp ;=g8ugdfD settlement house / leoadCko -jj;pgs]nv dko8AC4yjo4ko n. l6odkC
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

xt-k7q, .shdko-j;pgs]nvcdjzh6vk.l{3fpltgrktc,jo
savanna / mqCj Ik[ n. mujfyomuj,usphkcshCgxao95fM ,u8Qow,h c]tr5j,w,hF vqrpq[{.og0f[=iyg;o lt]a,D
rq[mujwdh{-kIkiko va2iydk c]tmujg0fIhvo s]n g7yjCIhvog7yjCv5joD
Seventeenth Amendment / vkg,aog,yo muly[g9af n. dko8+g8u,.lj
scalawag / vaomtrko n. 7qomkC.8h zy;0k; mujwfhg0QkIj;, rad iura[iudao ia4ma,,to6o 0vC ltstia4F vto5,af .oxu !_!#F
s]aC lqC7k,rkp.oxtgmfD mujwfh[aopaf.shg]nvd8AClt,k-yd ltrkl6C 0vC ltstia4 3fpxt-k-qo
scientific management / dko[=iyskodjP;da[;ympklkf n. cmomuj9tc,jog]nvd3fp lt,k-yd ltrkoy8y[aopafD
s]addko oegvqk ;ympklkf ,k.-h grnjv grU,r6oxtlyfmyrk[ .omujmeCkoD shantytown / s,j6[hkogInvo86[ n. -5,-qomujvk.l1j6 gInvo86[D
Scopes trial / dkolv[l;o l3dxl% n. 7tfu.olko muj8njog8Ao 0vCxu sharecropping / xao rn-zqo n. it[q[muj g9Qk0vCmujfyo gvqkmujfyoFg,afF c]t
!_@& muj 9vo l3dxl% 7i6lvo -u;t;ympk wfhmqflv[ mhkmkpdqfs,kp g7njvC,n .sh7qoCkomuj2ki%, grnjv8v[lovCda[dkomujg0qkwfhx6drn-zqo.shD
gmogol-u mujxtok, dkolvo muj ;y;amokdkoD
Shays's Rebellion / dko9t]k9q] g-l l% n. dko]5dIN8+8hko 0vC2ki%g,u
search-and-destroy mission / 7totxt8y[fa Cko -vvdsk c]t ,k-k96c-l muj oajC{soU xtmh;C dko0bhorklu0vCia4 .oxu !()(D
me]kp n. dvCmtsko ltstia4 [5d7Qo s,j6[hko -k; ;Pfok,.8hF grnjv8af
Ikd4vo8Qo -k;[hko muj ,u7;k,la,raoda[ ;PfdqC c8j lj;os]kpzqovvd,k Sherman Antitrust Act / dqfs,kp g-uuc,o cvomikpmialm% n.
c,jodkome]kps,j6[hko c]tdkog7njvophkp 0vCxt-k-qozh6vk.lD dqfs,kpF mujvto5,af.oxu !)_WF muj8AC.99t[+.sh,udkod+8AC
rk;t8]kfmuj,u zh6 0kpzh6fP; 3fp gIaf.shzyfdqfs,kp 8+zh6d+8AC
secession / dko4vo8q; n. dko4vo8q; 1jkCgxaomkCdko 0vC ia4objC [=iylaf.spjI;,[=iylafohvpgvqkw;h -bjC dhk;djkpda[dko7hkgliuD
9kd ltstraoia4X16oPo?D
silent majority / lPClj;o.spj CP[ n. -nj mujxtmkokmy[=fu oydlao
Second Continental Congress / xt-55,ltrk 7vomugoao8k] 7ACmu 8AC.shr;dsq;[+I5ocICF -k;vtg,iydao lj;o.spj muj.shdkoloa[lo5o
lvC n. dkoxt-5,ltrk 7vomugoao8k] .ogfnvo rblrk !((&F Ia[IvC dko ot3p[kp lqC7k, ;Pfok, 0vCg0qk 1jkCCP[MD
xtdkf gvdikfF c]t Ia[sohkmuj gxaorPC ia4[ko csjC-kf vaofP; .oitpt
lqC7k, xt8y;afD sit-in / oajC xtmh;C n. vudc[[objC 0vCdkoxtmh;C muj.-h3fp va2iydao
vtg,iydao grnjvxtmh;C dkoIad[aC-aC[jPCF -bjCzh6xtmh;C rkdaooajC]qC.omuj
m5itdyf muj,udkoc[jCcpd c]t[+pv,]5dvvdwx9qod;jk r;dg0qk9twfhIa[
dko[=iydkoD

MULTI-LANGUAGE GLOSSARY 129

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slave / mkl n. [577qomujgxao da,,tlyf 0vCzh6vnjoD Stono Rebellion / lt383o iuc[]]yvvo n. dko]5dIN 0vCr;dmkl
.oxu !(#_ muj -k;m% 7k3i]kpokF oewxlj6dko g0A,C;ffhkodqfs,kpdjP;
Social Darwinism / laC7q, ]afmy fkI%;yo n. xia-pk gl4dyf c]t da[ mkl s]kp0bho -bjCc8jdjvod=3sfIhkp1j6c]h;D
laC7q,7k ;jk,k9kdmylfu 0vCdko;y;amokdko 3fpdkog]nvd9kdma,,t-kf
0vC -k]l% fki%;yo{ 4n;jkgxaoit[q[muj[+vqfdAo 8+dkoc0jC0ao 9tIa[IvC Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) / lt8ikgmy9yd fug2aol%
dko1j6 ]vf 0vC7;k,gs,ktlq,D n. it[q[ xhvCdao wfh4ndlgou0bho{mujIh69adfu.o-nj lt8ki% ;ki%
vuou9uvk8u[
g98ok muj9txhvCdao ltstia4 9kddko39,8u 0vC 9i;f0uxtok;5fD
Social Gospel movement / dkog7njvows; 7elajClvo fhkolaC7q,
n. .o laf8t;afmu !_ dkog7njvows; xt8yI6[ strike / xtmh;C n. dko15fCko c,jog98ok muj9t0qj,0j6 okp9hkC .sh8v[
[qorNo4ko7;k,g-njv4nmuj -k; 7iyl 8Po ,u7;k,Ia[zyf-v[ 8+dkoxa[x5C lovC 8+7eIPdIhvCD
ltrk[dkogIaf;Pd c]t [ao gmqk 7;k, pkd9qoD
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) /
Social Security Act / dqfs,kp l;affydkolaC7q, n. dqfs,kp lt8y;gfyom% oaow;3vg]aom% 37v=fugo8yC 7v,,u88u X cvlcvo-uu-u ? n.
vto5,af .oxu !_#& grnjv.shdko-j;pgs]nvcdj zh6xqfdtlPoF 7qo;jkCCkoF vqCdko objC 8AC0bho.oxu !_*W grnjvxtlkoCko dkoxtmh;Cc[[ oajCxtmh;C
7qomujm5rq]rk[F c]t 7v[7q;muj,ugfad.o7;k,Ia[zyf-v[s]kp7qoD c]t c[[ vbjoM c]t.sh-k;soj5, zy;fe,u[qf[kfd;hkCd;jkgdqjk
.odkog7njvows;djP;da[Lyfmygliurk[0vCxt-k-qoD
soddy / -vvffu n. gInvomujlhkCfh;pczjosphkgxaoczjoD
Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) / lt8y;gfyom% 2= gv
Songhai / -vvCIkp n. vkok9ad mujF ,uveokfl6Cl5f .o-5,xu !&WWF n. dko8+8hkodko9af8AC dj5, oy;
gf3,7ik8yd 3-ww-ggvy8u X cvlfucvl ?
7;[75, lj;o.spj 0vC va2iydk 8kg;ao8qdD c]a[m%F8AC0bho.oxu !_*WF mujIPdIhvC .shlj;o[577qo ,ugliurk[
LAOTIAN

c]t7;k,Ia[zyf-v[ s]kp0bhoD
soup kitchen / -55x 7yfg-yyo n. [jvomuj [=iydko vksko2iu s]n
ik7k4nd leia[ zh6pkd9qoD suburb / -kkog,nvC n. s,j6[hko s]n xt-k7q, muj1j6.dh g,nvCD
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) / g-qqkgmyo suffrage / lyfvvdlPC n. lyfmy0vCdko]qC7tcoolPCD
n. vqCdkoobjC 8AC0bho
7iyl8Po ]ufgfu-y[ 7vog2iaol% Xcvl-uucv]-uu ?
.oxu !_&( 3fp fiD ,ki%8yo ]6gmu 7yCF 96goaPDF c]t zh6oevnjoM grnjvgIaf;Pd Sugar Act / dqfs,kp oE8ko n. dqfs,kpdko7hk vto5,af 3fp
lyf gliurk[0vCxt-k-qo c[[[+.-h7;k,I5ocICD ia4ltrk .oxu !(*$ .odkortpkpk,muj9t ]qfzjvo dko]ad]v[sourklu .o
vkokoy7q, vaCdyf .o vtg,iydk gsonvD
Southern strategy / p5m;ymu mkC.8h n. xtmkokmy[=fu oydlao wfh rtpk
pk, fbC dkoloa[l5o 0vC-k;rad gf3,7ci8 g0f.8h muj,uco;7bfIadlkc[[ supply-side economics / gl4dyf fhko0vCmuj,u0kp n. 7;k,7bfmju;jk

Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

gdqjk muj[+r=.98+ot3p[kp dkode9afdkocpdzy; 0vCia4[kodkC c]t 7;k, s]5frklu 9trk.sh,u;Pd.sh7qogIafF vv,lyoF c]tdko]qCmbo s]kp0bhoF c]t
gxaodkC0vC lkol6Cl5fD 9toe,k csjCdkogrU,r6oikpwfh0vCia4[koD

T
speakeasy / ltxydvulu n. lt4komuj0kp c]tdyogs]Qk mujzyfdqfs,kp
.oItptg;]k 7elajCshk, 0vCmkCdkoD
specialization / gxaoryglf n. .odkogIaf2ki%,F dkox6drn- -toyfobjC
Taino / wm3o n. -k;vyogfaPcfC 0vCgdkt 7k]u[Po{ c,jodj5,cidmujztg-
s]n lvC-toyf grnjv0kp cmomuj9tc,jovkskos]kpM-toyf
leia[[=iy3rd3fp 8qogvCD yo sohkda[ 37]a,[al c]t7qo0vCg0qk g,njvr;dg0qk,kg4yC mt;ux vtg,iydkD
Tariff of Abominations / mkiu2 vv2 vt[=,ugog-yyo n. 9vo -uD
speculation / ljPC3-dd n. dkorq;raooe m5itdyfmujljPC
grnjvs;aCdew] 3fow; c]t s]kpD 7k]I6o wfh-nj 9kddko0bhorklu .oxu !)@) -bjC7hkpda[;jk -k;mkC.8h gIaf.sh
mkCgsonv ,u7;k,v5fq,lq,[6ofu0bho 3fpc,jor;dg0qkgxao7qo9jkpD
spoils system / it[q[mujgsoqjkgs,ao n. ;ymuxt8y[af0vCzh6l,adg]nvd8AC muj
Tariff of 1816 / rklu xu !)!* n. rklu dko75h,7vC 8AC0bho,k grnjv -j;p
-tot dkog]nvd8AC 3fpdko.sh8ecsojC.oia4[kocdjzh6mujloa[lo5og0qk gxao
dko8v[cmoD gs]nv v5lkstda, vtg,iydaoD
Teapot Dome scandal / giNvCsohkvkp 0vC murva 8 3f, n. giNvCmuj
Square Deal / lt7c;I% fP] n. 37Cdko xt8yI6[ 7;k,9giuo 0vC
xtmkokmy[=fu gm3vf= i6lc;]m% c,jogrnjv xhvCdao lk,ao-qo 9kdr;dm5itdyf va]g[ui%m [uD 2v] ia4,qo8iu dt-;Crkp.o wfh.sh[=iylafgvd-qo g-qjk
.spjD mujfyolkmk itot muj,uoE,aov5fq,lq,[6o 1jkC]a[M 3fpg0qkwfhIa[gCyo c]tmujfyo
gxaodko8v[ cmoD
stagflation / ltc8ad2g]g-yyo n. ltrk[dko gl4dyf muj,umaC
Telecommunications Act of 1996 / dqfs,kp djP;da[3mit7q,
7jk7vC-u[ l6C c]t dko;jkCCko l6CD
n. dqfs,kp vto5,af .oxu !__* grnjv pqdg]ud v5xtlad -bjCc8j
ok7q, xu !__*
Stamp Act / ltc8, cvad n. dqfs,kp xu !(*& mujmkC ia4ltrk wfhvto5 djvo [+.sh [=iylafdjP;da[dko 7q,ok7q, ,kdjP;0hvCs]kpd;jk objCc[[
,af vvd.-h7ACcid djP;da[dkogda[rklulyo7hk c]tdko[=iydko 3fpdqC rkp 0vCm5itdyf dko7q,ok7q,Xdko8yf8+lnjlko?D
.o vkokoy7q, vaCdyf .o vtg,iydkgsonvD
telecommute / dko8yf8+mkCwd v. dkogIaf;Pd1j6gInvo
0vC[=iylafmuj1j6[jvovnjoF 3fp.-h g7njvC,ngmadoydl,ap.s,j8yf8+dao g-ajo
g7njvC7v,ry;g8uF vyogmu coa8F c]t 3mitlkoD
130 THE AMERICANS
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telegraph / 3mitg]d n. g7njvC,n lqjC0=h7;k, gxaoitsaf 3fplqjCzjko transcontinental railroad / mkCia4w2 0hk,mt;u[ n. glAomkCiq4w2
g7njvClqjCw22hk gmyClkp3mitg]dD muj g-njv,8+ -kp/ajC cvH8c]o8yd c]t cx-y2yd 0vC ltstia4F lhkCc]h;.oxu
!)*_D
temperance movement / g7njvows; ]tg;AolyjC,bog,qk n. dko9af8AC
mujrtpkpk, xhvCdao dkodyofbj, 0vC,bog,qkD Treaty of Fort Laramie / lqomyloa pk xhv, ]kik,u n. lqomylaopk
[aC7a[.sh -uv5d-% vk.l1j6 .og0ffyolC;o 8k,c,joE ,y-6iuD
tenant farming / zh6g-qqjkfyogIaf2ki%, n. it[q[ muj 7qogIaf2ki%, gxaozh6.-h
g7njvC,n0vCg0qkgvC c]t g-qjkmujfyogxaogCyolqfD Treaty of Ghent / lqomyloa pk gdao8% n. lqomylaopk xu !)!$ -bjC lYol5f
lqC7k, xu !(!@D
tenement / muj1j6mujcvvaf n. muj1j6vk.ls]kp7v[7q;.og,nvCF lj;os]kp 9t
cvvaf c]t [+4ndvtokw,D Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo / lqomyloa pk dq;ft]6[ Iyfk]3d n.
lqomylaopk xu !)$) p58ylqC7k, ltstia4 da[ c,ad-y3dF -bjCc,ad-y3d pv,pqd
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) / gmogol-uu ;k]u v=m=iu8U Xmu;ugv? c7]y2=goaP c]t oy; c,ad-y3d .shcdj ltstia4D
n. ;ylkstdyf 0vCia4[kodkC 8AC0bho xu !_## grnjvlhkC g0njvo c]t 3ICw22hk
.og0f s5[g0qk gmogol-u grnjvgIaf.shgduf w22hk maCxhvCdaooE4h;,D Treaty of Paris (1783) / lqomyloa pk xkiul X!()# ? n.
lqomylaopk mujp58y lqC7k, xt8y;afF Ia[IvC gvdikf 0vCltstia4 c]t
termination policy / lyhol5f ot3p[kp n. czodko 0vCia4[ko ;kC8ACg0fcfo 0vC xtgmf.s,jD
ltstia4F xtdkf .oxu !_&#F .odkop58y Ia[zyf-v[ 8+-qogzqjk vyogfaPcfC
3fp dko]q[]hkC dkoloa[lo5omkCgl4dyf 0vCia4[kodkCF [+ln[8+it[q[ Treaty of Paris (1898) / lqomyloa pk xkiul X !)_) ? n. lqomylaopk
dko lC;o mujfyoF c]t c9d1kpmujfyocdj-qogzqjkD p58y lqC7k, ltgxo { vtg,iydaoF -bjC ltgxo .shvylit cdj 7y;[kF ,v[ gdkt

LAOTIAN
d;, c]t gxu38 iy3d .shcdj ltstia4F c]t0kp xtgmf2y]yxyo .shcdj
Tet offensive / dko[5d39,8u.o,N g8af n. dko96j39,.spj 1jkC[+7kf/ao ltstia4 .oik7k > @W ]hko fv]]kD
3fp ;PfdqC 8+ g,nvCohvpg,nvC.spj .o ;Pfok,.8h .o8Qoxu !_*)D
Treaty of Tordesillas / lqomyloa pk m=fu-uila n. lqomylaopk xu !$_$ -bjC
Texas Revolution / dkoxt8y;fa 0vC gmad-al n. dkod+dko9t]k9q] ltgxo c]t x=85dk] 8qd]qC c[jCfyo0vC -ud3]d 8kg;ao8qd it;jkCr;d g0qkD
xu !)#* -bjC gmad-al wfhIa[gvdikf 9kd c,ad-y3dD
Treaty of Versailles / lqomylo a pk c;ad-kkpl% n. lqomylaopk lao8yrk[
Thirteenth Amendment / vkg,aog,yo muly[lk, n. dko8+g8u, ia4ma, xu !_!_ mujp58y lqC7k,3]d 7ACmuobjC -bjCwfhd+8AC xtgmf.s,j s]kpxtgmfF -
,to6o 0vCltstia4F oe,k.-h .oxu !)*&F mujwfh]q[]hkCdkogxaomkl kpcfoF c]t xq;[kfczlqC7k,D
c]tdko Ia[.-hmuj[+l,ad.9D
trench warfare / dkolqC7k, 7ao76 n. dkoxt8y[afCkodjP;da[mtsko-
Three-Fifths Compromise / miu{2y2m% 7v,ri=,kpl% n. dvCxt-5,
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

bjCde]aC/jkpdqCdao0hk, 39,8u c]tdko38h8v[ 9kd it[q[lhkCmujxhvCdao

ia4ma,,to6o 8qd]qC dkooa[ lk,lj;oshk 0vC9eo;o mkl fh;pdko05f7ao76 cmomuj9tg0Qkxt9ao[kodaodkClok,iq[D
.oia4 gxaoxt-k dvo leia[ dkolqjC8q;cmo c]t dkogda[rkluD
triangular trade / 7hk0kp lk,s]jP, n. it[q[dko7hk0kp 0hk,mt;u[
Tiananmen Square / gmaPokog,yo lt7c;I% n. lt4komujgfuo0[;o muj,ulyo7hk c]t7qoF I;,maC mklF wfhc]dxjPodao it;jkC va2iydkF vaCdyfF
xtmh;C muj g[9yC .oxu !)_)F -bjCoadlbdlk9uo IpdIhvC 153ixF vyofu 8kg;ao8qdF c]tvkokoy7q, .o vtg,iydk gsonvD
gliurk[.odkoxkdg;Qk c]t dkovvdlPC.oia4[kos]kp0bhoD
Truman Doctrine / s]addko mi6c,o n. ot3p[kp ltstia4F xtdkf
Tonkin Gulf Resolution / mvC7yo da]2 iu3-]]5pg-yyo n. 0=hlgoucdh[ao 3fp xtmkokmy[=fu cIiu cvlD mi6c,o .oxu !_$(F .shdko-j;pgs]nv
sk vvd.-h 3fp ltrk7vodgif .oxu !_*$F .shveokfcdjxtmkokmy[=fu fhkogl4 dyf c]tdkomtsko cdjxtgmfgliu muj4nd0qj,0j69kd laf8i6 rkp.o
1jkC d;hkC0;kC.odko-ajC-k lqC7k,.o;Pfok,D s]n rkpovdD
totalitarian / it[q[zgfafdko adj. ]adltot it[q[dkog,nvC muj ia4[ko Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute /
,uveokfmaCs,qf 7;[75, gsonv-u;yf0vCxt-k-qoD n. 8AC0bho .oxu !))!F
malgd9u o=,k] cvof% vyofal8iPo vyolt8u868
c]toerk3fp [5dgdu muD ;=-yC8aoF grnjv.sh-k; va2iydao vtg,iydao
Townshend Acts / dqfs,kp mk;o%g-aof% n. -5fdqfs,kp mujvto5,af wfhIa[.[xtdkfltoupt[afdkolvo c]t 7;k,lk,kf mujgxaox3pf
3fp ia4ltrk .oxu !(*(F [aopaf dkoglaPrklumkCvhv, 0vClyo7hk0kg0Qk .odko7hk c]t dkodtglfD
muj,k9kd vaCdyf 3fp -k;vkokoy7q, vaCdyf .o vtg,iydk gsonvD
two-party system / it[q[ lvCrad n. it[q[dkog,nvC 7;[75, 3fp
Trail of Tears / glAomkC csjC oE8k n. dkopjkC muj-k;gzqjk g-3idu 4nd lvCrad .spjD
[aC7a[.sh pqdphkp9kd g0f 9=g9aP wx vyogfaPok .oxu !)#){!)$WF gIaf.sh-k;

U
g-3idu glaP-u;yf s]kprao7qo .o8vogfuomkCD
transcendentalism / ]afmy1j6gsonvd;jk7;k,g0Qk.9 n.
dkog7jnvows;mkCfhkoxia-pk c]t ;aoot7tfu .o-5,xu !)WW
mujgoAogiNvC-u;yf dkogxao1j6c[[ CjkpM c]t l]vC Uncle Tom's Cabin / vaCgdy] mv,l% c7[yo n. ot;toypkp muj0kpfu
7;k,gxao9yCmuj7Qorq[.oma,,t-kf c]t 7;k,Ih6lbdlj;o8q; c]t 3fp cIiycvf [ug-u l38;%F ry,vvd xu !)&@F -bjC ltcfCI6[]adltot it[q[
9yo8tokdkoD mkl muwIh75oma,D

MULTI-LANGUAGE GLOSSARY 131

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Underground Railroad / iq4w2 .8hfyo n. it[q[glAomkC mujmkl.-h Voting Rights Act of 1965 / dqfs,kp lyfmy dko]qC7tcoolPC xu
s]q[sou -bjCwfh-j;p.shr;dg0qk souwxlj6 c7okfk s]n lj6mujxvfrap.og0f iaf !_*& n. dqfs,kp mujgIaf.shCjkp0bho leia[-k; va2iydao vtg,iydao
vylitD .odko]qC mt[Po]qC7tcoolPCg]nvd8AC 3fpdko]q[]hkC dkoc[jCcpd
dkolv[Ih6soaC ln c]t vto5pkf.sh da,,tdkolv[glaC0vCia4[kodkC
United Farm Workers Organizing Committee (UFWOC) / .shIa[gvqk zh6]qC7tcoo lPC muj4ndxt8yglf .o0AomhvC4yjoD
n. ltstraocICCko 8AC0bho xu
16wog8f 2ki%, g;ugdul% v=dkwo-yyC 7v,,y8u

W
!_** grnjvsk;ymu0bho7jkcICCko c]t ltrk[dko
gIaf;Pd.shfu0bho leia[ 7qoCkogIaf;Pd2ki%, -k;c,ad-ydao vtg,iydao
.oia4 c7]y2=goaPD
Wade-Davis Bill / g;f{ gf;yl [y] n. paf8yF mujzjko .oxu !)*$ c]t 4nd
United Nations (UN) / ltstxt-kk-kkf X 16cvo ? n. vqCdko Iadlk
lao8yrk[ okok-kf mju,u xtgmf gdnv[s,qfmaC3]d gxaolt,k-ydF 8AC0bho .oxu pa[pAC 3fp xtmkokmy[=fu ]yC7voF -bjC9t.shveokfcdj 7vCdgif 7;[75,
!_$& grnjv Iadlklao8yrk[3]dF 7;k,s,Ao7qCF c]t dkoramok gl4dyfD dkolhkC0bho.s,jD
Wagner Act / dqfs,kp c;adgou n. dqfs,kpobjC{ s]nmujIh6fu .ook, dqf
urban flight / dkosouvvd9kd38g,nvC n. dkophkp4yjo4ko0vC7qo
9kd .og,nvC wx1j68k,g0fvhv,cvh, -kog,nvCD s,kp 7;k,la,rao dko.-hcICCko csjC-kf vvd.oxu !_#& grnjv xhvCdao
lyfmy 0vC7qoCko s]aC9kd lkol6Cl5f wfhxtdkf dqfs,kp dko7nolj6ltrk[
urbanization / gIaf.shgxaog,nvC n. dkog8u[380vCg,nvCD gfu, 0vCv5lkstda, csjC-kfD
urban renewal / dkolhkCg,nvC.s,j n. dkom5[,hkC c]t d+lhkC 8bd 0bho war-guilt clause / lqC7k,{7;k,zyf xudpjvp n. 0=hdesoqf .olqomylao
LAOTIAN

.s,jcmo 8bdgdqjkmujgrraC .o[=iyg;o 38g,nvCD pk 0vC c;ad-kpl% mujg1uit,ao pv,Ia[;jk g0qkxtgmffP; mujIa[zyf-v[ 8+
lqC7k,3]d 7AcmuobjCD
urban sprawl / g,nvCmujczj0pkp n. g,nvC muj[+wfh;kCczo c]t [+wfh7;[
75,dkoczj0pkpvvdwx8k,g0fvhv,cvh,D war hawk / 7qodtskplqC7k, n. lt,k-ydltrk7vodgif zh6objC mujgsaofu
dkomelqC7k, da[ vaCdyf .o-5,8Qoxu 0vClaf8t;afmu !_D
U.S.S. Maine / gInviq[ 16cvlcvl g,o n. gInviq[ 0vC ltstia4
mujitg[uf c]t 9q,]qCmujmjkogInv Ik;kokF 7y;[kF 1jkC]bd]a[F .o;aomu !& War Industries Board (WIB) / ltrk v5lkstda, lqC7k, X;y[? n.
d5,rk !)_)D vqCdkoobjC 8AC0bho .oitpt lqC7k,3]d 7ACmuobjC grnjvgrU,r6o xtlyfmyzqo c]t
[+gsaofh;poedkolYogxnvC .ov5lkstda,mujrq;raoda[ lqC7k,D
U-2 incident / gsfdko 16{@ n. gInv[yo lvfco, 0vC ltstia4 4ndpyC
8qd c]toad[yo4nd9a[wfh 3fp ltstrk[3-;Pf .oxu !)*WD War Powers Act (WPA) / dqfs,kp veokflqC7k, n. dqfs,kp

Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

vto5,af g,njvxu !_(#F 9edafveokfdkolqjCde]aCmtsko wxlh6iq[ 3fp[+wfhxbd
utopian community / xt-kk7q, mujlq,[6o n. xt-k7q, mujmqf]vC ,h5C lk da[ ia4ltrk 0vC xtmkokmy[=fuD
s,kp 9t.shgxaolaC7q,muj lq,[6oc[[F -bjC lt,k-yd lk,kf1j6Ij;,dao wfh1jkC
4nd8hvCxvCfvCD War Production Board (WPB) / da,,tdko z]yfg7njvClqC7k, n.
vqCdkoobjC 8AC0bho .oit;jkC lqC7k,3]d 7ACmulvC grnjvxtlkoCko dkoz]yf

V
lyjC9egxao0vCmtsko 3fpv5lkstda,0vC ltstia4D
Warren Commission / 7totda,,kmydko ;ki%gio n. 7totobjCF
oe3fp sq;sohklkol6Cl5f gvu] ;ki5gioF mujln[l;o7tfu]v[laCsko
V-E Day / ;u{vu gf n. -njmuj 8AC.sh ;aomu ) rblrk !_$&F <;ao-tot.o153ix< xtmkokMy[=fu g7ogofu c]t l]5[zqo;jk ]u Ik;u 3v;k]f%
("Victory in Europe Day") ;aomuj okprqo wvg-aoIk; Ia[gvqkdkopv,9eoqo gxaozh6Ia[zyf-v[rPCzh6fP;D
1jkC[+,u0=hc,h 0vC ok-u g1uit,ao s,kpg4yCdkolYol5f0vC
lqC7k,3]d7ACmulvC .o153ixD Warren Court / lko 0vC ;ki%gio n. lkol6Cl5f .oit;jkC g;]kmuj
mjko gvu] ;ki%gio gxaosq;sohklkoF lACgdf;jk mylfumuj;jk7;k,9yC7ndkofe
vertical integration / dkoI;,r]aCdkoz]yf n. [=iylafobjC
gouodkovao[=iyl5f .o0v[g0f muj lyfmy gliurk[ .odkoxkdg;Qk1jkCgliu
wfhI;[I;, gvqkzh69aflqjC zh69esojkp c]t it[q[dko0qolqjC,kw;h.8hveokf 0vCxt-k-qoD
grnjv7;[75, 75o otrk[ c]t 7;[75,ik7k z]yf8trao 0vCg0qkD
Warsaw Pact / laopk ;=-= n. mtsko raomt,y8 8AC0bho .oxu !_&& 3fp
Vietcong / ;PfdqC n. 7v,,6oyl ;Pfok,.8h zh6mujwfhIa[dkoloa[lo5o 9kd ltstrk[ 3-;Pf c]t dj5,[=iy;koxtgmf 153ix 8kg;aovvdD
;Pfok, gsonvF wfhlh6 8+8hko /jkp ia4[ko ;Pfok, .8h .olqC7k,;Pfok,D
Watergate / ;=g8ugdf n. giNvCsohkvkp gduf0bho9kd /jkp[=iysko0vC
Vietminh / ; Pf,yo n. vqCdko9af8ACobjC 0vC 7v,,6oyl ;Pfok, c]tgxao oydlao mujrtpkpk,9t xqdxyf dkorq;rao0vCr;dg0qk .oxu !_(@ ]adg0Qkwx
dj5, -kfoypq, muj it;jkC xu !_$* c]t !_&$ wfh8+lh6 grnjv gvdikf mujleoadCko 7totda,,tdko gf3,7ik8yd csjC-kf .o ;=g8ugdf
0vC;Pfok, 9kd /iajCD vkrki%8g,yo 7v,rc]adD
Vietnamization / dko0pkp380vC;Pfok, n. p5m;ymu 0vC xtmkokmy Whig Party / rad ;ud n. raddkog,nvC muj8AC0bho.oxu !)#$ grnjv 7af7hko
[=fu oydlao .odkolYol5f dkorq;rao .olqC7k,;Pfok,0vC ltstia4F I;, ot3p[kp 0vC cvofiy; c9adlaoD
g4yCdko4vode]aCmtsko ltstia4 c]t -a[-hvo
de]aCmtsko0vC;Pfok, .8h g0QkcmoD

132 THE AMERICANS

Lao-TheAmericans.qxd 1/16/2004 2:38 PM Page 133

Wilmot Proviso / ;y]3,8 x3i;y3- n. dko8+g8u, paf8y

dko8ACgCyow;hleia[dkomtsko .oxu !)$*F lgou;jk [+,u fyocfo.f
wfh,k.odkolqC7k,da[c,ad-y3d 9tgxufcdjit[q[mklD
Women's Auxiliary Army Corps (WAAC) / soj;pmtsko
n. mtsko[qd s,;fobjC 0vCltstia4
dvCso5o zh6pyC dvCma[[qd
8AC0bhoitpt lqC7k, 3]d7ACmu lvC grnjv.shzh6pyC g0QkIa[.-h .osohkmuj
muj[+8hvCg0Qklh6iq[D
Woodstock/ ;6flt8Hvd n. CkoltcfCfqo8iu muj[+8hvCglaPgCyo
-bjCfbCf6f-k;soj5,wxg[yjCs]kpd;jk $WWFWWW 7qo muj 2ki%,csjCobjC .o
vaxlg8f oy;1vd .o gfnvo lyCsk !_*_D
Works Progress Administration (WPA) / dko[=iysko ;PdCko
n. vqCdkoobjCF 8AC0bho,k gxaolj;oxtdv[0vC oy; fP;F muj
.shdhk;sohk
.sh[=iydkocdjzh68qdCko mujgIafdjP;da[dkod+lhkCF 8afspy[F lvosoaClnF ly]xtF
c]t vk=u[vnjoMD

LAOTIAN
XYZ Affair / gsfdko gvad-%% ;kp -uu n. gsfdko.oxu !(_( muj
g9Qksohkmuj/iajC IPdIhvC lyo[qo da[oaddkom6f ltstia4D

Y
yellow journalism / dko0Po0jk; lugs]nvC n. dko.-h7;k,Ih6lbd c]t
dkoikpCko0jk;mujgduo7;k,gxao9yC 3fp soaClnrb, s]n oy8tptlko
grnjvfbCf6f 7qovjkoD
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

Z
Zimmermann note / 9qfs,kpohvp -yy,,tc,o n. 0jk;lkomujlqjCwx.o
xu !_!( 3fp ia4,qo8iu 8jkCxtgmf g1uit,ao lqjCg4yC gvdvad7tia4m6f
g1uit,ao .o c,ad-y3dF lgou raomtw,8iu g1uit,ao{c,ad-ydao c]t laopk 9t-
j;p c,ad-y 3d dh6gvqk gmad-alF oy; c,ad-y3dF c]t vkiu3-ok 7no 4hk ltstia4
g0Qklj6lqC7k,3]d 7ACmuobjCD

MULTI-LANGUAGE GLOSSARY 133

5AraGloss.TheAmerican 1/21/04 4:18 PM Page 134

WO°dF∞U° ”dN≠
‰uBH∞« w≠ …¸uØcL∞« WOºOzd∞« ‹ULKJ∞« s± dO∏J∞ Íbπ°_« VO¢d∑∞« Vº• X§¸œ√ WLzUÆ u≥ ”dNH∞« «c≥
t∂≠ ‹œ¸Ë Íc∞« qJA∞« vK´ XI∂© UN•d®Ë ”dNH∞« «c≥ w≠ W§¸bL∞« ‹UÅöª∞« .UNO≤UF± dOºH¢ l±
:WO∞U∑∞« ‹«¸UB∑îù« X±bª∑ß« .‹ULKJ∞« s± qJ∞ w≠dB∞« ŸuM∞« ”dNH∞« wDF¥ .»U∑J∞« «c≥ w≠ ‹ULKJ∞«
qF≠ = v. rß« = n. WHÅ = adj.
…uÆ / n. American Expeditionary Force (AEF)
Êu§ ‰«dMπ∞« …œUOI° WOJ¥d±√ ‹«uÆ .(AEF) WKL∫∞« A
‰öî U°Ë¸Ë√ w≠ ¡UHK∫∞« WOJ¥d±_« l± XK¢UÆ ,mMO®dO° .‚d∞« ¡UG∞ù WØd• .¡UG∞≈ / n. abolition
.v∞Ë_« WOL∞UF∞« »d∫∞« .fO≤Ë√-e±«œ¬ …b≥UF± / n. Adams-On ís Treaty
œU∫¢≈ / n. American Federation of Labor (AFL) rJ• s´ UO≤U∂ß≈ UNO≠ XKª¢ 1819 ÂU´ X±d°√ WOÆUH¢«
,·d∫∞«Ë …¸Uπ∑∞« ‹U°UI≤ œU∫¢≈ .(AFL) wJ¥d±_« ‰ULF∞« .…b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« v∞≈ «b¥¸uK≠ WIDM±
.1886 ÂU´ fßQ¢ Íœ«Ë w≠ ÁeØd± "¸bK° b≤ËU±" lL∑π± .UM¥œ¬ / n. Adena
WØd• / n. American Indian Movement (AIM) v∑•Ë œöOL∞« q∂Æ 700 ÂU´ w∞«u• s± d≥œ“« u¥U≥Ë√ dN≤
sO°¸U∫± UNLEF± WLEM± .(AIM) ÊUJ¥d±_« œuMN∞« .ÍœöO± 100 ÂU´
sOOJ¥d±_« ‚uI• sO±Q¢ vK´ .qLFK∞ 1968 ÂU´ XKJA¢ .w°Uπ¥≈ )◊UA≤( „uKß / n. affirmative action
.)dL∫∞« œuMN∞«( sOOKÅ_« ¡UD´S° p∞–Ë WO{UL∞«eOOL∑∞« ZzU∑≤ `O∫B∑∞ vFº¢ WßUOß
.WØd±_« WØd• / n. Americanization movement .o°Uº∞« w≠ sO±Ëd∫± «u≤UØ s¥c∞« ”UM∞« v∞≈ ‹«“UO∑±«
w≠ ÃU±b≤ö∞ s¥d§UNL∞« …b´UºL∞ rLÅ w≠UI£ Z±U≤d° W±Uß W¥ËULOØ …œU± .‰UI¢d∂∞« q±U´ / n. Agent Orange
.WOJ¥d±_« W≠UI∏∞« w≠ U≥d∏M¢ WOJ¥d±_« ‹«dzUD∞« X≤UØ dπA∞« ‚«¸Ë√ q∑I¢
ÂUEM∞« q∂Æ dO°«b∑∞« / n. American System .m≤uJ∑OOH∞« ¡w°Uª± nAJ∞ ÂUM∑OO≠
bO•u∑∞ XLLÅ WOK≥_« »d∫∞« s± W´uLπ± .wJ¥d±_« Âußd± / n. Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)
pM° ,W¥UL∫K∞ W≠dF¢ WDß«u° p∞–Ë U≥œUB∑Æ≈ W¥uI∑∞Ë W±_« ¸UFß√ l≠d∞ 1933 ÂU´ ¸bÅ Êu≤UÆ .w´«¸e∞« `O∫B∑∞«

Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

.‹öÅ«uL∞«“UN§ d¥uD¢ q∏± WOKî«œ ‹UMOº∫¢Ë ,wM©Ë «Î¡e§ «uØd∑¥ wØ sO•öH∞« v∞≈ m∞U∂± l≠b° p∞–Ë qOÅU∫L∞«
W£ö£ s± jODª¢ .«b≤uØU≤√ WDî / n. Anaconda plan .ÃU∑≤ù« iHªM¥ p∞c°Ë ,W´«¸“ ÊËœ rNO{«¸√ s±
n∞U∫¢ ÂeN¥ Ê√ vK´ t∞öî s± œU∫¢ù« Õd∑Æ« q•«d± AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome)
.WOK≥_« »d∫∞« ¡UM£√ …b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« t∂∂ß ÷d± ."“b¥≈" W∂º∑JL∞« W´UML∞« hI≤ / n.
ARABIC

‰UJ®√ qØ ÷¸UF¥ hª® .dzU£ ,Íu{u≠ / n. anarchist t{d´ rºπ∞« ö Î ´U§ W´UML∞« “UN§ nFC¥Ô ”ËdO≠
.‹U±uJ∫∞« .ÊU©dº∞« s± …¸œU≤ ‹ôU• V∂º¥ Ë√ ‹U°UN∑∞ö∞
UJ¥d±√ ÊUJß s± W´uLπ± .Í“UßU≤√ / n. Anasazi ,uO≤uD≤√ ÊUß w≠ sB•Ë WºOMØ .u±ô¬ / n. Alamo, the
V≤Uπ° ,‹UºOL∞« rLÆ vK´ gOF¢ X≤UØ sOOKÅ_« s¥œdL∑L∞« WOJOºJL∞« ‹«uI∞« X∫°– YO• ,”UºJ¢
WF°¸_« WIDM± w≠ ÊU¥œu∞« ÕuHßË W¥dªB∞« ‹«¸b∫ML∞« .1836 ÂU´ w≠ sOOßUºJ∑∞«
uJOºJ±uO≤Ë U≤Ëe¥¸√ ‹U¥ôË Êü« wI∑K¢ YO•( U¥«Ë“ ¡U°dG∞« Êu≤UÆ / n. Alien and Sedition Acts
1300 - 100 w∞«u• sO° …d∑H∞« w≠ )U¢u¥Ë Ëœ«¸u∞uØË bÒ∫K∞ 1798 ÂU´ ‹¸bÅ sO≤«uÆ l°¸√ W´uLπ± .ÊUOBF∞«Ë
.W¥œöO± …b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« v∞≈ s¥d§UNLK∞ WOßUOº∞« …uI∞« s±
WOßUOß …b•Ë l± U± WI©UI± Z±b¥ .o∫K¥ / v. annex .œbπ∞«
.W±√ Ë√ W¥ôuØ ,WLzUÆ .ÂbI∑∞« q§√ s± œU∫¢ù« / n. Alliance for Progress
WK•d± v∞≈ wL∑M¥ .»d∫∞« q∂Æ szUØ / adj. antebellum r¥bI∑∞ ,‹UMO∑º∞« w≠ WO§¸Uî WOJ¥d±√ …b´Uº± Z±U≤d°
.WOK≥_« »d∫∞« q∂Æ U± .WOMO¢ö∞« UJ¥d±√ ‰Ëœ v∞≈ WOM≠Ë W¥œUB∑Æ≈ …b´Uº±
rJ∫∞ ÷¸UF± ÊUº≤« .œU∫¢ù« b{ / n. Antifederalist ¡UM£√ X{¸U´ ‰Ëb∞« s± W´uLπ± -1 .¡UHK∫∞« / n. Allies
.ÍuÆ ÍeØd± s± UÎOzb∂± n∞Q∑¢ X≤UØ W¥eØdL∞« ÈuI∞« v∞Ë_« WOL∞UF∞« »d∫∞«
…uÆ v∞≈ ‹«¡U{d∑ß« r¥bI¢ .WzbN¢ / n. appeasement ‹U¥ôu∞« bF° ULO≠ UN∑F∂¢Ë UOßË¸Ë Uº≤d≠Ë vLEF∞« UO≤UD¥d°
.Âöº∞« kH• q§√ s± W¥œUF± rC¢ ‰Ëb∞« s± W´uLπ± -2 .U≥dO¨Ë UO∞UD¥≈Ë …b∫∑L∞«
…b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞«Ë w∑OO≠uº∞« œU∫¢ù«Ë ,vLEF∞« UO≤UD¥d°
.¸u∫L∞« ‰Ëœ ÈuÆ WO≤U∏∞« WOL∞UF∞« »d∫∞« ¡UM£√ X{¸U´

134 THE AMERICANS

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¡UM£√ WØdF± ."ÍËbO±" WØdF± / n. Battle of Midway .fØu¢U±u°¬ WLJ∫± / n. Appomattox Court House
uO≤u¥/Ê«d¥e• dN® qz«Ë√ w≠ ‹¸«œ WO≤U∏∞« WOL∞UF∞« »d∫∞« rKº∑ß« YO• UOMO§d≠ W¥ôu° ,fØu¢U±u°¬ »dÆ …bK°
w≠ w≤U°UO∞« ‰uDß_« rEF± ¡UHK∫∞« UN∞öî œU°√ 1942 ÂU´ q¥d°«/ÊUºO≤ 9 (370N 790W) w≠ X≤«dØ v∞≈ w∞ ‰«dMπ∞«
U≥bF° ÂUÆ ,Í«ËU≥ »d¨ ‰UL® WFÆ«Ë …d¥e§ w≥Ë ,"ÍËbO±" .WOK≥_« »d∫∞« W¥UN≤ «cN° UÎMKF± ,1865
s± »«d∑ÆùU° «Ëƒb°Ë ÍœUN∞« jO∫L∞« qî«œ ÂuπN∞U° ¡UHK∫∞« ,W≠d• Ë√ …¸Uπ¢ rKF∑¥ q±U´ .ÊdLÒ∑L∞« / n. apprentice
.ÊU°UO∞« .dO∂î rKÒF± ·«d®≈ X∫¢ …œU´
W∂Ød∞« …¸eπ± / n. Battle of Wounded Knee YO• ‹U≠öî i≠ WI¥d© .rOJ∫¢ / n. arbitration
ÊuOJ¥d±_« œuMπ∞« UN° ÂUÆ …¸eπ± ."w≤ œb≤ËË" W°UBL∞« ULO≠ tOK´ oH∑± rJ• vK´ rN¢U≠öî sO≠dD∞« öØ ÷dF¥
w≠ w≤ œb≤ËË w≠ sO∫Kº±dO¨ wKÅ√ wJ¥d±√ 300 «uK∑ÆË .ULNMO°
.1890 ÂU´ WO°uMπ∞« U¢uØ«œ W¥ôË .`Kº± Ÿ«e≤ ¡UN≤ù ‚UH¢≈ Ë√ W≤b≥ .W≤b≥ / n. armistice
WO≤UD¥d° WOIOßu± WÆd≠ ."eK∑O∂∞«" / n. Beatles, the / n. Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN)
.‹UMO∑º∞« w≠ WO∂FA∞« vIOßuL∞« vK´ ö Î zU≥ «Îd£√ UN∞ ÊUØ v∞≈ XK¢UÆ WO°uMπ∞« ÂUM∑OO≠ œuM§ .ÂUM∑OO≠ W¥¸uNL§ gO§
WØd• .W¥œu§u∞« WØd• / n. beat movement ‰öî WO´uOA∞« ‰ULA∞« ‹«uÆ WOJ¥d±_« ‹«uI∞« rN∂≤U§
dO∂F∑∞« W¥d• vK´ ‹eظ ‹UMOºLª∞« w≠ WOM≠Ë WO´UL∑§≈ .ÂUM∑OO≠ »d•
.W≠UI∏∞« vK´Ë œuOI∞« s± WO∞Uª∞« WO°œ_«
œU∫¢ù« œuM° / n. Articles of Confederation
w≠ ‹d≥œ“« UOI¥d≠√ »d¨ w≠ WJKL± ."sOM°" / n. Benin 1777 ÂU´ w≤U∏∞« ͸UI∞« fKπL∞« U≥bL∑´« WIO£Ë .w∞«¸bH∞«
l°«d∞« ÊdI∞« s± )dπ¥UM∞« Êü« u≥ U±( dπ¥UM∞« U∑∞œ WIDM± qJ® ‹œb• .1781 ÂU´ «ÎdOî√ ‹U¥ôu∞« UNOK´ XI≠«ËË
.dA´ l°Uº∞« v∑•Ë dA´ .b¥bπ∞« …b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« W±uJ•
X±«œ WOKL´ .sO∞d∂∞ Íuπ∞« dºπ∞« / n. Berlin airlift W´uLπ± .sO≤UMHK∞ ÊUJ®√ W߸b± / n. Ashcan school
WO≤UD¥d∂∞«Ë WOJ¥d±_« ‹«dzUD∞« UN∞öî XKI≤ Uαu¥ 327 «uHÅË s¥dAF∞« ÊdI∞« qz«Ë√ w≠ ÊUJ¥d±_« sO≤UMH∞« s±
‚U´√ Ê√ bF° WO°dG∞« sO∞d° v∞≈ WOM¥uL∑∞« œ«uL∞«Ë ¡«cG∞« …dOIH∞« ¡UO•_« oI® q∏± - wFÆ«Ë qJA° ÊbL∞« …UO•
.1948 ÂU´ UNO∞≈ ‰uÅu∞« XOO≠uº∞« .rNLß≈ w¢Q¥ UM≥ s±Ë - s¥œdA∑L∞«Ë
ÊUØ XMLßù« s±¸«b§ .sO∞d° ¸«b§ / n. Berlin Wall WOKÆ√ W´uLπ± wM∂¢ .ÃU±b≤« / n. assimilation
v∑• 1961 ÂU´ s± WO°dG∞« sO∞d° s´ WOÆdA∞« sO∞d° qBH¥
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

.WMLONL∞« W≠UI∏∞« WAOF± ‚d©Ë ‹«bI∑FL∞

lML∑∞ WO´uOA∞« WOÆdA∞« UO≤UL∞√ W±uJ• t∑M° ,1989 ÂU´
.»dG∞« v∞≈ »ËdN∞« s± UNOM©«u± ∆œU∂± Êö´≈ .wºK©_« ‚U∏OL∞« / n. Atlantic Charter
vLEF∞« UO≤UD¥d°Ë …b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« ‹œb• 1941 ÂU´ w≠
WI¥d© ."dLOºO°" WI¥d© / n. Bessemer process .¸u∫L∞« ÈuÆ W{¸UFL° UN≠«b≥√

ARABIC
.1850 ÂU´ w∞«u• ‹¸uD¢ ,–ôuH∞« lMB∞ W∞UF≠Ë WBOî¸
rC¢ ,r±√ W´uLπ± .¸u∫L∞« ÈuÆ / n. Axis powers
‹ö¥bF¢ …dA´ ‰Ë√ .‚uI∫∞« ‚U∏O± / n. Bill of Rights »d∫∞« w≠ ¡UHK∫∞« X{¸U´ .ÊU°UO∞«Ë UO∞UD¥≈Ë UO≤UL∞√
s´ …¸U∂´ w≥Ë 1791 ÂU´ XHO{√ ,wJ¥d±_« ¸u∑ßb∞« vK´ .WO≤U∏∞« WOL∞UF∞«
.sOM©«uL∞« ‹U¥d•Ë ‚uI∫∞ WOL߸ W∫zô
«uM©u∑ß« sOOKÅ_« UJ¥d±√ ÊUJß ."pO¢“¬" / n. Aztec
V≥c∞« ‰ULF∑ß« .ÊbFL∞« wzUM£ / n. bimetallism bF° ULO≠ «uKJ®Ë 1200 «u´_« w≠ pOºJL∞« Íœ«Ë w≠
.wM©Ë w∞U± ÂUEM∞ ”UßQØ UÎF± WCH∞«Ë .W¥uÆ W¥¸u©«d∂±«
eOOL∑∞« sO≤«uÆ .Ãu≤e∞« Êu≤UÆ / n. black codes

B
WOK≥_« »uMπ∞« »d• bF° U± …d∑≠ w≠ ‹¸bÅ ÍdBMF∞«
rN∑FM± ,rN¢U©UA≤Ë sOOI¥d≠_« ÊUJ¥d±_« ‹U¥d• s± ‹bÒ•
rN∑±bî s±Ë ,Õöº∞« qL• s±Ë o∂º± Ê–≈ ÊËœ dHº∞« s± W∂º≤ w≠ œU• œU¥œ“« .‰UH©_« …dH© / n. baby boom
s± ëËe∞«Ë ,iO∂∞« b{ …œUNA∞«Ë ,sOHK∫L∞« WµO≥ w≠ .WO≤U∏∞« WOL∞UF∞« »d∫∞« bF° UJ¥d±√ w≠ ‹«œôu∞«
.iO∂∞«
‹U¥ôu∞« pM° / n. Bank of the United States
w∞«u• sLC∑¢ W∫zô .¡«œuº∞« W∫zö∞« / n. blacklist s± q¥uL∑° fßQ¢ sOOM©u∞« sOJM∂∞« b•√ .…b∫∑L∞«
Âö≠√ w≠ qLF∞« s± «uFM±Ô ÃU∑≤≈d¥b±Ë Z∑M±Ë q∏L± 500 ,”dG≤uJ∞« U≥QA≤√ ¸«d•√ s¥dL∏∑º±Ë WO∞«¸bH∞« W±uJ∫∞«
.sOO´uOA∞« l± rN∞ ‹öÅ œu§Ë ¡U´œ≈ V∂º° œuO∞u≥ .1816 ÂU´ w≤U∏∞«Ë 1791 ÂU´ ‰Ë_«
WOßUOß WLEM± .œuº∞« œuNH∞« / n. Black Panthers X±«œ WØdF± ."ZK∂∞«" WØdF± / n. Battle of the Bulge
qOß w°u°Ë s¢uO≤ ÍuO≥ 1966 ÂU´ UNºß√ WOI¥d≠≈-WOJ¥d±√ ¡UHK∫∞« UNO≠ `π≤ ,WO≤U∏∞« WOL∞UF∞« »d∫∞« ¡UM£√ ö
Î ±UØ «ÎdN®
.u∑OG∞« w≠ ‹U±bî r¥bI∑∞Ë W©dA∞« ‰U§¸ nM´ W±ËUIL∞ .»d∫∞« w≠ w≤UL∞√ Âuπ≥ dî¬ œÒd°

MULTI-LANGUAGE GLOSSARY 135

5AraGloss.TheAmerican 1/21/04 4:18 PM Page 136

/ n. Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka tKLF∑ß« ¸UF® .¡«œuº∞« …uI∞« / n. Black Power
.UJO°u¢ WM¥bL∞ wLOKF∑∞« fKπL∞« b{ ÊË«d° WOCÆ ÊUJ¥d±_« W±«dØ ‹b¥√ ‹UMO∑º∞« w≠ qJ¥U±¸UØ wKØu∑ß
»öD∞« rOKF¢ Ê√ UOKF∞« WLJ∫L∞« ‹dÆ√ 1954 ÂU´ w≠ WOCÆ .WO´UL∑§ù«Ë WOßUOº∞« rN¢«œUOßË sOOI¥d≠_«
.͸u∑ßœ dO¨ "ÍËUº∑± sJ∞ qBHML∞«" œuº∞«Ë iO∂∞« vK´ oK©√ rß« .œuß_« ¡U£ö∏∞« / n. Black Tuesday
oK©√ rß≈ ."”u± ‰u°" »e• / n. Bull Moose Party ¸UFß√ XD∂≥ U±bM´ ,1929d°u∑Ø√/‰Ë_« s¥dA¢ 29 Âu¥
¸ËœuO£ `O®d¢ r´b∞ qJA¢ Íc∞« w±bI∑∞« »e∫∞« vK´ .…bA° WŸu∂∞«
.WßUzdK∞ XK≠“˸ oK©√ rß≈ .WO±«b∞« ”UºMØ / n. Bleeding Kansas
¡e§ l≠œ .g±UN∞« vK´ ¡«d® / v. buying on margin X≤UØ U±bM´ »d∫∞« q∂ÆU± «u´√ w≠ ”UºMØ WIDM± vK´
.tML£ wÆU° l≠b∞ ‰U± ÷«d∑Æ« r£ rNß sL£ s± dOGÅ .UNOC≥UM±Ë W¥œu∂F∞« Íb¥R± ÈuÆ sO° WØdF± W•Uß
vMFL° WO≤UL∞_« s± WLKØ .o´UÅ Âuπ≥ / n. blitzkrieg
C t∑¥U¨ W¥d°Ë W¥u§ ÈuI∞ rª{ Âuπ≥ u≥Ë WI´UB∞« »d∫∞«
.l¥dß dB≤ oOI∫¢
dz«Ëb∞« ¡«¸b± s± W´uLπ± .¡«¸“Ë fKπ± / n. cabinet lML∞ ‹«uI∞«Ë sHº∞« «bª∑ß« .¸UB• / n. blockade
.sOO∞Ë_« fOzd∞« ͸UA∑ºLØ ÊuKLF¥ WIDM± Ë√ Q≠d± øUî Ë√ v∞≈Ë s± ’Uª®_« Ë√ lzUC∂∞« qI≤
.bOH¥œ V±UØ ‹UÆUH¢« / n. Camp David Accords .W¥œUF± W∞Ëœ …dDOß X∫¢ WFÆ«Ë
dB± UN∂§uL° XFÆË 1978 ÂU´ ‹d§ WOª¥¸U¢ ‹UOÆUH¢« Ÿ¸e¥ WLª{ W´¸e± .«e≤U≤u° W´¸e± / n. bonanza farm
.Âöß …b≥UF± qOz«dß«Ë .‹U´Ë¸eL∞« s± b•«Ë Ÿu≤ UNO≠
tO≠ dDOº¥ ÍœUB∑Æ« ÂUE≤ .WO∞ULß√d∞« / n. capitalism 1932 ÂU´ w≠ .‹UC¥uF∑∞« gO§ / n. Bonus Army
oOI∫∑∞ U≥u±bª∑º¥Ë ÃU∑≤ù« œ¸«u± vK´ ‹ UØd®Ë œ«d≠√ WOL∞UF∞« »d∫∞« w≠ ¡U±bI∞« sO°¸U∫L∞« s± ·ô¬ n•“
.ÕU°¸_« r∞ w∑∞« ‹UC¥uF∑K∞ ͸u≠ l≠b° sO∂∞UD± sDM®«Ë v∞« v∞Ë_«
‰ULA∞« ÊUJß s± œd≠ .Ãdª∞« Ë– / n. carpetbagger .rN∑±bî ¡UI∞ «Îb°√ UNOK´ «uKB∫¥
.WOK≥_« »d∫∞« bF° »uMπ∞« v∞« qI∑≤« V¥dN∑° ÂuI¥ ÊUØ hª® .‰u∫Ø »dN± / n. bootlegger
Ÿ¸«eL∞« t´¸e¥ ‰uB∫± .lO∂K∞ ‰uB∫± / n. cash crop .dE∫∞« ¡UM£√ …b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« v∞≈ WO∞u∫Ø ‹U°ËdA±

Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

.wBªA∞« „öN∑ßö∞ fO∞Ë lO∂∞« q§√ s± «bDÅ« .sDßu° …¸eπ± / n. Boston Massacre
‰Ëœ W´uLπ± .W¥eØdL∞« ÈuI∞« / n. Central Powers q∑Æ ,1770 ÂU´ sDßu° ÍdLF∑º± l± sOO≤UD¥d∂∞« œuMπ∞«
WO≤UL∏F∞« W¥¸u©«d∂±ù«Ë UO≤UL∞√ Ë U¥¸UGM≥ ,UºLM∞« …œUOI° .s¥dLF∑ºL∞« s± WºLî t∞öî
.v∞Ë_« WOL∞UF∞« »d∫∞« ¡UM£√ ¡UHK∫∞« X{¸U´ U¥¸UGK°Ë vI∞√ .sDßu° ÍU® WKH• / n. Boston Tea Party
ARABIC

.W∂ßU∫±Ë ‹UF§«d± / n. checks and balances ¡UMO± w≠ )b≤ËU° n∞√ 18( ÍU® ‚ËbMÅ 342 ÊËdLF∑ºL∞«
s± W∞Ëb∞« ‹UDKß s± WDKß Í√ lML¢ .¸u∑ßb∞« w≠ ‹«dI≠ .ÍUA∞ « Âußd± vK´ ÷«d∑´û∞ 1773 ÂU´ sDßu°
.sO¥dî_« sO∑DKº∞« vK´ …dDOº∞« bß Êü« tLß≈ Ëœ«¸u∞uØ dN≤ vK´ bß / n. Boulder Dam
¡UM∏∑ß« Êu≤UÆ / n. Chinese Exclusion Act Z±U≤d° s± ¡eπØ dO∂J∞« œUºJ∞« …d∑≠ ¡UM£√ ÁƒUM° r¢ - d≠u≥
sOOMOB∞« qØ lM± 1882 ÂU´ Êu≤UI∞« «c≥ ¸bÅ .sOOMOB∞« .nzU™Ë sO±Q¢Ë qLF∞« vK´ Y∫∞« t∑¥U¨ w∂FA∞« qLF∞«
s± W∞Ëb∞« wH™u±Ë Õ«uº∞«Ë ¸Uπ∑∞«Ë …c¢Uß_«Ë »öD∞« «b´ t° X±UÆ œdL¢ ."fØu° "œdL¢ / n. Boxer Rebellion
.WOJ¥d±_« ‹U¥ôu∞« v∞≈ ‰uîb∞« r≥œö° d¥d∫∑∞ 1900 ÂU´ sOOMOB∞« s± W¥dß W´uLπ±
o¥d© ."r∞u≥eOA¢" o¥d© / n. Chisholm Trail .WO°dG∞« …dDOº∞« s±
”UºJ¢ W¥ôË w≠ uO≤uD≤√ ÊUß s± √b∂¥ lODIK∞ WOºOz¸ t∞ `Lß wJOºJ± q±U´ ."ËdOß«d°" / n. bracero
.”Uº≤UØ W¥ôu° wN∑M¥Ë U±u≥öØË√ W¥ôË d∂F¥Ë s± …œËb∫± …d∑≠ qLFK∞ …b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« v∞≈ ‰uîb∞U°
WOIM¢ WI¥d© .s¥¸uKJ∞U° Wπ∞UFL∞« / n. chlorination .WO≤U∏∞« WOL∞UF∞« »d∫∞« ‰öî s±e∞«
.WOzUOLOJ∞« s¥¸uKJ∞« …œU± l± UN§eL° ÁUOL∞« ”UM∞« s± q¥u© nÅ .e∂ª∞« ¸u°U© / n. bread line
WOJ¥d±√ W∞UØË .WOJ¥d±_« ‹«¸U∂ª∑ßù« W∞UØË / n. CIA .UO≤Uπ± «e∂î ÊËdE∑M¥
.WO∂M§_« ‹U±uJ∫∞« s´ W¥dß ‹U±uKF± lLπ∞ ‹QA≤√ .»d∫∞« b• v∞≈ ‰uÅu∞« WßUOß / n. brinkmanship
.¡«b∑´« ÍQ° ÂUÆ «–≈ rª{ ÍdJº´ œÒd° U± Ëb´ b¥bN¢ …œU´

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.1850 ÂUF∞ W¥uº¢ sO≤«uÆ / n. Compromise of 1850 WD°«¸ / n. Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)
‹U´«eM∞« i≠ UN∑¥U¨ WOF¥dA¢ sO≤«uÆ s± ‹U´uLπ± ,b¥bπ∞« ‚UH¢ù« s± ¡eπØ Xºß√ W∞UØË .w≤bL∞« ÿUH∫∞«
.…b∂F∑ºL∞« ‹U¥ôu∞«Ë …d∫∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« sO° …dO∂J∞« rOEM¢Ë ‚dD∞« ¡UM∂° »U∂A∞« qLF∞« s´ sOK©UF∞« XH™Ë
.1877 ÂUF∞ W¥uº¢ sO≤«uÆ / n. Compromise of 1877 l¥¸UA± w≠ …b´UºL∞«Ë ,¸Uπ®_« Ÿ¸“Ë W±UF∞« oz«b∫∞«
UN∂§uL° o≠«Ë ”dG≤uJ∞« U≥cª¢« dO°«b¢ W´uLπ± .‹U≤U{UOH∞«Ë ‹«¸UON≤ù« j∂{
œ¸u≠ ¸–˸ ͸uNLπ∞« `®dL∞« ‰u∂Æ vK´ ÊuO©«dIL¥b∞« qJA° i≠¸ .w≤b± ÊUOB´ / n. civil disobedience
XMLC¢ .VFA∞« ‹«uÅ_ t¢¸Uºî s± r¨d∞U° fOzdØ e¥U≥ W∞ËU∫L∞ p∞–Ë W∞œU´ dO¨ ‹d∂∑´« sO≤«uÆ W´U©ù wLKß
‰«u±√ ,»uMπ∞« s± WO∞«¸b≠ ‚d≠ dî¬ »U∫º≤≈dO°«b∑∞« Ác≥ s´ ˸u£ bH¥œ ÍdM≥ V∑Ø .W∞Ëb∞« WßUOß w≠ dOOG¢ ¡«d§≈
sOOF¢Ë ,WO°uMπ∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« WOM° sOº∫∑∞ WO∞«¸b≠ w∑∞« WDª∞« s´Ë dA´ lßU∑∞« ÊdI∞« w≠ w≤bL∞« ÊUOBF∞«
.sOE≠U∫L∞« »uMπ∞« q≥√ s± k≠U∫± fKπ±uC´ .WO≤bL∞« ‚uI∫∞« bN´ ‰öî s°ù« mMØ d£u∞ s¢¸U± UNºß√
dJºF± .‰UI∑´« dJºF± / n. concentration camp WO≤bL∞« ‚uI∫∞« Êu≤UÆ / n. Civil Rights Act of 1964
bI∑F¥ Èdî√ ‹U´uLπ±Ë œuNOK∞ W¥“UM∞« UO≤UL∞√ …¸«œS° sπß W±UF∞« sØU±_« w≠ eOOL∑∞« Êu≤UI∞« «c≥ lM± .1964 ÂUF∞
rNKL´ ¡UM£√ U´u§ «u¢U± YO• dK∑≥ n∞Ëœ_ W¥œUF± UN≤√ qÅ_«Ë fMπ∞«Ë ‚dF∞« ”Uß√ vK´ qLF∞« sØU±√ rEF±Ë
.«uK∑Æ Ë√ ,bO∂FØ .s¥b∞«Ë
‹U¥ôu∞« œU∫¢≈ .w°uMπ∞« œU∫¢ù« / n. Confederacy WO≤bL∞« ‚uI∫∞« Êu≤UÆ / n. Civil Rights Act of 1968
bF° 1861 ÂU´ WO°uMπ∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« t∑KJ® œU∫¢≈ ,WOJ¥d±_« .ÊUJßù« w≠ eOOL∑∞« dE Ò • Êu≤UÆ .1968 ÂUF∞
.œU∫¢ù« s´ rN∞UBH≤« W¥dJºF∞« dO¨ ŸËdH∞« .WO≤b± W±bî/ n. civil service
‹U¥ôuK∞ `Lº¥ œU∫¢« .WO∞«¸bH≤uJ∞« / n. confederation .WO±uJ∫∞« …¸«œù« w≠
.„d∑A± ÂUL∑≥« ‹«– ¸u±Q° iF° l± q±UF∑¢ Ê√ ‰Ëb∞« Ë√ b{ Êu∑¥öØ Êu≤UÆ / n. Clayton Antitrust Act
pK∑L¢ …dO∂Ø WO≤ËUF¢ .…œbF∑± WØd® / n. conglomerate sNL∞« iF° ¸UJ∑•« qF§ 1914 ÂU´ ¸bÅ Êu≤UÆ .¸UJ∑•ô«
.WHK∑ª± ‹UÅUB∑îU° …dOGB∞« ‹UØdA∞« s± Û«œb´ WO∞ULF∞« ‹U°UIM∞« ‚uI• vL•Ë w≤u≤UÆ dO¨ öL´
/ n. Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) .WO´«¸e∞« ‹UºßRL∞«Ë
s´ XKBH≤« qL´ WLEM± .WO´UMB∞« ‹ULEML∞« ”dG≤uØ Ÿ«e≤ ÊËœ s± …Ë«b´ W∞U• .…œ¸U∂∞« »d∫∞« / n. Cold War
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

.1938 ÂU´ wJ¥d±_« ‰ULF∞« ‹ULEM± œU∫¢« œU∫¢ù«Ë …b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« sO° ‹QA≤ d®U∂± ÍdJº´
/ n. Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) .WO≤U∏∞« WOL∞UF∞« »d∫∞« bF° w∑OO≠uº∞«
‚«d´√ rC¢ W´uLπ± .W¥dBMF∞« …«ËUºL∞« ”dG≤uØ …bOF° ‹UM©u∑º± fOßQ¢ .¸ULF∑ß« / n. colonization
eOOL∑∞« b{ qLFK∞ 1942 ÂU´ d±¸U≠ fLO§ UNºß√ WHK∑ª± .Â_« bK∂∞« eØd± s´

ARABIC
.WO∞ULA∞« ÊbL∞« w≠ ÍdBMF∞« WOKL´ .w∂±u∞uJ∞« ‰œU∂∑∞« / n. Columbian Exchange
UJ¥d±√ v∞≈ d≠Uß w≤U∂ß« .`¢UH∞«/ n. conquistador …dJ∞« wHB≤ sO° ÷«d±_«Ë ‹U≤«uO∫∞«Ë ‹U¢U∂M∞« qI≤
.dA´ ”œUº∞« ÊdI∞« w≠ `¢U≠Ë nAJ∑º± WHB° d≠u∑º¥dJ∞ WK•¸ ‰Ë√ l± √b° .wÆdA∞«Ë w°dG∞« WO{¸_«
.w• dOL{ Ë– ÷¸UF± / n. conscientious objector .f∂L∞uØ
»U∂ß_ WO°d• ‰UL´√ w≠ „«d∑®ù« i≠d¥ hª® WMπ∞ / n. committee of correspondence
.WOÆöî√ ÊËdLF∑ºL∞« UNºß√ ‹U´uLπ± s± …b•«Ë .‹öß«dL∞«
Êu≤UÆ .W¥¸U∂§ù« W±bª∞« Êu≤UÆ / n. conscription sOO≤UD¥d∂∞« ‹«b¥bN¢ s´ ‹U±uKFL∞« ‰œU∂∑∞ ÊuOJ¥d±_«
«u´b∑º¥ Ê√ Ë√ gOπ∞« w≠ ‰U§d∞« Âbª¥ Ê√ vK´ hM¥ .rN¢U¥d∫∞
.W±bªK∞ WMπ∞ / n. Committee to Reelect the President
œ¸«uL∞« …¸«œ≈ .WµO∂∞« W¥UL• / n. conservation w≠ …b´UºLLK∞ XºßQ¢ WLEM± .fOzd∞« »Uª∑≤« …œU´≈
W¥d∂∞« o©UML∞« iF° W¥UL• qLA¥ .jDª± qJA° WOFO∂D∞« WKÅ UN∞ 1972 ÂU´ ÊuºJO≤ fOzd∞« »Uª∑≤≈ …œU´≈ WKL•
.WØd∑AL∞« W∫KBL∞« q§√ s± Èdî√ o©UM± d¥uD¢Ë w©«dIL¥b∞« »e∫K∞ WOM©u∞« WMπK∞« eØd± ÂU∫∑Æ≈ WOKLF°
œU∫¢≈ .k≠U∫± ·ö∑z≈ / n. conservative coalition .XO¨d¢«Ë W∫OC≠ ‹dπ≠ w∑∞«
W{¸UF± WOMOL¥ ‹U´uLπ± s± ‹UMO∑º∞« nB∑M± w≠ qJA¢ ”U±u¢ tH∞√ VOÒ∑Ø .rOKº∞« f∫∞« / n. Common Sense
.…dO∂J∞« W±uJ∫K∞ .UO≤UD¥d° s´ ‹«dLF∑ºL∞« ‰UBH≤« v∞≈ U´œ 1776 ÂU´ s¥U°
.Ãe± Ë√ bO•u¢ WOKL´ .ÃU±b≤« / n. consolidation wßUOßË ÍœUB∑Æ« ÂUE≤ .WO´uOA∞« / n. communism
WOKLF° ‰UGA≤ù« .WOØöN∑ßù« / n. consumerism .w{«¸ú∞ W∞Ëb∞« WOJK±Ë b•«Ë »e• rJ• tßUß√
.WOØöN∑ßù« lKº∞« ¡«d®
MULTI-LANGUAGE GLOSSARY 137
5AraGloss.TheAmerican 1/21/04 4:18 PM Page 138

- 1944 uO≤u¥/Ê«d¥e• 6 vK´ oK©√ .D- Âu¥ / n. D-Day U± W±√ ◊U∂•≈ WOKL´ .¡«u∑•« / n. containment
»d∫∞« ¡UM£√ WO°Ë¸Ë_« WOKî«b∞« w{«¸_« ¡UHK∫∞« «e¨ Âu¥ ‹U¥ôu∞« œuN§ WÅUª°Ë WDKº∞« dAM∞ Èdî√ W±√ ‹ôËU∫±
.WO≤U∏∞« WOL∞UF∞« WO∑OO≠uº∞« WO´uOA∞« ¸UA∑≤« nÆu∞ …b∫∑L∞«
ÂUE≤ .s¥b∞« ¡U≠u∞ …dªº∞« ÂUE≤ / n. debt peonage .‹UMOºLª∞« qz«Ë√Ë ‹UOMOF°¸_«dî«ËQ°
.rN≤u¥œ «u≠u¥ v∑• …dªº∞U° qLF∞U° ‰ULF∞« tO≠ Âe∑K¥ WIO£Ë .UJ¥d±√ l± bI´ / n. Contract with America
Êö´≈ / n. Declaration of Independence `®d± 300 s± d∏Ø√ UNÆbÅË g¥dGM¨ ‹uO≤ UN¢œuº± V∑Ø
sK´√ 1776 ÂU´ ÊußdH§ ”U±u¢ UN∂∑Ø WIO£Ë .‰öI∑ßù« sO¥¸uNLπ∞« ‰UL´√ ‰Ëb§ `{u¢ 1994 ÂU´ ͸uNL§
s´ ‹«dLF∑ºL∞« ‰öI∑ß« UN∂§uL° fKπL∞« »«u≤ .k≠U∫L∞«Ë wF¥dA∑∞«
.UO≤UD¥d° vK´ «uKB• «u¨«¸UJO≤ s± ¸«u£ .«d∑≤uØ / n. Contras
.nMF∞U° ÍdBMF∞« eOOL∑∞« / n. de facto segregation W±uJ• VKÆ v∞≈ «uFß ÊUG¥¸ fOzd∞« …¸«œ≈ s± ‹«b´Uº±
fO∞Ë ·d´Ë W߸UL± V§uL° fßQ¢ wÆd´ eOOL¢ .‹UMO≤UL∏∞« w≠ U∑ºO¥b≤Uß
.Êu≤UI∞U° …dO∂Ø W¥UL• …uÆ .W¥UL• ÂUE≤ / n. convoy system
tO≠ oHM¢ l{Ë .eπF∞« s± ‚UH≤≈ / v. deficit spending .»d∫∞« ¡UM£√ W¥¸Uπ∑∞« sHº∞« o≠«d¢ X≤UØ sO°dªL∞« b{
.UN∞uîb± s± d∏Ø√ W∞Ëb∞« ÊUJß s± ÊuO©«dIL¥œ .vF≠_« ”˃¸ / n. Copperhead
t´d® eOOL¢ .ŸdÒÎA± eOOL¢ / n. de jure segregation .WOK≥ú∞« »d∫∞« ‰öî œUπ¢ù« l± rKº∞« «Ëb¥√ ‰ULA∞«
.Êu≤UI∞« ÂUE≤ .XO∂∞« w≠ Z∑M¢ W´UMÅ / n. cottage industry
-w©«dIL¥œ »e• / n. Democratic-Republican ÃU∑≤ô W±“ö∞« œ«uL∞« l≤UBL∞« »U∫Å√ tO≠ s±R¥ ÃU∑≤«
W¥ôu∞« ‹U±uJ∫∞ t¢b≤UºL° ·d´ wßUOß »e• .͸uNL§ .‹uO∂∞« w≠ lzUC∂∞«
»e∫∞« q°UI± 1792 ÂU´ ÊußdHO§ ”U±u¢ tºß√ ,W¥uI∞« s´ V∫∞« qBH∞ W∞¬ .sDI∞« Ãö∫± / n. cotton gin
.w∞«¸bH∞« .1793 ÂU´ wM∑¥Ë wK¥« UN´d∑î« ,sDI∞« ·UO∞√
ÂUEM∞« iOHª¢ .U± ÂUE≤ qL´ nÆË / n. deregulation W∂O∂A∞« W≠UI£ .…œUC± W≠UI£ / n. counterculture
.W´UMBK∞ w∞«¸bH∞« ‹UMO∑º∞« w≠ wJ¥d±_« lL∑πLK∞ bzUº∞« ÁUπ¢ù« «Ëc∂≤ s¥c∞«
W∂¨d∞« sLC∑¢ W≤d± WßUOß .ëdH≤ù« / n. d è tente W¥d∫∞«Ë V∫∞«Ë Âöº∞« vK´ wM∂± q¥b° lL∑π± ¡UA≤ù UOFß

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œ¸UA∑¥¸ fOzd∞« UNF∂¢« ◊uGC∞« .nOHª¢Ë W{ËUHLK∞ .WOBªA∞«
‰Ëb∞« l± rNK±UF¢ ¡UM£√ dπMºOØ ÍdM≥ Á¸UA∑º±Ë ÊuºJ≤ ÂU´ WI£ Âb´ .WOÆ«bBL∞« …uπ≠ / n. credibility gap
.WO´uOA∞« .W±uJ∫∞« UN° X∞œ√ ‹U∫¥dB∑∞
W±uJ∫∞« ¡UD´« WOKL´ .d®U∂± Ãd≠ / n. direct relief U± WLOÆ Í¸UA∞« l≠b¥ YO∫° dO°b¢ .s¥œ / n. credit
ARABIC

.sO§U∑∫L∞« v∞≈ …d®U∂± ¡«cG∞«Ë ‰UL∞« .…bzU≠ W≠U{≈ l± ‹UF≠œ vK´ U∂∞U¨ o•ô XÆu° Èd∑®«
nzU™Ë hOBª¢ .qLF∞« l¥“u¢ / n. division of labor WØd® .tOOKO°u± Íb¥dØ WØd® / n. Cr édit Mobilier
.sOHK∑ª± ’Uª®√ Ë√ ‹U´uLπ± v∞≈ WHK∑ª± ‹UO∞ËRº±Ë ,W¥b¥b∫∞« pJº∞« WØd® »U∫Å√ 1864 ÂU´ UNºß√ ¡UM°
‹U¥ôu∞« œu≠Ë b•√ .◊«dIOºJ¥b∞« / n. Dixiecrat W¥b¥b∫∞« pJº∞« ÕU°¸√ WOHî «u°d≥Ë UN∞öî s± «u∞U∑•«
w©«dIL¥b∞« wM©u∞« dL¢RL∞« s± «u∂∫º≤« s¥c∞« WO°uMπ∞« .rN∫∞UB∞
‚uI∫∞« hª¥ ULO≠ ÊU±Ëd¢ fOzd∞« WßUOº∞ W{¸UF± p∞–Ë »Ëd• WKºKß .WO∂OKB∞« »Ëd∫∞« / n. Crusades
.‹U¥ôu∞« ‚uI∫∞ w©«dIL¥b∞« »e∫∞« «uKJ®Ë ,WO≤bL∞« ÊuO∫Oº± U≥√b° WßbIL∞« w{«¸_« vK´ ¡öO∑ßû∞
‹UßUOß .¸ôËb∞« WßUOß / n. dollar diplomacy .1096 ÂU´ ÊuO°Ë¸Ë√
U≥–uH≤ ”¸UL∑∞ W¥œUB∑Æù« W∞Ëb∞« …uÆ Â«bª∑ßU° UJ¥d±√ .WO∞eML∞« W±bª∞« …bOI´ / n. cult of domesticity
.Èdî_« ‰Ëb∞« vK´ UN∑O° vK´ UN¢U©UA≤ dBI¢ Ê√ …√dL∞« vK´ t≤Q° bOH¥ œUI∑´«
‰uI¢ W¥dE≤ ."uMO±Ëœ"‡∞« W¥dE≤ / n. domino theory .UN∑KzU´Ë
…¸ËUπL∞« ‰Ëb∞« vK´ V§u¢ WO´uO® U± W∞Ëœ X∫∂Å√ «–« t≤√
.WO´uO® `∂B¢ Ê√ UC¥√
vK´ r∑¢ Ë√ ,WKÅ UN∞ WOKL´ .ÂuØ ‹Ëœ / n. dotcom
D
.X≤d∑≤ô« ÂU´ ¸bÅ Êu≤UÆ ."f¥u¥œ "Êu≤UÆ / n. Dawes Act
sOKI∑º± sOJ∞U± vK´ w{«¸_« l¥“u¢ vK´ h≤ 1887
.)dL∫∞« œuMN∞«( sOOKÅ_« ÊUJ¥d±_« "WØd±_"

138 THE AMERICANS

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w≠ X±UÆ WØd• .d¥uM∑∞« WØd• / n. Enlightenment W´uLπ± .s¥¸UOFL° ”UOÆ / n. double standard
‚dD∞«Ë qIF∞« ‰ULF∑ß« …¸Ëd{ ‹bØ√ dA´ s±U∏∞« ÊdI∞« w∑∞« W¥d∫∞« s± d∂Ø√ ‰U§dK∞ WOºM§ W¥d• `ML¢ ∆œU∂±
.W≠dFL∞« vK´ ‰uB∫K∞ WOLKF∞« .¡UºMK∞ UN∫ML¢
Z±U≤d° .q¥u∫∑∞« Z±U≤d° / n. entitlement program s±R¥ Ë .ÂUM∑OO≠ »d∫∞ i≥UM± ÊUº≤« .ÂUL• / n. dove
W¥UMF∞« Ë√ ,WO∫B∞« W¥UMF∞«Ë w´UL∑§ù« sO±Q∑∞« q∏± w±uJ• .UNM± »U∫º≤ù« …b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« vK´ Ê√
s± WMOF± W´uLπL∞ bz«u≠ s±R¢Ë sLC¢ ,WO≤UπL∞« WO∫B∞« e≤u§ Ë«œ ‰bÒF± / n. Dow Jones Industrial Average
.”UM∞« .…dO∂Ø WØd® 30 rNß√ ¸UFß√ vK´ wM∂± ”UOÆ .W´UMBK∞
qHJ¥Ë d¥b¥Ë rEM¥ hª® .‰ËUI± / n. entrepreneur .WŸu∂∞« ‚uß W∫B∞ Ê«eOLØ lß«Ë qJA° qLF∑º¥
.͸Uπ¢ ŸËdA± d©Uª± œb´ iOHª¢ .sOK±UF∞« œb´ iOHª¢ / v. downsize
W¥UL• vK´ qLF¥ hª® .wµO° / n. environmentalist .WØdA∞« ÕU°¸√ l≠d∞ ‰ULF∞«
.ÀuK∑∞«Ë »«dª∞« s± WµO∂∞« .W¥dJºF∞« W±bª∞« w≠ w±«e∞≈ ‚U∫∑∞≈ .V∫ß / n. draft
/ n. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Ÿ¸«eL∞« s± WFß«Ë WIDM± .¸U∂G∞« ¡U´Ë / n. Dust Bowl
1970 ÂU´ XºßQ¢ WºßR± .WµO∂∞« W¥UL• WºßR± ”UºMØË U±u≥öØË«Ë ”UºJ¢ ‹U¥ôË sLC∑¢ »«d∑∞« UNHK¢√
‹«bO∂±Ë W±Uº∞« ‹U¥UHM∞«Ë ¡«uN∞«Ë ÁUOL∞« ÀuK¢ j∂C∞ .‹UMO£ö∏∞« qz«Ë√ w≠ uJOºJ±uO≤Ë Ëœ«¸u∞uØË
.ŸUF®ù«Ë ‹«dA∫∞«
q¥bF¢ / n. Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)
w≠ …«ËUº± wDFO∞ Õd∑I± q¥bF¢ .‚uI∫∞« w≠ …«ËUºL∞« E
.q¥bF∑∞« «c≥ qA≠ :fMπ∞« s´ dEM∞« iG° ‚uI∫∞« ”UM∞« nOI∏∑∞ hBî Âu¥ .÷¸_« Âu¥ / n. Earth Day
ÂU´ ÁdH• r¢ wzU± dL± ."Íd¥≈" …UMÆ / n. Erie Canal .q¥d°√/ÊUºO≤ 22 w≠ t° qH∑∫¥ WµO∂∞« s´
t∞u© Íd¥√ …dO∫∂° Êußb≥ dN≤ qÅË 1825Ë 1817 sO° ’dH∞« `M± Êu≤UÆ / n. Economic Opportunity Act
.öO± 363 l¥¸UA± q¥uL¢ sO±Q∑∞ 1964 ÂU´ ¸bÅ√ Êu≤UÆ .W¥œUB∑Æù«
fºπ∑∞« Êu≤UÆ / n. Espionage and Sedition Acts ‰UL´ú∞ ÷ËdÆË dIH∞« b{ dO°«b¢ –Uª¢ôË ,W∂O∂AK∞
1918 Ë 1917 ÂU´ «¸bÅ ÊU≤u≤UÆ .WM∑H∞« vK´ i¥d∫∑∞«Ë .qLF∞« vK´ V¥¸b¢Ë ,…dOGB∞« W¥¸Uπ∑∞«
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b{ rKJ∑¥ Ë√ qîb∑¥ hª® Í√ vK´ WOßUÆ ‹U°uI´ U{d≠ t≤√ vK´ hM¥ œUI∑´« .WO¢«ËUºL∞« / n. egalitarianism
.v∞Ë_« WOL∞UF∞« »d∫∞« …b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« ‰uîœ ,W¥œUB∑Æ«Ë ,WOßUOß ‚uI• vK´ ‰uB∫∞« ”UM∞« qJ∞ o∫¥
Ë√ lO°Ë ÃU∑≤≈ vK´ r߸ .W∂¥d{ / n. excise tax .W¥ËUº∑± WO≤b±Ë WO´UL∑§«Ë
.U± bK° w≠ Xπ∑≤√ lzUC° „öN∑ß« «e∑∞« .¸ËUN≤e¥¬ √b∂± / n. Eisenhower Doctrine

ARABIC
W±uJ∫K∞ Ÿd≠ .ÍcOHM∑∞« ŸdH∞« / n. executive branch W∞Ëœ Í√ XM® «–« jßË_« ‚dA∞« ‰Ëœ s´ ŸU≠bK∞ UJ¥d±√
.UNIO∂D¢ vK´ qLF¥Ë sO≤«uI∞« d¥b¥ fOzd∞« «e∑∞ù« «c≥ sK´√ .UNOK´ U±uπ≥ WO´uO®
qÅ√ s± wJ¥d±√ .d§UNL∞« ,d∑ßœËeØ≈ / n. exoduster .1957 ÂU´ ¸ËUN≤e¥¬ .œ X¥«Ëœ
œuNO∞U° UN∂A∑± »dG∞« v∞« tπ¢«Ë »uMπ∞« „d¢ wI¥d≠√ ‹U¥ôu∞« UN∂ª∑M¢ W´uLπ± / n. electoral college
.W¥œu∂F∞« V∂º° dB± «uØd¢ s¥c∞« …«¸u∑∞« w≠ s¥¸uØcL∞« w≠ sO∂îUM∞« œb´ ÊuJ¥Ë ,fOzd∞« VzU≤Ë fOzd∞« »Uª∑≤ô
wLßd∞« t∂BML∞ ¡dL∞« ‰öG∑ß« .“«e∑°« / n. extortion w≠ tOK∏L±Ë ŒuOA∞« fKπ± ¡UC´√ œbF∞ ÍËUº± W¥ôË qØ
„ö±√ vK´ ‰uB∫K∞ w≤u≤UÆ dO¨ qJA° t±«bª∑ß«Ë .”dG≤uJ∞«
.‰«u±√Ë .bO∂F∞« ‚U∑´« .‚U∑´« / n. emancipation
o∑´ Êö´≈ / n. Emancipation Proclamation
F Êu≤UØ 1 w≠ sL∞uJM∞ ÂU≥«d°¬ Á¸bÅ√ ÍcOHM¢ d±√ .bO∂F∞«
WFÆ«u∞« o©UML∞« qØ w≠ bO∂F∞« d¥d∫∑∞ 1863d¥UM¥/w≤U∏∞«
ÍœUB∑Æ≈ Z±U≤d° .‰œU´ w±uJ• Z±U≤d° / n. Fair Deal .œU∫¢ù« ◊uDî sL{
Z±U≤d∂∞ œ«b∑±« u≥Ë - ÊU±Ëd¢ ͸U≥ fOzd∞« s±“ vK´ r¢ Ë√ W∞Ëœ l± …¸Uπ∑K∞ W∞Ëb∞« r¥d∫¢ .WF©UI± / n. embargo
¸u§x∞ v≤œ_« b∫∞« l≠d∞ dO°«b¢ sLC¢ - XK≠“˸ sOKJ≤d≠ .‰Ëb∞« s± œb´
ÍËc∞ sJß sO±Q∑∞Ë w´UL∑§ù« ÊULC∞« WODG¢ lOßu¢Ë ‹UDKß X∫Lß ÂUE≤ .«bMOO±uJ≤≈ / n. encomienda
.œËb∫L∞« qîb∞« sOOJ¥d± _« qOGA∑° s¥dLF∑ºL∞« sOØöLK∞ UO≤U∂ß≈
.bO∂FØ UNOK´ «uKLFO∞ sOOKÅ_«

MULTI-LANGUAGE GLOSSARY 139

5AraGloss.TheAmerican 1/21/04 4:18 PM Page 140

.dA´ f±Uª∞« q¥bF∑∞« / n. Fifteenth Amendment …b´Uº± Z±U≤d° / n. Family Assistance Plan
¸u∑ßb∞« vK´ q¥bF∑∞« «c≥ ÷d≠ ,1870 ÂU´ ¸bÅ√ fKπ± tÆœUÅ WO´UL∑§ù« ‰«u•_« ‘UF≤ù Õ«d∑Æ« .WKzUF∞«
”Uß√ vK´ »Uª∑≤ù« s± sOM©«uL∞« lM± Âb´ wJ¥d±_« sLCOß ÊUØ ,ŒuOA∞« fKπ± tKD°√Ë 1970 ÂU´ »«uM∞«
.o°Uº∞U° bO∂´ rN≤uØ Ë√ ,ÊuK∞«Ë ‚dF∞« vK´ «uI≠«Ë s¥c∞« ‘UF≤ù« Z±U≤d° s± s¥bOH∑ºLK∞ öîœ
-ÊuºLî" / n. “Fifty-Four Forty or Fight!” .qLF∞« vK´Ë WO∂¥¸b¢ ‹«¸Ëœ ŸU∂¢«
WKL∫∞« ¡UM£√ oK©√ ¸UF® ."q¢UÆ Ë√ ÊuF°¸√Ë WzULF°¸√ W´uLπ± .sO•öH∞« œU∫¢« / n. Farmers’ Alliances
ÊuG¥¸Ë√ W¥ôË w{«¸√ qØ ‚U∫∞S° W∂∞UDLK∞ WO°Uª∑≤ù« «uK߸√ sO•öH∞« ¸u±√ l± sOH©UF∑L∞« s± Ë√ sO´¸«eL∞« s±
.…b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞U° qzUº± s´ ”UM∞« nOI∏∑∞ Èdî√ v∞≈ WM¥b± s± s¥d{U∫±
…dOGÅ …√d±√ .·dF∞U° …bOI∑± dO¨ …U∑≠ / n. flapper .n¥d∞« ¸u±√Ë W´«¸e∞«
.‹UM¥dAF∞« ‰öî ÊbL∞« q≥√ ‹U≠dB¢Ë ¡U¥“√ XF∂∑¢ ,ÍuÆ rJ• b¥R¢ WOßUOß WHºK≠ .WO®UH∞« / n. fascism
UN¢¸u© WßUOß .Êd± qF≠ œ¸ / n. flexible response .ÍuÆ b∂∑º± rØU• WßUzd° wM©Ë ,ÍeØd±
W¥dJº´ œËœ¸ dOC∫¢ XMLC¢ ÍbOMOØ fOzd∞« …¸«œ≈ n. Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
‰ULF∑ß« vK´ eOØd∑∞« s± ôÎb° WO∞Ëb∞« ‹U±“_« vK´ WHK∑ª± WJ∂® W´UMÅ rEM¢ WµO≥ .WO∞«¸bH∞« ‹ôUB¢ù« WµO≥ /
.W¥ËuM∞« W∫Kß_« .Êu¥eHK∑∞«Ë W´«–ù« Y° UNO≠ UL° WOJ¥d±_« ‹ôUB¢ù«
tÆœUÅ l¥dA¢ .dØ«¸u≠ Êu≤UÆ / n. Foraker Act Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)
rJ∫∞« t∂§uL° …b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« XN≤√ 1990 ÂU´ ”dG≤uJ∞« ÂU´ XµA≤√ WµO≥ .WO∞«¸bH∞« ‹«dîbL∞« sO±Q¢ WØd® / n.
.WO≤b± W±uJ• X∂B≤Ë uJ¥¸u¢d¥u° w≠ ÍdJºF∞« s± ”UM∞« wL∫¢Ë WO≠dBL∞« œ«d≠_« ‹U°Uº• sO±Q∑∞ 1933
- w≤œ¸u≠ Âu߸ / n. Fordney-McCumber Tariff .·dBL∞« ”ö≠≈ Ë√ …¸«œ≈ ¡uß WπO∑M° …¸Uºª∞«
1922 ÂU´ ”dG≤uJ∞« UNÆbÒÅ sO≤«uÆ W´uLπ± .d∂±UØ „U± ·dBL∞« Êu≤UÆ / n. Federal Home Loan Bank Act
v∞≈ …œ¸u∑ºL∞« lzUC∂∞« vK´ Vz«dC∞« UN∂§uL° XF≠¸ t∂§uL° XCHî Ô 1931 ÂU´ ¸bÅ Êu≤UÆ .w∞«¸bH∞« ͸UIF∞«
s± WOJ¥d±_« W¥¸Uπ∑∞« ‰UL´_« W¥UL∫∞ p∞–Ë b• vBÆ√ …œU´S° sO´¸«eL∞« XMJ±Ë W¥¸UIF∞« ‹U≤U≥d∞« vK´ W∂ºM∞«
.WO∂M§_« Wº≠UML∞« ¸UIF∞« ŸU§d∑ß« w≠ rNI• ŸUO{ rN∂Mπ¢ Ë√ rN{ËdÆ q¥uL¢
W¥ôË v∞≈ q•¸ hª® .ÊuF°¸√Ë lßU∑∞« / n. forty-niner .Êu≥dL∞«
tO≠ ÊuJ¢ rJ• ÂUE≤ .ÍœU∫¢≈ ÂUE≤ / n. federalism

Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

.1848 ÂU´ t≠UA∑Ø« bF° ,V≥c∞« s´ UÎ∏∫° UO≤¸uHO∞UØ
·«b≥√ .…dA´ WF°¸_« ◊UIM∞« / n. Fourteen Points .‹U¥ôu∞« W±uJ•Ë WOM©u∞« W±uJ∫∞« sO° W´“u± WDKº∞«
.v∞Ë_« WOL∞UF∞« »d∫∞« bF° rKºK∞ "ÊuºK¥Ë ˸œËË" fOzd∞« rJ•Ë ¸u∑ßb∞« Ëb¥R± .Êu¥œU∫¢_« / n. Federalists
.dA´ l°«d∞« q¥bF∑∞« / n. Fourteenth Amendment .ÍuÆ wM©Ë
ARABIC

qØ qF§ ,1868 ÂU´ Íd§√ wJ¥d±_« ¸u∑ßb∞« vK´ q¥bF¢ ‹ôUIL∞« s± W´uLπ± .w∞«¸bH∞« / n. Federalist, The
s¥c∞« Ë√ …b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« w≠ ÊËb∞u¥ s¥c∞« ’Uª®_« s± Êu∑K±U≥ ¸bºMJ∞√ UN∂∑Ø .t•dA¢Ë ¸u∑ßb∞« s´ l≠«b¢
sOM©«u± - sOI°Uº∞« bO∂F∞« rNO≠ UL° ˙ UNO∞≈ ÊËd§UN¥ .w§ Êu§Ë Êuº¥œU± fLO§Ë
.sO≤«uIK∞ W¥ËUº∑± W¥UL• XML{Ë ,sOOJ¥d±√ ◊UO∑•ù« pM° ÂUE≤ / n. Federal Reserve System
t°U∫Å√ Èd∑®« ͸Uπ¢ qL´ .hOîd¢ / n. franchise rJ∫∑¥ 1913 ÂU´ fßQ¢ wK≥√ ·dB± ÂUE≤ .w∞«¸bH∞«
rN∑Ød® X∫∂Å√Ë UNπ≥UM±Ë Â_« WØdA∞« «bª∑ß« o• .W∞Ëb∞« w≠ bOÅd∞« dº Ò O¢Ë WOJ¥d±_« ‰«u±_« w©UO∑•U°
.WHK∑ª± lÆ«u± w≠ WK£UL± ‹UØd® s± …b•«Ë p∞c° ‹U≤UL∑zù« Êu≤UÆ / n. Federal Securities Act
W∞UØË .s¥¸d∫L∞« V∑J± / n. Freedmen’s Bureau ‹UØdA∞« vK´ ÷d≠ 1933 ÂU´ ¸bÅ Êu≤UÆ .w∞«¸bH∞«
»d∫∞« bF° s¥¸d∫L∞« bO∂F∞« …b´UºL∞ XºßQ¢ WO∞«¸b≠ .W{ËdFL∞« rNß_« qØ s´ W±U¢Ë W∫O∫Å ‹U±uKF± r¥bI¢
.WOK≥_« WµO≥ / n. Federal Trade Commission (FTC)
s± b•«Ë .W¥d∫∞« q§√ s± d≠Uº± / n. freedom rider 1914 ÂU´ XºßQ¢ WO∞«¸b≠ WµO≥ .WO∞«¸bH∞« …¸Uπ∑∞«
v∞≈ qÅË v∑• ‹ö≠U• Vظ WO≤bL∞« ‚uI∫K∞ .sOD®UM∞« .UN≠UI¥≈Ë W∞œUF∞« dO¨ W¥¸Uπ∑∞« ‰UL´_« W߸UL± s´ Íd∫∑K∞
.ÍdBMF∞« eOOL∑K∞ U¥b∫¢ p∞–Ë ‹UMO∑º∞« qz«Ë√ w≠ »uMπ∞« œUI∑´ù« .sOºMπ∞« sO° …«ËUºL∞« W¥dE≤ / n. feminism
1964 ÂU´ w≠ .W¥d∫∞« nOÅ / n. Freedom Summer UOßUOßË U¥œUB∑Æ« q§dK∞ W¥ËUº± …√dL∞« ÊuJ¢ Ê√ Vπ¥ t≤Q°
qOπº∑∞ WKL• WL∞UºL∞« WO°öD∞« oOºM∑∞« WMπ∞ XLE≤ .UO´UL∑§«Ë
.w∂OºOºO± W¥ôu° sO∂ª∑ML∞«

140 THE AMERICANS

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.ÊULK∑Mπ∞« WOÆUH¢« / n. Gentlemen’s Agreement d∂Ò´ …dJ≠ .‹¸u∂¥d≠ …bOI´ / n. Freeport Doctrine
ÊU°UO∞« W±uJ• UN∑±d°√ 1908 Ë 1907 w±U´ sO° WOÆUH¢« WIDM± Í√ ÊUJ±S° t≤√ ,1858 ÂU´ ”ö¨Ëœ sHO∑ß UNM´
.…b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« v∞≈ sOO≤U°UO∞« …dπ≥ s± b∫K∞ .U≥b¥R¢ sO≤«uÆ ¸«dÆ≈ i≠¸ œdπL° W¥œu∂F∞« ¡UG∞≈
b¥bπ¢ WOKL´ .WOM°√ b¥bπ¢ WOKL´ / n. gentrification »e• .…d∫∞« ÷¸_« »e• / n. Free-Soil Party
.WM¥bL∞« w≠ jßu∑± qîœ ËË– ”U≤√ UNJK∑L¥ …¸u≥b∑± WOM°√ w{«¸_« w≠ W¥œu∂F∞« œ«b∑±« nÆu∞ t¢U©UA≤ ”dØ wßUOß
.öîœ qÆ_« WI∂D∞« ÊUJß WO∫M¢ v∞≈ U≤UO•√ ÍœR¥ UL± .WOJ¥d±_«
»UDî .⁄d∂º∑O¨ »UDî / n. Gettysburg Address .dO∂F∑∞« W¥d• WØd• / n. Free Speech Movement
1863 d∂L≠u≤/w≤U∏∞« s¥dA¢ w≠ s∞uJM∞ ÂU≥«d°¬ ÁUI∞√ dON® 1964 ÂU´ w≠ X∂∂ß W{¸UFL∞« b¥bπ∞« ¸UºO∞« WLEM±
tOK´ ‹d§ Íc∞« lÆuL∞« w≠ WOM©Ë …d∂I± ¡«b≥≈ W∂ßUML° W¥ôu° wKØdO° WF±U§ w¥¸«œ≈Ë »öD∞« sO° «bDÅ«
.⁄d∂º∑O¨ WØdF± .UO≤¸uHO∞UØ
W´uLπ± tO≠ gOF¢ WM¥b± ¸«uπ° w• .u∑O¨ / n. ghetto sOOº≤dH∞« »d• / n. French and Indian War
.◊uG{ X∫¢ Ë√ …d∂π± ‹UOKÆ√ ÂU´ v∑• 1754 ÂU´ s± WO∞ULA∞« UJ¥d±√ w≠ Ÿ«e≤ .œuMN∞«Ë
rß« .sO°¸U∫L∞« ‚uI• Êu≤UÆ / n. GI Bill of Rights ;UO≤UD¥d°Ë Uº≤d≠ sO° ÂU´ Ÿ«dÅ s± «Î¡e§ ÊUØ 1763
ÂU´ ¸bÅ Íc∞« ‹U±bª∞« q¥bF¢ …œU´ù Êu≤UÆ vK´ oK©√ .WOº≤dH∞« «bMJ° ‹“U≠Ë Uº≤d≠ UO≤UD¥d° X±e≥
sO°¸U∫LK∞ W¥œUB∑Æ≈Ë WO≠UI£ ‹«b´Uº± s±√Ë 1994 Êu≤UÆ .bO∂F∞« …œ¸UD± Êu≤UÆ / n. Fugitive Slave Act
.WO≤U∏∞« WOL∞UF∞« »d∫∞« w≠ ¡U±bI∞« bO∂F∞« œ«œd∑ß« bO∂F∞« »U∫Å√ …b´UºL∞ 1850 ÂU´ ¸bÅ
)WOßËd∞U° ÕU∑H≤«( ."XßuMßö¨"/ n. glasnost .s¥¸UH∞«
œU∫¢ô« w≠ UN° `Lß Ô WO´UL∑§« lO{«uL∞ W•u∑H± WAÆUM± WOM¥œ WØd• .WO∞uÅ_« / n. Fundamentalism
.‹UMO≤UL∏∞« w≠ w∑OO≠uº∞« qOÅUH∑∞«Ë hBI∞« qØ Ê√ ÊUL¥ù« UNßUß√ tOÒ∑≤U∑º¢Ëd°
.‰UGO∑ß - ”ö¨ Êu≤UÆ / n. Glass-Steagall Act .·d∫° U≠d• W∫O∫Å w≥ qOπ≤ù« w≠ …œ¸«u∞«
‹«dîbL∞« sO±Q¢ WØd® fOßQ∑∞ 1933 ÂU´ ¸bÅ Êu≤UÆ
.WO≠dBL∞« œ«d≠_« ‹U°Uº• W¥UL∫∞ WO∞«¸bH∞«
W•U©ù« .…bOπL∞« …¸u∏∞« / n. Glorious Revolution
G
ÂU´ w≠ ."ÊbßœU¨" WIHÅ / n. Gadsden Purchase
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

rO∞Ë ‡° t∞«b∂∑ß«Ë w≤U∏∞« fLO§ ÍeOKJ≤ù« pKL∞U°

.1689 Ë 1688 sO° ͸U± Ë pOºJL∞« s± U{¸√ …b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« ‹d∑®« 1853
.WO∞U∫∞« WOJOºJL∞« - …b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« œËb• Xºß√Ë
s± dO∂Ø œb´ ÕËe≤ .v∂≥c∞« WLπ≥ / n. gold rush
.UNO≠ V≥c∞« ·UA∑Ø« r¢ WIDM± v∞≈ ”UM∞« WAÆUM± lML¢ Ë√ b∫¢ …b´UÆ .⁄UG∞« …b´UÆ / n. gag rule

ARABIC
.U± Ÿu{u±
r´b¥ w∞U± ÂUE≤ .w∂≥c∞« ”UOIL∞« / n. gold standard
.V≥c∞« s± sOF± ¸«bIL° ¸ôËœ qØ t∂§uL° General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
r¢ WO∞Ëœ WOÆUH¢« .…¸Uπ∑∞«Ë ÂußdK∞ W±UF∞« WOÆUH¢ô« / n.
dN™ rKO≠ ."`¥d∞« l± V≥–" / n. Gone with the Wind
1994 ÂU´ w≠Ë .1947 ÂU´ d±_« ∆œU° w≠ UNOK´ lOÆu∑∞«
‰öî »uMπ∞« w≠ Ÿ¸«eL∞« »U∫Å√ …UO• Z∞U´ 1939 ÂU´
s± …b¥b§ Wªº≤ Èdî√ ‰ËœË …b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« XMÒ∂¢
.‚ö©ù« vK´ Âö≠_« dN®√ s± - WOK≥_« »d∫∞«
W¥¸Uπ∑∞« e§«u∫∞« s± …b≥UFL∞« Ác≥ XHHî (GATT) ‡∞«
wßUOº∞« –uHM∞« «bª∑ß« .ŸËdA± dO¨ –uH≤ / n. graft q∫¢ w∑∞« WOL∞UF∞« …¸Uπ∑∞« WLEM± X£b•√Ë ‹U≠dF∑∞« q∏±
.WOBª® ÷«d¨_ w≤u≤UÆ dO¨ qJA° .W¥¸Uπ∑∞« ‹U´«eM∞«
iF° wHF¥ dO°b¢ .b Ò π∞« …dI≠ / n. grandfather clause q¥bF¢ .WOMOπ∞« WßbMN∞« / n. genetic engineering
- WI°Uß ·Ëd™ œu§Ë ”Uß√ vK´ U± Êu≤UÆ s± ”UM∞« Ÿ«u≤√ À«b•« q§√ s± w Ò • szUØ U¥öª∞ WOzeπ∞« WO§u∞uO∂∞«
‹U¥ôu∞« iF° ¸u∑ßœ w≠ UI°Uß ‹œ¸Ë …dI≠ WÅUª°Ë .‹U≤«uO∫∞«Ë ‹U¢U∂M∞«Ë U¥d∑J∂∞« s± …b¥b§
W±¸UB∞« »Uª∑≤ô« ◊Ëd® s± iO∂∞« XH´√ w∑∞« WO°uMπ∞«
Âöß …b≥UF± .nOM§ WOÆUH¢« / n. Geneva Accords
.j¥uº∑∞« s± sOOI¥d≠_« ÊUJ¥d±_« lML∞ XF{Ë bÆ X≤UØ
X∫¢ WO∞ULA∞« ÂUM∑OO≠ v∞≈ ÂUM∑OO≠ XLº Ò Æ 1954 ÂU´ w≠
WLEM± - ͸b≤U°“U≥ œUOß√ .Z≤«d¨ W´UL§ / n. Grange r∑¢ sO∫∞ WO´uO® dO¨ WO°uMπ∞« ÂUM∑OO≠Ë sOO´uOA∞« …dDOß
W°¸U∫± Êu•öH∞« UN∞öî s± ‰ËU• ,WO≠UI£Ë WO´UL∑§≈ .1956 ÂU´ bO•u∑∞« ‹U°Uª∑≤« W±UÆ≈
.dA´ lßU∑∞« ÊdI∞« dî«Ë√ w≠ W¥b¥b∫∞« pJº∞« ÈuÆ
WLEM±Ë …bÒLF∑± …œU°≈ .WO´UL§ …œU°≈ / n. genocide
.WOM¥œ Ë√ WOM©Ë Ë√ WMOF± WOÆd´ W´uLπL∞

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.WƸU• W¥Ëu≤ WOMO§Ë¸b¥U≥ WK∂MÆ ."H" WK∂MÆ / n. H-bomb W¥«Ë¸ .VCG∞« bOÆUM´ / n. Grapes of Wrath, The
.W¥¸c∞« WK∂MI∞« s± dO∏J° ÈuÆ√ Ÿu{u± Z∞UF¢ 1939 ÂU´ w≠ ‹dA≤ p∂M¥U∑ß Êu§ V¢UJK∞
WØd® WßUOß .œdH∞« o• ÂUE≤ / n. headright system XNπ¢«Ë "¸U∂G∞« WIDM±" XØd¢ U±u≥öØË√ W¥ôË w≠ WKzU´
qJ∞Ë s©u∑º± qJ∞ ÷¸_« s± Ê«b≠ sOºLî `ML° UOMO§d≠ .UO≤¸uHO∞UØ v∞≈
.ÁuI≠«¸ s¥c∞« t∑KzU´ œ«d≠√ s± œd≠ ¡UO•≈ .Èd∂J∞« WEIO∞« / n. Great Awakening
Vº∫° w´UL∑§« VO¢d¢ .w±d≥ qºKº¢ / n. hierarchy sO° U± WOJ¥d±_« ‹«dLF∑ºL∞« Èb∞ WOM¥b∞« fOßU•_«
.WO´UL∑§ô« WI∂D∞« Ë√ W∂¢d∞« .1750 Ë 1730 «u´_«
WJ∂® .tMO± w® u≥ dL± / n. Ho Chi Minh Trail ‚UH¢« .Èd∂J∞« W¥uº∑∞« / n. Great Compromise
œU∑´Ë œuM§ qIM∞ ÊuO∞ULA∞« ÊuO±UM∑OH∞« UN±bª∑ß« ‹«dL± s± WOM©Ë WOF¥dA¢ WµO≥ fOßQ∑∞ ͸u∑ßb∞« dL¢RL∞«
.ÂUM∑OO≠ »uM§ w≠ m≤uJ∑OOH∞« v∞≈ w≠ U¥ËUº∑± öO∏L¢ ‹U¥ôu∞« qJ∞ ÊuJ¥ YO∫° sOºKπ±
sOOJ¥d±_« s± W´uLπ± ."ÂUØu≥u≥" / n. Hohokam w≠ UN≤UJß œb´ vK´ UOM∂± öO∏L¢ W¥ôË qJ∞Ë ‰Ë_« fKπL∞«
u≥ U±( "öO§"Ë "X∞Uß" ÍdN≤ Íœ«Ë w≠ X®U´ sOOKÅ_« .w≤U∏∞« fKπL∞«
v∑•Ë œöOL∞« q∂Æ 300 w∞«u• s± .)U≤Ëe¥¸√ W¥ôË ÂuO∞« s± X±«œ …d∑≠ .dO∂J∞« œUºJ∞« / n. Great Depression
.W¥œöO± 1400 wJ¥d±_« œUB∑Æù« UNO≠ ¸u≥b¢ 1940 ÂU´ v∑•Ë 1929 ÂU´
œuN® …dA´ .œuO∞u≥ s± …dA´ / n. Hollywood Ten .qLF∞« s´ sOK©U´ sOOJ¥d±_« sO¥ö± ÊUØË œU• qJA°
HUAC ‹UIOI∫¢ ¡UM£√ ÊËUF∑∞« «uC≠¸ Âö≠_« …¸Uπ¢ s± vK´ …dπ≥ .…dO∂J∞« …dπN∞« / n. Great Migration
.œuO∞u≥ w≠ w´uOA∞« dO£Q∑∞« s´ ÊdI∞« qz«Ë√ w≠ WƸU≠_« ÊuO≤UJ¥d±_« UN° ÂUÆ ‰U´ Èu∑º±
UNO≠ ÂUÆ WO´UL§ q∑Æ WOKL´ .WÆd∫L∞« / n. Holocaust .s¥dAF∞«
p∞cØË œuNO∞« q∑I° WO≤U∏∞« WOL∞UF∞« »d∫∞« ‰öî Êu¥“UM∞« U± …b∑LL∞« WIDML∞« .Èd∂J∞« ‰uNº∞« / n. Great Plains
.Èdî√ WOÆd´ ‹U´uLπ± s± sO¥ö± wØ˸( W¥dªB∞« ‰U∂π∞«Ë «bMØ v∑• ôUL® ͸ËeO± dN≤ sO°
rJ∫° W¥ôu∞« …uÆ .W¥ôu∞« WDKß / n. home rule .)eM∑≤ËU±
.WO∞«¸bH∞« W±uJ∫∞« qîb¢ ÊËœ UNOM©«u± Á√b° Z±U≤d° .rOEF∞« lL∑πL∞« / n. Great Society
Êu≤UÆ .÷¸_« hOBª¢ Êu≤UÆ / n. Homestead Act ,sOMºL∞«Ë ,¡«dIH∞« …b´UºL∞ Êuº≤u§ ÊbMO∞ fOzd∞«

Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

·ô¬ WF°¸√ ÍËUº¥ dØ_«( dج 160 `M± 1862 ÂU´ ¸bÅ ‹U¥ôu∞« w≠ eOOL∑∞« qD°√Ë W≠UI∏∞« ¸u© ULØ ,¡UºM∞«Ë
UNOK´ gOF¥ Ê√ w{¸ s± qJ∞ UÎ≤Uπ± w{«¸_« s± )l°d± d∑± .…b∫∑L∞«
qO㧛 Ád£√ vK´ r¢ Êu≤UÆ .‹«uMß fLî …bL∞ U≥dL∏∑º¥Ë
«c≥ ÍuÆ .WÅUî WOJKL° «u∂∞U© s¥c∞« sOM©u∑ºL∞« œ«b´√ H
ARABIC

rNÆuI• W߸ULL∞ œ«d≠_« lOπA∑∞ 1889 ÂU´ Êu≤UI∞«

.W±uJ∫∞« w{«¸√ øUî rNO{«¸√ qOπº¢Ë WÅUª∞« WOJKL∞U° vK´ ÷dH¥ WLJ∫± d±√ .‰u∏± d±√ / n. habeas corpus
WLJ∫L∞« sJL∑¢ wØ t∑LØU∫± q∂Æ sOπß ¸UC•≈ ‹UDKº∞«
"¸bK° b≤ËU±" W´uLπ± ."q¥Ë »u≥" / n. Hopewell
.w≤u≤UÆ qJA° eπ∑•« bÆ sOπº∞« ÊUØ «–≈ ULO≠ ¸dI¢ Ê√
q∂Æ 200 w∞«u• s± ‹d≥œ“«Ë u¥U≥Ë√ dN≤ Íœ«Ë U≥eØd±
.W¥œöO± 400 v∑•Ë œöOL∞« ÊUß w≠ rOKÆ≈ .͸u∂®¬ - X¥U≥ / n. Haight-Ashbury
‰öî W¥œu§u∞« WLÅU´ bF° ULO≠ `∂Å√ uJºOº≤d≠
‹UØd® Z±œ .wI≠√ ¡UL∑≤« / n. horizontal integration
.‹UMO∑º∞«
.WK£UL± ‹U§u∑M± lMÒB¢
w≠ ¸U≥œ“« ."r∞¸U≥" WCN≤ / n. Harlem Renaissance
fß√ ‹ôUB¢« jî .sîUº∞« jª∞« / n. hot line
,‹UM¥dAF∞« ‰öî sOOI¥d≠_«-ÊUJ¥d±ú∞ wMH∞« Ÿ«b°ù«
…œUI∞« l± ‰UB¢ôU° ÊUJ¥d±_« …œUIK∞ `Lº¥ 1963 ÂU´
.„¸u¥uO≤ WM¥bL° r∞¸U≥ w• w≠ ‹eØd¢
.‹U±“_« XÆË XOO≠uº∞«
…b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« „«d∑®« b¥√ hª® .dIÅ / n. hawk
House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)
‹«uI∞« œb´ …œU¥“ UJ¥dL√ vK´ Ê√ bI∑´«Ë .ÂUM∑OO≠ »d∫°
UJ¥d±_ …œUCL∞« ‹U©UAM∞« w≠ oOI∫∑∞« WMπ∞ / n.
.UN∫°d∑∞ W¥dJºF∞«
Ÿu{u± w≠ oOI∫∑∞U° X±UÆ ”dG≤uJ∞« w≠ WMπ∞ .(HUAC)
w≠ WOJ¥d±_« W±uJ∫∞« øUîË qî«œ sOO´uOA∞« –uH≤ - w∞ËU≥" r߸ Êu≤UÆ / n. Hawley-Smoot Tariff Act
.WO≤U∏∞« WOL∞UF∞« »d∫∞« XK¢ w∑∞« «u´_« W¥UL• Âußd∞« d∏Ø√ qJ® 1930 ÂU´ ¸bÅ Êu≤UÆ ."‹uLß
qî«œ ÍœUB∑Æù« œUºJ∞« ¡uß s± œ«“ UL± UJ¥d±√ a¥¸U¢ w≠
‹UÆuI∫∞« .ÊUº≤ù« ‚uI• / n. human rights
.UN§¸UîË UJ¥d±√
‚U∏O±Ë ‰öI∑ßô« Êö´« w≠ ‹dØ– w∑∞UØ ‹U¥d∫∞«Ë
.s©«u± qØ o• s± w≥ w∑∞«Ë ,‚uI∫∞«

142 THE AMERICANS

5AraGloss.TheAmerican 1/21/04 4:18 PM Page 143

W¥ËuM∞« ÈuI∞« …b≥UF± .INF …b≥UF± / n. INF Treaty

…b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« sO° ÂU´ X±d°√ WOÆUH¢« - ÈbL∞« WDßu∑± I
X∫LßË `Kº∑∞« WLE≤√ iF° s± ‹bÒ• w∑OO≠uº∞« œU∫¢ô«Ë ÂUF∞ …dπN∞« Êu≤UÆ / n. Immigration Act of 1965
.W¥dJºF∞« ‹«eONπ∑∞« lÆ«u± gO∑H∑° rN∞ `Lß s¥c∞« s¥d§UNL∞« œb´ s± œ«“ Êu≤UÆ .1965
Õ«d∑ÆU° sO∂ª∑MLK∞ `Lº¢ WOKL´ .…¸œU∂± / n. initiative .…b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« w≠ ÊUDO∑ßôU°
.sO≤«uI∞« wF≤UÅ o¥d© s´ fO∞Ë d®U∂± qJA° Êu≤UÆ U± hªA∞ wL߸ ÂUN¢« .wL߸ ÂUN¢« / v. impeach
dO°b¢ .jOºI∑∞U° l≠b∞« ÂUE≤ / n. installment plan fKπLK∞ .WO±uJ∫∞« ‹U∂§«uK∞ ¡«œ_«Ë „uKº∞« …¡UßS°
Ê√ ÊËœ q¥u© Èb± vK´ U©UºÆ√ l≠b¥ Ê√ ͸UAK∞ `Lº¥ .sOO∞«¸b≠ sOH™u± ÂUN¢« o• Áb•Ë wF¥dA∑∞«
.¡«dA∞« XÆË ‰UL∞« s± dO∂Ø mK∂± l≠b∞ dDC¥ n™u± ÂUN¢« WOKL´ .ÂUN¢« WOKL´ / n. Impeachment
WFDÆ .W{ËUF∑± WFDÆ / n. interchangeable part .r£≈ »UJ¢¸U° w±uJ•
.Èdî√ WFDI∞ UαUL¢ WK£UL± UN∞öî s± ÂuI¢ WßUOß .WO∞U¥d∂±ù« / n. imperialism
‹√b° ‚UDM∞« WOL∞U´ d¢uO∂LØ WJ∂® .X≤d∑≤« / n. Internet qzUßu∞U° Èdî√ ‰Ëœ vK´UN¢dDOß bL° W¥uI∞« ‰Ëb∞«
`Lº¢Ë d¢uO∂LJ∞« ‹UJ∂® qB¢ WOJ¥d±_« ŸU≠b∞« …¸«“Ë w≠ .W¥dJºF∞«Ë WOßUOº∞«Ë W¥œUB∑Æù«
.‹«uÅ_«Ë ¸uB∞«Ë ’uBMK∞ d®U∂± t∂® ‰U߸« .W±UF∞«W∫KBL∞« q§√ s± …¸œUB± / n. impressment
.WØd• bOOI¢ Ë√ eπ• .W¥d∫∞«eπ• / n. internment .W¥dJºF∞« W±bª∞« v∞« …uI∞U° ‰U§d∞« V∫ß
.»d∫∞« s±“ w≠ WÅUª°Ë sOOKÅ_« UJ¥d±√ q≥√ s± W´uLπ± .UJ≤ù« / n. Inca
sO° …¸Uπ∑∞« Êu≤UÆ / n. Interstate Commerce Act ‹b∑±« W¥¸u©«d∂±« W¥œöO± 1400 ÂU´ w∞«u• «ËQA≤√
W±uJ∫∞« o• XO∂∏¢ œU´√ 1887 ÂU´ ¸bÅ Êu≤UÆ .‹U¥ôu∞« UJ¥d±_ w°dG∞« q•Uº∞« ‰u© vK´ U∂¥dI¢ qO± 2500
QA≤√Ë W¥b¥b∫∞« pJº∞« ‹U©UA≤ vK´ ·«d®ùU° WO∞«¸bH∞« .WO°uMπ∞«
ÂUOIK∞ ¡UC´√ WºLî s± WH∞R± ‹U¥ôu∞« sO° W¥¸Uπ¢ WMπ∞ `{«Ë ¡u{ dA≤ .W¥¸«d• …¡U{≈ / adj. incandescent
.WLNL∞« ÁcN° .sOªº¢ WπO∑M°
W´uLπ± .◊«d≠ù« sO≤«uÆ / n. Intolerable Acts ‰UL∞« vK´ W∂¥d{ .qîœ W∂¥d{ / n. income tax
ÍdLF∑º± W∂ÆUFL∞ 1774 ÂU´ ÊUL∞d∂∞« U≥¸bÅ√ sO≤«uÆ .Vº∑JL∞«
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

."sDßu° ÍU® WKH•" vK´ f∑Oßu®UßU± W¥ôË .‚UH¢« V§uL° Âbª∑º± / n. indentured servant
UNKLF∑ß« WKL§ .Íb¥b∫∞« ¸U∑º∞« / n. iron curtain dHº∞« ‹UIH≤ ¡UI∞dî¬ hªA∞ t¢U±bî ÂbI¥ hª®
qBH¥ wL≥Ë jî nÅu∞ 1946 ÂU´ q®dA¢ Êu∑º≤Ë .WAOFL∞«u|ËQL∞«Ë
WOÆdA∞« U°Ë¸Ë√ s± WO∑OO≠uº∞« WK∑J∞« w≠ WO´uOA∞« ‰Ëb∞« .œuMN∞« sO©u¢ …œU´« Êu≤UÆ / n. Indian Removal Act

ARABIC
.WO°dG∞« U°Ë¸Ë√ ‰Ëœ s´ ‚d® w≠ sOOKÅ_« ÊUJ¥d±_« d∂§√ 1830 ÂU´ ¸bÅ Êu≤UÆ
œuMN∞« s± qzU∂Æ W´uLπ± ."ÍuØËd¥¬" / n. Iroquois .WO°dG∞« w{«¸_« v∞≈ ‰UI∑≤ô« vK´ w∂OºOºL∞« dN≤
UJOMOßË ,U¨«b≤u≤Ë√Ë ,«bO≤Ë√Ë ,„u≥u±Ë ,U¨u¥UØ dL∫∞« dOOG¢ .WO´UMB∞« …¸u∏∞« / n. Industrial Revolution
.WOÆdA∞« vLEF∞« ‹«dO∫∂∞« WIDM± w≠ gOF¢ X≤UØ ‹ôü« ‰ULF∑ß« s´ Z∑≤ ÍœUB∑Æù«Ë w´UL∑§ù« ÂUEM∞« w≠
…d¥eπ∞« w≠ bL∫± w∂M∞« UNKJ® W≤U¥œ .Âößù« / n. Islam ‚UD≤ vK´ .w´UMB∞« ÃU∑≤ù« ¸uD¢Ë ,Íb¥_« q∫± WO´UMB∞«
.ÊuLKºL∞« U≥uIM∑F± vLº¥Ë ,ÍœöO± 622 ÂU´ WO°dF∞« .lß«Ë
‹UJ°UA¢ W{¸UF± .W¥œ«dH≤ù« / n. isolationism œU∫¢« / n. Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)
.Èdî√ ‰Ëœ l± W¥œUB∑Æ«Ë WOßUOß UN∑KJ® s¥d≥UL∞« dO¨ ‰ULFK∞ WOL∞U´ WLEM± .r∞UF∞« ‰UL´
ÂU´ sOOØ«d∑®ù«Ë sOO∞uÅ_« sO¥œU∫¢ù« s± W´uLπ±
J .1905
lzUC∂∞« ¸UFß√ ŸUH¢¸« .w∞U± rªC¢ / n. inflation
n. Japanese American Citizens League (JACL) .‰«u±_« …œU¥“ s´ Z∑≤ WO∞UL∞« WLOI∞« w≠ ◊u∂≥Ë ‹U±bª∞«Ë
W±uJ∫∞« XF≠œ WLEM± .sOO≤U°UO∞« sOJ¥d±_« W∂B´ / .‹ôUB¢« WJ∂® / n. information superhighway
÷«¸√ s´ w≤U°U¥ qÅ√ s± ÊUJ¥d±_« i¥uF∑∞ WOJ¥d±_« d¢uO∂LJ∞« vK´ ‹ôUB¢≈ WJ∂® .W´dº∞« WO∞U´ WO¢U±uKF±
.WO≤U∏∞« WOL∞UF∞« »d∫∞« ‰öî «uKI∑´« U±bM´ U≥Ëdºî œ«d≠_« œËe¢Ë r∞UF∞« ¡U∫≤√ qØ w≠ ‹UºßRL∞«Ë ”UM∞« qB¢
.‰Uπ¢¸ùU° ‹eOL¢ …b¥b§ vIOßu± Ÿu≤ .“U§ / n. jazz .¸U∂î_«Ë Âö≠_«Ë ‚uº∑∞«Ë ‹U∂∑JL∞« q∏± ‹U±bª°

MULTI-LANGUAGE GLOSSARY 143

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»d• .VOKO≠ pKL∞« »d• / n. King Philip’s War sO≤«uÆ ."Ë«dØ rO§"sO≤«uÆ / n. Jim Crow Laws
ÂU´ sOOKÅ_« sOOJ¥d±_«Ë bMKπ≤√ uO≤ ‹«dLF∑º± sO° ‹¸«œ ‰eF∞ WOK∫L∞« ‹U±uJ∫∞«Ë WO°uMπ∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« w≠ XI∂©
fOz¸ ÂuØU∑O± …œUOÆ X∫¢ «Ëb∫¢« s¥c∞« 1676 - 1675 .WÅUª∞« WOM°_«Ë W±UF∞« sØU±_« w≠ œuº∞« s´ iO∂∞«
.⁄«u≤U∂±«Ë WKO∂Æ .WØd∑A± rNßQ° WØd® / n. joint-stock companies
.…b•«Ë WKzU´ œ«d≠√ sO° j°«Ë¸ .W°«dÆ / n. kinship q§√ s± rN¢«Ëd∏° ÊËdL∏∑ºL∞« r≥Uº¥ YO• W¥¸Uπ¢ WOKL´
·dF¥ô Íc∞«" »e• / n. Know-Nothing Party .WØd∑A± W¥U¨
«u´_« ‰öî fßQ¢ wJ¥d±√ »e• vK´ oK©√ rß« ."UεO® ,sLÒN∑L∞« ÂUE≤ Vº∫° .ÂËUO± q±U´ / n. journeyman
.wßUOº∞« s¥d§UNL∞« –uH≤ s± hKIO∞ .1850 .dO∂î rKF± Èb∞ qLF¥ d≥U± ÂU´
‰u© vK´ …dOGÅ p∞UL± W´uLπ± .uG≤uØ / n. Kongo w±uJ• Ÿd≠ .WOzUCI∞« WDKº∞« / n. judicial branch
…œUOÆ X∫¢ ‹b∫¢« ,UOI¥d≠√ »d¨ jßË w≠ dOz«“ q•Uß .¸u∑ßb∞«Ë sO≤«uI∞« dºH¥
.1400 «u´√ dî«Ë√ w≠ b•«Ë hª® WDKß .WOzUCÆ dE≤ …œU´≈ / n. judicial review
U¥¸uØ sO° Ÿ«e≤ .W¥¸uJ∞« »d∫∞« / n. Korean War t° ÂuI¥ U± qL´ ÊUØ «–≈ ULO≠ d¥dI∑° UOKF∞« WLJ∫L∞«
ÂU´ v∑•Ë 1950 ÂU´ s± «œ WO°uMπ∞« U¥¸uØË WO∞ULA∞« .͸u∑ßœ dO¨ ”dG≤uJ∞«
Èdî√ ‰Ëœ …b´UºL° …b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« X°¸U• ;1953 .1789 ÂUF∞ ¡UCI∞« Êu≤UÆ / n. Judiciary Act of 1789
sOO°uMπ∞« sO¥¸uJ∞« V≤U§ v∞≈ ,…b∫∑L∞« r±_« w≠ ¡UC´√ WO∞«¸bH∞« WLJ∫L∞« “UN§ qOJA¢ t∂§uL° r¢ Êu≤UÆ
.sOO∞ULA∞« sO¥¸uJ∞« V≤U§ v∞≈ sOB∞« X°¸U• sO• w≠ ‹«¸«dÆ iF° ·UMµ∑ß« q§√ s± vFß UOKF∞« WLJ∫L∞«Ë
ÃU§e∞« WKO∞ Ë√ ‰U∑º¥dJ∞« WKO∞" / n. Kristallnacht .WO∞«¸bH∞« rØU∫L∞« v∞≈ W¥ôu∞« WLJ∫±
d∂L≠u≤/w≤U∏∞« s¥dA¢ 9 WKO∞ vK´ oK©√ rß« ."¸uºJL∞« .1801 ÂUF∞ ¡UCI∞« Êu≤UÆ / n. Judiciary Act of 1801
sO¥“UM∞« WHÅUF∞« œuM§ ‹U°UB´ XL≥«œ U±bM´ ,1938 `Lß UL± ,sOO∞«¸bH∞« ÂUJ∫∞« œb´ …œU¥“ tM´ Z∑≤ Êu≤UÆ
.UO≤UL∞√ w≠ r≥b°UF±Ë œuNO∞« V¢UJ±Ë ‰“UM± ’Uª®Q° …b¥bπ∞« d¨«uA∞« rEF± bº° e±«œ¬ Êu§ fOzdK∞
WLEM± ."ÊöØ fØöØ uØ" / n. Ku Klux Klan (KKK) .sOO∞«¸b≠
iO°_« ‚dF∞« …dDOß …œU´ù WO°U≥¸≈ VO∞Uß√ XF∂¢« W¥dß .dOKJMß s∑°√ UN∂∑Ø W¥«Ë¸ .‰U¨œ_« / n. Jungle, The
.W¥U≥_« »d∫∞« bF° WO°uMπ∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« w≠ …bßUH∞«Ë …dODª∞« ·ËdE∞« ¸uB¢ .1906 ÂU´ ‹dA≤
ÊUJ¥d±_« s± W´uLπ± .U¢uOØ«uØ / n. Kwakiutl

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.ÊU±e∞« p∞– w≠ Âu∫K∞« VOKF¢ W´UMÅ w≠ …bzUº∞«
WO∞ULA∞« WOK•Uº∞« WIDML∞« w≠ ÊuMJº¥ «u≤UØ sOOKÅ_«
.WO∞ULA∞« UJ¥d±_ WO°dG∞«
K
ARABIC

L w≠ ◊U∂¢¸ô« Ë√ ◊¸u∑∞« .“UJO±UJ∞« / adj. kamikaze

.ÍdJº´ ·b≥ w≠ q°UMI∞U° …¡uKL± …dzUD∞ bLF∑± dOπH¢
`ML¢ ŸUA± ÷¸√ WFDÆ .÷¸_« W∫M± / n. land grant - ”Uº≤UØ w∑¥ôË Êu≤UÆ / n. Kansas-Nebraska Act
.WLEML∞ Ë√ U± hªA∞ W¥b≥ w∑¥ôË w{«¸√ œb• 1854 ÂU´ ¸bÅ Êu≤UÆ .UJß«d∂≤
ÂUF∞ ÷¸_« Êu≤UÆ / n. Land Ordinance of 1785 ÕULº∞« d¥dI¢ o• ÊUJº∞« vD´√Ë UJß«d∂≤Ë ”Uº≤UØ
w∑∞« w{«¸_« lO°Ë W∂Æ«dL∞ WDî QA≤√ Êu≤UÆ .1785 .W¥œu∂F∞U°
.w®ôU°ü« ‰U∂§ »d¨ w≠ ÊuO∞«¸bH∞« UNJK∑L¥ »uF® s± .u±u° U¥U®UØ / n. Kashaya Pomo
WOßUOß WLEM± ."«bO≤u¥ «“«¸ ô" / n. La Raza Unida ‹UFIM∑ºL∞« w{«¸√ o°Uº∞« w≠ «uMJß sOOKÅ_« ÊUJ¥d±_«
.1970 ÂU´ e¥dOO¢u§ qπ≤¬ t¥“uî UNºß√ WOMO¢ô .UO≤¸uHO∞UØ Êü« vLº¢ w∑∞« WIDML∞« w≠ WOK•Uº∞«
WO∞Ëœ WLEM± .r±_« W∂B´ / n. League of Nations WF±U§ .XMØ W¥ôË WF±U§ / n. Kent State University
.Âöº∞«Ë w∞Ëb∞« ÊËUF∑∞« e¥eF∑∞ 1920 ÂU´ XºßQ¢ vK´ ¸UM∞« wM©u∞« ”d∫∞« ‰U§¸ `∑≠ YO• u¥U≥Ë√ W¥ôË w≠
Ÿd≠ .WOF¥dA∑∞« WDKº∞« / n. legislative branch u¥U±/¸U¥√ 4 w≠ ÂUM∑OO≠ »d• «u{¸U´ s¥c∞« »öD∞«
.sO≤«uI∞« ¸bB¥ w±uJ• .WF°¸√ q∑I±Ë »ö© WFº¢ W°UÅ≈ UNM´ rπ≤ ,1970
Êu≤UÆ .dO§Q∑∞«Ë …¸U´ù« Êu≤UÆ / n. Lend-Lease Act UNMO´ W´uLπ± .d≤dØ WµO≥ / n. Kerner Commission
W∫Kß√ s∫A° …b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôuK∞ `Lß 1941 ÂU´¸bÅ XÅË√Ë WM¥bL∞« w≠ nMF∞« »U∂ß√ Wß«¸b∞ Êuº≤u§ fOzd∞«
cîQ¢ Ê√ ÊËœ ,¸u∫L∞« ÈuÆ »¸U∫¢ w∑∞« ‰Ëb∞« v∞≈ œU∑´Ë .wJ¥d±_« lL∑πL∞« w≠ eOOL∑∞« s± hKª∑∞U°
.…d®U∂± UNML£

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qB¥ Âö´≈ .W¥dO≥UL§ Âö´≈ qzUßË / n. mass media »¸Uπ¢ dE• …b≥UF± / n. Limited Test Ban Treaty
bz«dπ∞«Ë Êu¥eHK∑∞« q∏± .dO≥ULπ∞« s± œb´ d∂Ø√ v∞≈ s± qØ UNO≠ XI≠«Ë 1963 ÂU´ X±d°√ …b≥UF± .…œËb∫±
.u¥œ«d∞«Ë ¡«d§« Âb´ vK´ w∑OO≠uº∞« œU∫¢ô«Ë …b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞«
ÃU∑≤« .lß«Ë ‚UD≤ vK´ ÃU∑≤« / n. mass production .uπ∞« w≠ W¥Ëu≤ W∫Kß√ »¸Uπ¢
‹ôü« «bª∑ßU° UMJL± `∂Å√ WLª{ ‹UOLJ° lzUC° b§ s± «Ë¸b∫≤« ”UM∞« s± W´uLπ± .Vº≤ / n. lineage
.qLF∞« l¥“u∑°Ë .„d∑A±
‹öÅ«u± WLE≤√ .rª{ qI≤ “UN§ / n. mass transit ‚u≠ lODI∞« ‚uß WOKL´ .q¥uD∞« ‚uº∞« / n. long drive
‹UÆd© sL{ ”UM∞« s± WLª{ œ«b´√ qIM∞ XBBî .s∫A∞« eØd± v∞≈ W¥b¥b∫∞« pJº∞«
.…œb∫± q¥u© ,ÍuÆ lODÆ s± qº≤ .ÊdI∞« q¥u© / n. longhorn
…œU´ ÊuJ¥ d≥U± q±U´ .rKFL∞« - bOº∞« / n. master ŒUML∞« l± ¡ö∑¥Ë pOºJL∞« v∞≈ ÊU∂ßù« ÁdC•√ ÊdI∞«
.s¥dî¬ ôULÒ´ n™u¥Ë ͸Uπ¢ ŸËdA± V•UÅ .w°dG∞« »uMπ∞« w≠ ·Uπ∞«
sOOKÅ_« ÊUJ¥d±_« »uF® s± .U¥UL∞« / n. Maya WOKL´ .U≤U¥e¥u∞ W¥ôË ¡«d® / n. Louisiana Purchase
sO° ÊU¢uØu¥ …d¥e§ t∂®Ë ôULO¢«u¨ w≠ rN¢¸UC• ‹d≥œ“« s± b∑L¢Ë .1803 ÂU´ w≠ Uº≤d≠ s± U≤U¥e¥u∞ w{«¸√ ¡«d®
.W¥œöO± 900 Ë 250 15 mK∂L° "s∑≤ËU± wØ˸" ‰U∂§ WIDM± v∞« w∂OºOºOL∞« dN≤
ÊËœ …œU´ ,‹ULπ≥ .W¥d£¸¬ „UL∞« / n. McCarthyism .¸ôËœ ÊuOK±
ÁdO¨Ë d£¸¬ „U± n¥“u§ ¸u¢UMOº∞« UN° ÂUÆ ÍœU± qO∞œ œu§Ë «Ëb≤Uß ÊuOJ¥d±√ ÊËdLF∑º± .ÊuO∞«uL∞« / n. Loyalist
.‹UMOºLª∞« qz«Ë√ w≠ ,sOO´uO® rN≤Q° pA¥Ô ”U≤ vK´ .WOJ¥d±_« …¸u∏∞« ¡UM£√ sOO≤UD¥d∂∞«
b{ „u∞uØ „U± / n. McCulloch v. Maryland WO≤UD¥d° »Uظ …dîU° .UO≤U∑Oßu∞ / n. Lusitania
UOKF∞« WLJ∫L∞« UNO≠ XLJ• 1819 ÂU´ WOCÆ .b≤ö¥dO± .1915 ÂU´ "u¥" “«d© s± WO≤UL∞√ …dîU° UN∑Æd¨√
pM° vK´ Âu߸ ÷d≠ o• b≤ö¥dO± W¥ôu∞ fO∞ t≤Q°
WO∞«¸bH∞« W±uJ∫∞« WDKß «cN° WL´«œ ,…b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞«
.œUB∑Æù« «c≥ vK´ M
¸«dÆ .Âu∫K∞« WM¥UF± ¸«dÆ / n. Meat Inspection Act UNOK´ vE∫¥ ·dÒB¢ WO•öÅ .i¥uH¢ / n. mandate
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

W≠UE≤ ◊Ëd® Âu∫K∞« w∂KF± vK´ X{d≠ 1906 ÂU´ ¸bÅ .tO∂îU≤ s± Vª∑M± n™u±
.Âu∫K∞« WM¥UFL∞ w∞«¸b≠ Z±U≤d° ‹UA≤√Ë W±¸UÅ Z±U≤d° ."s¢UN≤U±" ŸËdA± / n. Manhattan Project
d≠u¥ 1965 ÂU´ fßQ¢ Z±U≤d° .bOJ¥bO± / n. Medicaid »d∫∞« ¡UM£√ UN∞ULF∑ß«Ë W¥¸– WK∂MÆ ¡UM∂∞ l{ËÔ W¥UGK∞ Ídß
.W∞Ëb∞« s± ‘UF≤« V¢«¸ Êu{UI∑¥ sL∞ UO∫Å UMO±Q¢ .WO≤U∏∞« WOL∞UF∞«

ARABIC
ÂU´ fßQ¢ w∞«¸b≠ Z±U≤d° .dOJ¥bO± / n. Medicare ÊdI∞« w≠ œUß œUI∑´≈ .wK§ ¸bÆ / n. manifest destiny
w∫Å sO±Q¢Ë vHA∑ºL∞« ‹UIHM∞ UMO±Q¢ d≠u¥ 1965 U°d¨ ‰U∫± ô b∑L∑ß …b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« ÊQ° dAF∞« lßU∑∞«
.‚u≠ U±Ë 65 dLF° sOOJ¥d±ú∞ …bO≥“ ¸UFßQ° .WOJOºJL∞« w{«¸_« qî«œË ÍœUN∞« jO∫L∞« vK«
s± ”UM∞« s± Z¥e± .WI¢u∂∞« bK∂∞« / n. melting pot ."Êuº¥œU±" b{ "͸u°¸U±" / n. Marbury v. Madison
rN∑G∞ s´ rNOKª∑° UF± Ãe∑L¢ WHK∑ª± .‚«d´√Ë ‹U≠UI£ o∫∞« UN∞ ÊQ° 1803 ÂU´ UOKF∞« WLJ∫L∞« UNO≠ ‹dÆ√ WOCÆ
.rN¢«œU´Ë WOKÅ_« X≠d´ .W¥¸u∑ßœ dO¨ sO≤«uÆ UN≤ö´≈ œdπL° sO≤«uÆ ‰UD°S°
ÍœUB∑Æ≈ ÂUE≤ .͸Uπ∑∞« √b∂L∞« / n. mercantilism ."wzUCÆ dE≤ …œU´≈" rßS° bF° ULO≠
‰uB∫∞« o¥d© s´ UN¢uÆË U≥UM¨ …œU¥e° t∂§uL° ‰Ëb∞« ÂuI¢ w≠ rª{ dOOG¢ .‚uº∞« …¸u£ / n. market revolution
.w°Uπ¥≈ ͸Uπ¢ Ê«eO± fOßQ∑°Ë WCH∞«Ë V≥c∞« vK´ ÊËd∑A¥ ”UM∞« √b° U±bM´ Z∑≤ …b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« WßUOß
b¥b∫∞U° W´¸Òb± WMOHß .„UL¥dO± / n. Merrimack .rNºH≤_ U≥uFMB¥ Ê√ s´ U{u´ lzUC∂∞« ÊuFO∂¥Ë
.WOK≥_« »d∫∞« ¡UM£√ »uMπ∞« q≥√ UN±bª∑ß« t•d∑Æ« ŸËdA± ."‰U®¸U±" ŸËdA± / n. Marshall Plan
WO≤U∂ß« W∞öß s± «Ë¸b∫M¥ s± .ËeO∑º± / adj. mestizo ‹U¥ôu∞« XD´√ q®¸U± øu§ WO§¸Uª∞« d¥“Ë 1947 ÂU´
.WOKÅ√ WOJ¥d±Q° W§ËeL± …œU´ù WO°Ë¸Ë_« ‰ËbK∞ W¥œUB∑Æ≈ …b´Uº± .t∂§uL° …b∫∑L∞«
.WO≤U∏∞«WOL∞UF∞« »d∫∞« bF° U≥¸UL´≈
VK§ w∑∞« WK•d∞« .wDßu∞« dLL∞« / n. middle passage
WO°dG∞« bMN∞« ¸e§ v∞« «bO∂´ «Ëcî√ s¥c∞« ÊuOI¥d≠ù« .UNO≠ XÆR± ÍdJº´ rJ• .w≠dF∞« Êu≤UI∞« / n. martial law
.WO∞ULA∞« UJ¥d±√ v∞≈ bF° ULO≠Ë .WO≤b± WDKß rJ• s´ U{u´

MULTI-LANGUAGE GLOSSARY 145

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N ÂUJ∫∞« b•√ .qOK∞« nB∑M± rØU• / n. midnight judge

.t¢¸«œ« s± …dOî_« ‹U´Uº∞« w≠ e±«œ¬ Êu§ rNMOÒ´ s¥c∞«
.œuß_« VFA∞« ÂbI∑∞ WOM©u∞« WOFLπ∞« / n. NAACP `áKÒº± gO§ ¡UM° WßUOß .U¥¸U¢dJºF∞« / n. militarism
.W¥dBMF∞« W∞«bF∞« e¥eF∑∞ .1909 ÂU´ XKJA¢ WOFL§ WKOßuØ t±«bª∑ß«Ë »d∫K∞ «e≥U§ tKF§Ë t∂¥¸b¢Ë
.‹UOπ≤e∞« ¡UºMK∞ WOM©u∞« WOFLπ∞« / n. NACW .WOßU±uK°œ
.1896 ÂU´ XºßQ¢ WO´UL∑§« W±bî WLEM± «u°¸œÔ ‹UOAOKO± œuM§ .WIOÆb∞« q§¸ / n. minuteman
UJ¥d±√ ‰Ëb∞ …d∫∞« …¸Uπ∑∞« WOÆUH¢« / n. NAFTA «u´b∑ß« «–≈ «Î¸u≠ ¡«bM∞« «u∂K¥ YO∫° »d∫∞« ¡UM£√Ë q∂Æ
Âußd∞« iOHª¢ UNM´ QA≤ 1993 ÂU´ X±d°√ .WO∞ULA∞« .l¥dßË T§UH± qJA°
UN∑ºß« w∑∞« …d∫∞« …¸Uπ∑∞« WIDM± v∞« pOºJL∞« X∂K§Ë ‹UFL∑π± dî¬ .ÊuOO∂OºOºOL∞« / n. Mississippian
.«bMØË …b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« u¥U≥Ë√ ¸UN≤√ W¥œË√ XMJß «bIF¢ U≥d∏Ø√Ë "¸bK° b≤ËUL∞«"
UÎÆËd• V∂º¢ WO±ö≥ ‹UÆËd∫± .r∞U°U≤ / n. napalm .W¥œöO± 1500 v∞≈ 700 s± w∂OºOºO±Ë
‚d∫∞ ÂUM∑OO≠ vK´ WOJ¥d±_« ‹«dzUD∞« UN∑DIß√ WFOE≠ .͸ËeO± W¥ôË W¥uº¢ / n. Missouri Compromise
.m≤uJ∑OOH∞« ¡v°Uª± nAØË ¸Uπ®_« ‚«¸Ë√ 1821 - 1820 ÂU´ ”dG≤uJ∞« U≥¸bÅ√ sO≤«uÆ W´uLπ±
…dßULº∞ WOM©u∞« WµON∞« .„«bßU≤ / n. NASDAQ …b∂F∑ºL∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« sO° …uI∞« Ê“«u¢ vK´ WE≠U∫LK∞
rNß_« ‰œU∂¢ r∑¥ .w∞¬ dOFº¢ ÂUE≤ ‹«– WO∞UL∞« ‹«bMº∞« .…d∫∞« ‹U¥ôu∞«Ë
.WO§u∞uMJ¢ UN∂K¨√ ‹UØdA∞ …d®U∂± UN±bª∑ß« b¥b∫∞U° W´¸Òb± WMOHß .VÆ«d± / n. Monitor
l¥dA¢ .wM©u∞« pM∂∞« Êu≤UÆ / n. National Bank Act .WOK≥_« »d∫∞« ¡UM£√ ‰ULA∞« q≥√
U≤U±√ d∏Ø√ WO≠dBL∞« WOKLF∞« qFπ∞ 1863 ÂU´ dÒÆ√ W{¸UF± WßUOß ."Ëd≤u±" ÊUO° / n. Monroe Doctrine
WO≠dB± W≤UB• ÂUE≤ t©Ëd® XMLC¢ s¥dL∏∑ºLK∞ w°dG∞« WO{¸_« …dJ∞« nB≤ w≠ w°Ë¸Ë√ qîb¢ Í_ WOJ¥d±√
.·¸UBL∞« gO∑H∑∞ ÂUE≤Ë ,…b¥b§ ÷ËdÆ ◊Ëd® WO∞«¸b≠ .1823 ÂU´ Ëd≤u± fOzd∞« UNMK´√
.wM©u∞« WÆUD∞« Êu≤UÆ / n. National Energy Act œU∫¢« .WOÆöî_« W¥d∏Ø_« / n. Moral Majority
vK´ W∂¥d{ ÷d≠ ,d¢¸UØ fOzd∞« …¸«œ≈ ¡UM£√ ¸bÅ Êu≤UÆ sOO∫OºL∞« s± UN∑O∂∞U¨ WOM¥œ ‹U´uLπL∞ wßUOß
¸UFß√ W∂Æ«d± XG∞√ œuÆuK∞ bz«e∞« „öN∑ßô« ‹«– ‹«¸UOº∞« ‹UMOF∂º∞« w≠ WDA≤ X≤UØ sOO∞uÅ_«Ë sOOKOπ≤ù«

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w∂¥d{ rBî XM±Ò√Ë sOOJ¥d±_« wFO∂D∞« “UG∞«Ë jHM∞« XFL§Ë W¥¸d∫∑∞« „uKº∞«Ë ‹U≠dB∑∞« X≤«œ√ ,‹UMO≤UL∏∞«Ë
.WK¥b° WÆU© ¸œUB± d¥uD∑∞ .sOE≠U∫L∞« sO∫®dLK∞ ô«u±√
/ n. National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) n¥“u§ UNºß√ WºOMØ ¡UC´√ .Êu±¸u± / n. Mormons
1933 ÂU´ ¸bÅ Êu≤UÆ .WOM©u∞« W´UMB∞« …œU´≈ Êu≤UÆ .1830 ÂU´ t´U∂¢√Ë YOLß
ARABIC

e¥eF∑∞Ë W±U´ ‹«¸Uπ¢ W߸ULL∞ b´«uÆ W´uLπ± ¡UA≤ù ÂU´ ‹¸bÅ sO≤«uÆ ."q¥¸u±" sO≤«uÆ / n. Morrill Acts
.w´UMB∞« uLM∞« p∞–Ë WO´«¸“ ‹UOKØ ¡UA≤« vK´ b´Uº∑∞ 1890Ë 1862
,¡U¥d∂J∞U° hª® ¸uF® .WO±uI∞« / n. nationalism .‹U¥ôu∞« v∞≈ WO∞«¸b≠ w{«¸√ ¡UD´S°
.t∑∞Ëœ ÁUπ¢ W¥UL∫∞«Ë ¡U≠u∞«Ë qz«Ë√ w≠ oK©√ VI∞ .`zUC≠ ÍËU¨ / n. muckraker
/ n. National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) lL∑πL∞« `zUC≠ dAM¥ Íc∞« wH∫B∞« vK´ 1900 «u´_«
1935 ÂU´ XKJA¢ WµO≥ .WOM©u∞« qLF∞« ‹UÆö´ WµO≥ .‰UL´_« ‰U§¸Ë
‹U≠öª∞« w≠ W©UßuK∞Ë W∞œU´ dO¨ qL´ ‹U߸UL± lML∞ ÂU´ WOCÆ .ÍuMOK¥« b{ Êu± / n. Munn v. Illinois
.rN¢«¸«œ«Ë ‰ULF∞« sO° pJºK∞ ‹U¥ôu∞« …¸«œ≈ UOKF∞« WLJ∫L∞« UNO≠ ‹b¥√ 1877
/ n. National Organization for Women (NOW) p∞c° sOºßR± ,sOJKN∑ºL∞«Ë sO´¸«eL∞« `∞UB∞ W¥b¥b∫∞«
1966 ÂU´ XºßQ¢ WLEM± .WOM©u∞« ¡UºM∞« WLEM± W∫KBL∞« W±bª∞ WÅUª∞« W´UMB∞« …¸«œS° W±uJ∫∞« o•
W≤UC• ¸Ëœ q∏± …√dL∞« …«ËUºL° WIKF∑± ·«b≥√ WF°U∑L∞ .W±UF∞«
.qLF∞« w≠ eOOL∑K∞ b• l{ËË WMº Ò ∫± WOLOKF¢ ’d≠ ,qC≠√ WO°uMπ∞« ÂUM∑OO≠ ‰UL® w≠ W¥dÆ .w∞ ÍU± / n. My Lai
q¥uL∑° o¥d© .wM©u∞« o¥dD∞« / n. National Road ‰eÒ´ sOO≤b± 200 s± d∏Ø√ WOJ¥d±_« ‹«uI∞« UNO≠ XK∑Æ
s± b∑L¥ 1838 ÂU´ vN∑≤«Ë 1811 ÂU´ t° qLF∞« √b° w∞«¸b≠ .1968 ÂU´ u¥U±/¸U¥√ w≠ ‰UH©√Ë ¡Uº≤ rNMO°
.ÍuMOK¥√ W¥ôu° UO∞«b≤U≠ v∑•Ë b≤ö¥dO± W¥ôu° b≤ôd∂LØ
‹«¸Uπ∑∞« W°UI≤ / n. National Trades’ Union
ÂU´ fßQ¢ W¥¸Uπ∑∞« ‹U°UIMK∞ wM©Ë œU∫¢« ‰Ë√ .WOM©u∞«
.1834

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ÊdI∞« W¥UN≤ w≠ .b¥bπ∞« sOLO∞« / n. New Right …¸«œù« / n. National Youth Administration
WÅUî ‹U±UL∑≥« ‹«– WE≠U∫± ‹U´uLπ± n∞U∫¢ s¥dAF∞« sOOJ¥d±_« »U∂AK∞ ‹d≠Ë WµO≥ .W∂O∂AK∞ WOM©u∞«
.WOÆöî√Ë WO´UL∑§«Ë WO≠UI£ U¥UCI° .dO∂J∞« œUºJ∞« …d∑≠ ¡UM£√ nzU™ËË …b´Uº±
«u°Ëœ UNºß√ .«¸U¨UO≤ WØd• / n. Niagara Movement ·dF¢ WOM¥œ W´uLπ± .Âößù« W±√ / n. Nation of Islam
‰Uπ± w≠ sOOI¥d≠_« sOOJ¥d±_« W≠UI£ e¥eF∑∞ 1905 ÂU´ e¥eF∑∞ bL∫± ÁUO∞≈ UNºß√ œuº∞« sOLKºL∞« rßS° UO∂F®
.WOKIF∞« ÊuMH∞« .w±ößù« s¥b∞«Ë œuº∞« WO∞UBH≤≈
.dA´ lßU∑∞« q¥bF∑∞« / n. Nineteenth Amendment `∞UB± qOCH¢ .WOKÅ_« WOM©u∞« / n. nativism
…√dL∞« vD´√ ,1920 ÂU´ ‚bÅ Ô wJ¥d±_« ¸u∑ßbK∞ q¥bF¢ .øUª∞« w≠ s¥œu∞uL∞« `∞UB± vK´ UJ¥d±√ w≠ s¥œu∞uL∞«
.X¥uB∑∞« ‚uI• W´uLπ± .W•öL∞« sO≤«uÆ / n. Navigation Acts
s± qI∑M¥Ë XO° t∞ fO∞ s± W∞U• .ÍËb° / adj. nomadic oOOC∑∞ ,1651 ÂU´ W¥«b° w≠ ÊUL∞d∂∞« U≥¸bÅ√ sO≤«uÆ
.¡UL∞«Ë ¡«cG∞« d≠u¢ Vº∫°Ë ‰uBH∞« Vº∫° dî¬ v∞≈ ÊUJ± .UN¢«dLF∑º± qî«œ …¸Uπ∑∞« vK´ UO≤UD¥d° …dDOß
WIDM± .Õöº∞« W´ËeM± ÷¸√ / n. “no man’s land” …√dL∞« o∫∞ WOM©u∞« WOJ¥d±_« WOFLπ∞« / n. NAWSA
.sO¥œUF∑± sOAO§ sO° lI¢ W∞u≥Q± dO¨ `ML° ‹œU≤ 1890 ÂU´ XºßQ¢ WOFL§ .»Uª∑≤ù« w≠
WOÆUH¢« .¡«b∑´« Âb´ ‚UH¢« / n. nonaggression pact .»Uª∑≤ù« o• …√dL∞«
.UNMO° »d• s® ÂbF° ÊU∑∞Ëœ UN∂§uL° bNF∑¢ ”Uß√ vK´ WOM∂± WOßUOß WHºK≠ .W¥“UM∞« / n. Nazism
/ n. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) ÍdJºF∞« jKº∑∞« œ«b∑±«Ë ÍdBM´ eOOL¢Ë ÈuBÆ WOM©Ë
w´U≠œ ÍdJº´ œU∫¢≈ .wºK©_« ‰UL® nK• WLEM± W¥UG∞Ë 1933 ÂU´ s± UO≤UL∞√ w≠ dK∑≥ n∞Ëœ¬ UNIO∂D∑° √b°
‹U¥ôu∞«Ë WO°dG∞« U°Ë¸Ë√ s± ‰Ëœ dA´ .1949 ÂU´ t∑KJ® .1945 ÂU´
.«bMØË …b∫∑L∞« Í√ V≤U§ v∞« »d∫∞« ‰uîœ i≠¸ .œUO∫∞« / n. neutrality
WIDM± ‹ULOKF¢ / n. Northwest Ordinance of 1787 .W°¸U∫∑L∞« ‰Ëb∞« s±
…b¥b§ ‹U¥ôË ‰u∂I∞ ÂUE≤ fß√ Êu≤UÆ .w°dG∞« ‰ULA∞« sO≤«uÆ W´uLπ± .œUO∫∞« sO≤«uÆ / n. Neutrality Acts
.œU∫¢ù« w≠ W∫Kß_« lO° s± UJ¥d±√ lML∞ 1936 Ë 1935 ÂU´ ‹¸bÅ
»√Ë Â√ s± WH∞R± WKzU´ .…«u≤ WKzU´ / n. nuclear family .»d• W∞U• w≠ ‰Ëb∞ ÷ËdÆ ¡UD´≈Ë
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.r≥œôË√Ë fOzd∞« Z±U≤d° .b¥bπ∞« Z±U≤d∂∞« / n. New Deal

Êu≤UI° ·«d∑´ù« W∞Ëœ i≠¸ .‰UD°≈ / n. nullification ‘UF≤≈Ë sO§U∑∫L∞« W£U¨≈ vK´ eظ XK≠“˸ sOKJ≤d≠
.͸u∑ßœ dO¨ Ád∂∑F¢ ”dG≤uJ∞« Á¸bÅ√ XLπ≤ w∑∞« qØUAL∞« nOHª∑∞ .w∞UL∞« ÕöÅù«Ë œUB∑Æù«
‹«¡«d§« .⁄d∂≤¸u≤ ‹ULØU∫± / n. Nuremberg Trials .dO∂J∞« œUºJ∞« s´

ARABIC
WOL∞UF∞« »d∫∞« bF° UO≤UL∞Q° ⁄d∂≤¸u≤ w≠ ‹d§ WLØU∫± .b¥bπ∞« Z±U≤d∂∞« n∞U∫¢ / n. New Deal Coalition
.»d∫∞« rz«d§ q§√ s± sO¥“UM∞« …œUI∞« UN∞öî rØu• WO≤U∏∞« iO∂∞« »uMπ∞« q≥√ UNO≠ UL° WHK∑ª± ‹U´uLπ± œU∫¢«
‹UßUOß «Ëb≤Uß s¥b∫∑± ‰UL´Ë sOOI¥d≠_« sOOJ¥d±_«

O
.‹UMOF°¸_«Ë ‹UMO£ö∏∞« w≠ w©«dIL¥b∞« »e∫∞«
.…b¥bπ∞« WO∞«¸bH∞« Z±U≤d° / n. New Federalism
V∑J± / n. Office of Price Administration (OPA) WDKß s± rºÆ rOKº∑∞ ÊuºJO≤ œ¸UA∑¥¸ fOzd∞« Z±U≤d°
rªC∑∞U° rJ∫∑K∞ ”dG≤uJ∞« UNºß√ WµO≥ .¸UFß_« …¸«œ≈ ‹U±uJ∫∞«Ë ‹U¥ôu∞« W±uJ• v∞≈ WO∞«¸bH∞« W±uJ∫∞«
.WO≤U∏∞« WOL∞UF∞« »d∫∞« ¡UM£√ w∞UL∞« .WOK∫L∞«
¡UÆbÅ√ W´uLπ± .u¥U≥Ë√ W´UL§ / n. Ohio gang Z±U≤d° .b¥bπ∞« qI∫∞« Z±U≤d° / n. New Frontier
.à ʸ«Ë fOzd∞« rNMO´ sOOßUOß s¥b≤Uº±Ë sOLOL• ‹U•d∑I± sLÒC¢ wF¥dA∑∞« ÍbOMOØ .· Êu§ fOzd∞«
.t∑±uJ• w≠ m≤œ¸U≥ WOMJº∞« o©UML∞« ¡UM° …œU´≈Ë ,sOMºLK∞ WO∫Å W¥UM´ sO±Q∑∞
.Êu∑¥e∞« sB¨ WC¥d´ / n. Olive Branch Petition ,wM©u∞« ŸU≠b∞« r´b∞ rOKF∑∞« …b´Uº± r¥bI¢Ë ,W°dÒªL∞«
,Y∞U∏∞« øu§ pKL∞« v∞≈ ͸UI∞« ”dG≤uJ∞« UNK߸√ WIO£Ë .¡UCH∞« Z±U≤d° lOßu∑∞Ë ,WO∞Ëb∞« …b´UºL∞« …œU¥e∞
.UO≤UD¥d°Ë ‹«dLF∑ºL∞« sO° U∫KÅ UNO≠ Õd∑Æ« UN∑O∂∞U¨ WOßUOß WØd• .b¥bπ∞« ¸UºO∞« / n. New Left
sOOKÅ_« sOOJ¥d±_« s± VF® .pOL∞Ë_« / n. Olmec ‹ULEM± w≠ XLºπ¢ ,‹UMO∑º∞« w≠ X±UÆ W∂O∂A∞« s±
w≠ WO°uMπ∞« pOºJL∞« Êü« w≥ ULO≠ rN¢¸UC• ‹d≥œ“« W¥d• WØd• "Ë" w©«dIL¥œ lL∑π± q§√ s± »ö©" WLEMLØ
.œöOL∞« q∂Æ 1400 - 1200 sO° …d∑H∞« ."dO∂F∑∞«

MULTI-LANGUAGE GLOSSARY 147

5AraGloss.TheAmerican 1/21/04 4:18 PM Page 148

ÂU´ XºßQ¢ WµO≥ .Âöº∞« WD°«¸ / n. Peace Corps œU∫¢« .jHMK∞ …¸bBL∞« œö∂∞« WLEM± .p°Ë√ / n. OPEC
UO߬ w≠ WO±UM∞« ‰Ëb∞« v∞≈ WO´u© …b´Uº± s±R¢ 1961 jHM∞« ¸UFß√ œb∫¢ jHMK∞ …¸bBL∞« ‰ËbK∞ ÍœUB∑Æ«
.WOMO¢ö∞« UJ¥d±√Ë UOI¥d≠√Ë .UNπ∑M¢ Ê√ UNM± qJ∞ sJL¥ w∑∞« ‹UOLJ∞«Ë
Êu∑∞bM° Êu≤UÆ / n. Pendleton Civil Service Act qzU߸ .Õu∑HL∞« »U∂∞« ‹«dØc± / n. Open Door notes
WMπ∞ fß√ 1883 ÂU´ ¸bÅ Êu≤UÆ .WO≤bL∞« W±bªK∞ UO≤UL∞√ v∞≈ 1899 ÂU´ ÍU≥ Êu§ WO§¸Uª∞« d¥“Ë UNK߸√
W∞Ëb∞« w≠ sOH™u± sOOF∑∞ sO°e• s± …b¥R± WO≤b± W±bî VK© ÊU°UO∞«Ë UO∞UD¥≈Ë Uº≤d≠Ë vLEF∞« UO≤UD¥d°Ë UOß˸Ë
.WOK≥_«Ë …¸«bπ∞« ÂUE≤ ”Uß√ vK´ l± W¥¸Uπ∑∞« …b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« ‚uI∫° UNKîb¢ Âb´ UNO≠
.Êu¨U∑M∂∞« )WIO£Ë( ‚«¸Ë√ / n. Pentagon Papers .sOB∞«
1971 ÂU´ W≠U∫B∞« v∞≈ UN°dÒß W∫HÅ 7000 s± WIO£Ë WHÅU´ WOKL´ / n. Operation Desert Storm
W±uJ∫∞« Ê√ vK´ XHAØ ⁄d∂º∞≈ qOO≤«œ o°Uº∞« ŸU≠b∞« d¥“Ë …b∫∑L∞« r±_« ‹«uÆ UN° X±UÆ W¥dJº´ WOKL´ .¡«d∫B∞«
.ÂUM∑OO≠ »d• w≠ U≥U¥«uM° WN¥e≤ sJ¢ r∞ WOJ¥d±_« s¥“UG∞« ëdîù …b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« …œUOI° 1991 ÂU´
ÂU´ Àb• Ÿ«e≤ ."‹uJO∂∞«" »d• / n. Pequot War .X¥uJ∞« s± sOOÆ«dF∞«
W¥ôË ÍdLF∑º± ‹uJO∂∞« W∞Ëœ Ád£√ vK´ XK¢UÆ 1637 s± Uΰd¨ b∑±« o¥d© .ÊuG¥¸Ë√ o¥d© / n. Oregon Trail
."XOº≤U¨«¸U≤" ‡∞« q≥√ rNzUHK•Ë XJ∑≤uØ ÊuG¥¸Ë√ w{«¸√ v∑•Ë ͸ËeO± W¥ôË w≠ "f≤bM°b≤«" WM¥b±
œUB∑Æù« ¡UM° …œU´≈ .¸UL´≈ …œU´≈ / n. perestroika .ÊuG¥¸Ë« w{«¸√ v∞≈ s¥d≠UºL∞« œ«Ëd∞« .t±bª∑ß≈
.‹UMO≤UL∏∞« w≠ w∑OO≠uº∞« œU∫¢ù« UN±UÆ√ W±uJ∫∞«Ë
W¥d∫∞« sO≤«uÆ / n. personal liberty laws
«u´_« w≠ WO∞UL® ‰Ëœ lº¢ UN¢dÆ√ sO≤«uÆ .WOBªA∞«
P
W∑ÆR± ‹ULØU∫± XM±√Ë s¥¸ÒUH∞« bO∂F∞« f∂• XFM± 1850 dB∑ª± wzU± dL± .U±U≤U° …UMÆ / n. Panama Canal
.sO°¸UN∞« bO∂FK∞ ÂU´ `∑∑≠« .ÍœUN∞«Ë wºK©_« sODO∫L∞« qB¥ Ë U±U≤U° d∂F¥
.1914
WDDªL∞« W{uL∞« / n. planned obsolescence
qJA° WIO∑´ `∂B¢ Ë√ vK∂¢ ‹Uπ∑M± rOLB¢ .UF¥dß ‰«ËeK∞ w≠ WO∞U± W±“√ .1837 ÂU´ lK≥ / n. panic of 1837
.«¸«dJ¢ UN∞«b∂∑ß« …¸ËdC° ”UM∞« dFA¥ v∑• ,l¥dß ÂUEM∞« ¸UN≤«Ë „uM∂∞« UN∞öî XIK¨√ …b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞«
.sO∑O∞U´ WO∞UD°Ë ”ö≠≈ W∂º≤ Èœ√ UL± ,ÍœUB∑Æù«
bO∂´ UNO≠ qLF¥ …dO∂Ø W´¸e± .W´¸e± n. plantation

Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

VBÆ q∏± ‹U´Ë¸eL∞« s± b•«Ë Ÿu≤ Ÿ¸e∞ .ÊËdî¬ ‰UL´Ë WO∞U± ‹U±“√ WKºKß .1873 ÂU´ lK≥ / n. Panic of 1873
.sDI∞« Ë√ dJº∞« .…b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« w≠ ‹«uMß fLî «œ œUºØ X∂∂ß
W´uLπ± ."‹ö°" q¥bF¢ / n. Platt Amendment ‹U§u∑ML∞« ¸UFß√ Èu∑º± .¸UFß_« XO∂∏¢ / n. parity
ARABIC

v∞« U°uØ nOC¢ Ê√ …b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« UNO≠ ‹dÅ√ dO°«b¢ .U∑°U£ sO´¸«eL∞« qîœ qF§ t∑¥U¨ ,W∞Ëb∞« t∑∑∂£ WO´«¸e∞«
…b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« XD´√Ë .UN≤u¥œ s± UNBOKª¢Ë U≥¸u∑ßœ ¸bB¢ w∑∞« WOºOzd∞« WµON∞« .ÊUL∞d° / n. Parliament
¡UA≤ù WO°uØ ÷«¸√ lO°Ë√ ¡«d®Ë U°uØ ÊËR® w≠ qîb∑∞« o• .«d∑KJ≤« w≠ sO≤«uI∞«
.œuÆËË s¥uL¢Ë W•ö± ‹UD∫± ‰öI∑ßù« «Ëb≤Uß ÊËdLF∑º± .ÊuOM©u∞« / n. Patriots
b{ "wºOK°" WOCÆ/ n. Plessy v. Ferguson .UO≤UD¥d° s´ wJ¥d±_«
UOKF∞« WLJ∫L∞« UNO≠ ‹dÆ√ 1896 ÂU´ WOCÆ ."Êuº¨d≠" d¥b± WDKß .WO°uº∫L∞U° nO™u¢ / n. patronage
Xºß√Ë .w≤u≤UÆ u≥ W±UF∞« sØU±_« w≠ ÍdBMF∞« eOOL∑∞« Ê√ ‹U°Uª∑≤ô« w≠ ÁËb´Uß sL± …œU´ - ’Uª®√ sOOF∑∞ V∑J±
."ÍËUº± sJ∞ ‚dH∑±" √b∂± .WO±uJ• eØ«d± w≠ -
–uH≤ ‹«– WµO≥ .WOßUOß WO∞¬/ n. political machine vK´ n™u± V¢«¸ ¡UM° .V¢«Ëd∞« R≠UJ¢ / n. pay equity
‰U§¸Ë sO∂îUMK∞ ‹U±bî ÂbI¢ U± WM¥b± w≠ wßUOß l≠b∞« fO¥UI± vK´ fO∞Ë t∑HO™Ë ‹U∂KD∑± ”Uß√
.w∞U±Ë wßUOß r´œ q°UI± ‰UL´_« s± qÆ√ V¢«Ë¸ …œU´ …√dLK∞ hBª¢ X≤UØ w∑∞« W¥bOKI∑∞«
X≤UØ W¥uMß W∂¥d{ .»Uª∑≤« W∂¥d{ / n. poll tax .‰U§d∞« V¢«Ë¸
.»Uª∑≤ù« œÒu¥ hª® Í√ vK´ WO°uMπ∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« w≠ ÷dH¢ .g¥¸b∞¬ - s¥U° W≠dF¢ / n. Payne-Aldrich Tariff
ÊuJ¢ W±uJ• .VFA∞« …œUOß / n. popular sovereignty ,1909 ÂU´ ”dG≤uJ∞« U≥dÆ√ WO∂¥d{ sO≤«uÆ W´uLπ±
.U± Ÿu{u± d¥dI∑∞ ‹uB¥ Íc∞« VFAK∞ UNO≠ …œUOI∞« qJA° WFMBL∞« lKº∞« vK´ W≠dF∑∞« iOHª∑° XKA≠
w≠ WOßUOß WØd• .WO∂FA∞« WØd∫∞« / n. Populism .”uLK±
ÈuÆ√ U¢uÅ VFAK∞ ÊuJ¥ Ê√ X∂∞U© dA´ lßU∑∞« ÊdI∞« W¥UN≤
.‰ULF∞«Ë sO•öH∞« `∞UB± sOº∫¢ v∞≈ XFßË W±uJ∫∞« w≠

148 THE AMERICANS

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Q »uFA∞« s± W´uLπ± ."ÊU¢U≥u∂∞«" / n. Powhatan

s±“ vK´ UOMO§d≠ W¥ôË ‚d® w≠ X®U´ WOKÅ_« WOJ¥d±_«
¡UÆbÅ_« W´uLπ± s± hª® ."dJ¥uØ" / n. Quakers .„UM≥ XLOÆ√ W¥eOKJ≤« ‹«dLF∑º± ‰Ë√
w≠ UN¢«bI∑F± V∂º° ‹bND{« WOM¥œ W´uLπ± w≥Ë vK´ WE≠U∫L∞« .dFº∞« ‹U∂£ r´œ / n. price support
.dA´ l°Uº∞« ÊdI∞« w≠ «d∑KJ≤≈ .W±uJ∫∞« qîb¢ o¥d© s´ sOF± Èu∑ºL° ¸UFß_«
«b• lC¥ ÂUE≤ .hB∫∞« ÂUE≤ / n. quota system t¢¸bÅ√ d±√ .1763 Êö´≈ / n. Proclamation of 1763
W∞Ëœ rN∫ML¢ s¥c∞« œö∂∞« nK∑ª± s± s¥d§UNL∞« s± œbF∞ sOOJ¥d±_« s¥dLF∑ºL∞« t∂§uL° XFM± UO≤UD¥d°
.ÂU´ qØ ‰uîb∞« o• U± .w®ôU°ü« ‰U∂§ »d¨ ÊUDO∑ßùU°
dO¨ lKß lO° .¸UJ∑•« - bz«“ `°¸ / n. profiteering
R .«b§ WFH¢d± ¸UFßQ° ·UØ qJA° …d≠u∑±
.WO±bI∑∞« WØd∫∞« / n. progressive movement
uC´ .͸uNL§ ·dD∑± / n. Radical Republican …œU´≈ v∞≈ XFß s¥dAF∞« ÊdI∞« qz«Ë√ w≠ WO∫O∫B¢ WØd•
…uÆ rD∫¥ Ê√ ,WOK≥_« »d∫∞« bF° œ«¸√ ͸uNL§ ,”dG≤uØ W¥œUB∑Æù« ’dH∞« b¥bπ¢ VFA∞« v∞≈ rJ∫∞« ÂU±“
sOOI¥d≠_« sOOJ¥d±_« wDF¥ Ê√Ë sOI°Uº∞« bO∂F∞« wJ∞U± .WOJ¥d±_« …UO∫∞« w≠ rKE∞« `O∫B¢Ë
.»Uª∑≤ù« o•Ë q±UJ∞« WOºMπ∞« o•
„ö∑±«Ë lO°Ë W´UMÅ lM± .dE∫∞« / n. prohibition
‹U¥ôu∞« WI≠«u± .o¥bB¢ ,¸«dÆ≈ / n. ratification .WO∞u∫J∞« ‹U°ËdAL∞«
.¸u∑ßb∞« q¥bF¢ vK´ Ë√ ¸u∑ßb∞« vK´ WOLßd∞«
`∂Å√ 1933 Ë 1920 sO° …d∑H∞« .dE• / n. Prohibition
”UM∞« ‚uI• bOOI¢ .hBªL∞« l¥“u∑∞« / n. rationing ‰u∫J∞« lO°Ë W´UMÅ lM± Íc∞« dA´ s±U∏∞« q¥bF∑∞« UN∞öî
W¥c¨_« s± WMOF± Ÿ«u≤√ s± …œb∫± dO¨ ‹UOLØ ¡«dA° .‰uFHL∞« ͸Uß
œ«u± b¥Ëe¢ sO±Q∑∞ »d∫∞« …d∑≠ w≠ …œU´ cHM¥ lKº∞«Ë
.sO¥dJºFK∞ WO≠UØ WOM¥uL¢ “U∫ML∞« Âö´ù« s± Ÿu≤ .W¥U´œ / n. propaganda
.rN¢U≠dB¢Ë s¥dîü« ¸UJ≠√ vK´ dO£Q∑K∞
‹UßUOß .w≤UG¥d∞« œUB∑Æù« / n. Reaganomics
‹UFD∑I± vK´ ‹eظ W¥œUB∑Æù« ÊUG¥¸ b∞U≤˸ fOzd∞« ¸bÅ Êu≤UÆ .187 Õ«d∑Æ« Êu≤UÆ / n. Proposition 187
…œU¥e∞ …dO∂Ø WO∂¥d{ ‹UCOHª¢ `M± vK´Ë WO≤«eOL∞« sO±Q∑∞«Ë rOKF∑∞« ‹U≤U´« vN≤√ 1994 ÂU´ UO≤¸uHO∞UØ w≠
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

.’Uª∞« ¸UL∏∑ßù« dO¨ WHB° sOLOIL∞« s¥d§UNLK∞ ∆¸«uD∞« XÆË «b´ w∫B∞«
.WO≤u≤UÆ
U≥b¥Ò√ WO§¸Uî WßUOß .…uI∞« WßUOß / n. realpolitik
¸U∂∑´« UNßUß√ ,ÊuºJO≤ fOzd∞« …¸«œ≈ ¡UM£√dπMºOØ ÍdM≥ p∞U± .WK±UØ ‹UO•öÅ Ë– pKÒL±Ô / n. proprietor

ARABIC
.WOÆöî_« UNzœU∂±Ë UNzœU∂± ¸U∂∑´« ‚u≠ U± W∞Ëœ …uÆ q±UØ t∞Ë ,W∂≥ qJA° WOJKL∞« vK´ qB• s± .WÅUª°Ë
.rJ∫∞« ‚uI•
…œU´≈ .œb´ b¥b∫¢ …œU´≈ / n. reapportionment
œb´ w≠ ‹«dOOG∑∞« fJF∑∞ WO°Uª∑≤ù« o©UML∞« œb´ b¥b∫¢ lKº∞« vK´ W∂¥d{ .W¥UL• Âu߸ / n. protective tariff
.ÊUJº∞« s± U± W∞Ëœ w≠ W¥¸Uπ¢ ‰UL´√ W¥UL• UNM± ·bN∞« …œ¸u∑ºL∞«
.WO∂M§_« Wº≠UML∞«
r∑¥ t∂BM± s´ n™u± ¡UBÆ√ WOKL´ .wGK¥Ô / v. recall
.VFA∞« s± X¥uB∑° W¥UL• X∫¢ WFÆ«Ë ÊuJ¢ W∞Ëœ .WOÒL∫± / n. protectorate
.ÈuÆ√ W∞Ëœ
¸UL´≈ …œU´≈ WOKL´ .ÂULC≤« …œU´≈ / n. Reconstruction
W¥œU∫¢ù« ‹U¥ôu∞« ÂULC≤« …œU´ù WOK≥_« »d∫∞« bF° XL¢ sOOJ¥d±_« s± W´uLπ± ."uK∂¥u∂∞«" / n. Pueblo
.œU∫¢ù« ‰Ëœ v∞≈ W°uKGL∞« w≠ ȸU∫B∞« XMJß - Í“UßU≤_« W∞öß s± - sOOKÅ_«
.w°dG∞« »uMπ∞« WIDM±
/ n. Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC)
1932 ÂU´ XºßQ¢ WµO≥ .‹UØdA∞« ¸UL´≈ …œU´≈ V∑J± ¡«cG∞« W¥UL• Êu≤UÆ / n. Pure Food and Drug Act
vK´ sO±Q∑∞« ‹UØd®Ë „uM∂∞« v∞≈ q§U´ q¥uL¢ r¥bI∑∞ WOz«cG∞« œ«uL∞« lO° nÆu∞ 1906 ÂU´ ¸bÅ Êu≤UÆ .¡«Ëb∞«Ë
.Èdî√ WFß«Ë W¥¸Uπ¢ ‰UL´√Ë W¥b¥b∫∞« ◊uDª∞«Ë …UO∫∞« .UNH¥dF¢Ë UNHOMB¢ ‚bÅ bOØQ∑∞Ë …bßUH∞« W¥Ëœ_«Ë
ÂbI¢ WO∞Ëœ WLEM± .dL•_« VOKB∞« / n. Red Cross W´uLπ± s± ¡UC´√ ."ÊuO≤U∑¥¸uO∂∞«" / n. Puritans
Xºß√ .WOFO∂D∞« À¸«uJ∞« Ë√ »Ëd∫∞« ¡UM£√ sOM©«uLK∞ W£U¨≈ UNßuI©Ë WOO∞u£UJ∞« WºOMJ∞« ¸U£¬ qØ W∞«“≈ v∞≈ XFß
.1881 ÂU´ wJ¥d±_« ŸdH∞« Êu¢¸U° «¸öØ .W¥eOKJ≤ù« WºOMJ∞« s± UN¢«œU´Ë

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√b∂L∞ o∫K± .XK≠“˸ W±“ô / n. Roosevelt Corollary tKLF∑ß« dO∂F¢ .WDKº∞« œ«œd∑ß« / n. redemption
wD´√ 1904 ÂU´ XK≠“˸ ¸ËœuO£ fOzd∞« Á¸bÅ√ "Ëd≤u±" w≠ »uMπ∞« w≠ WDKº∞« v∞≈ rN¢œuF∞ »uMπ∞« «uO©«dIL¥œ
W¥œUB∑Æù« UN∫∞UB± wL∫¢ ÊQ° o∫∞« …b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« .1870 «u´_«
.WOMO¢ö∞« UJ¥d±√ ‰Ëœ w≠ ÍdJº´ qîb¢ WDß«u° Êu≤UÆ ŸËdA± ÷dF¥Ô U±bM´ .¡U∑H∑ß« / n. referendum
WÆd≠ s± uC´ .«bIL∞« ”¸UH∞« / n. Rough Rider .tOK´ X¥uB∑K∞ VFA∞« vK´
XK≠“˸ ¸ËœuO£ Ë œËË œ¸U≤uO∞ …d±S° sO´uD∑L∞« ÊUßdH∞« X±UÆ WOM¥œ WØd• .wM¥b∞« ÕöÅù« / n. Reformation
.WOJ¥d±_« - W¥U∂ßù« - »d∫∞« ¡UM£√ X±bî WºOMJ∞« ŸU{Ë√ `O∫B∑∞ dA´ ”œUº∞« ÊdI∞« w≠
X∫¢ …dLF∑º± .WOJKL∞« …dLF∑ºL∞« / n. royal colony fzUMØ fOßQ¢ v∞« ‹œ√Ë .WO≤U±Ëd∞« WOJO∞u£UJ∞«
.…d®U∂L∞« pKL∞« …dDOß .…b¥b´ WO∑≤U∑º¢Ëd°
qzUßd∞« l¥“u¢ / n. rural free delivery (RFD) a¥¸U∑∞« s± …d∑≠ .WCNM∞« dB´ / n. Renaissance
v∞≈ U≤Uπ± œËdD∞«Ë b¥d∂K∞ W±uJ∫∞« l¥“u¢ .n¥dK∞ w≤UπL∞« Èœ√ .1600 v∑•Ë 1300 «u´_« s± ‹b∑±« ,w°Ë¸Ë_«
.1896 ÂU´ √b° n¥d∞« w≠ ‹uO∂∞« sH∞« w≠ dOOG¢ v∞≈ WOJOßöJ∞« W≠UI∏∞U° œbπL∞« ÂUL∑≥ù«
.r∞UF∞« ‰u• ¡«¸_«Ë rOOKF∑∞«Ë
S UNF≠b¢ ‹UC¥uF¢ .»Ëd∫∞« ‹UC¥uF¢ / n. reparations
.»d• ¡UM£√ t∑∂∂ß Íc∞« ¸dC∞«Ë »«dª∞« s´ W±ËeN± W∞Ëœ
WOÆUH¢≈ .`Kº∑∞« s± b∫∞« …b≥UF± / n. SALT I Treaty VFA∞« UNO≠ Vª∑M¥ W±uJ• .W¥¸uNL§ / n. republic
œU∫¢ù«Ë …b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« UN∑FÆË ‹«uMß fLî …bL∞ .«uLJ∫O∞ sOK∏L±
WO∑º∞U∂∞« a¥¸«uB∞« œb´ .‹œbÒ• ;1972 ÂU´ w∑OO≠uº∞«
»e• .͸uNLπ∞« »e∫∞« / n. Republican Party
UNIKD¢ w∑∞« a¥¸«uB∞«Ë sO∑∞Ëb∞« s± qJ∞ ‹«¸UI∞« …d°U´
w{«¸√ w≠ W¥œu∂F∞« w{¸UF± 1854 ÂU´ tKJ® wßUOß
.‹UÅ«uG∞«
.W∞Ëb∞«
«d∑KJ≤≈ WßUOß .¸U{ dO¨ ‰UL≥≈ / n. salutary neglect
t≤Q° œUI∑´« .W¥¸uNLπ∞« …bOIF∞« / n. republicanism
Ác≥ ¡ôË ¡UI∞ UN¢«dLF∑º± w≠ UN∑LE≤√ oO∂D¢ nOHª∑°
.VFA∞« WI≠«u± vK´ WOM∂± ÊuJ¢ Ê√ W±uJ∫∞« vK´
.ÍœUB∑Æù« ‹«dLF∑ºL∞«
.UO≤¸uHO∞UØ W¥¸uNL§ / n. Republic of California
W´uLπ± v∞≈ wL∑M¥ ."U∑ºOM¥b≤Uß" / adj. Sandinista

Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

W¥ôË w≠ ÊuOOJ¥d±_« ÊuM©u∑ºL∞« UN° V∞U© W∞Ëœ
.«u¨«¸UJO≤ w≠ rJ∫∞« X∂KÆ sO¥¸Uº¥ s¥œÒd∑±
ÂU´ pOºJL∞« s´ rN∞öI∑ß« «uMK´√ U±bM´ UO≤¸uHO∞UØ
s± √b∂¥ o¥d© .w≠ U∑≤Uß pKº± / n. Santa Fe Trail .1846
w≠ U∑≤Uß WM¥bL° wN∑M¥Ë ͸ËeO± W¥ôË w≠ f≤bM°b≤≈ WM¥b±
W∞Ëœ .”UºJ¢ W¥¸uNL§ / n. Republic of Texas
ARABIC

.…¸Uπ∑K∞ Âbª∑ß« pOºJL∞« w≠

ÊuOOJ¥d±_« ÊuM©u∑ºL∞« sK´√ U±bM´ 1836 ÂU´ XºßQ¢
Èdî√ W∞Ëb∞ WF°U¢ W∞Ëœ .WF°U¢ W∞Ëœ / n. satellite nation s± «uF≠«œË rN∞öI∑ß« WOJOºJL∞« "”UªO¢" WF©UI± w≠
.U¥œUB∑Æ«Ë UOßUOß ."¸U∑ß Êu∞" W¥¸uNLπ° XÆu∞« p∞– w≠ UC¥√ X≠d´ ,tK§√
.X∂º∞« WKO∞ W∫°c± / n. Saturday Night Massacre ‰UL∞« l¥“u¢ .qîb∞« w≠ WظUA± / n. revenue sharing
t∂zU≤ W∞UÆ≈Ë wJ¥d±_« ‰bF∞« d¥“Ë W∞UI∑ß« vK´ oK©√ rß≈ s± qOKI° WOK∫L∞« W±uJ∫∞«Ë W∞Ëb∞« ‹U±uJ• vK´ w∞«¸bH∞«
cOHM¢ i≠¸ Ê√ bF° ,1973 ÂU´ d°u∑Ø√/w≤U∏∞« s¥dA¢ w≠ .UNÆUH≤≈ WOHOØ vK´ d™U∫± W¥√ ÊËœ Ë√
nKÒJL∞« ’Uª∞« w´bÒL∞« œdD° ÊuºJO≤ fOzd∞« s± d±√
.WOºJ´ W¥dBM´ / n. reverse discrimination
."XO¨ d¢«Ë" W∫OC≠ w≠ oOI∫∑∞U°
‰U§d∞« ö∏± - W¥d∏Ø√ W´uLπ± œ«d≠_ W∞œU´ dO¨ WK±UF±
¸Uπ®√ UNOK´ W≠U§ WO∂A´ ÷¸√ .U≤U≠Uß / n. savanna s± œ«d≠√ b{ eOOL∑∞« ÕöÅ≈ œuN§ s´ Xπ∑≤ - iO∂∞«
WO°uMπ∞« UOI¥d≠√ ¡«d∫Å w≠ ‹b§Ë WÆdH∑± ‹«dOπ®Ë .Èdî√ ‹U´uLπ±
.¡«u∑ßù« jî X∫¢Ë W¥¸«b± Èdî√ o©UM±Ë
t∑¥U¨ wM¥œ ŸUL∑§« .wM¥b∞« ¡UO•û∞ ŸUL∑§« / n. revival
»uMπ∞« ÊUJß s± iO°√ ."⁄«ËôUJß" / n. scalawag .WH©UF∞« »u∂A± k´Ë ‰öî s± b¥b§ s± bzUIF∞« ÿUI¥≈
.WOK≥_« »d∫∞« bF° ͸uNLπ∞« »e∫∞U° o∫∑∞«
vIOßuL∞« s± Êu∞ .‰Ë¸ b≤¬ „˸ / n. rock “n” roll
oO∂D¢ .WOLK´ …¸«œ≈ / n. scientific management "“uK°" ‡∞«Ë ŸUI¥ù« s± ‹UMOºLª∞« w≠¸uD¢ ,WO∂FA∞«
.qLF∞« ÊUJ± w≠ WO∞UFH∞« …œU¥e∞ WOLK´ ∆œU∂± ‹eOL¢ WO∂FA∞« w≤U¨_«Ë ‹öO¢d∑∞«Ë WOH¥d∞« vIOßuL∞«Ë
dO£Q¢ t∞ ÊUØË r∞UF∞« w≠ dA∑≤≈ WDOº° ÊU∫∞√Ë qOI£ ŸUI¥S¥
Í√¸ s´ dO∂F∑∞« WI¥d©Ë ¡U¥“_«Ë hÆd∞« WI¥d© vK´ dO∂Ø
.÷¸UF±

150 THE AMERICANS

5AraGloss.TheAmerican 1/21/04 4:18 PM Page 151

gOF¥ WOMJß WIDM± .Œ«uØ_« WM¥b± / n. shantytown WIO® WOCÆ ."f°uJß" WLØU∫± / n. Scopes trial
.XÆR± qJA° g¥d´ s± ‹uO∂° ”UM∞« UNO≠ f°uJß .‹ Êu§ ¡UO•_« rK´ –U∑ß« 1925 ÂU´ UNO≠ rØu•
vD´√ t∂§uL° ÂUE≤ .WBÅU∫± / n. sharecropping .¸uD∑∞« W¥dE≤ rOKF¢ ÂdÒ• wºOMO¢ W¥ôË w≠ Êu≤UÆ t¥b∫∑∞
s± WB• q°UI± ‹«Ëœ_«Ë »u∂∫∞«Ë ,‰ULFK∞ ÷«¸√ ÊuØöL∞« Y∫∂∞« W∏F° / n. search-and-destroy mission
.Áuπ∑M¥ Íc∞« ‰uB∫L∞« s± WO°uMπ∞« ÂUM∑OO≠ w≠ W¥dÆ vK´ W¥dJº´ …¸U¨ .dO±b∑∞«Ë
UN° ÂUÆ W{UH∑≤« ."w®" œdL¢ / n. Shays’s Rebellion UNM´ rπ≤ m≤uJ∑OOH∞U° WKÅ rN∞ s¥c∞« sO•öH∞« Ÿ«e∑≤« q§√
«u{¸U´ ,rN≤u¥œ s± «Ë¸d∫¢ s¥c∞« f∑Oßu®UßU± u•ö≠ .UNK≥√ b¥dA¢Ë W¥dI∞« dO±b¢ …œU´
.1787 ÂU´ W∞Ëb∞« Vz«d{ .ŸUH¢¸≈ UN∞öî s± W¥ôu∞ wL߸ »U∫º≤≈ .»U∫º≤« / n. secession
b{ "ÊU±dO®" Êu≤UÆ / n. Sherman Antitrust Act .œU∫¢ù«
Ê√ w≤u≤UÆ dO¨ t≤Q° h≤ 1890 ÂU´ ¸bÅ Êu≤UÆ .¸UJ∑•ù« fKπL∞« / n. Second Continental Congress
‹U≤UL∑z≈ ÂUE≤ l{u° ‹U´UMB∞« vK´ ‹UØdA∞«dDOº¢ w≠ lL∑§« Íc∞« ͸UI∞« ”dG≤uJ∞« .w≤U∏∞« ͸UI∞« w°Ë¸Ë_«
.…d∫∞« …¸Uπ∑∞« l± ÷¸UF∑¢ W±uJ∫K∞ …bO•u∞« WµON∞« ÊUØË 1775 ÂU´ s± u¥U±/¸U¥√ dN®
tIK©√ rß« .W∑±UB∞« W¥d∏Ø_« / n. silent majority .‰öI∑ßù« »d• ‰öî WOM©u∞«
s¥c∞« sOO∞«b∑´ù« sOOJ¥d±_« vK´ ÊuºJO≤ œ¸UA∑¥¸ fOzd∞« Èd∂J∞« WEIO∞« / n. Second Great Awakening
.XLB° ÂUM∑OO≠ »d• w≠ t¢UßUOß «Ëb≤Uß ‹eظ dA´ lßU∑∞« ÊdI∞« w≠ X±UÆ WOM¥œ WØd• .WO≤U∏∞«
ÊuOJ¥d±_« UN° ÂUÆ …d≥UE¢ Ÿu≤ .ÂUB∑´« / n. sit-in W§U∫∞ W≠U{≈ ’öª∞« s´ .Y∫∂K∞ œdH∞«WO∞ËRº± vK´
sØU±√ w≠ «uºK§ YO• ,eOOL∑∞« vK´ ÃUπ∑•û∞ ÊuOI¥d≠_« .WO´UL∑§ù«Ë WOBªA∞« rN´U{Ë√ sOº∫∑∞ ”UM∞«
v∂K¢ v∑• …¸œUGL∞« sOC≠«¸ œuº∞«Ë iO∂∞« sO° eOL¢ W±U´ `∞UB± œdH∞« l{Ë .WOLOKÆù / n. sectionalism
.rN¢U∂K© .UNFL§Q° W±_« W∫KB± ‚u≠ t∑IDM±
.dî¬ hªA∞ UJK± `∂B¥ hª® .b∂´ / n. slave n. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)
WHºK≠ ."s¥Ë¸«œ" WHºK≠ / n. Social Darwinism ÂU´ XºßQ¢ WµO≥ .WŸu∂∞«Ë ‹«bMº∞« W∂Æ«d± WMπ∞ /
¸uD∑∞« W¥dE≤ vK´ bL∑F¢ UN≤√ bI∑F¥ WO´UL∑§«Ë W¥œUB∑Æ« lO° rEM¢ w∑∞« sO≤«uI∞« o∂D¢Ë WŸu∂∞« ‚uß VÆ«d¢ 1934
hM¢Ë wFO∂D∞« ¡UHDÅù« s´ s¥Ë¸«œ e∞¸UA¢ ¡UO•_« r∞UF∞ .‹«bMº∞«Ë rNß_«
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

.qC≠ú∞ ¡UI∂∞« bØR¥ …báOÒIL∞« dO¨ Wº≠UML∞« ÂUE≤ Ê√ vK´ ”UM∞« sO° WÆdH∑∞« .ÍdBMF∞« eOOL∑∞« / n. segregation
WO´UL∑§« WØd• / n. Social Gospel movement .‚dF∞« ”Uß√ vK´
vK´ ÊQ° UNßUß√ dA´ lßU∑∞« ÊdI∞« w≠ WØd• .WOKOπ≤≈ W¥¸U∂§ù« W±bª∞« Êu≤UÆ / n. Selective Service Act
.dIH∞« nOHª¢ qLF∞« ·Ëd™ sOº∫¢ WO∞ËRº± sOO∫OºL∞«

ARABIC
‚U∫∑∞ù« ‰U§d∞« vK´ ÷d≠ 1917 ÂU´ ¸bÅ Êu≤UÆ
.w´UL∑§ù« ÊULC∞« Êu≤UÆ / n. Social Security Act .W¥dJºF∞« W±bª∞U°
s´ sOK©UF∞«Ë s¥b´UI∑L∞« …b´UºL∞ 1935 ÂU´ ¸bÅ Êu≤UÆ ‹ôö® dL¢R± / n. Seneca Falls Convention
.sOF°U¢ œôË_ WKOF± ‹özU´Ë ,‹U≥UF∞« ÍË–Ë qLF∞« ‹ôö® WIDM± w≠ bI´ …√dL∞« ‚uI∫∞ dL¢R± ."UJOMOß"
W´uMB± q∑Ø s± wM∂± XO° .W°d∑∞« s± wM∂± / n. soddy .1848 ÂU´ „¸u¥uO≤ W¥ôu° ,UJOMOß
.»UA´_U° …uÒºJL∞« W°d∑∞« s± ‹U´uLπ± Èb•≈ s± uC´ .w∞UBH≤ù« / n. Separatist
w≠ w≥Ë ‹dDOß W¥¸u©«d∂±« ."ÍUNG≤uß" / n. Songhai WºOMJ∞« sL{ ÕöÅù« WO≤UJ±√ W∞U∫∑ß« «Ë√¸ sOO≤U∑¥¸uO∂∞«
.UOI¥d≠√ »d¨ ‰Ëœ rEF± vK´ 1500 «u´_« w≠ UN¢uÆ ÃË√ .rN° WÅUî WKI∑º± ‹UO®d°√ «uºß√Ë W¥eOKJ≤ô«
tO≠ ÂbI¥ ÊUJ± .¡Uº∫∞« a∂D± / n. soup kitchen œUB∑Æù« s± rºÆ .‹U±bª∞« ŸUDÆ / n. service sector
.WCHª± ¸UFßQ° Ë√ U≤Uπ± sO§U∑∫LK∞ ÂUFD∞« .lKß s´ U{u´ ‹U±bî pKN∑ºLK∞ s±ÒR¥
Southern Christian Leadership Conference w´UL∑§« eØd± .sO©u∑K∞ XO° / n. settlement house
WLEM± .sOO°uMπ∞« sOO∫OºL∞« …œUI∞« WLEM± / n. (SCLC) ¡UO•_« w≠ - s¥d§UNL∞« WÅUîË - sOLOILK∞ …b´Uº± ÂbI¥
…œUÆË s°ù« ZMØ d£u∞ s¢¸U± ¸u∑Øb∞« 1957 ÂU´ UNºß√ .…dOIH∞«
WOLKß jzUßu° WO≤bL∞« ‚uI∫∞« sO±Q¢ vK´ qLFK∞ ÊËdî¬ l°Uº∞« q¥bF∑∞« / n. Seventeenth Amendment
.WHOM´ dO¨ Èœ√ ,1913 ÂU´ oÉbÅ Ô ,wJ¥d±_« ¸u∑ßbK∞ q¥bF¢ .dA´
W∞ËU∫± .»uMπ∞« WOπO¢«d∑ß« / n. Southern strategy q∂Æ s± wJ¥d±_« ŒuOA∞« fKπL∞ d®U∂± »Uª∑≤« v∞≈
»uMπ∞« q≥√ bO¥Q¢ VºJ∞ ÊuºJO≤ fOzd∞« UN° ÂUÆ .W∞Ëb∞« ‹UF¥dA¢ q∂Æ s± fO∞Ë VFA∞«
‹UßUOº∞ sOzU∑º± «u≤UØ s¥c∞« sOE≠U∫L∞« sOO©«dIL¥b∞«
.W¥¸d∫∑∞« WO∞«d∂OK∞« UOKF∞« WLJ∫L∞«Ë WO∞«¸bH∞« eOOL∑∞«
MULTI-LANGUAGE GLOSSARY 151
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.W¥œUB∑Æ≈ W¥dE≤ / n. supply-side economics UNO≠ X≤UØ ‹U≤U• .WBî Ò d± dO¨ W≤U• / n. speakeasy
œb´ …œU¥“ v∞≈ ÍœROß Vz«dC∞« W∂º≤ iOHª¢ ÊQ° …dJH∞« ÂU¥√ w≤u≤UÆ dO¨ qJA° pKN∑º¢Ë ŸU∂¢ WO∞u∫J∞« ‹U°ËdAL∞«
…œU¥“ v∞≈ w∞U∑∞U°Ë ‹«¸UL∏∑ßù«Ë ,‹«dîbL∞«Ë ,nzU™u∞« .dE∫∞«
.W±uJ∫∞« qîœ Ÿ¸“ WOKL´ ,W´«¸e∞« w≠ .hBª¢ / n. specialization
W´uM∑± W´«¸“ fO∞Ë lO∂∞« bBI° sO´u≤ Ë√ b•«Ë Ÿu≤
T .wBªA∞« „öN∑ßû∞
WOKLF° „«d∑®ù«Ë …d©UªL∞« .W°¸UC± / n. speculation
¸eπ∞« w≠ sOOKÅ_« UJ¥d±√ ÊUJß .uMO¢ / n. Taino .l¥dß `°¸ vK´ ‰uB∫∞« q±√ vK´ W¥¸Uπ¢
U±bM´ t∞U§¸Ë f∂±u∞uØ UN° vI∑∞« W´uLπ± ‰Ë√ - WO∂¥¸UJ∞«
UN° ÂuI¥ …œU´ .rzUMG∞« ÂUE≤ / n. spoils system
.UJ¥d±√ v∞≈ «uKÅË
rN¥dÅUML∞ W∞Ëb∞« VÅUM± l¥“u∑° ÊËezUH∞« Êu∫®dL∞«
rß« .WCOG° Âu߸ / n. Tariff of Abominations .rN¥b≤Uº±Ë
1828 ÂU´ w≠ Âußd∞« …œU¥“ vK´ ÊuN∞UØ Êu§ tIK©√
fOzd∞« Z±U≤d° .nBML∞« Z±U≤d∂∞« / n. Square Deal
q≥√ `∞UB± Ê√ «ËdF® s¥c∞« »uMπ∞« q≥√ VC¨¸U£√
ÕöÅùU° s±R±( w±bI∑∞« ÕöÅû∞ XK≠“˸ ¸ËœuO£
.rN∫∞UB± »Uº• vK´ X≤UØ W¥œUB∑Æù« ‰ULA∞«
‹«¸Uπ∑∞« »U∫Å√ s± œ«d≠_« W¥UL∫∞ rLÅ )w´UL∑§ù«
rLÅ W¥UL• r߸ .1816 ÂU´ r߸ / n. Tariff of 1816 .…dO∂J∞«
.WOJ¥d±_« ‹U´UMB∞« …b´UºL∞
W∞U• .w´UL∑§≈ œuظ l± rªC¢ / n. stagflation
o¥d°≈ W∂Æ W∫OC≠ / n. Teapot Dome Scandal .WO∞U´ W∞UD° W∂º≤Ë rªC∑∞U° nB∑¢ W¥œUB∑Æ≈
U±bM´ ‰U≠ .» ‹d∂∞¬ WOKî«b∞« d¥“Ë t∂∂ß Àb• .ÍUA∞«
ÊUL∞d∂∞« Á¸bÅ√ Êu≤UÆ .r∑ª∞« Êu≤UÆ / n. Stamp Act
WÅUî ‹UØd® v∞≈ W∞ËbK∞ WF°U¢ jHM∞U° WOM¨ U{¸√ d§ Ò √
lKº∞« vK´ …d®U∂± WO∂¥d{ Âu߸ ‰Ë√ ÷d≠ 1765 ÂU´
.÷«¸√Ë ‰U± q°UI±
‰UL® w≠ WO≤UD¥d∂∞« ‹«dLF∑ºL∞« sL{ ‹U±bª∞«Ë
Êu≤UÆ / n. Telecommunications Act of 1996 .UJ¥d±√
W∞«“ù 1996 ÂU´ ¸bÅ Êu≤UÆ .1996 ÂUF∞ ‹ôUB¢ù«
UN° ÂUÆ W{UH∑≤« ."u≤u∑ß" œdL¢ / n. Stono Rebellion
Ê√ ‹ôUB¢ù« ‹UØd® lML¢ o°Uº∞U° X≤UØ w∑∞« e§«u∫∞«
oOOC¢ v∞≈ ‹œ√ ,1739 ÂU´ WO°uMπ∞« UM¥ô˸UØ W¥ôË bO∂´
.‹ôUB¢ù« …¸Uπ¢ Ÿ«u≤√ s± b•«Ë Ÿu≤ s± d∏ØQ° v©UF∑¢

Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

.ö
Î Å√ WOßUI∞« sO≤«uI∞«
‰eML∞« s± qLF∞« .bF° s´ qLF∞« / v. telecommute
…¸œU∂± / n. Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)
UO§u∞uMJ¢ «bª∑ßU° dî¬ ÊUJ± w≠ WFÆ«Ë WØd® `∞UB∞
ŸU≠œ ÂUE≤ ŸËdA± .)ÂuπM∞« »d•( .wπO¢«d∑ßô« ŸU≠bK∞
.fØUH∞«Ë X≤d∑≤ù«Ë d¢uO∂LJ∞« …eN§QØ ‹ôUB¢ù«
‹U¥ôu∞« W¥UL• t∑¥U¨ - ÂuπM∞« »d• rßU° ·dF¥ -
ARABIC

…dHÒA± ‹ôU߸ qIM∞ “UN§ .·«dGK¢ / n. telegraph .a¥¸«uB∞U° Âuπ≥ s± …b∫∑L∞«

.„öß√ d∂´ UOzU°dNØ
qLF∞« fOz¸ ¸U∂§ù qLF∞« s´ nÆu∑¥ .»dC¥ / v. strike
WKL• .‰«b∑´ù« WØd• / n. temperance movement .t¢U∂K© WO∂K¢ vK´
.‰u∫J∞« »d® lML∞ WLEM±
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
ÂUE≤ .¸Uπ¥ù« o¥d© s´ W´«¸“ / n. tenant farming WOKLº∞« ‹U´UL∑§ô« oOºM¢ WMπ∞ / n. (SNCC)
U≥u±bª∑º¥ w∑∞« rN¢ô¬ sO±Q∑° Ÿ¸«eL∞U° ÊuK±UF∞« tO≠ ÂuI¥ ‹U±UB∑´« oOºM∑∞ 1960 ÂU´ XºßQ¢ WLEM± .WO°öD∞«
.w∞U± mK∂± q°UI± WO´«¸e∞« w{«¸_« ÊËd§Q∑º¥Ë w≠ d∂Ø√ «¸Ëœ œuº∞« W∂O∂A∞« ¡UD´ùË Èdî√ ‹«d≥UE±Ë
…bF∞ wMJß ¡UM° .dOI≠ w• w≠ W¥UM° / n. tenement .WO≤bL∞« ‚uI∫∞« WØd•
.ÊUJº∞U° r•œe±Ë iÉuÒI∑± …œU´ ÊuJ¥ ‹özU´ / n. Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)
Íœ«Ë WµO≥ / n. Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) W´uLπ± .w©«dIL¥b∞« lL∑πLK∞ WO°ö© WOFL§
œËbß ¡UM∂∞ 1933 ÂU´ XºßQ¢ WO±uJ• WO≤ËUF¢ ."wºOMO¢" ‹UO∞ËRº±Ë WOBª® W¥d∫° ‹œU≤ W{¸UF± …b¥b§ sO¥¸Uº¥
¡U°dNJ∞« bO∞u∑∞ wºOMO¢ W¥ôË WIDM± w≠ WÆU© ‹UD∫±Ë .d∂Ø√
.‹U≤U{UOH∞« nÆu∞ p∞cØË .WM¥bL∞« »dÆ WOMJß WIDM± .WO•UC∞« / n. suburb
w±uJ∫∞« r´b∞« ¡UN≤≈ Z±U≤d° / n. termination policy .»Uª∑≤ù« o• .X¥uB¢ / n. suffrage
s´ UNOKª¢ tO≠ XMK´√ WOJ¥d±_« W±uJ∫K∞ ŸËdA± .œuMNK∞
Á¸bÅ√ ͸Uπ¢ Êu≤UÆ .dJº∞« Êu≤UÆ / n. Sugar Act
r´œ nÆu° sOOKÅ_« sOOJ¥d±_« qzU∂Æ ÁUπ¢ UN¢UO∞ËRº±
w≠ V¥dN∑∞« W∂º≤ iOHª¢ W∞ËU∫L∞ 1764 ÂU´ ÊUL∞d∂∞«
w∑∞« w{«¸_« ÂUE≤ ¡UN≤≈Ë ÍœUB∑Æù« WO∞«¸bH∞« W±uJ∫∞«
.UJ¥d±√ ‰UL® w≠ WO≤UD¥d∂∞« ‹«dLF∑ºL∞«
.WOK∂I∞« w{«¸_« l¥“u¢ …œU´≈Ë UNO≠ bOB∞« dE• Ô

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ÂUF∞ f¥¸U° …b≥UF± / n. Treaty of Paris (1783) ¡w§UH± Âuπ≥ ."XO∑∞« Âu¥ Âuπ≥"/ n. Tet offensive
‰öI∑ß« ‹bØ√ ,W¥¸u∏∞« »d∫∞« XN≤√ w∑∞« …b≥UFL∞« .1783 .WO°uMπ∞« ÂUM∑OO≠ w≠ Êb± vK´ 1968 ÂU´ m≤uJ∑OH∞« tM®
.…b¥bπ∞« W∞ËbK∞ œËb• XF{ËË …b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« ÂU´ qB• œdL¢ .”UºJ¢ …¸u£ / n. Texas Revolution
ÂUF∞ f¥¸U° …b≥UF± / n. Treaty of Paris (1898) s± UN∞öI∑ß« vK´ ”UºJ¢ W¥ôË Ád£√ vK´ XKB• 1836
WOJ¥d±_«-WO≤U∂ßù« »d∫∞« XN≤√ w∑∞« W≥UFL∞« .1898 .pOºJL∞«
u¢d¥u°Ë «u¨ ¸e§ XLKß ,U°uØ U≥d£√ vK´ UO≤U∂ß≈ ‹¸d• .dA´ Y∞U∏∞« q¥bF∑∞« / n. Thirteenth Amendment
‹U¥ôu∞« v∞≈ sO∂OKOH∞« X´U°Ë ,…b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« v∞≈ uJ¥¸ Ë√ ‚d∞« lM± ,1865 ÂU´däÆ√ wJ¥d±_« ¸u∑ßb∞« vK´ q¥bF¢
.¸ôËœ ÊuOK± 20 mK∂L° …b∫∑L∞« .…b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« w≠ WO´u© ö∞« W¥œu∂F∞«
.”öOº¥œ¸u¢ …b≥UF± / n. Treaty of Tordesillas W£ö∏∞« W¥uº¢ / n. Three-Fifths Compromise
‰UG¢d∂∞«Ë UO≤U∂ß« UN∞öî XIH¢« 1494 ÂU´ XL¢ …b≥UF± W£ö£ ¸U∂∑´« vK´ ͸u∑ßb∞« dL¢RL∞« ‚UH¢« .”ULî√
.UNMO° ULO≠ WO°dG∞« …dJ∞« nB≤ w{«¸√ rOºI¢ vK´ .Vz«dC∞«Ë qO∏L∑∞« ‹U¥UG∞ UÎ≤UJß bO∂F∞« ”ULî√
…b≥UF± ."ÍUßd≠" …b≥UF± / n. Treaty of Versailles W•Uß ."sOLM≤UO¢" W•Uß / n. Tiananmen Square
vK´ XµA≤√ v∞Ë_« WOL∞UF∞« »d∫∞« W¥UNM° 1919 ÂU´ XL¢ w∑∞« 1989 ÂU´ ,sOB∞« ,sOJÒ° w≠ ‹«d≥UE± UNOK´ X±UÆ
.»d∫∞« bF° U± ‹ULO±d¢Ë œËb•Ë ‰Ëœ U≥d£√ w≠ ÈuÆ√ ‹uÅË ÂöJ∞« W¥d• ÊuOMOÅ »ö© UN∞öî V∞U©
W¥dJº´ ‹UOKL´ .‚œUMª∞« »d• / n. trench warfare .W±uJ∫∞«
s± fØUFL∞« ÂuπN∞«Ë ÂuπN∞« WK¢UI∑L∞« ‹«uI∞« X∞œU∂¢ ."sOJ≤u¢" ZOKî ¸«dÆ / n. Tonkin Gulf Resolution
.W•u∑H± WØdF± W•Uß s± fO∞Ë WMB∫± ‚œUMî ‹UDKß fOzd∞« vD´√ 1964 ÂU´ ”dG≤uJ∞« Ácª¢« ¸«dÆ
d∂´ ͸Uπ¢ ÂUE≤ .YK∏L∞« …¸Uπ¢ / n. triangular trade .ÂUM∑OO≠ vK´ »d∫∞« sA° WFß«Ë
sO° ,bO∂F∞« UNO≠ UL° ,lzUC∂∞« ‰œU∂¢ t∞öî r¢ jO∫L∞« wßUOß ÂUEM∞ WHÅ .Íœ«b∂∑ß« / adj. totalitarian
‹«dLF∑º±Ë WO°dG∞« bMN∞« ¸e§Ë U°Ë¸Ë√Ë «d∑KJ≤«Ë UOI¥d≠√ .UNOM©«u± …UO• vK´ W±U¢ …dDOß W∞Ëb∞« tO≠ dDOº¢
.WO∞ULA∞« UJ¥d±√ W´uLπ± ."b≤e≤ËU¢" sO≤«uÆ / n. Townshend Acts
WßUOß .ÊU±Ëd¢ …bOI´ / n. Truman Doctrine dO¨ Vz«d{ Xºß√ 1767 ÂU´ ÊUL∞d∂∞« U≥¸bÅ√ sO≤«uÆ
r¥bI∑° b´Ë 1947 ÂU´ ÊU±Ëd¢ ͸U≥ fOzd∞« UNMK´√WOJ¥d±√ ‹«dLF∑ºL∞« U≥œ¸u∑º¢ w∑∞« lzUC∂∞« vK´ …d®U∂±
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

s± …œbNL∞« ‰Ëb∞« …b´UºL∞ W¥dJº´Ë W¥œUB∑Æ≈ …b´Uº± .UJ¥d±√ ‰UL® w≠ XO≤UD¥d° s± WO≤UD¥d∂∞«
.WO§¸UîË WOKî«œ ÈuÆ q∂Æ wØËdOA∞« VF® WK•¸ .Ÿu±b∞« WK≠UÆ / n. Trail of Tears
/ n. Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute o©UML∞« v∞« UO§¸u§ …¸œUG± vK´ d∂§√ Íc∞« W¥ußQL∞«
ÂU´ fßQ¢ .w´UMB∞«Ë wFO∂D∞« ."wπOJßu¢" bNF± s± ·ô¬ UN∞öî ‹U± 1840 - 1838 w±U´ sO° W¥bMN∞«

ARABIC
sOOI¥d≠_« sOOJ¥d±_« `ML∞ sDM®«Ë ‹ dØu° …¸«œS° 1881 .sOOØËdOA∞«
…¸Uπ∑∞« ‰Uπ± w≠ r≥bOH¢ ‹«¸UN±Ë WOLOKF¢ ‹«œUN® w≠ WHºK≠ .uLº∞« WHºK≠ / n. transcendentalism
.W´«¸e∞«Ë jOº° qJA° gOF∞« …¸Ëd{ vK´ ‹eØÒ¸ dA´ lßU∑∞« ÊdI∞«
.»e∫∞« ÃËœe± wßUOß ÂUE≤ / n. two-party system n©«uF∞« w≠Ë WFO∂D∞« w≠ …œu§uL∞« WIOI∫∞« ‹bπ±
.ÊUOßUß√ ÊU°e• Ád¥b¥ wßUOß ÂUE≤ .WKOÒªL∞«Ë WOBªA∞«
…d°U´ b¥b• WJß / n. transcontinental railroad
U wºK©_« sODO∫L∞« q•«uß qÅË Íb¥b• jî .…¸UI∞«
.1869 ÂU´ ÁƒUM° r¢ …b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« w≠ ÍœUN∞«Ë
UN∑∂∑Ø WBÆ .Âu¢ rF∞« ŒuØ / n. Uncle Tom’s Cabin
."w±«¸ô" sB• …b≥UF± / n. Treaty of Fort Laramie
UNKJA° W¥œu∂F∞« ‹¸uÅ 1852 ÂU´ u∑ß dAO° X¥¸U≥
÷«¸√ w≠ gOF∞« "uOº∞«" qzU∂Æ vK´ X{d≠ …b≥UF±
.wÆöî√ö∞«Ë wßUI∞«
.w∂OºOºO± dN≤ ‰u© vK´ WBBª±
W´uLπ± .W¥dß ‚d© / n. Underground Railroad
r¢ …b≥UF± ."XMO¨" …b≥UF± / n. Treaty of Ghent
v∞≈ Ë√ «bMØ v∞≈ .»uMπ∞« s± sO°¸UN∞« bO∂F∞« UNJKß ‚d©
.1812 ÂU´ ÂU´ »d• XN≤√ 1814 ÂU´ UNFOÆu¢
.…d• ‹U¥ôË w≠ WM±¬ o©UM±
…b≥UF± / n. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
XN≤√ 1848 ÂU´ XL¢ WOÆUH¢« ."uG∞«bO≥ »u∞«œ«u¨"
nB≤ s´ pOºJL∞« XKª¢ .pOºJL∞« l± WOJ¥d±_« »d∫∞«
.…b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« v∞≈ UÎ∂¥dI¢ UNO{«¸√

MULTI-LANGUAGE GLOSSARY 153

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‚uI∫∞« Êu≤UÆ / n. Voting Rights Act of 1965 United Farm Workers Organizing Committee
qO㧛 WOKL´ qNÒß Êu≤UÆ .1965 ÂUF∞ WO°Uª∑≤ù« .…b∫∑L∞« Ÿ¸«eL∞« ‰UL´ rOEM¢ WMπ∞ / n. (UFWOC)
’u∫≠ ¡UG∞S° p∞–Ë »Uª∑≤û∞ sOOI¥d≠_« sOOJ¥d±_« vK´√ ¸u§Q° W∂∞UDLK∞ 1966 w≠ fßQ¢ w∞UL´ œU∫¢«
sOO∞«¸bH∞« sOM∫∑LL∞« ¡UD´≈Ë W∞œUF∞« dO¨ WO±_« ¸U∂∑î≈ - sOOJOºJL∞« Ÿ¸«eL∞« ‰ULF∞ qC≠√ WOAOF± ◊Ëd®Ë
Íu∑ºL∞« vK´ o∫∞« «c≥ s± «u±d• sO∂îU≤ qO㧛 WDKß .UO≤¸uHO∞UØ W¥ôu° sOOJ¥d±_«
.wK∫L∞« WLEM± .…b∫∑L∞« r±_« / n. United Nations (UN)
XºßQ¢ r∞UF∞« ‰Ëœ rEF± UNO∞≈ wL∑M¢ Âöº∞« kH∫∞ WO∞Ëœ
W WOLM∑∞«Ë ,wM±_«Ë ,wL∞UF∞« Âöº∞«e¥eF∑∞ 1945 ÂU´
.W¥œUB∑Æù«
¸bÅ ¸«dÆ .fOH¥œ -b¥Ë ‚U∏O± / n. Wade-Davis Bill ÊbL∞« ÊUJß …dπ≥ .n¥d∞« v∞« »Ëd≥ / n. urban flight
o• ”dG≤uJ∞« wDF¥ s∞uJM∞ fOzd∞« tCI≤Ë 1864 ÂU´ .WDO∫L∞« …¸ËUπL∞« o©UML∞« v∞≈
.¡UM∂∞« …œU´« WOKL´ w≠ rJ∫∑∞« .ÊbL∞« uL≤Ë œ«b∑±« .ÊbL∞« ¸uD¢ / n. urbanization
Êu≤UÆ rßU° UC¥√ ·dF¥ .dM¨U≠ Êu≤UÆ / n. Wagner Act ¡UM° …œU´≈Ë Âb≥ .ÊbL∞« Y¥b∫¢ / n. urban renewal
‚uI• W¥UL∫∞ 1935 ÂU´ qD°√ - WOM©u∞« qLF∞« ‹UÆö´ .…¸ËUπL∞« ¡UO•_« w≠Ë ÊbL∞« qî«œ WÅuIL∞« WOM°_«
…œU´≈ ¸«dÆ Ê√ UOKF∞« WLJ∫L∞« XMK´√ Ê√ bF° ‰ULF∞«
…¸ËUπL∞« o©UML∞« v∞≈ ÊbL∞« lßu¢ / n. urban sprawl
.͸u∑ßœ dO¨ ¸«dÆ u≥ WMO©u∞« W´UMB∞«
.W∂Æ«d± Ë√ rOEM¢ ÊËœ
sL{ …dI≠ .»d∫∞« »u≤– Êu≤UÆ / n. war-guilt clause
‹dπH≤« WOJ¥d±√ WMOHß .WMOHß / n. U.S.S. Maine
s´ bO•u∞« ‰ËRºL∞« UN≤√ UO≤UL∞√ tO≠ XMK´√ ÍUßd≠ …b≥UF±
.v∞Ë_« WOL∞UF∞« »d∫∞« Ÿôb≤«
15 w≠ U°uJ° U≤U≠U≥ ¡UMO± w≠ XÆd¨Ë i±U¨ qJA°
.1898 d¥«d∂≠/◊U∂®
”dG≤uJ∞« ¡UC´√ b•√ .»d∫∞« dIÅ / n. war hawk
fºπ¢ …dzU© ◊UIß≈ .2-u¥ W£œU• / n. U-2 incident
lßU∑∞« ÊdI∞« qz«Ë√ w≠ UO≤UD¥d° l± »d∫∞« vK´ ‚œUÅ
ÂU´ w∑OO≠uº∞« œU∫¢ù« q∂Æ s± UN•ö± dß√Ë WOJ¥d±«
.dA´
.1960
‹U´UMB∞« fKπ± / n. War Industries Board (WIB)
lL∑π± .w°u¢uO∞« lL∑πL∞« / n. utopian community
v∞Ë_« WOL∞UF∞« »d∫∞« ‰öî XºßQ¢ WµO≥ .WO°d∫∞«

Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

tO≠ gOF¥ ,ö±UØ UFL∑π± ÊuJ¥ YO∫° rLÅ w∂¥dπ¢
.ŸUOC∞« qOKI∑∞Ë WO∞UFH∞« …œU¥e∞
.ÂUπº≤U° iF° l± w∞U≥_«
Êö´≈ WDKß Êu≤UÆ / n. War Powers Act (WPA)
sA° fOzd∞« ‹UO•öÅ s± bÒ• 1973 ÂU´ ¸bÅ .»d∫∞«
V
ARABIC

.”dG≤uJ∞« …¸ËUA± ÊËœ »d•

ÃU∑≤ù« WMπ∞ / n. War Production Board (WPB) oK©√ rß« .V-E »Ë¸u¥-͸u∑JO≠ Âu¥ / n. V-E Day
oOºM∑∞ WO≤U∏∞« WOL∞UF∞« »d∫∞« ‰öî XKJA¢ WMπ∞ .w°d∫∞« o≠«Ë YO• 1945 u¥U±/¸U¥√ 8 w≠ w°Ë¸Ë_« dBM∞« Âu¥ vK´
.WOJ¥d±_« l≤UBL∞« w≠ WO°d∫∞« ‹«bFL∞« ÃU∑≤« Ë√ bOÆ ÊËœ W¥“UM∞« UO≤UL∞√ Âöº∑ß« vK´ ¸ËUN≤e¥√ ‰«dMπ∞«
W´uLπ± .ʸ«Ë WµO≥ / n. Warren Commission .U°Ë¸Ë√ w≠ WO≤U∏∞« WOL∞UF∞« »d∫∞« ¡UN∑≤« p∞c° UMKF± ◊d®
q∑I± WOCI° XII• ʸ«Ë ‰d¥« vK´_« rØU∫∞« UNß√d¥ s± WOKL´ .ÍœuL´ q±UJ¢ / n. vertical integration
u≥ b∞«Ë“Ë√ w≠¸U≥ w∞ Ê√ Xπ∑M∑ß«Ë ÍbOMØ fOzd∞« rE≤Ë UNO´“u±Ë UN¥œËÒe± ‹UO∞ËRº± WØd® bOF∑º¢ UN∞öî
.WOKLF∞« Ác≥ s´ bO•u∞« ‰ËRºL∞« .UNFzUC° ¸UFß√Ë …œuπ° ÂU∑∞« rJ∫∑K∞ ,UNO≠ qIM∞«
‰öî UOK´ WLJ∫± .ʸ«Ë WLJ∫± / n. Warren Court sOO°uMπ∞« sOO±UM∑OOH∞« .m≤uJ∑OOH∞« / n. Vietcong
w≠ UN©UAM° X≠d´Ô UNºOz¸ ʸ«Ë ‰d¥« UNO≠ ÊUØ w∑∞« …d∑H∞« ,WO∞ULA∞« ÂUM∑OO≠ q≥√ …b´UºL° «u°¸U• s¥c∞« sOO´uOA∞«
.ÂöJ∞« W¥d•Ë WO≤bL∞« ‚uI∫∞« ‰Uπ± .ÂUM∑OO≠ »d• ¡UM£√ ÂUM∑OO≠ W±uJ•
qJA¢ ÍdJº´ œU∫¢« .u߸«Ë nK• / n. Warsaw Pact sOO±UM∑OO≠ rC¢ W´uLπ± .tMO± XOOH∞« / n. Vietminh
WOÆdA∞« U°Ë¸Ë√ ‰ËœË w∑OO≠uº∞« œU∫¢ô« sO° 1955 ÂU´ q§√ s± X°¸U• Èdî√ WOM©Ë ‹U´uLπ±Ë sOO´uO®
.UN∞ tF°U∑∞« v∑•Ë 1946 s± wº≤dH∞« ¸ULF∑ßù« s± ÂUM∑OO≠ ‰öI∑ß≈
U±bM´ XKB• W∫OC≠ .XO¨d¢«Ë / n. Watergate .1954
WOKL´ w≠ UN©¸u¢ WODG¢ ÊuºJO≤ fOzd∞« …¸«œ≈ X∞ËU• sºJO≤ fOzd∞« WDî .WLM∑OOH∞« / n. Vietnamization
WOM°√ lLπ± w≠ WO©«dIL¥b∞« WOM©u∞« WµON∞« eØd± ÂU∫∑Æ≈ ‹«uI∞« »U∫º≤«Ë ÂUM∑OO≠ »d• w≠ wJ¥d±_« qîb∑∞« ¡UN≤ù
.1972 ÂU´ XO¨d¢«Ë .WO°uMπ∞« ÂUM∑OO≠ s± ‹«uI° rN∞«b∂∑ß«Ë UOπ¥¸b¢ WOJ¥d±_«

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ÂU´ fßQ¢ wßUOß »e• ."m¥Ë" »e• / n. Whig Party

.ÊuºØU§ ˸b≤¬ ‹UßUOß W{¸UFL∞ 1834
¸bÅ q¥bF¢ ."‹uLK¥Ë" ◊Ëd® / n. Wilmot Proviso
lM± vK´ h≤ ÍdJºF∞« ¡öO∑ßù« Êu≤UI∞ 1846 ÂU´
bF° pOºJL∞« s± ‹cî√ w∑∞« w{«¸_« w≠ W¥œu∂F∞«
.»d∫∞«
/ n. Women’s Auxiliary Army Corps (WAAC)
wJ¥d±_« gOπ∞« w≠ …b•Ë .b´Uº± wzUº≤ gO§ oKO≠
s± ¡UºM∞« sOJL∑∞ WO≤U∏∞« WOL∞UF∞« »d∫∞« ¡UM£√ XKJA¢
.WO∞U∑Æ dO¨ nzU™Ë w≠ W±bª∞«
ÊU§dN± ."„u∑ßœËË" ÊU§dN± / n. Woodstock
v∞≈ »U∂A∞« s± 400,000 s± d∏Ø√ »c§ w≤Uπ± wIOßu±
.1969 fDº¨√/»¬ w≠ „¸u¥uO≤ ‰UL® w≠ W´¸e±
/ n. Works Progress Administration (WPA)
s± ¡eπØ XºßQ¢ WµO≥ .‰ULFK∞ w±bI¢ nO™u¢ V∑J±
qLF∞« s´ sOK©UFK∞ nzU™Ë XM±√ ,w≤U∏∞« b¥bπ∞« Z±U≤d∂∞«
‹ôUπ±Ë ÊuMH∞« ,rOKF∑∞« ,»UO∏∞« W©UOî ,¡UM∂∞« ‰Uπ± w≠
.Èdî√

X
YO• 1797 ÂU´ r¢ Àb• .XYZ WOCÆ / n. XYZ Affair
sOOßU±uK°b∞« s± …u®¸ ÊuOº≤dH∞« ÊuH™uL∞« VK©
.sOOJ¥d±_«
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

Y
»uKß√ .¡«dHB∞« W≠U∫B∞« / n. yellow journalism

ARABIC
UN∑π∞UF±Ë ¸U∂î_« œdß w≠ WG∞U∂LK∞ ÊuOOH∫B∞« t±bª∑º¥
.¡«dI∞« VKπ∞

Z
W∞U߸ ."ÊU±dL¥“" ·«dGK¢ / n. Zimmermann note
w≤UL∞_« dOHº∞« v∞≈ UO≤UL∞√ WO§¸Uî d¥“Ë 1917 ÂU´ UNK߸√
wJOºJ±-w≤UL∞√ œU∫¢≈ ŸËdA± tOK´ ÷d´ pOºJL∞« w≠
uO≤Ë ”UºJ¢ ‹U¥ôË …œUF∑ßU° pOºJL∞« …b´UºL° b´ËË
»d∫∞« …b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« XKîœ «–≈ U≤Ëe¥¸√Ë uJOºJO±
.v∞Ë_« WOL∞UF∞«

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HaiGloss.TheAmerican 1/20/04 11:48 AM Page 156

GLOSE KREYOL AYISYEN

Glosè a se yon lis ki nan lòd alfabetik ki genyen anpil nan tèm enpòtan ki nan chapit
yo, ak tout definisyon yo. Definisyon ki liste nan Glosè a se yo ki aplike pou jan mo
yo sèvi nan liv sa a. Glosè a bay klasifikasyon chak mo. Abrevyasyon sila yo itilize:
adj. = adjektif n. = non v. = vèb

A American Expeditionary Force (AEF) / Fòs

Ekspedisyonè Ameriken (FEA) n. fòs Etazini,
abolition / abolisyon n. mouvman ki te fèt pou dirije pa Jeneral John Pershing, ki te goumen ak Alye yo
sispann esklavaj. nan Lewòp pandan premye Gè Mondyal la.
Adams-Onís Treaty / Trete Adams-Onis n. American Federation of Labor (AFL) /
yon akò 1819 kote Lespay te bay Etazini kontwòl sou Federasyon Ameriken pou Travay (FAT) n.
teritwa Laflorid. yon alyans sendika pwofesyon ak metye ki te fòme an
1886.
Adena / Adena n. yon sosyete, kote gen Konstrisktè
Bit, ki te santre nan vale Rivyè Ohio e ki te byen devlope American Indian Movement (AIM) /
apeprè de 700 avan Jezikri jiska 100 apre Jezikri. Mouvman Ameriken Endyen (MAE) n. yon
òganizasyon ki te trè souvan militan e ki te fòme an
affirmative action / aksyon afimatif n. yon
1968 pou travay pou dwa Ameriken Endyen yo.
politik ki chèche korije efè diskriminasyon ki te fèt nan
tan lontan nan bay gwoup ki pat jwenn avantaj anvan yo Americanization movement / Mouvman
preferans. pou amerikanizasyon n. yon pwogram edikasyon
devlope pou ede imigran asimile kilti ameriken an.
Agent Orange / Ajan Oranj n. yon pwodwi
chimik toksik ki fèt pou touye fèy e ke avyon ameriken American System / Sistèm Ameriken n. yon
te lage nan Vyetnam pou ekspoze kote Vyetkong yo te seri mezi ki te pran anvan Gè Sivil la pou ini nasyon an
kache. ak pou ranfòse ekonomi li; pou yo te fè sa yo te itilize
tarif pwotekif, yon bank nasyonal, ak kèk amelyorasyon
Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) / Lwa
entèn tankou devlopman sistèm transpò.
pou Ajisteman Agrikiltirèl (LAA) n. yon lwa

Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

ki te pase an 1933 pou monte pri rekòt la; pou sa te fèt, Anaconda plan / plan Anakonda n. yon
yo peye fèmye yo pou yo kite yon pati nan tè yo san estrateji an twa pati kote Inyon an te pwopoze pou fè Eta
plante, konsa sa redwi prodiksyon. Konfedere yo pèdi nan Gè Sivil la.
AIDS (acquired immune deficiency anarchist / anachis n. yon moun ki kont tout kalite
syndrome) / SIDA (Sendwòm gouvènman.
Iminodefisyantè Aki) n. yon maladi koze pa yon Anasazi / Anasazi n. yon gwoup Ameriken Endyen
viris ki febli sistèm imin nan, sa vin fè kò a vin siseptib ki te viv sou tèt mesa [plato volkanik] yo, sou kote falèz
pou gen enfeksyon e pou li gen lòt kalite kansè ki ra. yo, ak anba kanyon nan rejyon Kat Kwen yo (ki jodiya
Alamo, the / Alamo an n. yon misyon e yon fò se zòn kote eta Arizona, Nouvo Meksik, Kolorado ak
nan San Antonio, Texas, kote fòs meksiken yo te Utah kontre) de apeprè 100 avan Jezikri jis 1300.
masakre abitan rebèl Tegzas yo nan ane 1836. annex / anèks v. lè yo enkòpore yon teritwa nan yon
Alien and Sedition Acts / Lwa pou Etranje inite politik, tankou yon eta oubyen yon nasyon.
ak Sedisyon n. yon seri kat lwa ki te pase an 1798 antebellum / antebelum adj. ki fè pati de
pou diminye pouvwa politik nouvo imigran nan Etazini peryòd avan Gè Sivil la.
yo. Antifederalist / Antifederalis n. yon moun ki
HAITIAN CREOLE

Alliance for Progress / Alyans pou Pwogrè kont yon gouvènman santral ki solid.
n. yon pwogram èd etranjè pandan ane 1960 yo ki te bay appeasement / apèzman n. lè yo akòde
asistans ekonomik ak teknik bay peyi Amerik Latin yo. konsesyon bay yon pouvwa ostil pou kenbe lapè.
Allies / Alye yo n. 1. pandan premye Gè Mondyal Appomattox Court House / Palè Lajistis
la, gwoup nasyon ki te nan kòmansman an konpoze Apotamòks n. vil toupre Apotamòks, Vijini, kote
de Grann Bretay, Lafrans, ak Larisi e apre te vin gen Lee te livre tèt li bay Grant le 9 avril, 1865, sa te sispann
Etazini, Itali, ak lòt tou — ki te kont pouvwa Santral yo. Gè Sivil la. (37°N 79°W)
2. pandan dezyèm Gè Mondyal la gwoup nasyon ki te
apprentice / apranti n. yon travayè ki ap aprann
enkli Grann Bretay, Inyon Sovyetik ak Etazini ki te kont
yon profesyon oubyen yon metye dabitid sou sipèvizyon
pouvwa Aksis yo.
yon mèt.

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arbitration / abitraj n. yon metòd pou rezoud Beatles, the / Beatles yo n. yon djaz britanik ki te
dispit kote toulede bò yo prezante plent yo bay yon jij ke gen yon gwo enfliyans sou mizik popilè nan ane 1960 yo.
yo toulede apwouve. beat movement / mouvman kadans
armistice / amistis n. yon trèv, oubyen yon akò [mouvman bit] n. yon mouvman sosyal ak atistik
pou sispann yon konfli ame. ane 1950 yo, ki te konsantre sou ekspresyon literè
Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) / pèsonèl san restriksyon e ki pat swiv kilti jeneral la.
Lame Repiblik Vyetnam (LRVN) n. solda ki sot Benin / Benen n. yon wayom Afrik Delwès ki
nan sid Vyetnam ki te goumen ak twoup Etazini yo kont devlope nan rejyon Delta Nijè (kote ki rele Nijeri
kominis ak fòs nan Nò yo pandan Gè Vyetnam nan. kounyela a) depi 14yèm rive 17yèm syèk.
Articles of Confederation / Atik Berlin airlift / Pon aeryen Bèlen n. yon
konfederasyon n. yon dokiman Dezyèm Kongrè operasyon ki te dire 327 jou, kote avyon ameriken ak
Kontinantal la te adopte an 1777 e finalman te apwouve avyon britanik te pote manje bay Bèlen Delwès apre
pa eta yo an 1781, ki te souliye mòd gouvènman nouvo Sovyetik yo te bloke vil la an 1948.
Etazini yo. Berlin Wall / Mi Bèlen n. yon mi an siman ki te
Ashcan school / Lekòl Ashcan n. yon gwoup separe Bèlen Delès ak Bèlen Delwès de 1961 a1989, e
atis ameriken nan kòmansman 20yèm syèk la ki te trè ke gouvènman kominis Almay Delès la te konstwi pou
souvan pentire lavi nan lavil la de yon fason reyèl — anpeche sitwayen ni yo sove kite Lwès la.
tankou lojman ak moun ki pa gen kay — e se konsa yo Bessemer process / Pwosesis besemè n. yon
te rive gen non sa yo. pwosesis ki bon mache e ki efikas pou fabrike fè, ki te
assimilation / asimilasyon n. lè yon gwoup devlope nan peryòd 1850.
minoritè adopte kwayans ak mòd vi kilti ki domine a. Bill of Rights / Deklarasyon Dwa Delòm n.
Atlantic Charter / Chatè Atlantik n. an 1941, dis premye amannman nan Konstitisyon Etazini an, ki te
yon deklarasyon sou prensip kote Etazini ak Grann Bretay ajoute an 1791 e ki gen yon lis ofisyèl dwa ak libète
te etabli objektif yo sou opozisyon kont pouvwa Aksis yo. sitwayen yo.
Axis powers / Pouvwa Aksis n. gwoup nasyon, bimetallism / bimetalis n. itilizasyon toude lò ak
ki enkli Almay, Itali ak Japon, ki te kont Alye yo nan ajan, kòm yon baz pou yon sistèm monetè nasyonal.
dezyèm Gè Mondyal la. black codes / kòd nwa n. yon seri lwa ki te fè
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

Aztec / Aztèk n. yon pèp ameriken endyen ki te diskriminasyon e ki te pase nan sid la pandan tout epòk
etabli nan Vale Meksik nan ane 1200 avan Jezikri yo e ki apre Gè Sivil la ; yo te sevèman limite lavi Afriken
yon tan apre te rive devlope yon anpi byen pwisan. Ameriken ak entèdiksyon sou aktivite tankou vwayaje
san pèmi, pote zam, sèvi tankou manm jiri, temwaye
kont blan epi marye ak blan.
B blacklist / lis nwa n. yon lis de apeprè 500 aktè,
ekriven, pwodiktè, ak direktè ki pat gen dwa travay nan
baby boom / baby boom n. ogmantasyon rapid
fim nan Hollywood poutèt yo te pretann ke yo te gen
nan to nesans nan Etazini apre dezyèm Gè Mondyal la.
koneksyon kominis.
Bank of the United States / Bank Etazini n.
Black Panthers / Pantè Nwa n. yon òganizasyon
nenpòt nan de bank nasyonal yo, fonde pa gouvènman
politik Afriken Ameriken militan fòme an 1966 pa Huey
federal la ak envestisè prive yo, etabli pa Kongrè,
Newton ak Bobby Seale pou konbat britalite lapolis epi
premye a an 1791 e dezyèm nan an 1816.
pou bay sèvis nan geto a.
Battle of the Bulge / Batay Adèn n. yon batay
Black Power / Pouvwa Nwa n. yon eslogan ke
pandan dezyèm Gè Mondyal la ki te dire yon mwa, kote
Stokley Carmichael te itilize nan ane 1960 yo ki te
Alye yo te reyisi repouse dènye gwo atak Almay lan nan
ankouraje Afriken Ameriken gen fyète ak lidèship
HAITIAN CREOLE

gè a.
sosyal e politik.
Battle of Midway / Batay Midway n. yon
Black Tuesday / Madi Nwa n. non yo bay 29
batay dezyèm Gè Mondyal ki te fèt nan kòmansman
oktòb 1929 lè pri bous yo te bese sibitman.
mwa jen 1942. Alye yo te detwi flòt [ansanm batiman
gè] japonè yo nan Midway, yon il sitiye nan nòdwès Bleeding Kansas / Kanzas ap senyen n. yon
Awayi. Lè sa a Alye yo mennen atak la nan Pasifik lan e non yo bay Teritwa Kanzas la nan ane anvan Gè Sivil la,
kòmanse vanse pipre Japon. lè teritwa a te yon kan batay ant fòs pou esklavaj ak fòs
kont esklavaj yo.
Battle of Wounded Knee / Batay Wounded
Knee n. masak kote solda ameriken yo te touye 300 blitzkrieg / blitskrieg n. de mo alman an ki vle di
Ameriken Endyen ki pat ame, nan Wounded Knee “gè zèklè”, yon atak enòm, sibit ak ni fòs aeryen ni fòs
Creek, Dakota disid, nan ane 1890. teren ki te gen kòm objektif pou li gen yon viktwa rapid.

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blockade / blokay n. itilizasyon batiman oubyen Camp David Accords / Akò Kan David n.
twoup pou anpeche mouvman antre soti nan yon pò akò istorik ant Lizrayèl ak Lejip ki te fèt nan
oubyen yon rejyon kontwole pa yon nasyon ostil. negosiyasyon nan Kan David an 1978.
bonanza farm / fèm bonannza n. yon trè gwo capitalism / kapitalis n. yon sistèm ekonomik
fèm kote yo kiltive yon sèl kalite rekòt. kote endividi ak kòporasyon kontwole mòd pwodiksyon
Bonus Army / Lame bonis n. yon gwoup veteran e sèvi ak yo pou fè pwofi.
premye Gè Mondyal ak fanmi yo ki te mache nan carpetbagger / avantirye [kapètbagè] n. yon
Wachintonn D.C., an 1932 pou mande peman imedya moun nan Nò ki al viv nan Sid la apre Gè Sivil la.
yon bonis yo te pwomèt yo pou sèvis militè. cash crop / rekòt kash n. yon rekòt yon fèmye
bootlegger / trafikan [boutlègè] n. yon moun kiltive pou vann olye li itilize l pou bezwen pèsonèl li.
ki te trafike bweson alkòl antre nan Etazini panda epòk Central Powers / Pouvwa Santral n. gwoup
Entèdiksyon. nasyon yo — dirije pa Lalmay, Otrich-Ongri, ak Anpi
Boston Massacre / Masak Boston n. yon Otoman — ki te kont Alye yo pandan premye Gè
deblozay ant solda britanik yo ak kolon nan Boston yo Mondyal la.
an 1770, kote senk nan kolon yo te asasine. checks and balances / tchèk ak balans n.
Boston Tea Party / Fèt Te nan Boston n. an pwovizyon nan Konstitisyon Etazini an ki entèdi nenpòt
1773 lè kolon yo te vide 18.000 liv te nan pò Boston pou branch nan gouvènman ameriken an domine lòt de
pwoteste kont Lwa Te a. branch yo.
Boulder Dam / Barikad Bouldè [Boulder Chinese Exclusion Act / Lwa Eksklizyon
Dam] n. yon barikad nan Rivyè Kolorado — li rele Chinwa n. yon lwa ratifye an 1882, ki te entèdi tout
barikad Houvè [Hoover Dam] kounyela a — li te Chinwa eksepte etidyan, pwofesè, komèsan, touris ak
konstwi pandan peryòd Gran Depresyon an e li te fè ofisye gouvènman antre nan peyi Etazini.
pati yon pwogram travay piblik ki te gen lentansyon Chisholm Trail / Chimen Chisòm n. wout
ankouraje biznis ak bay travay. prensipal betay la nan San Antonio Tegzas atravè
Boxer Rebellion / Rebelyon Boksè n. yon Oklawoma jis nan Kanzas.
revòlt an 1900 kote manm yon sosyete sekrè chinwa tap chlorination / klorinasyon n. yon metòd pou
chèche libere peyi yo de enfliyans Lwès la. pirifye dlo nan melanje li ak klò chimik.

Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

bracero / brasewo n. yon travayè meksiken yo CIA / CIA n. Ajans Entelijans Santral — yon ajans
pèmèt rantre Etazini pou travay pou yon peryòd limite ameriken kreye pou kolekte enfòmasyon sekrè sou
pandan dezyèm Gè Mondyal la. gouvènman etranje yo.
bread line / liy pen n. yon liy moun ki ap tann Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) / Kò
manje gratis. Konsèvasyon Sivil (KKS) n. yon ajans, etabli
brinkmanship / estrateji nan direksyon kòm yon pati nan Nouvèl Dòn nan, ki te mete jenn
tchouboum n. yon politik kote yo menase yon ènmi gason chomè travay nan konstriksyon wout, devlopman
ak gwo fòs revanch militè pou nenpòt ki atak. pak, plante pyebwa ak ede nan kontwòl ewozyon ak nan
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka / pwojè pou kontwòle inondasyon.
Brown k Konsèy Administrasyon Lekòl civil disobedience / dezobeyisans sivil n.
Topika Kanzas n. yon ka an 1954 kote kou siprèm refize swiv lwa ki konsidere enjis ak lentansyon pou
nan deside edikasyon “separe mè egal” pou elèv nwa ak mennen yon chanjman nan politik gouvènman an. Henry
blan te enkonstitisyonèl. David Thoreau te ekri sou dezobeyisans sivil nan 19yèm
Bull Moose Party / Pati Boul Mous [Bull syèk la e taktik la te lanse pa Martin Luther King Jr.,
Moose Party] n. non yo bay Pati Pwogresif la, ki te pandan Epòk Dwa Sivil yo.
fòme pou sipòte kandida pou prezidan Theodore Civil Rights Act of 1964 / Lwa Dwa Sivil
HAITIAN CREOLE

Roosevelt an 1912. 1964 n. yon lwa ki te entèdi diskriminasyon baze sou

buying on margin / achte nan maj n. lè pou ras, sèks, peyi natal, oubyen relijyon nan plas piblik ak
achte bous yo ou peye yon ti pousantaj nan pri a epi nan majorite lye travay.
jwenn prete rès kòb la. Civil Rights Act of 1968 / Lwa Dwa Sivil
1968 n. yon lwa ki te entèdi diskriminasyon nan
lojman.
C civil service / sèvis sivil n. branch
cabinet / kabinè n. yon gwoup chèf depatman ki administrasyon gouvènman yo ki pa militè.
sèvi tankou chèf konseye prezidan an.

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Clayton Antitrust Act / Lwa Antitrust Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO)

Clayton n. yon lwa ki te pase an 1914, ki te konsidere / Kongrè Òganizasyon Endistriyèl (KOE)
kòm ilegal sèten biznis ki tap pratike monopoli e ki te n. yon òganizasyon pou travay ke yo te ekspilse de
pwoteje dwa sendika pou travay yo ak òganizasyon pou Federasyon Ameriken pou Travay la an 1938.
fèm yo. Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) /
Cold War / Gè Frèt n. kondisyon ostilite, san konfli Kongrè pou Egalite Rasyal (KPER) n. yon
militè dirèk, ki te devlope ant Etazini ak Inyon Sovyetik gwoup entèrasyal fonde an 1942 pa James Farmer pou
apre dezyèm Gè Mondyal la. travay kont segregasyon nan vil nan Nò yo.
colonization / kolonizasyon n. etablisman conquistador / konkistadò n. youn nan Panyòl
koloni izole pa yon peyi prensipal. yo ki te vwayaje nan Lamerik tankou yon eksploratè e
Columbian Exchange / Echanj kolonbyen yon konkeran nan 16yèm syèk la.
n. transfè plant, bèt, ak maladi — depi premye vwayaj conscientious objector / opozan
Kolon an — ant emisfè lwès ak lès. konsyansye n. yon moun ki refize, selon moral li,
committee of correspondence / komite patisipe nan lagè.
korespondans n. youn nan gwoup òganize pa kolon conscription / konskripsyon n. lè yo rele
ameriken yo pou fè echanj enfòmasyon sou menas sitwayen pou yal fè sèvis militè.
britanik yo kont libète yo. conservation / konsèvasyon n. jesyon planifye
Committee to Reelect the President / resous natirèl yo, ki gen pou wè ak pwoteksyon kèk zòn
Komite pou reeli prezidan an n. yon etandi sovaj ak devlopman lòt zòn pou byen komen.
òganizasyon ki te fòme pou dirije kanpay reeleksyon conservative coalition / kowalisyon
1972 prezidan Nixon nan ; li te asosye a kasekay nan konsèvatè n. yon alyans gwoup ekstrèm dwat ki te
syèj Komite Demokratik Nasyonal la e sa te lanse kont gwo gouvènman; li te fòme nan mitan ane 1960 yo.
eskandal Watergate la.
consolidation / konsolidasyon n. zak inifye
Common Sense / Bon Sans n. yon feyè ekri pa oubyen konbine.
Thomas Paine ki te pibliye an 1776, ki te mande pou
consumerism / konsomasyonis n.
separasyon koloni yo de Bretay.
preyokipasyon ak acha byen materyèl.
communism / kominis n. yon sistèm ekonomik
containment / frenay n. lè yo anpeche jefò yon
ak politik baze sou yon gouvènman ak yon sèl pati e ak
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

lòt nasyon pwopaje enfliyans li — sitou jefò Etazini pou

leta kòm pwopriyetè byen.
bloke pwopagasyon enfliyans sovyetik pandan fen ane
Compromise of 1850 / Konpwomi 1850 n. 1940 ak kòmansman ane 1950 yo.
yon seri mezi kongrè te pase ki te fèt pou rezoud gwo
Contract with America / Kontra ak
dezagreman ant eta lib ak eta ki pèmèt esklavaj yo.
Lamerik n. yon dokiman ki te ekri pa reprezantan
Compromise of 1877 / Konpwomi 1877 n. Newt Gingrich e ki te siyen pa plis pase 300 repibliken
yon seri mezi kongrè te pase kote demokrat yo te dakò an 1994, li te etabli ajanda lejislatif konsèvatè repibliken
aksepte kandida repibliken Rutherford B. Hayes kòm yo.
prezidan, menmsi li te pèdi vòt popilè a. Mezi yo te
Contras / Kontra n. rebèl nikaragweyen ki te
enkli retire twoup federal yo de eta sid yo, lajan federal
resevwa asistans nan men administrasyon Reagan nan,
pou amelyore enfrastrikti nan sid la, epi deziyen yon
pou sipòte jefò yo nan planifikasyon koudeta sou
manm kabinè ki sot nan sid e ki konsèvatè.
gouvènman Sandinista nan ane 1980 yo.
concentration camp / kan konsantrasyon
convoy system / sistèm konvwa n.
n. yon kan prizon dirije pa Almay Natzi kote Jwif yo ak
pwoteksyon batiman komès kont atak bato U —
lòt gwoup ki te konsidere kòm enmi Adolf Hitler te ap
soumaren Alman — yo; yo te fè batiman yo vwayaje
mouri grangou pandan yo tap fè travay esklavaj oubyen
an gwo gwoup eskòte pa batiman degè yo.
HAITIAN CREOLE

yo te asasine.
Copperhead / Tèt Kwiv n. yon demokrat dinò ki
Confederacy / Konfederasyon n. Eta
te sipòte fè lapè ak Eta Konfedere yo pandan Gè Sivil la.
Konfedere Lamerik yo, yon konfederasyon fòme an
1861 pa eta sid yo apre separasyon yo de Inyon an. cottage industry / endistri kotaj n. yon
sistèm pwodiksyon kote fabrikan yo bay materyèl pou
confederation / konfederasyon n. yon alyans
machandiz yo ka pwodwi andedan kay.
ki pèmèt eta oubyen nasyon yo aji ansanm sou zafè ki
gen enterè mityèl. cotton gin / machin pou wete grenn nan
koton n. yon machin pou netwaye grenn nan fib
conglomerate / konglomera n. yon gwo
koton, ki te envante pa Eli Whitney an 1793.
kòporasyon ki posede yon kantite ti konpayi ki nan
diferan biznis.

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counterculture / kontkilti n. kilti jenn moun ki détente / detant n. yon politik fleksib, ki enplike
te rejte sosyete ameriken prensipal la nan ane 1960 yo e yon volonte pou negosye e yon kalm nan tansyon, li te
ki tap chèche kreye yon sosyete altènatif baze sou lapè, adopte pa prezidan Richard Nixon ak konseye li Henry
lanmou, ak libète endividyèl. Kissinger nan relasyon yo ak nasyon kominis.
credibility gap / eka kredibilite n. yon direct relief / soulajman dirèk n. aksyon bay
mefyans piblik deklarasyon gouvènman an fè. kòb oubyen manje pa gouvènman an dirèkteman bay
credit / kredi n. yon aranjman kote yon achtè peye moun pòv.
apre pou yon acha, trè souvan ak yon plan peman pa division of labor / divizyon travay n.
vèsman ak frè denterè. atribisyon travay ak responsabilite diferan bay diferan
Crédit Mobilier / Kredi Mobilye [Crédit gwoup oubyen endividyèl.
Mobilier] n. yon konpayi konstriksyon fòme an 1864 Dixiecrat / Diksikrat n. youn nan delege sid yo ki,
pa pwopriyetè Union Pacific Railroad [Chemennfè pou pwoteste kont politik dwa sivil prezidan Truman
Inyon Pasifik] ki te sèvi ak li pou fè fwòd nan kenbe nan, vire dol kite Konvansyon Nasyonal Demokratik
pwofi pou tèt yo. 1948 la e fòme Pati Dwa Demokratik Eta yo.
Crusades / Kwazad n. yon seri ekspedisyon militè dollar diplomacy / diplomasi dola n. politik
kretyen nan Mwayen Oryan ant 1096 ak 1270 apre Etazini kote li itilize pouvwa ekonomik nasyon an pou
Jezikri ki te gen kòm objektif pou yo wete Mizilman yo egzèse enfliyans sou lòt peyi.
de Tè Sakre a. domino theory / teyori domino n. ide ke si yon
cult of domesticity / kilt domestisite n. yon nasyon tonbe anba kontwòl kominis, nasyon toupre li yo
kwayans ke fanm marye dwe limite aktivite yo nan kay ap tonbe anba kontwòl kominis tou.
yo ak nan fanmi yo. dotcom / dotkòm n. yon biznis ki gen rapò ak
oubyen ki fèt sou entènèt.

D double standard / estanda doub n. yon seri

prensip ki pèmèt plis libète seksyèl bay gason pase fi.
Dawes Act / Lwa Dawes n. yon lwa dekrete an dove / kolonm n. yon moun ki te opoze a Gè
1887, ki te gen lentansyon “amerikanize” Ameriken Vyetnam nan e ki te kwè ke Etazini te dwe soti ladan ni.
Endyen yo nan fè distribisyon tè rezèvasyon bay Dow Jones Industrial Average / Mwayèn

Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

pwopriyetè endividyèl. Endistriyèl Dow Jones n. yon mezi ki baze sou
D-Day / Jou D n. non yo bay 6 jen 1944 — jou ke pri bous 30 gwo konpayi, ke yo itilize anpil tankou yon
Alye yo te lanse yon envazyon nan kontinan Lewòp bawomèt pou detèmine sitiyasyon mache bous la.
pandan dezyèm Gè Mondyal la. downsize / redwi gwosè v. lè ou wete nonm
debt peonage / piyonaj dèt n. yon sistèm kote anplwaye pèmanan pou eseye fè operasyon yo pi efikas
travayè yo oblije fè sèvis jis yo fin peye tout dèt yo. e pou ekonomize lajan.
Declaration of Independence / draft / rele pou sèvis militè n. enskripsyon
Deklarasyon Endepandans n. dokiman ekri obligatwa nan sèvis militè.
pa Thomas Jefferson an 1776, kote delege Kongrè Dust Bowl / Bòl pousyè n. rejyon ki kouvri
Kontinantal yo deklare koloni yo endepandan de Bretay. Tegzas, Oklawoma, Kanzas, Kolorado ak Nouvo Meksik
de facto segregation / segregasyon ki te vin initil pou agrikilti poutèt sechrès ak tanpèt
defakto n. separasyon rasyal ki te fèt pa abitid ak pousyè pandan ane 1930 yo.
koutim, e ki pat etabli pa lalwa.
deficit spending / fè depans sou defisi n.
depans lajan yon gouvènman ki piplis pase sa li resevwa E
HAITIAN CREOLE

kòm revni.
Earth Day / Jou Latè n. yon jou ki konsakre pou
de jure segregation / segregasyon dapre edikasyon sou anviwonman e ki selebre anyèlman le 22
lalwa n. separasyon rasyal etabli pa lalwa. avril.
Democratic-Republican / Repibliken Economic Opportunity Act / Lwa Opòtinite
Demokrat n. pati politik renome pou sipò li bay Ekonomik n. yon lwa ki te pase an 1964 e ki te bay
gouvènman leta ki pwisan e ki te fonde pa Thomas fon pou pwogram lajenès, mezi pou konbat povrete, prè
Jefferson an 1792 kont Pati Federalis la. pou ti biznis, ak fòmasyon pou travay.
deregulation / derèglemantasyon n. egalitarianism / egaliteryanis n. kwayans ke
rediksyon règleman federal sou endistri. tout moun dwe gen egalite politik, ekonomik, sosyal, ak
dwa sivil.

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Eisenhower Doctrine / Doktrin Eisenhower exoduster / egszdòstè n. yon Afriken Ameriken ki

n. yon angajman Etazini te pran pou defann Mwayen emigre de zòn sid Kanzas nan ane apre-Rekonstriksyon yo.
Oryan an kont atak nenpòt peyi kominis, anonse pa extortion / ekstòsyon n. itilizasyon ilegal de
prezidan Dwight D. Eisenhower an 1957. pozisyon ofisyèl yon moun pou rive gen pwopriyete
electoral college / kolèj elektoral n. yon oubyen fon.
gwoup seleksyone pa eta yo pou eli prezidan ak
visprezidan an, kote nonm elektè yo egal a nomn
senatè ak reprezantan nan Kongrè yo pou chak eta. F
emancipation / emansipasyon n. liberasyon Fair Deal / Negosyasyon jis n. pwogram
esklav. ekonomik prezidan Harry S. Truman nan — ki te yon
Emancipation Proclamation / ekstansyon Nouvèl Dòn Franklin Roosevelt la — ki te enkli
Pwoklamasyon Demansipasyon n. yon lòd mezi pou elve salè minimòm, pwolonje asirans sosyal
egzekitif fèt pa Abraham Lincoln le 1e janvye 1863, ki sekirite, e bay lojman a tout fanmi ak ki touche ti kòb.
libere tout esklav nan tout rejyon liy Eta Konfere yo. Family Assistance Plan / Plan Dasistans
embargo / anbago n. yon entèdiksyon gouvènman Familyal n. yon pwopozisyon pou refòmasyon wèlfè,
mete sou komès ak youn ou plizyè nasyon. apwouve pa Chanm Reprezantan an an 1970 mè rejte
encomienda / enkomyennda n. yon sistèm kote nan Sena a, ki ta va garanti yon salè bay moun ki
otorite panyòl yo bay pwopriyetè kolonyal yo dwa pou resevwa wèlfè yo, ki te dakò swiv yon trenin pou travay
yo sèvi ak Ameriken Endyen tankou travayè fòse. e ki te aksepte travay.
Enlightenment / Eklèsisman n. yon mouvman Farmers’ Alliances / Alyans Agrikiltè n.
entelektyèl 18yèm syèk ki te konsantre sou itilizasyon gwoup agrikiltè, oubyen moun ki senpatize ak zafè
rezon ak metòd syantifik tankou mwayen pou rive gen afèmaj, ki voye konferansye de vil an vil pou edike
konesans. moun sou zafè agrikilti ak riral.
entitlement program / pwogram dwa n. fascism / fasis n. yon filozofi politik ki sipòte yon
yon pwogram gouvènman — tankou Sosyal Sekirite, gouvènman nasyonalis pwisan e santralize ki dirije pa
Medikare, oubyen Medicaid — ki garanti e ki bay yon diktatè ak anpil pouvwa.
benefis a yon gwoup patikilye. Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

entrepreneur / antreprenè n. yon moun ki / Komisyon Federal Kominikasyon (KFK) n.

òganize, dirije, e pran ris pou antreprann yon biznis yon ajans ki règlemante endistri kominikasyon nan
environmentalist / anviwonmantalis n. yon Etazini, ikonpri emisyon nan radyo ak televizyon.
moun ki travay pou pwoteje anviwonman an kont Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
destriksyon ak polisyon. (FDIC) / Kòporasyon Asirans Depo Federal
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) / (KADF) n. yon ajans kreye an 1933 pou asire
Ajans pou Pwoteksyon Anviwonman(APA) kontanbank endividyèl, pwoteje moun kont pèt akòz
n. yon ajans federal etabli an 1970 pou règleman dlo ak fayit bankè.
polisyon nan lè, dechè toksik, pestisid, ak radyasyon. Federal Home Loan Bank Act / Lwa pou
Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) / Prè Federal Kay Labank n. yon lwa dekrete
Amannman Dwa Egal n. yon amannman nan an 1931, ki bese to mògej sou kay e pèmèt agrikiltè
Konstitisyon Etazini an, ki te pwopoze mè ki pat pase, ki refinanse prè yo e evite labank la reprann kay la nan
tap entèdi nenpòt ki gouvènman diskrimine selon sèks. men ou.
Erie Canal / Kannal Erie n. yon vwa dlo atifisyèl federalism / federalis n. yon sistèm politik kote
ki 363 mil an longè e ki konekte Rivyè Hudson ak Lak yon gouvènman nasyonal ak inite konstititif, tankou
Erie; li te konstwi ant 1817 ak 1825. gouvènman leta, pataje pouvwa.
HAITIAN CREOLE

Espionage and Sedition Acts / Lwa Federalists / Federalis n. sipòtè Konstitisyon an

Espyonaj ak Sedisyon n. de lwa, dekrete an 1917 ak yon gouvènman nasyonal pwisan.
ak an 1918, ki te enpoze sanksyon trè di sou nenpòt Federalist, The / Federalis la n. yon seri
moun ki entèfere nan oubyen ki pale kont patisipasyon redaksyon ki defann e eksplike Konstitisyon an, ekri pa
Etazini pandan premye Gè Mondyal la. Alexander Hamilton, James Madison ak John Jay.
excise tax / taks endirèk n. yon taks sou Federal Reserve System / Sistèm Rezèv
pwodiksyon, vant, oubyen konsomasyon machandiz ki Federal n. yon sistèm bankè, etabli an 1913, ki
pwodwi nan yon peyi. kontwole fon monetè an sikilasyon nan Etazini ak
executive branch / branch egzekitif n. branch disponibilite kredi nan peyi an.
gouvènman an ki aplike ak ranfòse lwa yo.
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Federal Securities Act / Lwa Federal Valè n. Freedom Summer / Ete libète n. yon pwojè
yon lwa dekrete an 1933, ki te mande pou kòporasyon yo 1964 pou enskri votè Afriken Ameriken nan Misisipi.
bay enfòmasyon konplè e kòrèk sou tout òf sou bous. Freeport Doctrine / Doktrin Pò lib n. ide
Federal Trade Commission (FTC) / eksprime pa Stephen Douglas an 1858, ke nenpòt ki
Komisyon Federal Komès (KFK) n. yon ajans teritwa kapab ekskli esklavaj senpleman lè li refize pase
federal etabli an 1914 pou envestige e sispann pratik lwa ki sipòte li.
biznis ki enjis. Free-Soil Party / Pati Tè Lib n. yon pati politik
feminism / feminis n. kwayans ke fanm dwe gen fòme an 1848 pou opoze ekstansyon esklavaj nan teritwa
menm egalite ak nonm nan zafè ekonomik, politik, ak Etazini.
sosyal. Free Speech Movement / Mouvman Diskou
Fifteenth Amendment / Kenzyèm Lib n. yon etablisman òganizasyon Nouvo Gòch ki
Amannman n. yon amannman nan Konstitisyon kòmanse ak yon deblozay an 1964 ant etidyan ak
Etazini an, adopte an 1870, ki entèdi refi de dwa devòt a administratè nan Inivèsite Kalifòni nan Bèkli.
moun selon ras oubyen koulè yo oubyen poutèt yo te French and Indian War / Gè Fransè ak
esklav. Endyen n. yon konfli nan Lamerik Dinò, ki dire de
“Fifty-Four Forty or Fight!” / “Senkannkat 1754 jiska 1763, ki te fè pati de yon mezantant mondyal
Karant oubyen Goumen” n. yon ekspresyon ant Lafrans ak Bretay e ki fini ak defèt Lafrans ak
itilize nan kanpay prezidansyèl 1844 tankou yon apèl transfè Kanada Fransize bay Bretay.
pou Etazini ratache tout teritwa Oregonn nan. Fugitive Slave Act / Lwa esklav fijitif n. yon
flapper / jennfi nan van n. youn nan jenn fi ak lwa dekrete tankou pati Konpwomi 1850 la, deziyen pou
ide-lib ki te adopte nouvel mòd ak atitid ibanize ane asire ke esklav ki sove ap retounen nan nan fè sèvis.
1920 yo. Fundamentalism / Fondamantalis n. yon
flexible response / repons fleksib n. yon mouvman relijye pwotestan baze sou kwayans ke tout
politik, devlope pandan administrasyon Kennedy, ki istwa ak detay nan labib reyèlman vre.
te mande preparasyon yon seri repons militè a kriz
entènasyonal olyede konsantre sou itilizasyon zam nikleyè.
Foraker Act / Lwa Forekè n. lejislasyon pase pa
Kongrè an 1900, kote Etazini sispann kontwòl militè nan
G

Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

Gadsden Purchase / Acha Gadsden n. yon
Pòtoriko e etabli yon gouvènman sivil.
acha tè nan Meksik pa Etazini, ki te etabli fwontyè
Fordney-McCumber Tariff / Tarif Fordney- Etazini-Meksik kounyela a.
McCumber n. yon seri règleman, dekrete pa Kongrè
gag rule / règleman bayon n. yon règleman ki
an 1922, ki te ogmante enpo sou enpotasyon nan yo
limite oubyen anpeche deba sou yon kesyon.
nivo pi wo pase tout lòt lè yo, pou li ka pwoteje biznis
ameriken kont konpetisyon etranje. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
(GATT) / Akò Jeneral sou Tarif ak Komès
forty-niner / chèchè lò n. youn nan moun ki al (AJTK) n. yon akò entènasyonal siyen pou premye fwa
viv nan Kalifòni pou chèche larichès apre yo te dekouvri an 1947. An 1994 Etazini ak lòt peyi adopte yon nouvo
lò an 1848. vèsyon AJTK. Trete sa a te diminye baryè sou komès,
Fourteen Points / Katòz pwen n. prensip ki tankou tarif yo, e te kreye Òganizasyon Mondyal
te fè pati de plan prezidan Woodrow Wilson pou lapè Komès, ki rezoud dispit nan komès.
mondyal apre premye Gè Mondyal la. genetic engineering / jeni jenetik n.
Fourteenth Amendment / Katòzyèm chanjman nan biyoloji molekilè selil òganism pou
Amannman n. yon amannman nan Konstitisyon kreye nouvo kalite bakteri, plant, ak bèt.
Etazini an, adopte an 1868, ki te fè tout moun ki fèt
HAITIAN CREOLE

Geneva Accords / Antant Jenèv n. yon akò

oubyen natiralize nan Etazini — ikonpri ansyen esklav — depè an 1954 ki divize Vyetnam an Vyetnam Dinò
sitwayen peyi an e garanti pwoteksyon egal devan lalwa. kontwole pa kominis ak Vyetnam Disid ki pat kontwole
franchise / franchiz n. yon biznis ki achte dwa pa kominis jiskaske eleksyon pou inifikasyon te ka fèt
pou sèvi ak non ak metòd yon konpayi konsa li vin gen an 1956.
menm kalite biznis nan zòn diferan. genocide / jenosid n. ekstèminasyon pa ekspre e
Freedmen’s Bureau / Biwo òm lib n. yon ajans sistematik de yon gwoup rasyal, nasyonal oubyen relijye
federal òganize pou ede ansyen esklav apre Gè Sivil lan. patikilye.
freedom rider / kavalye libète n. youn nan Gentlemen’s Agreement / Akò mesye n. yon
aktivis dwa sivil ki te monte otobis nan tout sid la nan akò 1907-1908 ke gouvènman japon te fè pou limite
kòmansman ane 1960 yo pou defye segregasyon. emigrasyon japonè nan peyi Etazini.
162 THE AMERICANS
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gentrification / jantrifikasyon n. pwosesis le Great Compromise / Gran Konpwomi n.

yo remèt pwopriyete ibanize ki deteryore pa moun klas akò Konvansyon Konstitisyonèl la pou etabli yon
mwayèn, ki trè souvan mennen a deplasman rezidan ak lejislati nasyonal ak de chanm kote tout eta yo gen
salè pi ba. reprezantasyon egal nan yon chanm e chak eta
Gettysburg Address / Diskou Gettysburg n. gen reprezantasyon baze sou popilasyon ni nan
yon diskou popilè ke Abraham Lincoln te fè an novanm lòt chanm nan.
1863, nan dedikasyon simityè nasyonal sou anplasman Great Depression / Gran Depresyon n. yon
kote Batay Gettysburg [Getisbèg] la te fèt. peryòd ki dire de 1929 a 1940, kote ekonomi Etazini tap
ghetto / geto n. yon katye nan yon vil kote yon degrengole sevèman e milye Ameriken te an chomaj.
sèten gwoup minoritè presire oubyen fòse viv. Great Migration / Gran Migrasyon n. gran
GI Bill of Rights / Deklarasyon Dwa Solda mouvman Afriken Ameriken ki soti nan sid al viv nan
Ameriken [GI] n. non yo bay Lwa Reajisteman vil nan nò yo pandan kòmansman 20yèm syèk la.
Solda a, yon lwa 1944 ki bay benefis finansyè ak Great Plains / Gran Plenn n. gran etan ki te pran
edikasyon pou veteran dezyèm Gè Mondyal la. tout pòsyon santral Lamerik dinò, de Tegzas vè lenò jis
glasnost / glasnos n. diskisyon ouvè de pwoblèm Kanada, alès òn Wòch yo.
sosyal ke yo te pèmèt nan Inyon Sovyetik nan ane 1980 Great Society / Grann Sosyete n. pwogram
yo. prezidan Lynden B. Johnson pou redwi povrete ak
Glass-Steagall Act / Lwa Glass-Steagall n. enjistis rasyal e pou sipòte yon pi bon kalite vi nan
lwa 1933 a ki te etabli Kòporasyon Dasirans Depo Etazini.
Federal pou pwoteje kontanbank endividyèl yo.
Glorious Revolution / Revolisyon Laglwa n.
transfè monachi britanik de James II a William ak Mary H
an 1688-1689. habeas corpus / habeas corpus n. yon lòd
gold rush / presipitasyon lò n. mouvman anpil tribinal ki mande ke otorite yo mennen yon prizonye nan
moun nan yon rejyon kote yo te dekouvri lò. tribinal pou ke tribinal la ka detèmine si prizonye a arete
gold standard / estanda lò n. yon sistèm legalman.
monetè kote inite debaz deviz la baze sou yon montan Haight-Ashbury / Haight-Ashbury n. yon
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

presi lò. distrik Sann Fransisko ki tounen “kapital” kontkilti ipi

Gone with the Wind / Ale ak Van an n. yon an pandan ane 1960 yo.
fim 1939 baze sou lavi pwopriyetè plantasyon nan sid Harlem Renaissance / Renesans Alèm n. yon
pandan Gè Sivil la — youn nan fim pi popilè detoutan. epanwisman nan kreyativite atistik Afriken Ameriken
graft / grèf n. itilizasyon ilegal e enfliyans politik pandan ane 1920 yo, ki te sitiye nan kominote Alèm nan
pou pwofi pèsonèl. lavil Nouyòk.
grandfather clause / klòz granpè n. yon hawk / grigri n. a yon moun ki te sipòte patisipasyon
pwovizyon ki egzonere sèten moun de lalwa selon Etazini nan Gè Vyetnam nan e ki te kwè ke Etazini dwe
sikonstans anteryè — patikilyèman yon klòz ki te nan itilize plis fòs militè pou genyen ni.
konstitisyon eta sid yo otrefwa ki te egzonere blan de Hawley-Smoot Tariff Act / Lwa Tarif
kondisyon estrik devòt itilize pou anpeche Afriken Hawley-Smoot n. yon lwa, dekrete an 1930, ki te
Ameriken al vote. etabli pi wo tarif pwotektif nan istwa Etazini, li te koze
Grange / Granj n. Sipòtè Agrikilti yo — yon deteryorasyon nan Lamerik ak nan peyi etranje.
òganizasyon sosyal e edikasyonèl pa lekèl agrikiltè H-bomb / bonm-H n. bonm idwojèn nan — yon
eseye konbat pouvwa chemennfè nan fen ane 19yèm zam tèmonikleyè ki pi pwisan ke bonm atomik la.
syèk yo.
HAITIAN CREOLE

headright system / sistèm nan bon

Grapes of Wrath, The / Rezen Kolè, yo direksyon [headright sistem] n. politik
[Grapes of Wrath, the] n. yon liv ekri pa John Konpayi Vijini an kote li bay chak kolon ak chak
Steinbeck ki te pibliye an 1939, ki te baze sou fanmi manm fanmi ki akonpaye li 50 demiekta tè.
moun Oklawoma ki te kite Bòl Pousyè an pou al viv nan hierarchy / yerachi n. yon lòd sosyal baze sou ran
Kalifòni. oswa klas.
Great Awakening / Gran Repriz n. yon Ho Chi Minh Trail / Chimen Ho Chi Minh n.
renouvèlman santiman relijye nan koloni ameriken yo yon seri chimen ke Vyetnam dinò te itilize pou transpòte
pandan ane 1730 ak 1750 yo. materyèl bay Vyetkong yo nan Vyetnam disid.

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Hohokam / Hohokam n. a yon gwoup Ameriken imperialism / enperyalis n. politik kote yon
Endyen ki te viv nan lavale rivyè Sèl ak lavale rivyè Gila nasyon etann otorite li sou lòt peyi pa mwayen
(kote ki Arizona kounyela a) de apeprè 300 avan Jezikri ekonomik, politik oubyen militè.
a 1400 apre Jezikri. impressment / anpresman n. lè yo arete gason
Hollywood Ten / Oliwoud Dis n. dis temwen yo ak fòs pou sèvis militè.
nan endistri fim ki te refize kowopere nan envestigasyon Inca / Enka n. yon pèp ameriken endyen ki apeprè
HUAC sou enfliyans kominis nan Oliwoud. an 1400 apre Jezikri te kreye yon anpi ki te rive preske
Holocaust / Olokòs n. asasina byen òganize — 2.500 mil sou kòt delwès Lamerik disid.
oubyen jenosid — de jwif ak lòt gwoup nan Lewòp pa incandescent / reyonan adj. ki emèt limyè vizib
Natzi yo anvan e apre dezyèm Gè Mondyal la. poutèt chalè.
home rule / règleman lakay n. pouvwa yon eta income tax / enpo sou revni n. yon enpo sou
genyen pou li gouvène sitwayen ni yo san patisipasyon salè.
gouvènman federal.
indentured servant / sèvan ki sou kontra n.
Homestead Act / Dekrè Plantasyon n. yon lwa yon moun ki siyen kontra pou travay pou yon lòt pandan
Etazini dekrete an 1862 ki te bay 160 demiekta tè nan lwès yon tan limite, trè souvan anechanj pou depans vwayaj,
bay nenpòt ki sitwayen oubyen moun ki te gen lentansyon lojman, ak manje.
vin sitwayen, ki te chèf fanmi ni e ki ta ka kiltive tè a
Indian Removal Act / Lwa Deplasman
pandan senkan; yon lwa ki te fè yon anpil kolon Etazini yo
Endyen n. yon lwa, dekrete an 1830, ki te fòse pèp
mande pwopriyete prive ki te anteryèman rezève pa trete e
ameriken endyen yo ki te nan lès Misisipi deplase al viv
pa tradisyon pou lojman ak itilizasyon nomad ameriken
nan lwès.
endyen; menm lwa sa a te ranfòse an 1889 pou ankouraje
moun egzèse dwa pwopriyete prive yo ak devlope Industrial Revolution / Revolisyon
plantasyon sou gwo tè gouvènman yo. endistriyèl n. chanjman nan òganizsyon sosyal ak
ekonomik ki te fèt poutèt ranplasman zouti manyèl pou
Hopewell / Hopewell n. yon sosyete Konstriktè
machin e poutèt devlopman pwodiksyon endistriyèl
Bit ki te santre nan lavale Rivyè Owayo e ki te devlope
angwo.
de apeprè 200 avan Jezikri a 400 apre Jezikri.
Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) /
horizontal integration / entegrasyon
Travayè Endistryèl Mondyal n. yon òganizasyon
orizontal n. fizyon konpayi ki fè pwodwi sanblab.

Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

travay pou travayè san kalifikasyon, fòme pa yon gwoup
hot line / liy wouj n. yon lyen kominikasyon etabli sendikalis radikal ak sosyalis.
an 1963 pou pèmèt chèf Etazini ak Inyon Sovyetik yo
inflation / enflasyon n. yon ogmantasyon nan
kontakte youn lòt nan moman kriz.
pri oubyen yon bès nan pouvwa dacha koze pa yon
House Un-American Activities Committee ogmantasyon nan pwovizyon lajan.
(HUAC) / Chanm Komite Aktivite Non-
information superhighway / sipèhaywe
Ameriken (CKAN) n. yon komite kongresyonèl
enfòmasyon n. yon rezo kominiksyon pa konpitè ki
ki te envestige enfliyans kominis andedan gouvènman
lye moun ak enstitisyon atravè lemonn, ki bay endividi
Etazini nan ane apre dezyèm Gè Mondyal la.
sèvis tankou bibliyotèk, shopin, fim, ak nouvèl.
human rights / dwa delòm n. dwa ak libète,
INF Treaty / Trete INF n. Trete Fòs Nikleyè a
tankou sa ki nonmen nan Deklarasyon Endepandans la
Distans Entèmedyè — yon akò 1987 ant Etazini ak
ak Deklarasyon Dwa Delòm nan, ke tout moun sipoze
Iinyon Sovyetik ki te elimine kèk sistèm zam e ki te
genyen.
pèmèt enspeksyon enstalasyon militè souplas.
initiative / inisyativ n. yon pwosedi kote yon mezi
I lejislatif kapab devlope pa pèp la olyede lejislatè yo.
HAITIAN CREOLE

installment plan / kontra vant akredi n. yon

Immigration Act of 1965 / Lwa Imigrasyon aranjman kote yon achtè peye pandan yon tan, san li pa
1965 n. yon lwa ki te ogmante nonm imigran ke yo te genyen pou li mete anpil lajan deyò nan moman ke li ap
pèmèt etabli nan peyi Etazini. fè acha a.
impeach / akize v. akize yon ofisye fòmèlman pou interchangeable parts / pyès entèchanjab
move kondwit pandan li nan yon pòs gouvènman. n. pyès estanda ki ka sèvi youn olyede lòt.
Chanm Reprezantan an sèlman gen pouvwa akize ofisye
federal. Internet / Entènèt n. yon rezo mondyal, devlope
pa Depatman Lajistis Etazini, ki lye konpitè e ki pèmèt
impeachment / akizasyon n. lè yo akize yon kominikasyon preske imedya de tèks, foto, ak son.
reprezantan gouvènman an pou yon move zak.

164 THE AMERICANS

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internment / entènman n. anprizonman oubyen Judiciary Act of 1801 / Lwa jidisyè 1801 n.
restriksyon nan mouvman, patikilyèman pandan yon lwa ki te ogmante kantite jij federal yo e ki te pèmèt
kondisyon lagè. prezidan John Adams pou li te bay Federalis yo pi fò nan
Interstate Commerce Act / Lwa Komès nouvo pòs yo.
Ant Eta n. yon lwa dekrete an 1887, ki reetabli dwa Jungle, The / Jeng, lan n. yon liv ekri pa Upton
gouvènman federal la pou sipèvize aktivite chemennfè Sinclair, pibliye an 1906, ki te montre kondisyon danjere
e pou fè sa, li te kreye yon Komisyon Komès ant Eta e malsen ki te soti nan endistry pou anbalaj vyann nan
de senk manm. tan sa yo.
Intolerable Acts / Lwa ensipòtab n. yon seri
lwa dekrete pa Paleman an 1774 pou pini kolon
Masachousèt yo pou Fèt Te Boston an. K
iron curtain / rido anfè n. yon fraz itilize pa kamikaze / kamikazi adj. ki gen pou wè oubyen
Winston Churchill an 1946 pou dekri liy imajinè ki te angaje nan aksyon pa ekspre kraze yon avyon plen bonm
separe peyi kominis nan Inyon Sovyetik ak Lewòp nan yon sib militè.
delwès.
Kansas-Nebraska Act / Lwa Kanzas-
Iroquois / Iwoqwa n. yon gwoup pèp ameriken Nebraska n. yon lwa dekrete an 1854, ki te etabli
endyen ki abite nan rejyon bwaze nòdès yo. teritwa Kanzas ak Nebraska e ki te bay rezidan yo dwa
Islam / Izlam n. yon relijyon fonde nan peyi Arabi pou deside si pou yo pèmèt esklavaj.
an 622 apre Jezikri pa pwofèt Mohammad; kwayan ni yo Kashaya Pomo / Kashaya Pomo n. yon pèp
rele Mizilman. ameriken endyen ki te viv nan kòt tèmash kote ki
isolationism / izolasyonis n. opozisyon kont Kalifòni kounyela a.
melanj politik e ekonomik ak lòt peyi. Kent State University / Inivèsite Eta Kent
n. yon inivèsite nan Owayo kote Gad Nasyonal te tire
sou etidyan ki tap pwoteste kont Gè Vyetnam nan le 4
J me 1970, te genyen nèf blese e kat mò.
Japanese American Citizens League Kerner Commission / Komisyon Kerner n.
(JACL) / Lig Sitwayen Japonè Ameriken yon gwoup deziyen pa prezidan Johnson pou etidye
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

(LSJA) n. yon òganizasyon ki te pouse gouvènman lakòz vyolans ibèn e ki te rekòmande eliminasyon
Etazini konpanse Japonè Ameriken pou pwopriyete ke segregasyon defakto nan sosyete Ameriken an.
yo te pèdi lè yo te anfèmen pandan dezyèm Gè Mondyal King Philip’s War / Gè Wa Philip la n. yon
la. konfli, nan ane 1675-1676, ant kolon Nouvèl Angletè ak
jazz / djaz n. yon stil mizik karakterize pa itilizasyon gwoup alye ameriken endyen anba dirijans chèf
enpwovizasyon. Wampanoag Metacom.
Jim Crow laws / lwa Jim Crow n. lwa dekrete kinship / parante n. lyen ant manm yon fanmi.
pa gouvènman lokal eta disid yo pou separe moun blan Know-Nothing Party / Pati pa konn anyen
ak moun nwa nan biwo piblik ak prive. n. yon non yo te bay Pati Ameriken an, fòme nan ane
joint-stock companies / sosyete pa aksyon 1850 yo pou diminye enfliyans politik imigran yo.
n. biznis kote envestisè yo mete kòb ansanm pou yon bi Kongo / Kongo n. yon gwoup ti wayom ki kouri sou
komen. kote rivyè Zayi nan Lafrik Santral Delwès, ini anba yon
journeyman / òm vwayajè n. nan sistèm sèl chèf nan fen ane 1400 yo.
dapranti an, yon travayè kalifye angaje pa yon mèt. Korean War / Gè koreyen n. yon konfli ant Kore
judicial branch / branch jidisyè n. branch nan dinò ak Kore disid, ki te dire de 1950 a 1953, kote
HAITIAN CREOLE

gouvènman an ki entèprete lwa ak Konstitisyon an. Etazini, ak lòt peyi Nasyonzini, te goumen pou bò
Koreyen disid e Lachin te goumen pou bò Koreyen dinò.
judicial review / revizyon jidisyè n. pouvwa
Kou Siprèm nan pou deklare yon zak Kongrè Kristallnacht / Kristallnacht n. “nwit vit kraze,”
enkonstitisyonèl. non yo te bay nwit 9 novanm 1938, lè manm twoup atak
Natzi te atake kay, biznis, ak sinagòg Jwif yo.
Judiciary Act of 1789 / Lwa jidisyè 1789
n. yon lwa ki te etabli sistèm tribinal federal ak Kou Ku Klux Klan (KKK) / Klan Ku Klux (KKK) n.
Siprèm nan e ki te founi pou apèl sèten desizyon tribinal yon òganizasyon sekrè ki te itilize taktik teworis nan yon
leta bay tribinal federal yo. tantativ pou retounen sipremasi blan nan eta disid yo
apre Gè Sivil la.
Kwakiutl / Kwakiutl n. yon pèp ameriken endyen
ki te abite nan rejyon kòt nòdwès nan Lamerik Dinò.
MULTI-LANGUAGE GLOSSARY 165
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L Marbury v. Madison / Marbury k. Madison

n. yon ka 1803 kote Kou Siprèm nan te deside ke li
land grant / konsesyon tè n. yon kado tè piblik te gen pouvwa aboli lwa lejislatif lè li te deklare yo
yo bay yon moun oubyen yon òganizasyon. enkonstitisyonèl; pouvwa sa a vin rekonèt tankou
revizyon jidisyè.
Land Ordinance of 1785 / Òdonans tè 1785
n. yon lwa ki te etabli yon plan pou evalye ak vann tè market revolution / revolisyon mache n.
gouvènman federal alwès Mòn Apalach yo. gwo chanjman nan ekonomi Etazini ki te apatide
tranzaksyon moun te kòmanse ap fè nan achte e vann
La Raza Unida / Raz Ini [La Raza Unida] n.
machandiz olye ke yo fè yo yomenm.
yon òganizasyon politik latino fonde an 1970 pa José
Angel Gutiérrez. Marshall Plan / Plan Marshall n. pwogram,
pwopoze pa Sekretè Deta George Marshall an 1947, kote
League of Nations / Lig Nasyon yo n.
Etazini te bay èd ekonomik bay nasyon ewopeyen pou
yon asosiyasyon nasyon etabli an 1920 pou sipòte
ede yo rekonstwi apre dezyèm Gè Mondyal la.
kowoperasyon entènasyonal ak lapè.
martial law / lwa masyal n. kontwòl tanporè pa
legislative branch / branch lejislatif n.
militè olyede yon otorite sivil.
branch gouvènman ki fè lwa yo.
mass media / medya an mas n. metòd
Lend-Lease Act / Lwa Prete-Lwe n. yon lwa,
kominikasyon — tankou televizyon, jounal, ak radyo —
pase an 1941 ki te pèmèt Etazini pou voye zam ak lòt
ki rive jwenn yon gran piblik.
materyèl pa bato, san peman imedya, bay nasyon ki tap
goumen kont pouvwa Aksis yo. mass production / pwodiksyon an mas n.
pwodiksyon machandiz an grann kantite, ki posib pa
Limited Test Ban Treaty / Trete
itilizasyon machin ak divizyon travay.
Entèdiksyon Tès Limite n. trete 1963 kote
Etazini ak Inyon Sovyetik te dakò pou pa teste zam mass transit / pasaj an mas n. sistèm transpò
nikleyè nan atmosfè an. etabli pou deplase yon gran nonm moun sou wout fiks.
lineage / pwojeniti n. yon gwoup moun ki master / mèt n. yon atizan kalifye, dabitid youn ki
desandan yon ansèt komen. pwopriyetè yon biznis e ki angaje lòt moun.
long drive / wout long n. deplasman betay pa Maya / Maya n. yon pèp ameriken endyen ke
santye pou rive nan yon sant kagezon. sivilizasyon yo te devlope nan Gwatemala ak Penensil

Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

Yukatan ant 250 ak 900 a.d.
longhorn / kòn long n. yon kalite betay kosto ke
Panyòl Meksik yo te mennen e ki te bon pou kondisyon McCarthyism / McCarthyism n. atak, byen
sezon sechrès nan sidwès la. souvan san rezon, pa senatè Joseph McCarthy ak lòt
kont moun ke yo te sispèk te kominis nan kòmansman
Louisiana Purchase / Acha Lwizyann n. acha
ane 1950 yo.
teritwa fransè Lwizyann an 1803 pa Etazini — teritwa a
te lonje apatide Rivyè Misisipi jiska Mòn Wòch yo — McCulloch v. Maryland / McCulloch k.
pou 15$ milyon. Merilann n. yon ka an 1819 kote Kou Siprèm nan te
deside ke Merilann pat gen dwa takse bank Etazini, sa
Loyalists / Lwayalis n. kolon ki te sipòte gouvèn-
vinn ranfòse pouvwa kontwòl gouvènman federal sou
man britanik lan pandan Revolisyon Ameriken an.
ekonomi an.
Lusitania / Lousitanya n. yon batiman pasaje
Meat Inspection Act / Lwa Enspeksyon
britanik ki te koule pa yon bato-U alman an 1915.
Vyann n. yon lwa, dekrete an 1906, ki te etabli
kondisyon sevè dijyèn pou moun ki anbale vyann e

M te kreye yon pwogram federal denspkesyon vyann.

Medicaid / Medicaid n. yon pwogram, etabli an
mandate / manda n. otorite pou pran aksyon ke 1965, ki bay asirans sante pou moun ki nan wèlfè.
HAITIAN CREOLE

yon ofisye eli resevwa de votè yo ki te eli l yo. Medicare / Medicare n. yon pwogram, etabli an
Manhattan Project / Pwojè Manhatan n. 1965 ki bay Ameriken laj 65 an ou plis asirans medikal
pwogram Etazini pou devlope yon bonm atomik pou ki pa koute chè ak asirans lopital.
itilize nan dezyèm Gè Mondyal la. melting pot / po melanj n. yon melanj moun de
manifest destiny / desten manifès n. kilti ak ras diferan ki mele ansanm e ki abandone lang
kwayans nan 19yèm syèk kote Etazini tap san okenn natif natal ak kilti yo.
dout pwolonje vè lwès jis nan Oseyan Pasifik rive mercantilism / mèkantilism n. yon sistèm
andedan teritwa meksiken. ekonomik ki pèmèt nasyon yo chèche ogmante richès
ak pouvwa yo nan jwenn gwo montan lò ak ajan e nan
etabli yon balans komès favorab.
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Merrimack / Merrimack n. yon batiman blende

ak fè itilize pa Lesid nan Gè Sivil la. N
mestizo / mestizo adj. ki gen yon melank zansèt NAACP / ANPMK [NAACP] n. Asosyasyon
panyòl ak ameriken endyen. Nasyonal pou Pwogrè Moun Koulè — yon òganizasyon
middle passage / pasaj mwayen n. vwayaj ki fonde an 1909 pou lanse egalite rasyal total.
te mennen esklav afriken nan Lend Oksidantal e apre NACW / ANFK n. Asosyasyon Nasyonal pou Fanm
nan Lamerik dinò. Koulè — yon òganizasyon sèvis sosyal fonde an 1866.
midnight judge / jij minwi n. youn nan jij NAFTA / AKLAN n. Akò Komès Lib nan Amerik
deziyen pa John Adms pandan dènye lè administrasyon Dinò — yon akò 1993 ki te redwi tarif e ki te mennen
ni an. Meksik nan zòn komès lib etabli pa Etazini ak Kanada.
militarism / militaris n. politik agrandi fòs militè napalm / napalm n. yon sibstans fèt ak gazolin
pou fè preparasyon agresif pou lagè e itilizasyon yo ki itilize nan bonm ke avyon etazini yo te lage nan
tankou yon zouti nan diplomasi. Vyetnam pou boule jeng ak ekspoze konte Vyetkong
minutemen / Nonm minit n. solda sivil patriyòt yo te kache.
jis anvan e pandan Gè Revolisyonè an, ki jire pare pou NASDAQ / ANSDOVA [NASDAQ] n.
goumen nan yon minit. Asosyasyon Nasyonal pou Sistèm Devi Otomatize
Mississippian / Misisipyann n. dènye e pi Vandè Aksyon– yon bous valè pou vant san enstriksyon,
konplèks sosyete Konstriktè Bit, ki te viv nan vale ki fòme an majorite pa konpayi teknoloji.
Owayo ak Misisipi yo de apeprè ane 700 jis 1500 apre National Bank Act / Lwa Nasyonal Labank
Jezikri yo. n. lejislasyon pase an 1863 pou rann tranzaksyon bankè
Missouri Compromise / Konpwomi Misouri pi pridan pou envestisè yo. Pwovizyon ni yo te enkli yon
n. yon seri akò ki te pase pa Kongrè an 1820-1821 pou sistèm bank federal apwouve, nouvo kondisyon pou prè,
kenbe balans pouvwa ant eta ki pèmèt esklavaj ak eta lib ak yon sistèm pou enspeksyon bank yo.
yo. National Energy Act / Lwa Nasyonal Denèji
Monitor / Monitè n. yon batiman blende ak fè ki te n. yon lwa, dekrete pandan administrasyon Carter, ki te
itilize pa Lenò nan Gè Sivil la. etabli yon enpo sou otomobil ki “bwè gaz”, te retire
kontwòl sou pri lwil ak gaz natirèl Etazini, e ki te bay
Monroe Doctrine / Doktrin Monroe n. yon
yon enpo sou kredi pou devlopman yon sous altènatif
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

politik opozisyon Etazini kont nenpòt entèferans

pou enèji.
ewopeyen nan zafè Emisfè lwès, anonse pa prezidan
Monroe an 1823. National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) /
Lwa Nasyonal Rekiperasyon Endistriyèl
Moral Majority / Majorite moral n. yon alyans
(LNRE) n. yon lwa dekrete an 1933 pou etabli kòd
politik gwoup relijye, ki konsiste prensipalman de
pratik jis pou endistri e pou sipòte avansman endistriyèl.
kretyen evanjelik ak fondamantalis, li te aktif nan ane
1970 ak 1980 yo, e ki te kondane atitid ak konpòtman nationalism / nasyonalis n. yon devosyon pou
liberal e te rasanble lajan pou kandida konsèvatè. enterè ak kilti pwòp nasyon yon moun.
Mormons / Mòmon n. manm yon legliz fonde pa National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) /
Joseph Smith ak asosye li yo an 1830. Komite Relasyon Nasyonal Travay n. yon
ajans kreye an 1935 pou anpeche pratik enjis nan travay
Morrill Acts / Lwa Morrill n. lwa dekrete an
e pou sèvi kòm abit nan dispit ant travayè ak chèf yo.
1862 ak 1890 pou ede kreye kolèj agrikilti nan bay tè
federal bay eta yo. National Organization for Women (NOW) /
Òganizasyon Nasyonal pou Lafam (ONL)
muckraker / fouyapòt n. youn nan jounalis
n. yon òganizasyon fonde an 1966 pou pouswiv bi
magazin yo ki te ekspoze pati kowonpi nan biznis ak vi
feminis, tankou miyò amenajman pou swen timoun,
HAITIAN CREOLE

piblik nan kòmansman ane 1900 yo.

amelyorasyon nan opòtinite edikasyon, ak fen nan
Munn v. Illinois / Munn k Ilinwa n. ka an 1877 diskriminasyon nan travay.
kote Kou Siprèm nan konfime règleman chemennfè eta
National Road / Wout nasyonal n. yon wout
yo pou benefis agrikiltè ak konsomatè, konsa li te etabli
fonde pa gouvènman federal ki te kòmanse an 1811 e ki
dwa gouvènman an pou regilarize endistri prive pou sèvi
avan 1838 te pwolonje de Cumberland, Marilann rive
enterè piblik la.
Vandalia, Ilinwa.
My Lai / May Lai n. yon vilaj nan Vyetnam disid
National Trades’ Union / Sendika Nasyonal
kote plis pase 200 sivil san zam, ikonpri fanm ak
pou Komès n. premye asosyasyon nasyonal sendika
timoun, te masakre pa twoup Etazini an me 1968.
pou komès fòme an 1834.

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National Youth Administration / Niagara Movement / Mouvman Niagara

Administrasyon Nasyonal Jennès n. yon n. fonde pa W.E.B. Du Bois, an 1905, pou sipòpe
ajans ki te bay asosyasyon jenn ameriken èd ak travay edikasyon Afriken Ameriken nan syans liberal.
pandan Gran Depresyon. Nineteenth Amendment / Disnevyèm
Nation of Islam / Nasyon Izlam n. yon gwoup Amannman n. yon ammanman nan Konstitisyon
relijye, rekoni tankou Mizilman Nwa, fonde pa Elijah Etazini an, adopte an 1920, ki bay fanm dwa pou vote.
Muhammad pou sipòte separatis nwa ak relijyon Izlamik nomadic / nomadik adj. ki pa genyen yon kay
la. fiks, ki deplase de yon kote a yon lòt selon sezon, manje
nativism / nativis n. favorize enterè moun natif ak dlo ki disponib.
natal yo sou moun ki fèt nan peyi etranje. “no man’s land” / “tè okenn moun” n. yon
Navigation Acts / Lwa Navigasyon n. yon rejyon ant ame opoze yo ki pat okipe.
seri de lwa dekrete pa Paleman, ki te kòmanse an 1651, nonaggression pact / pakt sanzagresyon n.
pou resere kontwòl Langletè sou komès nan koloni yon akò kote de nasyon pwomèt pa ale nan lagè kont
ameriken yo. youn lòt.
NAWSA / ANSFA n. Asosyasyon Nasyonal Sifraj North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
Fanm Ameriken — yon òganizasyon fonde an 1890 pou / Òganizasyon Trete Atlantik Dinò n. yon
jwenn dwa devòt pou fanm. alyans defansif militè fòme an 1949 pa dis peyi Lewòp
Nazism / Natzis n. filozofi politik — baze sou Oksidantal, Etazini ak Kanada.
nasyonalis ekstrèm, rasis, ak ekspansyonis militè — ke Northwest Ordinance of 1787 / Dekrè
Adolf Hitler te mete an pratik nan peyi Almay de 1933 Nòdwès 1787 n. yon lwa ki te etabli yon pwosedi
a 1945. pou admisyon nouvo eta nan Inyon an.
neutrality / netralite n. refi patisipe nan yon gè nuclear family / fanmi nikleyè n. yon fanmi ki
ant lòt nasyon. gen yon manman, yon papa ak pitit yo.
Neutrality Acts / Lwa netralite n. yon seri lwa nullification / nilifikasyon n. refi yon eta pou li
dekrete an 1935 ak 1936 pou anpeche vant zam ak prè rekonèt yon lwa Kongrè ke li konsidere enkonstitisyonèl.
Etazini bay nasyon ki angè.
Nuremberg trials / pwosè Nuremberg n.
New Deal / Nouvèl Dòn n. pwogram Franklin D. pwosè legal ki te fèt nan Nuremberg, Almay, apre

Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

Roosevelt pou soulaje pwoblèm Gran Depresyon an, dezyèm Gè Mondyal la, kote chèf Natzi yo te jije pou
konsantre sou èd pou pòv, retablisman ekonomik, ak krim degè yo.
refòm finansye.
New Deal Coalition / Kowalisyon Nouvèl
Dòn n. yon alyans diferan gwoup — ki te enkli blan
disid, Afriken Ameriken, ak travayè nan sendika — ki te
O
sipòte politik pati demokratik la nan ane 1930 ak 1940 Office of Price Administration (OPA) /
yo. Biwo Administrasyon Pri (BAP) n. yon ajans
etabli pa Kongrè pou kontwole enflasyon pandan
New Federalism / Nouvo Federalis n. dezyèm Gè Mondyal la.
pwogram prezidan Nixon nan pou remèt pati nan
pouvwa gouvènman federal la bay gouvènman leta ak Ohio gang / gang Owayo n. yon gwoup zanmi
gouvènman lokal. pwòch ak sipòtè politik ke prezidan Warren G. Harding
te deziyen nan kabinè li.
New Frontier / Nouvo Fwontyè n. pwogram
lejislatif prezidan John F. Kenedy, ki te enkli Olive Branch Petition / Petisyon Branch
pwopozisyon pou bay swen medikal bay vye granmoun Oliv n. yon dokiman yo te voye bay Wa George III, ki
yo, pou rekonstwi zòn ibanize ki kraze, pou bay èd pou te pwopoze yon rekonsilyasyon ant koloni yo ak Bretay.
HAITIAN CREOLE

edikasyon, ak pou agrandi pwogram lespas la. Olmec / Olmek n. yon pèp ameriken endyen ke
New Left / Nouvo Gòch n. yon mouvman politik sivilizasyon yo te epanwi nan kote ki Meksik disid
domine pa jenn moun nan ane 1960 yo, ki te parèt nan kounyela a pandan peryòd 1200-400 avan Jezikri.
òganizasyon tankou Etidyan pou Sosyete Demokratik ak OPEC / OPEP n. Òganizasyon Peyi Ekspòtatè
Mouvman Pawòl Lib. Petwòl — yon asosiyasyon ekonomik pou pwodiksyon
New Right / Nouvo Dwat n. yon alyans petwòl pou nasyon ki pwodwi petwòl e ki kapab etabli
konsèvatè ak enterè patikilye, nan fen 20yèm syèk, pri lwil.
ki te konsène ak zafè kiltirèl, sosyal ak moral.

168 THE AMERICANS

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Open Door notes / nòt Pòt Louvri n. mesaj Pentagon Papers / Dosye Pentagonn n. yon
ke Sekretè Deta John Hay te voye an 1899 bay Lalmay, dokiman 7.000 paj — ke ansyen anplwaye Depatman
Larisi, Grann Bretay, Lafrans, Itali, ak Japon, pou mande Defans la Daniel Ellsberg te rive bay laprès an sekrè an
peyi yo pou yo pa entèfere nan komès ant Etazini ak 1971 — ki te revele ke gouvènman Etazini pat onèt nan
Lachin. lentansyon ni nan Gè Vyetnam nan.
Operation Desert Storm / Operasyon Pequot War / Gè Peko n. yon konfli an 1637 kote
Tanpèt Dezè n. yon operasyon militè kote fòs nasyon Peko te konbat kolon nan Konektikèt ak alye yo
Nasyonzini yo, dirije pa Etazini, te ekspilse anvayisè nan Naragansèt.
Irakyen de Kuwait. perestroika / perestwoyka n. retablisman
Oregon Trail / Chimen Oregon n. yon wout ekonomi ak gouvènman an etabli nan Inyon Sovyetik
depi Endepandans, Misouri jiska Vil Oregon, Oregon, nan ane 1980 yo.
itilize pa piyonye ki tap vwayaje ale nan teritwa Oregon. personal liberty laws / lwa libète pèsonèl
n. estati, pase nan nèf nan eta dinò yo nan ane 1850 yo,
ki te entèdi anprizonman esklav ki te sove e ki te garanti
P pwosè devan jiri pou esklav fijitif.
Panama Canal / Kannal Panama n. yon kannal planned obsolescence / obsolesans
atifisyèl ki koupe atravè Isthmus Panama pou fè yon planifye n. fabrikasyon pwodwi pou fin sèvi oubyen
rakousi ant oseyan atlantik ak oseyan pasifk yo, li te pou pase mòd byen vit, lè konsa moun ka santi yo oblije
ouvri an 1914. ranplase zafè yo trè souvan.
panic of 1837 / panik 1837 n. yon kriz finansyè plantation / plantasyon n. yon gwo fèm kote ki
nan Etazini kote ke bank te fèmen e sistèm kredi an te gen travay esklav ak lòt travayè pou kiltive yon sèl rekòt,
tonbe, sa te koze anpil fayit ak to chomaj elve. tankou kanasik, oubyen koton.
panic of 1873 / panik 1873 n. yon seri fayit Platt Amendment / Amannman Platt n. yon
finansyè ki te lanse yon depresyon pandan senk an nan seri pwovizyon, an 1901, Etazini yo te ensiste ke Kiba
peyi Etazini. ajoute nan nouvo konstitisyon ni an; yo te pase Kiba lòd
pou li pa fè dèt e yo te bay Etazini dwa pou li entèveni
parity / parite n. yon nivo sipòte pa gouvènman an
nan peyi an ak dwa pou li achte oubyen lwe tè kiben pou
pou pri pwodwi agrikilti, ki te gen kòm objektif pou
estasyon naval oubyen pou estasyon esans.
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

regilarize salè agrikiltè yo.

Plessy v. Ferguson / Plessy k. Ferguson
Parliament / Paleman n. kò lejislatif Angletè.
n. yon ka an 1896 kote Kou Siprèm nan deside ke
Patriots / Patriyòt n. kolon ki te sipòte separasyon ras yo nan akomodasyon piblik te legal,
endepandans ameriken de Bretay. e konsa te etabli doktrin “separe mè legal” la.
patronage / patwonaj n. pouvwa yon ofisye political machine / machin politik n. yon
piblik pou deziyen moun — dabitid moun ki te ede li gwoup òganize pou kontwole pati politik nan yon vil e ki
gen eleksyon an — nan pozisyon nan gouvènman. ofri sèvis ak biznis bay votè yo anechanj pou sipò politik
pay equity / peman ekite n. le yo baze salè yon e finansye.
anplwaye selon kondisyon travay li olyede sou nechèl poll tax / enpo vòt n. yon enpo anyèl ki te dwe
tradisyonèl ki te trè souvan peye fanm ak salè pi ba pase peye anteryèman nan sèten eta nan sid yo pa nenpòt
gason. moun ki te vle vote.
Payne-Aldrich Tariff / Tarif Payne-Aldrich n. popular sovereignty / majòpouvwa popilè
yon seri règleman enpo, dekrete pa Kongrè an 1909, ki n. yon sistèm kote rezidan vote pou deside yon sou yon
pat reyisi redwi anpil tarif sou machandiz fabrike yo. zafè.
Peace Corps / Kò Depè [Peace Corps] n. yon Populism / Popilism n. yon mouvman politik fen
HAITIAN CREOLE

ajans etabli an 1961 pou bay nasyon an devlopman nan 19yèm syèk ki te mande ke moun gen yon pi gwo vwa
peyi Lazi, Lafrik, ak Lamerik Latin, asistans volontè. nan gouvènman e ki tap chèche avanse enterè agrikiltè
Pendleton Civil Service Act / Lwa Sèvis ak travayè.
Sivil Pendleton n. yon lwa dekrete an 1883, ki te Powhatan / Pawatann n. yon gwoup ameriken
etabli yon komisyon sèvis sivil sipoòte pa de pati pou endyen ki te viv nan Vijini delès nan tan premye
fè deziyasyon pou travay gouvènman baze sou sistèm etablisman Angle yo te la.
merit.
price support / pri sipò n. kenbe pri a yon sèten
nivo ak entèvansyon gouvènman.

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Proclamation of 1763 / Pwoklamasyon

1763 n. yon òd kote Bretay te entèdi kolon ameriken R
li yo etabli nan lwès Mòn Apalach yo. Radical Republican / Repibliken Radikal n.
profiteering / fè pwofi n. vant machandiz ki pa youn nan repibliken kongrè yo ki, apre Gè Sivil la, te vle
an grann kantite a pri elve. detwi pouvwa politk ansyen mèt esklav e bay Afriken
progressive movement / mouvman Ameriken yo sitwayènte total ak dwa pou vote.
pwogresif n. yon mouvman refòm nan kòmansman ratification / ratifikasyon n. apwobasyon ofisyèl
20yèm syèk ki tap chèche retounen kontwòl gouvènman Konstitisyon an oubyen yon amannman, pa eta yo.
bay pèp la, retabli opòtinite ekonomik, ak korije enjistis rationing / rasyonman n. yon restriksyon sou
nan lavi ameriken. dwa pou moun fè acha san limit sou yon manje patikilye
prohibition / entèdiksyon n. entèdiksyon oubyen kèk lòt machandiz, trè souvan enplemante
fabrikasyon, vant ak posesyon bweson alkòl. pandan tan degè pou asire pwovizyon pou militè.
Prohibition / Entèdiksyon n. peryòd de Reaganomics / Reganomiks n. politik
1920-1933 lè dizwityèm Amannman an ki te entèdi ekonomik prezidan Ronald Reagan, ki te fikse sou
fabrikasyon ak vant alkòl te ranfòse nan Etazini yo. rediksyon nan bidjè ak nan bay dediksyon sou enpo pou
propaganda / pwopagann n. yon kalite komini- ogmante envestisman prive.
kasyon prejije deziyen pou enfliyanse ide ak aksyon moun. realpolitik / vrepolitik n. yon politik etranjè
Proposition 187 / Pwopozisyon 187 n. yon sipòte pa Henry Kissinger nan administrasyon Nixon
deklarasyon pase an Kalifòni an 1994 ki te mete fen a nan, baze sou konsiderasyon pouvwa yon nasyon olyede
tout benefis edikasyon ak non-ijan pou tout imigran ideyal oubyen prensip moral li yo.
ilegal yo. reapportionment / reapòsyonman n. retrase
proprietor / pwopriyetè n. yon mèt — distrik eleksyon yo pou reflete chanjman nan popilasyon
patikilyèman youn nan sa ki te resevwa pwopriyete, an.
ak tout dwa sou pou gouvène sèten koloni Angle nan recall / rapèl n. yon pwosedi pou anlve yon ofisye
Lamerik Dinò. piblik de yon pòs pa vòt pèp la.
protective tariff / tarif pwotektif n. yon enpo Reconstruction / Rekonstriksyon n. peryòd
sou machandiz enpòte ki dwe pwoteje biznis yon nasyon rekonstriksyon ki te swiv Gè Sivil la, lè Eta Konfedere

Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

kont konpetisyon etranjè. pèdan yo te readmèt nan Inyon an.
protectorate / pwotektora n. yon peyi ke zafè li Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC)
yo kontwole pa yon peyi ak pouvwa ki pi fò. / Kòporasyon Finansyè Rekonstriksyon
Pueblo / Pweblo n. yon gwoup ameriken endyen — (KFR) n. yon ajans etabli an 1932 pou bay finansman
desandan de Anasazi — ki te viv nan dezè nan sidès lan. an ijans bay bank, konpayi dasirans vi, chemennfè, ak
lòt gwo biznis.
Pure Food and Drug Act / Lwa Manje ak
Medikaman Sen n. yon lwa dekrete an 1906 pou Red Cross / Kwa Wouj n. yon òganizasyon
sispann vant manje ak medikaman kontamine e pou asire entènasyonal ki bay moun èd nan tan degè oubyen dezas
ke verite a sou etikèt yo. natirèl. Branch ameriken an te fonde pa Clara Barton an
1881.
Puritans / Piriten n. manm yon gwoup ki te vle
elimine tout tras rityèl ak tradisyon Katolik nan Legliz redemption / redanpsyon n. tèm itilize pa
Langletè. demokrat disid yo pou retou yo nan pouvwa a nan sid la
nan ane 1870 yo.
referendum / referandòm n. yon pwosedi kote
Q yon mezi lejislatif pwopoze kapab soumèt pou yon vòt
popilè.
HAITIAN CREOLE

Quakers / Quaker n. manm Sosyete Zanmi, yon

gwoup relijye pèsekite pou kwayans li nan Langletè nan Reformation / Refòmasyon n. yon mouvman
17yèm syèk. relijye nan Lewòp pandan 16yèm syèk, ki te soti de
yon swaf pou refòm nan Legliz Katolik Women e ki te
quota system / sistèm kwota n. yon sistèm ki mennen etablisman anpil legliz Pwotestan.
mete limit sou nonm imigran ki sot nan plizyè peyi ke
yon nasyon kapab admèt chak ane. Renaissance / Renesans n. yon peryòd nan
listwa ewopeyen, ki te dire de apeprè 1400 a 1600, kote
enterè te renouvle nan kilti klasik e te mennen a gran
chanjman nan la, aprann, ak nan vizyon lemonn.

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reparations / reparasyon yo n. konpansayon pa

yon nasyon pèdan pou domaj oubyen ofans ke li te koze S
pandan yon gè. SALT I Treaty / Trete TLEZ I n. yon akò senkan
republic / repiblik n. yon gouvènman kote ant Etazini ak Inyon Sovyetik, siyen an 197, ki te limite
sitwayen yo gouvène apatide reprezantan eli. nonm misil balistik entèkontinantal ak misil lanse pa
Republican Party / Pati repibliken n. pati soumaren.
politik modèn ki te fòme an 1854 pa opozan esklavaj salutary neglect / neglijans salitè n. yon
nan teritwa yo. politik angle ki te mande yo relache ranfòsman règleman
republicanism / repiblikanis n. kwayans ke nan koloni li yo anechanj pou lwayote ekononik
gouvènman dwe baze sou konsantman pèp la. kontinyèl koloni yo.
Republic of California / Repiblik Kalifòni n. Sandinista / Sanndanista adj. ki fè pati
nasyon pwoklame pa kolon ameriken nan Kalifòni lè yo de yon gwoup rebèl ki te fè koudeta sou gouvènman
te deklare endepandans yo de Meksik an 1846. nikaragweyen an an 1979.
Republic of Texas / Repiblik Tegzas n. nasyon Santa Fe Trail / Chimen Santa Fe n. yon wout
etabli an 1836 lè kolon ameriken nan provens Meksik depi Endepandans, Misouri jiska Santa Fe, Nouvo
Tegzas la te deklare e te goumen pou endepandans yo; yo Meksik, ki te itilize pa komèsan nan kòmansman ak nan
te konnen l tou nan tan sa yo tankou “Repiblik yon Sèl mitan ane 1800 yo.
Etwal”. satellite nation / nasyon satelit n. yon peyi ki
revenue sharing / pataj revni n. distribisyon domine politikman e ekonomikman pa yon lòt nasyon.
lajan federal bay gouvènman leta ak gouvènman lokal ak Saturday Night Massacre / Masak samdi
kèk oubyen san restriksyon sou kijan yo depanse li. swa n. non yo te bay demisyon minis lajistis Etazini an
reverse discrimination / diskriminasyon ak revokasyon depite li an nan mwa oktòb 1973, apre ke
envès n. tretman enjis de manm yon gwoup majoritè yo te refize swiv lòd prezidan Nixon pou revoke avoka
— pa egzamp, mesye blan — ki fèt poutèt jefò pou gouvènman espesyal la ki tap envestige afè Watergate la.
korije diskriminasyon kont manm lòt gwoup. savanna / savann n. yon preri sèch ak pyebwa e
revival / retou n. yon rasanblaj relijye deziyen pou bwison, nan zòn sou-Saharan nan Lafrik ak nan lòt
reveye lafwa ak prèch pasyonan. rejyon twopikal oubyen sou-twopikal.
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

rock ‘n’ roll / wòk ‘en’ wol [rock ‘n’ roll] n. scalawag / skalawag n. yon moun blan ki sot nan
yon fòm popilè mizik ameriken ki devlope nan ane 1950 sid ki te rantre nan pati Repibliken an apre Gè Sivil lan.
yo apati de ritm ak blues, konntri, djaz, levanjil, ak pòp; scientific management / jesyon syantifik n.
fòm mizikal ameriken an karakterize pa ritm lou ak aplikasyon prensip syantifik pou ogmante efikasite nan
melodi senp ki te devlope atravè lemonn e ki te gen anpil travay.
enpak sou dans sosyal, mòd dabiman, ak ekpresyon nan Scopes trial / jijman Scopes n. yon ka
manifestasyon. sansasyonèl lajistis an 1925 kote pwofesè biyoloji John
Roosevelt Corollary / Kowolè Roosevelt T. Scopes te jije poutèt li te defye lwa Tenesi ki te entèdi
n. yon ekstansyon nan Doktrin Monroe a, anonse pa anseyman sou levolisyon.
prezidan Theodore Roosevelt an 1904, kote Etazini search-and-destroy mission / misyon
yo te deklare dwa pou pwoteje enterè ekonomik li ak fouye-e-detwi n. yon envazyon pa Etazini sou yon
entèvansyon militè nan zafè nasyon Emisfè delwès. vilaj Vyetnam disid, ak lentansyon detere vilajwa ki te
Rough Riders / Dontè Chwal n. yon rejiman gen lyen ak Vyetkong yo mè pli souvan te rezilte nan
kavalri volontè, dirije pa Leonard Wood ak Theodore destriksyon vilaj la ak deplasman abitan ni yo.
Roosevelt, ki te sèvi nan Gè Panyòl-Ameriken an. secession / sesesyon n. retrè ofisyèl yon eta de
royal colony / koloni wayal n. yon koloni anba Inyon an.
HAITIAN CREOLE

kontwòl dirèk monachi angle a. Second Continental Congress / Dezyèm

rural free delivery (RFD) / livrezon riral Kongrè Kontinantal n. Kongrè Kontinantal
gratis (LRG) n. livrezon kourye ak pakè gratis bay ki te rasanble an me 1775, apwouve Deklarasyon
kay nan zòn riral ki te kòmanse an 1896. Endepandans lan, e te sèvi tankou sèl ajans gouvènman
nasyonal pandan Gè Revolisyonè an.
Second Great Awakening / Dezyèm Gran
Repriz n. yon mouvman relijye19yèm syèk ki te
souliye responsabilite pèsonèl pou jwenn delivrans, a
tout bezwen pou avansman pèsonèl ak sosyal.

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sectionalism / seksyonalis n. lè ou mete enterè Social Darwinism / Darwinis sosyal n. yon

rejyon pa w anvan enterè tout nasyon an. filozofi ekonomik e sosyal — aparamman baze sou
Securities and Exchange Commission teyori sou evolisyon pa seleksyon natirèl biyolojis
(SEC) Komisyon ameriken pou operasyon Charles Darwin nan — ki te kwè ke sistèm konpetisyon
bous yo n. yon ajans, kreye an 1934, ki sipèvize san restriksyon ap asire sivi sa ki pi fò a.
mache bous la e ranfòse lwa ki règlemante vant bous ak Social Gospel movement / mouvman
bon. levanjil sosyal n. yon mouvman refòmasyon 19yèm
segregation / segregasyon n. separasyon moun syèk baze sou kwayans ke kretyen gen responsabilite
baze sou ras yo. pou ede amelyore kondisyon travay ak soulaje povrete.
Selective Service Act / Lwa Sèvis Selektif Social Security Act / Lwa Sosyal Sekirite
n. yon lwa dekrete an 1917, ki mande pou gason enskri n. yon lwa dekrete an 1935 pou bay pansyonè, chomè,
nan sèvis militè. moun ak andikap, e fanmi ak timoun depandan èd.
Seneca Falls Convention / Konvansyon soddy / sòdi n. a yon kay ki konstwi ak blok gazon.
Seneca Falls n. yon konvansyon sou dwa fanm ki te Songhai / Songhai n. yon anpi ki, nan pi wo nivo
fèt nan Seneca Falls, Nouyòk, an 1848. pouvwa li nan ane 1500 yo, te kontwole anpil nan pati
Separatist / Separatis n. yon manm youn nan Lafrik delwès.
gwoup Piriten yo, ki nye posibilite pou refòm nan Legliz soup kitchen / kwizin soup n. yon kote ki sèvi
Langletè, e ki etabli pwòp kongregasyon endepandan yo. manje gratis oubyen a bon mache bay pòv yo.
service sector / sektè sèvis n. pati nan ekonomi Southern Christian Leadership Conference
an ki bay konsomatè sèvis olyede machandiz. (SCLC) / Konferans Lidèship Kretyen Disid
settlement house / chanm detablisman n. (KLKD) n. yon òganizasyon fòme an 1957 pa Martin
yon sant kominotè ki bay rezidan yo asistans — sitou Luther King Jr. ak lòt chèf yo pou yo travay pou dwa
imigran yo — nan yon katye pòv. sivil san yo pa fè vyolans.
Seventeenth Amendment / Disetyèm Southern strategy / estrateji disid n. jefò
Amannman n. yon amannman nan Konstitisyon prezidan Nixon te fè pou atire sipò demokrat konsèvatè
Etazini an, adopte an 1913, ki pèmèt eleksyon senatè disid yo ki pat kontan ak politik federal desegregasyon
ameriken pa pèp la olyede lejislati leta. yo e ak Kou Siprèm liberal la.

Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

shantytown / bidonvil n. yon katye kote moun speakeasy / pale alèz n. yon kote tafya te vann e
viv nan ti kay. konsome ilegalman pandan peryòd Entèdiksyon an.
sharecropping / metayaj n. yon sistèm kote specialization / espesyalizasyon n. nan
pwopriyetè bay travayè nan fèm yo tè, grenn, ak zouti lagrikilti, kiltivasyon youn ou de rekòt pou vant olyede
anechanj pou pati nan rekòt ke yo kiltive. yon varyete manje pou itilizasyon pèsonèl.
Shays’s Rebellion / Rebelyon Shay n. yon speculation / espekilasyon n. patisipasyon nan
revòt òganize pa agrikiltè chaje ak dèt ki tap pwoteste tranzaksyon biznis ki riske nan bi pou fè yon rapid
kont ogmantasyon enpo leta an 1787 nan Masachusetts. oubyen gwo pwofi.
Sherman Antitrust Act / Lwa antitrust spoils system / sistèm patipri n. pratik kote
Sherman n. yon lwa pase an 1890 ki te gen kòm kandida ki genyen yo rekonpanse sipòtè yo ak pozisyon
objektik anpeche kreyasyon monopoli nan fè li ilegal nan gouvènman an.
pou etabli trust [gwoupman tout endistri yo] ki tap Square Deal / Negosyasyon Kare n. pwogram
entèfere ak komès lib. refòm pwogresif prezidan Theodore Roosevelt devlope
silent majority / majorite silansye n. non ke pou pwoteje ti pèp la kont gwo biznis.
prezidan Nixon te bay vas majorite Ameriken modere yo stagflation / stagflasyon n. yon kondisyon
HAITIAN CREOLE

ki te silansyezman sipòte politik Gè Vyetnam ni yo. ekonomik make pa enflasyon ak yon nivo trè wo chomaj.
sit-in / chita andedan n. yon kalite demonstrasyon Stamp Act / Lwa sou tenm n. yon lwa 1765
itilize pa Afriken Ameriken pou pwoteste kont diskrimi- kote Paleman te etabli premye enpo dirèk sou machandiz
nasyon, kote manifestan yo chita atè nan yon biznis ki ak sèvis nan koloni britanik yo nan Lamerik dinò.
pratike segregasyon e te refize ale jiskaske yo sèvi yo. Stono Rebellion / Rebelyon Stono n. yon
slave / esklav n. yon moun ki tounen pwopriyete lòt soulèvman esklav nan Kawolin Disid nan ane 1739, ki te
moun. mennen a kontwòl pi di sou lwa esklav ki te deja estrik
yo.

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Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) / Defans telegraph / telegraf n. yon aparèy pou
Inisyativ Estratejik (DIE) n. yon sistèm defans transmisyon elektrik mesaj kode ki pase atravè filkab.
pwopoze — ki trè koni tankou Gè Zetwal — ki te gen temperance movement / mouvman
lentansyon pwoteje Etazini kont atak misil. moderasyon n. yon jefò òganize pou anpeche
strike / grèv n. yon sispansyon nan travay ak konsomasyon bweson alkòl.
lenstansyon pou fòse yon patwon reponn a egzijans yo. tenant farming / lokatè agrikiltè n. yon sistèm
Student Nonviolent Coordinating kote agrikiltè vini ak pwòp zouti yo e lwe tè pou kiltive
Committee (SNCC) / Komite San Vyolans pou lajan.
Kowodinatè Etidyan (KSKE) n. yon òganizasyon tenement / bilding n. yon bilding apatman trè
fòme an 1960 pou sipèvize manifestasyon chita ak lòt sichaje e trè malsen, kote plizyè fanmi iben viv.
manifestasyon e pou bay jenn nèg yon pi gwo wòl nan
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) / Otorite
mouvman dwa sivil yo.
Lavale Tenesi (OLT) n. yon kòporasyon federal
Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) / etabli an 1933 pou konstwi baraj ak yon santral nan
Etidyan pou yon Sosyete Demokratik rejyon lavale Tenesi pou jenere elektrisite epi tou pou
(ESD) n. yon gwoup anti-konstitisyon Nouvo Gòch anpeche inondasyon.
fonde an 1960, ki te mande plis libète ak responsabilite
termination policy / politik sispansyon n.
endividyèl.
plan gouvènman Etazini, anonse an 1953, pou remèt
suburb / andeyò n. yon vilaj rezidansyèl oubyen responsabilite pou tribi Ameriken Endyen yo nan fè
yon kominote ki pre yon vil. eliminasyon sipò ekonomik federal, nan sispann sistèm
suffrage / sifraj n. dwa pou vote. rezèvasyon, e nan redistribisyon tè tribal.
Sugar Act / Lwa sik n. yon lwa komès Paleman te Tet offensive / atak Tet n. yon gwo atak sipriz
pase an 1764 nan bi pou redwi kontrebann nan koloni pa Vyetkong yo sou vilaj ak vil Vyetnam disid yo nan
britanik yo nan Lamerik Dinò. kòmansman 1968.
supply-side economics / ekonomi sou bò Texas Revolution / Revolisyon Tegzas n.
òf n. lide ke rediksyon enpo ap mennen ogmantasyon revòlt 1836 la kote Tegzas te genyen endepandans li de
nan djòb, ekonomi, envestisman, e ke tout sa yo ap Meksik.
mennen yon ogmantasyon nan revni gouvènman an. Thirteenth Amendment / Trèzyèm
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

Amannman n. yon amannman nan Konstitisyon Etazini

an, adopte an 1865, ki te aboli lesklavaj ak sèvitid envolontè.
T Three-Fifths Compromise / Konpwomi twa
Taino / Tayino n. yon Ameriken Endiyen ki sot nan senkyèm n. Akò Konvansyon Konstitisyonèl la pou
il karayib yo — premye gwoup ke Kolon ak mesye li yo konte twa senkyèm esklav yon eta kòm popilasyon nan
te rankontre lè yo te rive nan Lamerik yo. bi reprezantasyon ak taksasyon.
Tariff of Abominations / Tarif abominasyon Tiananmen Square / Plas Tyananmenn n.
n. non ke John C. Calhoun te bay ogmantasyon tarif plas kote an 1989 te gen demonstrasyon nan Bejin,
1828 ki te fè moun nan sid santi ke moun nan nò tap rich Lachin, kote etidyan chinwa te mande libète nan lapawòl
sou tèt yo. ak plis vwa nan gouvènman an.
Tariff of 1816 / Tarif 1816 n. yon tarif pwotektif Tonkin Gulf Resolution / Rezolisyon Gòlf
devlope pou ede endistri ameriken yo. Tonkin n. yon rezolisyon adopte pa kongrè an 1964, ki
te bay prezidan an anpil pouvwa pou kòmanse lagè nan
Teapot Dome scandal / eskandal Teapot
Vyetnam.
Dome n. lokasyon an sekrè tè piblik ki chaje ak lwil
pa sekretè depatman lenteryè Albert B. Fall bay konpayi totalitarian / totaliteryen adj. karakteristik yon
sistèm politik kote gouvènman an egzèse kontwòl total
HAITIAN CREOLE

prive anechanj pou kòb ak tè.

sou vi sitwayen ni yo.
Telecommunications Act of 1996 / Lwa
Telekominikasyon 1996 n. yon lwa dekrete an Townshend Acts / Lwa Townshend n. yon
1996 pou retire baryè ki te anteryèman anpeche konpayi seri lwa pase pa Paleman an 1767, ki te etabli enpo
kominikasyon antreprann plis pase yon sèl kalite biznis endirèkteman sou machandiz enpòte de Bretay pa koloni
nan kominikasyon. britanik nan Lamerik dinò yo.
telecommute / telekomit v. travay andedan Trail of Tears / Chimen Lam n. mach kote pèp
lakay ou pou yon konpayi ki sitiye yon lòt kote, ak Chewoki yo te deplase ak fòs de Jòjya jiska teritwa
itilizasyon teknoloji kominikasyon tankou konpitè, endyen an de 1838–1840, ak lanmò anpil Chewoki sou
entènèt, ak machin faks. wout la.

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HaiGloss.TheAmerican 1/20/04 11:48 AM Page 174

transcendentalism / transendentalis n. yon

mouvman filozofik e literè nan ane 1800 yo ki te souliye U
viv yon vi senp e selebre verite ki nan lanati ak nan Uncle Tom’s Cabin / Kabann Toton Tom
emosyon e imajinasyon pèsonèl. [Uncle Tom’s Cabin] n. yon woman ak anpil siksè
transcontinental railroad / chemennfè pa Harriet Beecher Stowe pibliye nan ane 1852 ki te
transkontinantal n. yon chemennfè ki konekte riv montre esklavaj tankou yon trè move moral.
atlantik ak pasifik Etazini yo; li te konplete an 1869. Underground Railroad / Chemennfè sekrè
Treaty of Fort Laramie / Trete Fò Larami n. n. yon sistèm wout kote yo te ede esklav fijitif yo sove
trete ki te mande ke Syou yo viv sou yon rezèvasyon sou pou ale Kanada oubyen nan zòn san danje nan eta lib yo.
tout longè Rivyè Misouri an. United Farm Workers Organizing
Treaty of Ghent / Trete Ghent n. trete 1814 ki Committee (UFWOC) / Komite
mete fen a Gè 1812 la. Dòganizasyon Travayè Solidè nan Fèm
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo / Trete (KDTSF) n. yon sendika travay fòme an 1966 pou
Guadalupe Hidalgo n. trete 1848 ki te sispann chèche salè pi wo ak pi bon kondisyon travay pou
gè Etazini ak Meksik la e kote Meksik te remèt Nouvo Meksiken-Ameriken ki travay nan fèm nan Kalifòni.
Meksik ak Kalifòni bay Etazini. United Nations (UN) / Nasyonzini n. yon
Treaty of Paris (1783) / Trete Pari (1783) n. òganizasyon entènasyonal pou lapè ki gen kòm manm
trete ki te mete fen a Gè Revolisyonè an, e ki te konfime majorite nasyon nan lemonn; fonde an 1945 pou
endepandans Etazini yo ak etabli limit nouvo nasyon yo. ankouraje lapè mondyal, sekirite ak devlopman
ekonomik.
Treaty of Paris (1898) / Trete Pari (1898)
n. trete ki te mete fen a Gè Panyòl-Ameriken an, kote urban flight / vwayaj iben n. yon deplasman
Lespay te libere Kiba, remèt il Gwam ak Pòtoriko bay moun de vil yo pou al viv andeyò.
Etazini, e vann Filipin yo a Etazini pou 20$ milyon. urbanization / ibanizasyon n. devlopman vil yo.
Treaty of Tordesillas / Trete Tordesillas n. urban renewal / repriz iben n. destriksyon ak
trete 1494 kote Lespay ak Pòtigal te dakò divize tè ranplasman edifis nan katye pòv ki fin deteryore.
Emisfè delwès antreyo. urban sprawl / ekstansyon iben n.
Treaty of Versailles / Trete Vèsay n. trete depè pwopagasyon san planifye e san kontwòl de vil a rejyon

Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

1919 nan fen premye Gè Mondyal la ki te etabli nouvo ozalantou yo.
nasyon, fwontyè ak reparasyon degè. U.S.S. Maine / USS Maine n. yon batiman degè
trench warfare / gè tranch n. operasyon militè ki te misteryezman eksploze e koule nan pò La Havan,
kote fòs opoze yo atake e kont-atake apatide sistèm fose Kiba, 15 fevriye, 1898.
ranfòse olyede sou teren ouvè. U-2 incident / ensidan U-2 n. destriksyon yon
triangular trade / komès triyangilè n. sistèm avyon espyon Etazini e kapti pilòt li pa Inyon Sovyetik
komès transatlantik la kote yo tap fè echanj machandiz, an 1960.
ak tout esklav ant Afrik, Angletè, Lewòp, Antiy yo, ak utopian community / kominote itopyan n.
koloni Amerik dinò. yon kominote eksperimantal devlope pou fòme yon
Truman Doctrine / Doktrin Truman n. yon sosyete pafè, kote manm ni yo kapab viv ansanm an
politik Etazini, anonse pa prezidan Harry S. Truman an amoni.
1947, pou te bay nasyon lib ki te menase pa advèsè
entèn oubyen ekstèn, èd ekonomik ak militè.
Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute /
Tuskegi Nòmal ak Enstiti Endistriyèl n.
V
V-E Day / Jou V-E n. yon non yo bay 8 me 1945,
fonde an 1881, e dirije pa Booker T. Washington, pou
HAITIAN CREOLE

“Jou Viktwa nan Lewòp” lè Jeneral Eisenhower te

ekipe Afriken Ameriken ak diplòm pou anseye e abilite
aksepte renonsyasyon san kondisyon Almay Natzi ki
ki ka sèvi nan komès ak agrikilti.
te make fen dezyèm Gè Mondyal nan Lewòp.
two-party system / sistèm de pati n. yon
vertical integration / entegrasyon vètikal
sistèm politik domine pa de pati majoritè.
n. lè yon konpayi ap konfiske founisè, distribitè ak
sistèm transpò pou gen kontwòl total sou kalite ak pri
pwodwi li.
Vietcong / Vyètkong n. kominis vyetnamyen disid
ki, ak sipò Vyetnamyen dinò, te goumen kont
gouvènman Vyetnam disid nan Gè Vyetnam.

174 THE AMERICANS

HaiGloss.TheAmerican 1/20/04 11:48 AM Page 175

Vietminh / Vyetmin n. yon òganizasyon kominis Warsaw Pact / Pakt Vasovi n. yon alyans
vyetnamyen ak lòt gwoup nasyonalis ki ant 1946 ak militè ki te fòme an 1955 pa Inyon Sovyetik ak satelit
1954 te goumen pou endepandans vyetnamyen de fransè ewopeyen nan lès li yo.
yo. Watergate / Watergate n. yon eskandal ki
Vietnamization / Vyetnamizasyon n. estrateji fèt sou administrasyon Nixon kote li te eseye kouvri
prezidan Nixon pou sispann patisipasyon Etazini nan Gè patisipasyon ni nan kasekay ki te fèt nan ane 1972 nan
Vyetnam nan, kote yo wete gradyèlman fòs ameriken yo syèj Komite Nasyonal Demokratik la nan konplèks
ak ranplasman yo ak fòs Vyetnamyen disid. apatman Watergate nan Washintonn, D.C.
Voting Rights Act of 1965 / Lwa sou dwa Whig Party / Pati Whig n. pati politik ki te òganize
vote 1965 n. yon lwa, ki te elimine tès alfabetizasyon an 1834 pou opoze règleman Andrew Jackson yo.
diskriminatwa e ki te otorize egzaminatè federal yo Wilmot Proviso / Proviso Wilmot n. yon
anrejistre votè yo te refize nan nivo lokal la, pou li te rann amannman nan yon dekrè militè, ki te pwopoze ke
ni pi fasil pou Afriken Ameriken anrejistre pou vote. okenn nan teritwa ki te obteni nan lagè ak Meksik la tap
pèmèt esklavaj.

W Women’s Auxiliary Army Corps (WAAC) n.

U.S. army unit created during World War II to enable
Wade-Davis Bill / Dekrè Wade-Davis n. yon women to serve in noncombat positions.
dekrè, pase an 1864 e refize pa prezidan Lincoln, ki ta Women’s Auxiliary Army Corps (WAAC) /
va bay Kongrè kontwòl Rekonstriksyon an. Kò Lame Oksilyè pou Lafam n. inite lame
Wagner Act / Lwa Wagner n. yon lwa — ke yo Etazini kreye pandan dezyèm Gè Mondyal pou pèmèt
rele tou Lwa Relasyon Nasyonal Travay — dekrete an fanm sèvi nan pozisyon ki pat gen goumen.
1935 pou pwoteje dwa travayè apre Kou Siprèm nan Woodstock / Woudstòk n. yon festival mizik
deklare Lwa Nasyonal Retablisman Endistryèl la gratis ki te atire plis pase 400.000 jenn moun nan yon
enkonstitisyonèl. plantasyon nan pati nò nan Nouyòk nan mwa out 1969.
war-guilt clause / klòz gè-kilpabilite n. yon Works Progress Administration (WPA) /
pwovizyon nan Trete Vèsay la kote Lalmay admèt ke li Administrasyon Pwogrè nan Travay (APT)
menm poukont li te responsab premye Gè Mondyal la. n. yon ajans, etabli tankou pati Dezyèm Nouvèl Dòn
nan, ki te bay chomè yo travay nan konstriksyon,
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

war hawk / fokon degè n. youn nan manm

Kongrè ki te favorize lagè ak Bretay nan kòmansman fabrikasyon rad, ansèyman, la, ak nan lòt kalite
ane 19yèm syèk yo. pwofesyon.
War Industries Board (WIB) / Konsèy
Administrasyon Endistri nan Lagè (KAEL)
n. yon ajans ki te etabli pandan premye Gè Mondyal la X
pou ogmante efikasite ak dekouraje gaspiyaj nan endistri XYZ Affair / Zafè XYZ n. yon ensidan ki te pase
ki gen relasyon ak lagè. an 1797 kote ofisye fransè yo te mande diplomat
War Powers Act (WPA) / Lwa Pouvwa nan ameriken yo ba yo podven.
Lagè (LPL) n. yon lwa pase an 1973, ki te limite dwa
prezidan an pou li voye twoup al batay san yo pa konsilte
Kongrè.
War Production Board (WPB) / Konsèy
Y
yellow journalism / jounalis jòn n. itilizasyon
Administrasyon Pwodiksyon nan Lagè
repòtaj sansasyonèl e egzajere pa jounal oubyen magazin
(KAPL) n. yon ajans etabli pandan dezyèm Gè
yo pou atire lektè.
Mondyal lapou koòdone pwodiksyon founiti militè
HAITIAN CREOLE

pa endistri Etazini yo.

Warren Commission / Komisyon Warren
n. yon gwoup, dirije pa jij anchèf Earl Warren, ki te
Z
envestige asasina prezidan Kennedy e te konkli ke Lee Zimmermann note / nòt Zimmermann n. yon
Harvey Oswald poukont li te responsab zak sa a. mesaj ke minis etranje alman an te voye an 1917 bay
Warren Court / Kou Warren n. Kou Siprèm nan anbasadè alman Meksik la, pou li te pwopoze yon alyans
pandan epòk Earl Warren te jij anchèf; li te rekonèt pou Alman-Meksiken e pou li te pwomèt ede Meksik repran
aksyon ni yo nan zafè dwa sivil ak pawòl lib. Tegzas, Nouvo Meksik, ak Arizona si Etazini te rantre
nan premye Gè Mondyal la.

MULTI-LANGUAGE GLOSSARY 175

RusGloss.TheAmerican 1/20/04 1:35 PM Page 176

êìëëäàâ ÉãéëëÄêàâ
ÉÎÓÒÒ‡ËÈ — ˝ÚÓ ‡ÎÙ‡‚ËÚÌ˚È Û͇Á‡ÚÂθ Íβ˜Â‚˚ı ÚÂÏËÌÓ‚ ‡Á‰ÂÎÓ‚,
‚ÏÂÒÚÂ Ò ÓÔËÒ‡ÌËÂÏ Ëı Á̇˜ÂÌËfl. éÔ‰ÂÎÂÌËfl, Û͇Á‡ÌÌ˚ ‚ „ÎÓÒÒ‡ËË,
ÔÓflÒÌfl˛Ú ÚÂÏËÌ ‚ ÚÓÏ ÔÓÌflÚËË, ‚ ÍÓÚÓÓÏ ÓÌ ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÎÒfl ‚ ‰‡ÌÌÓÈ ÍÌË„Â.
Ç „ÎÓÒÒ‡ËË Û͇Á˚‚‡ÂÚÒfl ˜‡ÒÚ¸ Â˜Ë Í‡Ê‰Ó„Ó ÚÂÏË̇. Ç „ÎÓÒÒ‡ËË
ËÒÔÓθÁÛ˛ÚÒfl ÒÎÂ‰Û˛˘Ë ÒÓÍ‡˘ÂÌËfl:
RUSSIAN

„·„. = „·„ÓÎ ÔË·„. = ÔË·„‡ÚÂθÌÓ ÒÛ˘. = ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌÓÂ

A Alliance for Progreœœ / ëÓ˛Á ‡‰Ë ÔÓ„ÂÒÒ‡,

ÒÛ˘., ÔÓ„‡Ïχ ëòÄ ÔÓ Ó͇Á‡Ì˲ ÔÓÏÓ˘Ë
abolition / ÓÚÏÂ̇, ÒÛ˘., ‰‚ËÊÂÌË Á‡ ÓÚÏÂÌÛ ËÌÓÒÚ‡ÌÌ˚Ï „ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚‡Ï ‚ 1960 „Ó‰‡ı,
‡·ÒÚ‚‡. ̇Ô‡‚ÎÂÌ̇fl ̇ Ó͇Á‡ÌË ˝ÍÓÌÓÏ˘ÂÒÍÓÈ Ë
ÚÂıÌ˘ÂÒÍÓÈ ÔÓÏÓ˘Ë ÒÚ‡Ì‡Ï ã‡ÚËÌÒÍÓÈ ÄÏÂËÍË.
Adamœ-Oniœ Treaty / ÑÓ„Ó‚Ó ĉ‡ÏÒ‡-éÌËÒ‡,
ÒÛ˘., ‰Ó„Ó‚Ó 1819 „Ó‰‡, ÔÓ ÍÓÚÓÓÏÛ àÒÔ‡ÌËfl Allieœ / ëÓ˛ÁÌËÍË, ÒÛ˘., 1. ‚ èÂ‚ÓÈ ÏËÓ‚ÓÈ
ÔÂ‰‡ÂÚ ëÓ‰ËÌÂÌÌ˚Ï òÚ‡Ú‡Ï ÍÓÌÚÓθ ̇‰ ‚ÓÈÌ „ÛÔÔ‡ „ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚, ÔÂ‚Ó̇˜‡Î¸ÌÓ ÒÓÒÚÓfl˘‡fl
ÚÂËÚÓËÂÈ îÎÓˉ˚. ËÁ ÇÂÎËÍÓ·ËÚ‡ÌËË, î‡ÌˆËË Ë êÓÒÒËË, Í ÍÓÚÓÓÈ
ÔÓÁ‰Ì ÔËÒÓ‰ËÌËÎËÒ¸ ëÓ‰ËÌÂÌÌ˚ òÚ‡Ú˚,
Adena / ĉÂ̇, ÒÛ˘., Ó·˘Ë̇ ÁÂÏΉÂθˆÂ‚,
àÚ‡ÎËfl Ë ‰Û„Ë ÒÚ‡Ì˚, ÔÓÚË‚ÓÒÚÓfl˘ËÂ
ÔÓÊË‚‡‚¯Ëı ‚ ‰ÓÎËÌ ÂÍË é„‡ÈÓ, ÔÓˆ‚ÂÚ‡‚¯‡fl Ò
ñÂÌÚ‡Î¸Ì˚Ï ÑÂʇ‚‡Ï. 2. ‚Ó ÇÚÓÓÈ ÏËÓ‚ÓÈ
700 „. ‰Ó Ì. ˝. ‰Ó 100 „. Ì. ˝.
‚ÓÈÌ „ÛÔÔ‡ „ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚, ‚Íβ˜‡fl ÇÂÎËÍÓ·ËÚ‡Ì˲,
affirmative action / ÛÚ‚Â‰ËÚÂθÌÓ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÂ, ëÓ‚ÂÚÒÍËÈ ëÓ˛Á Ë ëÓ‰ËÌÂÌÌ˚ òÚ‡Ú˚, ÍÓÚÓ˚Â
ÒÛ˘., ÔÓÎËÚË͇, ÍÓÚÓ‡fl ÒÚÂÏËÚÒfl ÒÍÓÂÍÚËÓ‚‡Ú¸ ÔÓÚË‚ÓÒÚÓflÎË ‰Âʇ‚‡Ï éÒË.
ÔÓÒΉÒÚ‚Ëfl Ô‰˚‰Û˘ÂÈ ‰ËÒÍËÏË̇ˆËË,
American Expeditionary Force (AEF) /
ÔÓÒ‰ÒÚ‚ÓÏ Ô‰ÓÒÚ‡‚ÎÂÌËfl ÔË‚Ë΄ËÈ „ÛÔÔ‡Ï
ÄÏÂË͇ÌÒÍËÈ ùÍÒÔ‰ˈËÓÌÌ˚È äÓÔÛÒ
β‰ÂÈ, Ô‡‚‡ ÍÓÚÓ˚ı Û˘ÂÏÎflÎËÒ¸ ‡ÌÂÂ.
(Äùä), ÒÛ˘., ‚ÓÓÛÊÂÌÌ˚Â ÒËÎ˚ ëòÄ ÔÓ‰
Agent Orange / ùȉÊÂÌÚ Ó‡Ì‰Ê, ÒÛ˘., ÛÍÓ‚Ó‰ÒÚ‚ÓÏ „ÂÌÂ‡Î‡ ÑÊÓ̇ èÂ¯ËÌ„‡, ÍÓÚÓ˚Â
ÚÓÍÒ˘ÌÓ ‚¢ÂÒÚ‚Ó, ‚˚Á˚‚‡˛˘Â ÓÔ‡‰‡ÌË ÎËÒÚ‚˚, ‚ÏÂÒÚÂ Ò ÒÓ˛ÁÌË͇ÏË Ò‡Ê‡ÎËÒ¸ ‚ Ö‚ÓÔ ‚Ó ‚ÂÏfl
‡ÒÔ˚Îfl‚¯ÂÂÒfl Ò‡ÏÓÎÂÚ‡ÏË ëòÄ ‚Ó Ç¸ÂÚ̇Ï ‰Îfl èÂ‚ÓÈ ÏËÓ‚ÓÈ ‚ÓÈÌ˚.
‚˚fl‚ÎÂÌËfl ÛÍ˚ÚËÈ ÒÓΉ‡Ú ǸÂÚÍÓÌ„‡.
American Federation of Labor (AFL) /

Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

Agricultural Adjuœtment Act (AAA) / á‡ÍÓÌ Ó ÄÏÂË͇ÌÒ͇fl î‰Â‡ˆËfl íÛ‰‡ (Äîí), ÒÛ˘.,
„ÛÎËÓ‚‡ÌËË ÒÂθÒÍÓıÓÁflÈÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ„Ó Ó·˙‰ËÌÂÌË ÔÓÙÂÒÒËÓ̇θÌ˚ı Ë ÂÏÂÒÎÂÌÌ˚ı
ÔÓËÁ‚Ó‰ÒÚ‚‡, ÒÛ˘., Á‡ÍÓÌ, ÔËÌflÚ˚È ‚ 1933 ÒÓ˛ÁÓ‚, Ó·‡ÁÓ‚‡ÌÌÓ ‚ 1886 „Ó‰Û.
„Ó‰Û, ‰Îfl ÔÓ‚˚¯ÂÌËfl ˆÂÌ Ì‡ ÁÂÌÓ‚˚Â, ÔÓÒ‰ÒÚ‚ÓÏ
American Indian Movement (AIM) / Ñ‚ËÊÂÌËÂ
‚˚ÔÎ‡Ú ÙÂÏÂ‡Ï Á‡ ÚÓ, ˜ÚÓ·˚ ÓÌË Ì Á‡Ò‚‡ÎË
ÄÏÂË͇ÌÒÍËı à̉ÂȈ‚ (ÑÄà), ÒÛ˘., ˜‡ÒÚÓ
˜‡ÒÚ¸ ÁÂÏÂθ, ˜ÚÓ ÔË‚Ó‰ËÎÓ Í ÒÌËÊÂÌ˲
‚ÓÂÌËÁËÓ‚‡Ì̇fl Ó„‡ÌËÁ‡ˆËfl, ÍÓÚÓ‡fl ·˚·
ÔÓËÁ‚Ó‰ÒÚ‚‡ ÁÂÌÓ‚˚ı.
ÒÓÁ‰‡Ì‡ ‚ 1968 „Ó‰Û ‰Îfl Á‡˘ËÚ˚ Ô‡‚ ÍÓÂÌÌÓ„Ó
AID¡ (acquired immune deficiency œyndrome) / ̇ÒÂÎÂÌËfl ÄÏÂËÍË.
ëèàÑ (ÒË̉ÓÏ ÔËÓ·ÂÚÂÌÌÓ„Ó
Americanization movement / Ñ‚ËÊÂÌËÂ
ËÏÏÛÌÓ‰ÂÙˈËÚ‡), ÒÛ˘., Á‡·Ó΂‡ÌËÂ,
‡ÏÂË͇ÌËÁ‡ˆËË, ÒÛ˘., Ó·‡ÁÓ‚‡ÚÂθ̇fl
‚˚Á˚‚‡ÂÏÓ ‚ËÛÒÓÏ, ÍÓÚÓ˚È ÓÒ··ÎflÂÚ
ÔÓ„‡Ïχ, ̇Ô‡‚ÎÂÌ̇fl ̇ Ó͇Á‡ÌË ÔÓÏÓ˘Ë ‚
ËÏÏÛÌÌÛ˛ ÒËÒÚÂÏÛ, ˜ÚÓ ÒÌËʇÂÚ ÒÓÔÓÚË‚ÎflÂÏÓÒÚ¸
‡ÒÒËÏËÎflˆËË ËÏÏË„‡ÌÚÓ‚ ‚ ‡ÏÂË͇ÌÒÍÛ˛ ÍÛθÚÛÛ.
Ó„‡ÌËÁχ ËÌÙÂ͈ËflÏ, ‚ ÌÂÍÓÚÓ˚ı ÒÎÛ˜‡flı
‡ÒÒχÚË‚‡ÂÚÒfl Í‡Í ‰ÍË ÙÓÏ˚ ‡Í‡. American ¡yœtem / ÄÏÂË͇ÌÒ͇fl ëËÒÚÂχ,
ÒÛ˘., fl‰ ÏÂ, ÔËÌflÚ˚ı ÔÂ‰ É‡Ê‰‡ÌÒÍÓÈ
Alamo, the / Ä·ÏÓ, ÒÛ˘., ÏËÒÒËfl Ë ÙÓÚ ‚ ë‡Ì-
‚ÓÈÌÓÈ ‚ ëòÄ, ‰Îfl Ó·˙‰ËÌÂÌËfl ̇ˆËË Ë ÛÒËÎÂÌËfl
ÄÌÚÓÌËÓ, íÂı‡Ò, „‰Â ‚ 1836 „Ó‰Û ÏÂÍÒË͇ÌÒÍËÂ
 ˝ÍÓÌÓÏËÍË ÔÓÒ‰ÒÚ‚ÓÏ ÔÓÚÂ͈ËÓÌËÒÚÒÍËı
‚ÓÈÒ͇ ÛÌ˘ÚÓÊËÎË ‚ÒÂı Û˜‡ÒÚÌËÍÓ‚ ÚÂı‡ÒÒÍÓ„Ó
Ú‡ËÙÓ‚, ÒÓÁ‰‡ÌËfl ̇ˆËÓ̇θÌÓ„Ó ·‡Ì͇ Ë Ú‡ÍËı
ÒÓÔÓÚË‚ÎÂÌËfl.
‚ÌÛÚÂÌÌËı ÛÒÓ‚Â¯ÂÌÒÚ‚Ó‚‡ÌËÈ, Í‡Í ‡Á‚ËÚËÂ
Alien and ¡edition Actœ / á‡ÍÓÌ˚ Ó· Ú‡ÌÒÔÓÚÌÓÈ ÒËÒÚÂÏ˚.
ËÌÓÒÚ‡Ìˆ‡ı Ë ÔÓ‰ÒÚÂ͇ÚÂθÒÚ‚Û Í ÏflÚÂÊÛ,
Anaconda plan / èÎ‡Ì Ä̇ÍÓ̉‡, ÒÛ˘.,
ÒÛ˘., ÒÂËfl ËÁ ˜ÂÚ˚Âı Á‡ÍÓÌÓ‚, ÔËÌflÚ˚ı ‚ 1798
ÒÚ‡Ú„Ëfl ËÁ ÚÂı ˜‡ÒÚÂÈ, Òӄ·ÒÌÓ ÍÓÚÓÓÈ ëÓ˛Á
„Ó‰Û ‰Îfl ÒÌËÊÂÌËfl ÔÓÎËÚ˘ÂÒÍÓ„Ó ‚ÎËflÌËfl
Ô‰·„‡Î Ôӷ‰ËÚ¸ äÓÌÙ‰Â‡ˆË˛ ‚ É‡Ê‰‡ÌÒÍÓÈ
̉‡‚ÌËı ËÏÏË„‡ÌÚÓ‚, ÔË·˚‚¯Ëı ‚ ëÓ‰ËÌÂÌÌ˚Â
‚ÓÈÌÂ ‚ ëòÄ.
òÚ‡Ú˚.
anarchiœt / ‡Ì‡ıËÒÚ, ÒÛ˘., ˜ÂÎÓ‚ÂÍ, ÍÓÚÓ˚È ÌÂ
ÔËÂÏÎÂÚ Í‡ÍÓÈ-ÎË·Ó ÙÓÏ˚ Ô‡‚ÎÂÌËfl.

176 THE AMERICANS

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Anaœazi / Ä̇Á‡ˆË, cÛ˘. „ÛÔÔ˚ ÍÓÂÌÌÓ„Ó Atlantic Charter / ÄÚ·ÌÚ˘ÂÒ͇fl ï‡ÚËfl, ÒÛ˘.,
̇ÒÂÎÂÌËfl ÄÏÂËÍË, ÊË‚¯Ë ̇ ‚Â¯Ë̇ı ‰ÂÍ·‡ˆËfl 1941 „Ó‰‡ Ó ÔË̈ËÔ‡ı, ̇ ÍÓÚÓ˚ı
ÒÚÓÎÓ‚˚ı „Ó, ̇ ÒÍÎÓ̇ı ÛÚÂÒÓ‚ Ë Ì‡ ‰Ì ̸͇ÓÌÓ‚ ëÓ‰ËÌÂÌÌ˚ òÚ‡Ú˚ Ë ÇÂÎËÍÓ·ËÚ‡ÌËfl ÓÒÌÓ‚˚‚‡ÎË
‡ÈÓ̇ óÂÚ˚Âı ì„ÎÓ‚ (‚ ÏÂÒÚ ÒÓ‰ËÌÂÌËfl Ò‚ÓË ˆÂÎË Ë Á‡‰‡˜Ë ÔÓÚË‚ÓÒÚÓflÌËfl ‰Âʇ‚‡Ï éÒË.
Ò„ӉÌfl¯ÌËı ¯Ú‡ÚÓ‚ ÄËÁÓ̇, 縲-åÂÍÒËÍÓ Axiœ powerœ / ÑÂʇ‚˚ éÒË, ÒÛ˘., „ÛÔÔ‡

RUSSIAN
Ë ûÚ‡), ÊË‚¯ËÂ Ò 100 „ Ì. ˝. ‰Ó 1300 „Ó‰‡. „ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚, ‚Íβ˜‡fl ÉÂχÌ˲, àÚ‡Î˲ Ë üÔÓÌ˲,
annex / ‡ÌÌÂÍÒËÓ‚‡Ú¸, „·„., ‚Íβ˜ÂÌË ÔÓÚË‚ÓÒÚÓfl˘‡fl „ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚‡Ï-ÒÓ˛ÁÌËÍ‡Ï ‚Ó
ÚÂËÚÓËË ‚ ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚Û˛˘Û˛ ÔÓÎËÚ˘ÂÒÍÛ˛ ÇÚÓÓÈ ÏËÓ‚ÓÈ ‚ÓÈÌÂ.
‰ËÌˈÛ, Ú‡ÍÛ˛ Í‡Í ¯Ú‡Ú ËÎË „ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚Ó. Aztec / ĈÚÂÍË, ÒÛ˘., ÍÓÂÌÌÓ ̇ÒÂÎÂÌËÂ
antebellum / Ô‰‚ÓÂÌÌ˚È, ÔË·„., ÄÏÂËÍË, ̇ÒÂÎfl‚¯Â ‰ÓÎËÌÛ åÂıËÍÓ ‚ 1200 „Ó‰‡ı
ÔË̇‰ÎÂʇ˘ËÈ Í ÔÂËÓ‰Û ‰Ó É‡Ê‰‡ÌÒÍÓÈ ‚ÓÈÌ˚ ‚ ‰Ó Ì. ˝. Ë ÔÓÁ‰Ì ÒÓÁ‰‡‚¯Â ÏÓ˘ÌÛ˛ ËÏÔÂ˲.
ëòÄ.
Antifederaliœt / ÄÌÚËÙ‰Â‡ÎËÒÚ, ÒÛ˘.,
ÔÓÚË‚ÌËÍ ÒËθÌÓÈ ˆÂÌÚ‡Î¸ÌÓÈ ‚·ÒÚË. B
appeaœement / ÛÏËÓÚ‚ÓÂÌËÂ, ÒÛ˘., baby boom / ·˝È·Ë-·ÛÏ, ÒÛ˘., ÂÁÍÓÂ
Ô‰ÓÒÚ‡‚ÎÂÌË ÍÓ̈ÂÒÒËÈ ‚‡Ê‰Â·ÌÓÈ ÒÚÓÓÌ ‰Îfl Û‚Â΢ÂÌË Óʉ‡ÂÏÓÒÚË ‚ ëòÄ ÔÓÒΠÇÚÓÓÈ
ÒÓı‡ÌÂÌËfl ÏË‡. ÏËÓ‚ÓÈ ‚ÓÈÌ˚.
Appomattox Court Houœe / ቇÌË Bank of the United ¡tateœ / ŇÌÍ ëÓ‰ËÌÂÌÌ˚ı
ÄÔÔÓχÚÚÓÍÒÍÓ„Ó ÒÛ‰‡, ÒÛ˘., Á‰‡ÌË ‚ òÚ‡ÚÓ‚, ÒÛ˘., Ó‰ËÌ ËÁ ‰‚Ûı ̇ˆËÓ̇θÌ˚ı ·‡ÌÍÓ‚,
ÄÔÔÓχÚÚÓÍÒÂ, ÇË„ËÌËfl, „‰Â 9 ‡ÔÂÎfl 1865 „Ó‰‡ Û˜ÂʉÂÌÌ˚ı äÓÌ„ÂÒÒÓÏ, ÒÓÁ‰‡ÌÌ˚È Ù‰Â‡Î¸Ì˚Ï
‚ÓÈÒ͇ êÓ·ÂÚ‡ ãË Í‡ÔËÚÛÎËÓ‚‡ÎË ÔÂ‰ ‚ÓÈÒ͇ÏË, Ô‡‚ËÚÂθÒÚ‚ÓÏ Ë ˜‡ÒÚÌ˚ÏË ËÌ‚ÂÒÚÓ‡ÏË. èÂ‚˚È
˜ÚÓ fl‚ËÎÓÒ¸ ÓÍÓ̘‡ÌËÂÏ É‡Ê‰‡ÌÒÍÓÈ ‚ÓÈÌ˚ ‚ ·˚Î ÒÓÁ‰‡Ì ‚ 1791 „Ó‰Û, ‚ÚÓÓÈ – ‚ 1816.
ëòÄ. (37°ë. ò. 79°á. Ñ.)
Battle of the Bulge / ÅËÚ‚‡ ÔË ÅÛθ„Â, ÒÛ˘.,
apprentice / Û˜ÂÌËÍ, ÒÛ˘., ‡·Ó˜ËÈ, ËÁÛ˜‡˛˘ËÈ ·ËÚ‚‡ ÇÚÓÓÈ ÏËÓ‚ÓÈ ‚ÓÈÌ˚, ‰ÎË‚¯‡flÒfl ‚ Ú˜ÂÌËÂ
ÔÓÙÂÒÒ˲, Ó·˚˜ÌÓ ÔÓ‰ ÛÍÓ‚Ó‰ÒÚ‚ÓÏ Ï‡ÒÚÂ‡. ÏÂÒflˆ‡, ‚ ÍÓÚÓÓÈ ‚ÓÈÒ͇ ÒÓ˛ÁÌËÍÓ‚ ÓÚ‡ÁËÎË
arbitration / ‡·ËÚ‡Ê, ÒÛ˘., ÒÔÓÒÓ· ‡Á¯ÂÌËfl ÔÓÒÎÂ‰Ì˛˛ ÍÛÔÌÛ˛ ‡Ú‡ÍÛ ÌÂψ‚ ‚ ‚ÓÈÌÂ.
ÒÔÓÓ‚, ÔË ÍÓÚÓÓÏ Ó·Â ÒÚÓÓÌ˚ Ô‰ÓÒÚ‡‚Îfl˛Ú Battle of Midway / ÅËÚ‚‡ Á‡ åË‰Û˝È, ÒÛ˘., ·ËÚ‚‡
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

Ò‚ÓË ‡ÁÌӄ·ÒËfl ÒÛ‰¸Â, ÛÚ‚ÂʉÂÌÌÓÏ Ó·ÂËÏË ÇÚÓÓÈ ÏËÓ‚ÓÈ ‚ÓÈÌ˚ ‚ ̇˜‡Î ˲Ìfl 1942 „Ó‰‡.
ÒÚÓÓ̇ÏË. ëÓ˛ÁÌËÍË ‡Á·ËÎË ‚ÓÂÌÌÓ-ÏÓÒÍÓÈ ÙÎÓÚ üÔÓÌËË,
armiœtice / ÔÂÂÏËËÂ, ÒÛ˘., Òӄ·¯ÂÌËÂ Ó Ì‡Ô‡‚¯ËÈ Ì‡ åË‰Û˝È – ÓÒÚÓ‚ Í Ò‚ÂÓ-‚ÓÒÚÓÍÛ ÓÚ
ÔÂÍ‡˘ÂÌËË ‚ÓÓÛÊÂÌÌÓ„Ó ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ‡. ɇ‚‡È‚. á‡ÚÂÏ ÒÓ˛ÁÌËÍË ÔÂ¯ÎË ‚ ̇ÒÚÛÔÎÂÌË ‚
Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) / íËıÓÏ Ó͇ÌÂ Ë ÒÚ‡ÎË ÔË·ÎËʇڸÒfl Í ·Â„‡Ï üÔÓÌËË.
ÄÏËfl êÂÒÔÛ·ÎËÍË Ç¸ÂÚ̇Ï, ÒÛ˘., ûÊÌÓ- Battle of Wounded Knee / ÅËÚ‚‡ ÔË Ç‡Û̉‰
ǸÂÚ̇ÏÒÍË ÒÓΉ‡Ú˚, ÒÓ‚ÏÂÒÚÌÓ Ò ÍÓÚÓ˚ÏË çË, ÒÛ˘., Û·ËÈÒÚ‚Ó ‡ÏÂË͇ÌÒÍËÏË ÒÓΉ‡Ú‡ÏË 300
‚ÓÈÒ͇ ëòÄ Ò‡Ê‡ÎËÒ¸ ÔÓÚË‚ ÍÓÏÏÛÌËÁχ Ë ·ÂÁÓÛÊÌ˚ı ÍÓÂÌÌ˚ı ÊËÚÂÎÂÈ ÄÏÂËÍË ‚ LJÛ̉‰
‚ÓÓÛÊÂÌÌ˚ı ÒËΠ̇ Ò‚Â ǸÂÚ̇χ ‚Ó ‚ÂÏfl çË äËÍ, ûÊ̇fl чÍÓÚ‡, ‚ 1890 „Ó‰Û.
ǸÂÚ̇ÏÒÍÓÈ ‚ÓÈÌ˚. Beatleœ, the / ÅËÚÎÁ, ÒÛ˘., ·ËÚ‡ÌÒ͇fl
Articleœ of Confederation / ÑÓ„Ó‚Ó Ó ÏÛÁ˚͇θ̇fl „ÛÔÔ‡, Ó͇Á‡‚¯‡fl Ó„ÓÏÌÓÂ
äÓÌÙ‰Â‡ˆËË, ÒÛ˘., ‰ÓÍÛÏÂÌÚ, ÔËÌflÚ˚È ‚ÎËflÌË ̇ ÔÓÔÛÎflÌÛ˛ ÏÛÁ˚ÍÛ ‚ 1960-ı „Ó‰‡ı.
ÇÚÓ˚Ï äÓÌÚËÌÂÌڇθÌ˚Ï äÓÌ„ÂÒÒÓÏ ‚ 1777 „Ó‰Û beat movement / ‰‚ËÊÂÌË ·ËÚÌËÍÓ‚, ÒÛ˘.,
Ë ÓÍÓ̘‡ÚÂθÌÓ ÛÚ‚ÂʉÂÌÌ˚È ¯Ú‡Ú‡ÏË ‚ 1781 ÒӈˇθÌÓÂ Ë ÍÛθÚÛÌÓ ‰‚ËÊÂÌË 1950-ı „Ó‰Ó‚
„Ó‰Û, ‚ ÍÓÚÓÓÏ ÓÔ‰ÂÎflÂÚÒfl ÙÓχ Ô‡‚ÎÂÌËfl Ò ‡ÍˆÂÌÚÓÏ Ì‡ ÌÂÓ„‡Ì˘ÂÌÌÓ ÎËÚÂ‡ÚÛÌÓÂ
ÌÓ‚˚ı ëÓ‰ËÌÂÌÌ˚ı òÚ‡ÚÓ‚. Ò‡ÏÓ‚˚‡ÊÂÌËÂ Ë ÌÓÌÍÓÌÙÓÏËÁÏ Ò ÓÒÌÓ‚Ì˚ÏË
Aœhcan œchool / òÍÓ· ÏÛÒÓÌ˚ı fl˘ËÍÓ‚, ̇Ô‡‚ÎÂÌËflÏË ‚ ÍÛθÚÛÂ.
ÒÛ˘., ‚ ̇˜‡Î XX ‚Â͇ „ÛÔÔ‡ ‡ÏÂË͇ÌÒÍËı Benin / ÅÂÌËÌ, ÒÛ˘., Á‡Ô‡‰ÌÓ-‡ÙË͇ÌÒÍÓÂ
ıÛ‰ÓÊÌËÍÓ‚, ÍÓÚÓ˚ ˜‡ÒÚÓ ËÒÓ‚‡ÎË ‡ÎËÒÚ˘ÌÛ˛ ÍÓÓ΂ÒÚ‚Ó, ÍÓÚÓÓ ÔÓˆ‚ÂÚ‡ÎÓ ‚ ‡ÈÓÌ ‰ÂθÚ˚
͇ÚËÌÛ „ÓÓ‰ÒÍÓÈ ÊËÁÌË, ̇ÔËÏÂ, ·‡‡ÍË Ë çË„Â‡ (Ú‡Ï, „‰Â ÒÂȘ‡Ò ̇ıÓ‰ËÚÒfl çË„ÂËfl, Ò XIV
·ÂÁ‰ÓÏÌ˚ı β‰ÂÈ, ÓÚÍÛ‰‡ Ë ‚ÓÁÌËÍÎÓ Ú‡ÍÓ ÔÓ XVII ‚ÂÍ.
̇Á‚‡ÌËÂ.
Berlin airlift / ÅÂÎËÌÒÍËÈ ‚ÓÁ‰Û¯Ì˚È ÏÓÒÚ,
aœœimilation / ‡ÒÒËÏËÎflˆËfl, ÒÛ˘., ÔËÌflÚË cÛ˘., 327-‰Ì‚̇fl ÓÔÂ‡ˆËfl, ‚ ÍÓÚÓÓÈ ‡ÏÂË͇ÌÒÍËÂ
ÏÂ̸¯ËÌÒÚ‚ÓÏ ‚ÂÓ‚‡ÌËÈ Ë ÒÚËÎfl ÊËÁÌË Ë ·ËÚ‡ÌÒÍË ҇ÏÓÎÂÚ˚ ÔÓÒÚ‡‚ÎflÎË ÔÓ‰ÛÍÚ˚
‰ÓÏËÌËÛ˛˘ÂÈ ÍÛθÚÛ˚. ÔËÚ‡ÌËfl Ë Á‡Ô‡Ò˚ ‚ á‡Ô‡‰Ì˚È ÅÂÎËÌ ÔÓÒΠ·ÎÓ͇‰˚
„ÓÓ‰‡ ëÓ‚ÂÚÒÍËÏ ëÓ˛ÁÓÏ ‚ 1948 „Ó‰Û.

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Berlin Wall / ÅÂÎËÌÒ͇fl ÒÚÂ̇, ÒÛ˘., ·ÂÚÓÌ̇fl bonanza farm / ÁÓÎÓÚÓÌÓÒ̇fl ÙÂχ, ÒÛ˘.,
ÒÚÂ̇, ‡Á‰ÂÎfl‚¯‡fl ÇÓÒÚÓ˜Ì˚È Ë á‡Ô‡‰Ì˚È ÅÂÎËÌ Ó„ÓÏ̇fl ÙÂχ, ̇ ÍÓÚÓÓÈ ‚ÓÁ‰ÂÎ˚‚‡˛ÚÒfl
Ò 1961 ÔÓ 1989 „Ó‰, ÔÓÒÚÓÂÌ̇fl ÍÓÏÏÛÌËÒÚ˘ÂÒÍËÏ ÁÂÌÓ‚˚ ӉÌÓ„Ó ÚËÔ‡.
Ô‡‚ËÚÂθÒÚ‚ÓÏ ÇÓÒÚÓ˜ÌÓÈ ÉÂχÌËË, ˜ÚÓ·˚ Bonuœ Army / ÄÏËfl ‚ÓÁ̇„‡Ê‰ÂÌËfl, ÒÛ˘.,
Ô‰ÓÚ‚‡ÚËÚ¸ Ôӷ„ Ò‚ÓËı „‡Ê‰‡Ì ̇ á‡Ô‡‰. „ÛÔÔ‡ ‚ÂÚÂ‡ÌÓ‚ èÂ‚ÓÈ ÏËÓ‚ÓÈ ‚ÓÈÌ˚, ÍÓÚÓ˚Â
RUSSIAN

Beœœemer proceœœ / íÓχÒÓ‚ÒÍËÈ ÔÓˆÂÒÒ, ‚ 1932 „Ó‰Û ‚ÏÂÒÚ ÒÓ Ò‚ÓËÏË ÒÂϸflÏË ÔÓ¯ÎË
ÒÛ˘., ‰Â¯Â‚˚È Ë ˝ÙÙÂÍÚË‚Ì˚È ÔÓˆÂÒÒ Ï‡¯ÂÏ ‰Ó LJ¯ËÌ„ÚÓ̇ Ò Ú·ӂ‡ÌËÂÏ ÌÂωÎÂÌÌÓÈ
ÔÓËÁ‚Ó‰ÒÚ‚‡ ÒÚ‡ÎË, ‡Á‡·ÓÚ‡ÌÌ˚È ÓÍÓÎÓ 1850 „Ó‰‡. ÓÔ·Ú˚ ÔÂÏˇθÌ˚ı, ÍÓÚÓ˚ ·˚ÎË Ó·Â˘‡Ì˚
Bill of Rightœ / ÅËÎθ Ó Ô‡‚‡ı, ÒÛ˘., ÔÂ‚˚ „ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚ÓÏ Á‡ ÒÎÛÊ·Û ‚ ‡ÏËË.
‰ÂÒflÚ¸ ÔÓÔ‡‚ÓÍ Í äÓÌÒÚËÚÛˆËË ëòÄ, ‚ÌÂÒÂÌÌ˚ ‚ bootlegger / ·ÛÚ΄„Â (ÍÓÌÚ‡·‡Ì‰ËÒÚ
1791 „Ó‰Û Ë ÒÓÒÚÓfl˘Ë ËÁ ÓÙˈˇθÌÓ„Ó ÒÔËÒ͇ Ò‡ÏÓ„Ó̇), ÒÛ˘., β‰Ë, ÍÓÚÓ˚ ÍÓÌÚ‡·‡Ì‰ÓÈ
Ô‡‚ Ë Ò‚Ó·Ó‰ „‡Ê‰‡Ì. ÔÓ‚ÓÁËÎË ‡ÎÍÓ„ÓθÌ˚ ̇ÔËÚÍË ‚ ëòÄ ‚ ÔÂËÓ‰
bimetalliœm / ·ËÏÂÚ‡ÎÎËÁÏ, ÒÛ˘., ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌË Á‡ÔÂÚ‡ ‡ÎÍÓ„ÓθÌ˚ı ̇ÔËÚÍÓ‚.
Í‡Í ÁÓÎÓÚ‡, Ú‡Í Ë ÒÂ·‡, Í‡Í ÓÒÌÓ‚˚ Boœton Maœœacre / ÅÓÒÚÓÌÒ͇fl ÂÁÌfl, ÒÛ˘.,
„ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓÈ ‰ÂÌÂÊÌÓÈ ÒËÒÚÂÏ˚. ÒÚÓÎÍÌÓ‚ÂÌË ÏÂÊ‰Û ·ËÚ‡ÌÒÍËÏË ÒÓΉ‡Ú‡ÏË Ë
black codeœ / ˜ÂÌ˚È Ò‚Ó‰ Á‡ÍÓÌÓ‚, ÒÛ˘., ÍÓÎÓÌËÒÚ‡ÏË ÅÓÒÚÓ̇ ‚ 1770 „Ó‰Û, ‚ ÍÓÚÓÓÏ ·˚ÎÓ
‰ËÒÍËÏË̇ˆËÓÌÌ˚ Á‡ÍÓÌ˚, ÔËÌflÚ˚ ̇ û„ ۷ËÚÓ ÔflÚ¸ ÍÓÎÓÌËÒÚÓ‚.
ÔÓÒΠ„‡Ê‰‡ÌÒÍÓÈ ‚ÓÈÌ˚, ÍÓÚÓ˚ ÊÂÒÚÓÍÓ Boœton Tea Party / ÅÓÒÚÓÌÒÍÓ ˜‡ÂÔËÚËÂ,
Ó„‡Ì˘˂‡ÎË ÊËÁ̸ ‡ÙÓ-‡ÏÂË͇̈‚, Á‡Ô¢‡fl ÒÛ˘., ‚ ÁÌ‡Í ÔÓÚÂÒÚ‡ ÔÓÚË‚ á‡ÍÓ̇ Ó ˜‡Â
ËÏ Ú‡ÍË ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl, Í‡Í ÔÓÂÁ‰ÍË ·ÂÁ ‡Á¯ÂÌËfl, ÍÓÎÓÌËÒÚ˚ ÅÓÒÚÓ̇ ‚ 1773 „Ó‰Û Ò·ÓÒËÎË ‚ „‡‚‡Ì¸
ÌÓ¯ÂÌË ÓÛÊËfl, ‡·ÓÚ‡ ‚ ÒÛ‰Â, ҂ˉÂÚÂθÒÚ‚Ó‚‡ÌË ÅÓÒÚÓ̇ 18000 ÙÛÌÚÓ‚ (8165 Í„) ˜‡fl.
ÔÓÚË‚ ·ÂÎ˚ı Ë „ËÒÚ‡ˆËfl ·‡Í‡ Ò ·ÂÎ˚ÏË. Boulder Dam / чϷ‡ ËÁ ‚‡ÎÛÌÓ‚, ÒÛ˘., ‰‡Ï·‡
blackliœt / ˜ÂÌ˚È ÒÔËÒÓÍ, ÒÛ˘., ÒÔËÒÓÍ, ̇ ÂÍ äÓÎÓ‡‰Ó, ‚ ̇ÒÚÓfl˘Â ‚ÂÏfl ̇Á˚‚‡Âχfl
ÔË·ÎËÁËÚÂθÌÓ, 500 ‡ÍÚÂÓ‚, ÔËÒ‡ÚÂÎÂÈ, ‰‡Ï·ÓÈ ÉÛ‚Â‡, ÍÓÚÓ‡fl ·˚· ÔÓÒÚÓÂ̇ ‚Ó ‚ÂÏÂ̇
ÔÓ‰˛ÒÂÓ‚ Ë ‰ËÂÍÚÓÓ‚, ÍÓÚÓ˚Ï ·˚ÎÓ Á‡Ô¢ÂÌÓ ÇÂÎËÍÓÈ ÑÂÔÂÒÒËË ‚ ‡Ï͇ı „ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓÈ
‡·ÓÚ‡Ú¸ ̇‰ ÙËθχÏË ÉÓÎÎË‚Û‰‡ ÔÓ Ô˘ËÌ Ëı ÔÓ„‡ÏÏ˚ ÔÓ ÒÚËÏÛÎËÓ‚‡Ì˲ ‰ÂÎÓ‚ÓÈ ‡ÍÚË‚ÌÓÒÚË
Ò‚flÁË Ò ÍÓÏÏÛÌËÒÚ‡ÏË. Ë ÒÓÁ‰‡Ì˲ ‡·Ó˜Ëı ÏÂÒÚ.
Black Pantherœ / óÂÌ˚ ԇÌÚÂ˚, ÒÛ˘., Boxer Rebellion / àıÂÚۇ̸ÒÍÓ (·ÓÍÒÂÒÍÓÂ)

Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

‚ÓÂÌËÁËÓ‚‡Ì̇fl ‡ÙÓ-‡ÏÂË͇ÌÒ͇fl ÔÓÎËÚ˘ÂÒ͇fl ‚ÓÒÒÚ‡ÌËÂ, ÒÛ˘., ‚ÓÒÒÚ‡ÌË 1900 „Ó‰‡, ‚ ÍÓÚÓÓÏ
Ó„‡ÌËÁ‡ˆËfl, ÒÓÁ‰‡Ì̇fl ‚ 1966 „Ó‰Û ï¸˛ÂÈ ˜ÎÂÌ˚ ÍËÚ‡ÈÒÍÓ„Ó ÒÂÍÂÚÌÓ„Ó Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚‡ Ô·ÌËÓ‚‡ÎË
縲ÚÓÌÓÏ Ë ÅÓ··Ë ëËÎÓÏ ‰Îfl ·Ó¸·˚ Ò „Û·ÓÒÚ¸˛ ÓÒ‚Ó·Ó‰ËÚ¸ Ò‚Ó˛ ÒÚ‡ÌÛ ÓÚ Á‡Ô‡‰ÌÓ„Ó ‚ÎËflÌËfl.
ÔÓÎˈËË Ë Ó͇Á‡Ì˲ ÔÓÏÓ˘Ë ‚ „ÂÚÚÓ. bracero / ·‡ÒÂÓ, ÒÛ˘., ‚ ÔÂËÓ‰ ÇÚÓÓÈ
Black Power / Ç·ÒÚ¸ ˜ÂÌ˚Ï, ÒÛ˘., ‰Â‚ËÁ, ÏËÓ‚ÓÈ ‚ÓÈÌ˚ ÏÂÍÒË͇ÌÒÍËÈ ‡·Ó˜ËÈ, ÍÓÚÓ˚È
ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌÌ˚È ëÚÓÍÎË ä‡χÈÍÎÓÏ ‚ 1960-ı ÔÓÎÛ˜ËÎ ‡Á¯ÂÌË ̇ ‡·ÓÚÛ ‚ ëÓ‰ËÌÂÌÌ˚ı
„Ó‰‡ı, ÍÓÚÓ˚È ÔËÁ˚‚‡Î ‡ÙÓ-‡ÏÂË͇̈‚ Í òÚ‡Ú‡ı ̇ Ó„‡Ì˘ÂÌÌ˚È ÔÂËÓ‰ ‚ÂÏÂÌË.
Ó·˙‰ËÌÂÌ˲, ÔÓÎËÚ˘ÂÒÍÓÏÛ Ë ÒӈˇθÌÓÏÛ bread line / ıη̇fl Ó˜Â‰¸, ÒÛ˘., Ó˜Â‰¸
ÎˉÂÒÚ‚Û. β‰ÂÈ ÓÊˉ‡˛˘Ëı ÔÓÎÛ˜ÂÌËfl ·ÂÒÔ·ÚÌÓ„Ó ÔËÚ‡ÌËfl.
Black Tueœday / óÂÌ˚È ‚ÚÓÌËÍ, ÒÛ˘., brinkmanœhip / ·‡Î‡ÌÒËÓ‚‡ÌË ̇ „‡ÌË
̇Á‚‡ÌËÂ, ÍÓÚÓÓ ÔÓÎÛ˜ËÎÓ 29 ÓÍÚfl·fl 1929 „Ó‰‡, ‚ÓÈÌ˚, ÒÛ˘., Ô‡ÍÚË͇ ÛÒÚ‡¯ÂÌËfl ‚‡„‡
ÍÓ„‰‡ ÂÁÍÓ ÛÔ‡ÎË ˆÂÌ˚ ̇ ‡ÍˆËË. ̇ÌÂÒÂÌËÂÏ Ï‡ÒÒËÓ‚‡ÌÌÓ„Ó ‚ÓÂÌÌÓ„Ó Û‰‡‡ ‚ ÓÚ‚ÂÚ
Bleeding Kanœaœ / äÓ‚ÓÚÓ˜‡˘ËÈ ä‡ÌÁ‡Ò, ̇ β·Û˛ ‡„ÂÒÒ˲.
ÒÛ˘., ËÏfl, ÍÓÚÓÓ ÔÓÎۘ˷ ÚÂËÚÓËfl ä‡ÌÁ‡Ò‡ Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka /
‚ „Ó‰˚ É‡Ê‰‡ÌÒÍÓÈ ‚ÓÈÌ˚ ‚ ëòÄ, ÍÓ„‰‡ ˝Ú‡ óÂÌÓÍÓÊË ÔÓÚË‚ ìÔ‡‚ÎÂÌËfl Ó·‡ÁÓ‚‡ÌËfl
ÚÂËÚÓËfl ·˚· ÔÓÎÂÏ ·Ófl ÏÂÊ‰Û ÒË·ÏË, íÓÔËÍË, ÒÛ˘., Òۉ·ÌÓ ‰ÂÎÓ 1954 „Ó‰‡, ‚ ÍÓÚÓÓÏ
Á‡˘Ë˘‡˛˘ËÏË ‡·ÒÚ‚Ó Ë ·Ó˛˘ËÏËÒfl ÔÓÚË‚ Ì„Ó. ÇÂıÓ‚Ì˚È ëÛ‰ ÔÓÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚ËÎ, ˜ÚÓ «‡Á‰ÂθÌÓÂ, ÌÓ
blitzkrieg / ·ÎˈÍË„, ÒÛ˘., ÌÂψÍÓ ÒÎÓ‚Ó, ‡‚ÌÓ» Ó·Û˜ÂÌË ˜ÂÌÓÍÓÊËı Ë ·ÂÎ˚ı ÒÚÛ‰ÂÌÚÓ‚
Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡˛˘Â «ÏÓÎÌËÂÌÓÒ̇fl ‚ÓÈ̇», ‚ÌÂÁ‡Ô̇fl ÔÓÚË‚Ó˜ËÚ äÓÌÒÚËÚÛˆËË.
χÒÒËÓ‚‡Ì̇fl ‡Ú‡Í‡ Ò ÔËÏÂÌÂÌËÂÏ Ì‡ÁÂÏÌ˚ı Bull Mooœe Party / è‡ÚËfl «ëÓı‡ÚÓ„Ó», ÒÛ˘.,
‚ÓÓÛÊÂÌÌ˚ı ÒËÎ Ë ‡‚ˇˆËË, Ò ˆÂθ˛ ·˚ÒÚÓÈ Ì‡Á‚‡ÌËÂ, ÍÓÚÓÓ ÔÓÎۘ˷ èÓ„ÂÒÒ˂̇fl è‡ÚËfl,
Ôӷ‰˚. Ó·‡ÁÓ‚‡Ì̇fl ‚ ÔÓ‰‰ÂÊÍÛ Í‡Ì‰Ë‰‡ÚÛ˚ íÂÓ‰Ó‡
blockade / ·ÎÓ͇‰‡, ÒÛ¯. ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌË ÍÓ‡·ÎÂÈ êÛÁ‚Âθڇ ̇ ÔÂÁˉÂÌÚÒÍËı ‚˚·Ó‡ı 1912 „Ó‰‡.
ËÎË ‚ÓÓÛÊÂÌÌ˚ı ÒËÎ ‰Îfl Ô‰ÓÚ‚‡˘ÂÌËfl
‰‚ËÊÂÌËfl ‚ ÔÓÚ ËÎË ÁÓÌÛ ËÎË ËÁ ÌËı, ÍÓÚÓ˚Â
ÍÓÌÚÓÎËÛ˛ÚÒfl ‚‡Ê‰Â·ÌÓÈ ÒÚÓÓÌÓÈ.
178 THE AMERICANS
RusGloss.TheAmerican 1/20/04 1:35 PM Page 179

buying on margin / ÔÓÍÛÔ͇ ̇ ‡ÁÌˈ ÍÛÒ‡, Civilian Conœervation Corpœ (CCC) /

ÒÛ˘., ÔÓÍÛÔ͇ ˆÂÌÌ˚ı ·Ûχ„ ÔÓÒ‰ÒÚ‚ÓÏ ÓÔ·Ú˚ É‡Ê‰‡ÌÒÍËÈ äÓÔÛÒ Óı‡Ì˚ ÔËÓ‰Ì˚ı
ÚÓθÍÓ Ì·Óθ¯ÓÈ ˜‡ÒÚË ÒÚÓËÏÓÒÚË Ë Á‡ÂÏ ÂÒÛÒÓ‚, ÒÛ˘., ‡„ÂÌÚÒÚ‚Ó, ÒÓÁ‰‡ÌÌÓ ‚ ‡Ï͇ı
ÓÒÚ‡‚¯ÂÈÒfl ˜‡ÒÚË. «çÓ‚Ó„Ó ÍÛÒ‡», ‰Îfl Ô˂ΘÂÌËfl ·ÂÁ‡·ÓÚÌ˚ı ‰Îfl
ÒÚÓËÚÂθÒÚ‚‡ ‰ÓÓ„, ÒÓÁ‰‡ÌËfl Ô‡ÍÓ‚, ÔÓÒ‡‰ÍË

RUSSIAN
‰Â‚¸Â‚ Ë ÔÓÏÓ˘Ë ‚ ‡ÎËÁ‡ˆËË ÔÓÂÍÚÓ‚ ÔÓ
C ÍÓÌÚÓβ Á‡ ˝ÓÁËÂÈ ÔÓ˜‚ Ë Á‡ÚÓÔÎÂÌËÂÏ ÁÂÏÂθ.
civil diœobedience / „‡Ê‰‡ÌÒÍÓÂ
cabinet / ͇·ËÌÂÚ, ÒÛ˘., „ÛÔÔ‡ „·‚
ÌÂÔÓ‚ËÌÓ‚ÂÌËÂ, ÒÛ˘., ÓÚ͇Á ÓÚ Òӷβ‰ÂÌËfl ÚÂı
‰ÂÔ‡Ú‡ÏÂÌÚÓ‚, ÍÓÚÓ˚ fl‚Îfl˛ÚÒfl „·‚Ì˚ÏË
Á‡ÍÓÌÓ‚, ÍÓÚÓ˚ ҘËÚ‡˛ÚÒfl ÌÂÒÔ‡‚‰ÎË‚˚ÏË,
ÒÓ‚ÂÚÌË͇ÏË ÔÂÁˉÂÌÚ‡.
‰Îfl ‚ÌÂÒÂÌËfl ËÁÏÂÌÂÌËÈ ‚ ÔÓÎËÚËÍÛ „ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚‡.
Camp David Accordœ / ä˝ÏÔ-Ñ˝‚ˉÒÍË É‡Ê‰‡ÌÒÍÓ ÌÂÔÓ‚ËÌÓ‚ÂÌË ·˚ÎÓ ÓÔËÒ‡ÌÓ ÉÂÌË
Òӄ·¯ÂÌËfl, ÒÛ˘., ËÒÚÓ˘ÂÒÍË Òӄ·¯ÂÌËfl Ñ˝‚ˉÓÏ íÓÓ ‚ XIX ‚ÂÍÂ, ‡ Ú‡ÍÚË͇ „‡Ê‰‡ÌÒÍÓ„Ó
ÏÂÊ‰Û àÁ‡ËÎÂÏ Ë Ö„ËÔÚÓÏ, ‰ÓÒÚË„ÌÛÚ˚ ‚Ó ‚ÂÏfl ÌÂÔÓ‚ËÌÓ‚ÂÌËfl ·˚· ‡Á‡·Óڇ̇ å‡ÚËÌÓÏ
ÔÂ„ӂÓÓ‚ ‚ ä˝ÏÔ-Ñ˝‚ˉ ‚ 1978 „Ó‰Û. ã˛ÚÂÓÏ äËÌ„ÓÏ, Ï·‰¯ËÏ, ‚Ó ‚ÂÏfl ·Ó¸·˚ Á‡
capitaliœm / ͇ÔËÚ‡ÎËÁÏ, ÒÛ˘., ˝ÍÓÌÓÏ˘ÂÒ͇fl „‡Ê‰‡ÌÒÍË Ô‡‚‡.
ÒËÒÚÂχ, ‚ ÍÓÚÓÓÈ ˜‡ÒÚÌ˚ Îˈ‡ Ë ÍÓÔÓ‡ˆËË Civil Rightœ Act of 1964 / á‡ÍÓÌ Ó „‡Ê‰‡ÌÒÍËı
ÍÓÌÚÓÎËÛ˛Ú Ò‰ÒÚ‚‡ ÔÓËÁ‚Ó‰ÒÚ‚‡ Ë ËÒÔÓθÁÛ˛Ú Ô‡‚‡ı 1964 „Ó‰‡, ÒÛ˘., Á‡ÍÓÌ, ÍÓÚÓ˚È Á‡ÔÂÚËÎ
Ëı ‰Îfl ÒÓÁ‰‡ÌËfl ÔË·˚ÎË. ‰ËÒÍËÏË̇ˆË˛ ÔÓ ‡ÒÓ‚˚Ï, ÔÓÎÓ‚˚Ï, ̇ˆËÓ̇θÌ˚Ï
carpetbagger / ÔÂÂÒÂÎÂ̈ Ò Ò‡Í‚ÓflÊÂÏ, ËÎË ÂÎË„ËÓÁÌ˚Ï ÔËÁÌ‡Í‡Ï ‚ Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚ı ÏÂÒÚ‡ı
ÒÛ˘., ÊËÚÂθ Ò‚ÂÌÓÈ ˜‡ÒÚË ëÓ‰ËÌÂÌÌ˚ı Ë Ì‡ ‡·ÓÚÂ.
òÚ‡ÚÓ‚, ÔÂÂÂı‡‚¯ËÈ Ì‡ ˛„ ÔÓÒΠÉ‡Ê‰‡ÌÒÍÓÈ Civil Rightœ Act of 1968 / á‡ÍÓÌ Ó „‡Ê‰‡ÌÒÍËı
‚ÓÈÌ˚ ‚ ëòÄ. Ô‡‚‡ı 1968 „Ó‰‡, ÒÛ˘., Á‡ÍÓÌ, ÍÓÚÓ˚È Á‡ÔÂÚËÎ
caœh crop / ‰ÂÌÂÊÌ˚È ÛÓʇÈ, ÒÛ˘., ÛÓʇÈ, ‰ËÒÍËÏË̇ˆË˛ ‚ ·˚ÚÛ.
‚˚‡˘ÂÌÌ˚È ÙÂÏÂÓÏ ‰Îfl ÔÓ‰‡ÊË, ‡ Ì ‰Îfl civil œervice / „‡Ê‰‡ÌÒ͇fl ÒÎÛÊ·‡, ÒÛ˘., ‚ÂÚ‚Ë
΢ÌÓ„Ó ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌËfl. Ô‡‚ËÚÂθÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓÈ ‡‰ÏËÌËÒÚ‡ˆËË, Ì ÓÚÌÓÒfl˘ËÂÒfl
Central Powerœ / ñÂÌÚ‡Î¸Ì˚ ‰Âʇ‚˚, ÒÛ˘., Í ‚ÓÂÌÌ˚Ï.
„ÛÔÔ‡ „ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚, ‚ÓÁ„·‚ÎflÂÏ˚ı ÉÂχÌËÂÈ, Clayton Antitruœt Act / ÄÌÚËÚ‡ÒÚÓ‚˚È Á‡ÍÓÌ
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

Ä‚ÒÚÓ-ÇÂÌ„ËÂÈ Ë éÚÚÓχÌÒÍÓÈ àÏÔÂËÂÈ, äÎÂÈÚÓ̇, ÒÛ˘., Á‡ÍÓÌ, ÔËÌflÚ˚È ‚ 1914 „Ó‰Û,

ÍÓÚÓ˚ ÔÓÚË‚ÓÒÚÓflÎË „ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚‡Ï-ÒÓ˛ÁÌËÍ‡Ï ÍÓÚÓ˚È ÔËÁ̇ΠÌÂÍÓÚÓ˚ Ô‡‚Ë· ‚‰ÂÌËfl
‚ èÂ‚ÓÈ ÏËÓ‚ÓÈ ‚ÓÈÌÂ. ÏÓÌÓÔÓÎËÒÚÒÍÓ„Ó ·ËÁÌÂÒ‡ ÌÂÁ‡ÍÓÌÌ˚ÏË Ë Á‡˘ËÚËÎ
checkœ and balanceœ / ÒËÒÚÂχ «Ò‰ÂÊÂÍ Ë Ô‡‚‡ ÔÓÙÒÓ˛ÁÓ‚ Ë Ó„‡ÌËÁ‡ˆËÈ ÙÂÏÂÓ‚.
ÔÓÚË‚Ó‚ÂÒÓ‚», ÒÛ˘., ÔÓÎÓÊÂÌËfl ‚ äÓÌÒÚËÚÛˆËË Cold War / ïÓÎӉ̇fl ‚ÓÈ̇, ÒÛ˘., ‚‡Ê‰Â·Ì˚Â
ëòÄ, ÍÓÚÓ˚ Ì ‰ÓÔÛÒ͇˛Ú ‰ÓÏËÌËÓ‚‡ÌËfl Ó‰ÌÓÈ ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËfl ·ÂÁ ÔflÏ˚ı ‚ÓÓÛÊÂÌÌ˚ı ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚÓ‚,
‚ÂÚ‚Ë ‚·ÒÚË ëòÄ Ì‡‰ ‰‚ÛÏfl ‰Û„ËÏË ‚ÂÚ‚flÏË. ÍÓÚÓ˚ ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚Ó‚‡ÎË ÏÂÊ‰Û ëÓ‰ËÌÂÌÌ˚ÏË
Chineœe Excluœion Act / á‡ÍÓÌ Ó· ËÒÍβ˜ÂÌËË òÚ‡Ú‡ÏË Ë ëÓ‚ÂÚÒÍËÏ ëÓ˛ÁÓÏ ÔÓÒΠÇÚÓÓÈ
ÍËڇȈ‚, ÒÛ˘., Á‡ÍÓÌ, ÔËÌflÚ˚È ‚ 1882 „Ó‰Û, ÏËÓ‚ÓÈ ‚ÓÈÌ˚.
ÍÓÚÓ˚È Á‡Ô¢‡Î ‚˙ÂÁ‰ ‚ ëÓ‰ËÌÂÌÌ˚ òÚ‡Ú˚ colonization / ÍÓÎÓÌËÁ‡ˆËfl, ÒÛ˘., ÒÓÁ‰‡ÌËÂ
‚ÒÂı ÍËڇȈ‚, Á‡ ËÒÍβ˜ÂÌËÂÏ ÒÚÛ‰ÂÌÚÓ‚, Ô·ÌËÛÂÏ˚ı ÔÓÒÂÎÂÌËÈ Ï‡ÚÂËÌÒÍÓÈ ÒÚ‡ÌÓÈ.
Û˜ËÚÂÎÂÈ, ÍÓÏÏÂÒ‡ÌÚÓ‚, ÚÛËÒÚÓ‚ Ë
Ô‡‚ËÚÂθÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚ı ÓÙˈˇθÌ˚ı Îˈ. Columbian Exchange / é·ÏÂÌ äÓÎÛÏ·‡, ÒÛ˘.,
ÔÂÂÏ¢ÂÌËÂ, ̇˜Ë̇fl Ò ÔÂ‚Ó„Ó ÔÛÚ¯ÂÒÚ‚Ëfl
Chiœholm Trail / èÛÚ¸ äËÒıÓθχ, ÒÛ¯., äÓÎÛÏ·‡, ‡ÒÚÂÌËÈ, ÊË‚ÓÚÌ˚ı Ë Á‡·Ó΂‡ÌËÈ
ÓÒÌÓ‚ÌÓÈ ÔÛÚ¸ ÔÂ„Ó̇ ÒÍÓÚ‡ ËÁ ë‡Ì-ÄÌÚÓÌËÓ, ÏÂÊ‰Û á‡Ô‡‰Ì˚Ï Ë ÇÓÒÚÓ˜Ì˚Ï ÔÓÎÛ¯‡ËÂÏ.
íÂı‡Ò ‚ ä‡ÌÁ‡Ò ˜ÂÂÁ éÍ·ıÓÏÛ.
committee of correœpondence / ÍÓÏËÚÂÚ˚ ÔÓ
chlorination / ıÎÓËÓ‚‡ÌËÂ, ÒÛ˘., ÒÔÓÒÓ· ÔÂÂÔËÒÍÂ, ÒÛ˘., Ó‰ÌÓ ËÁ Ó·˙‰ËÌÂÌËÈ, ÒÓÁ‰‡ÌÌÓÂ
Ó˜ËÒÚÍË ‚Ó‰˚ ÔÛÚÂÏ Òϯ˂‡ÌËfl ÂÂ Ò ıËÏ˘ÂÒÍËÏ ‡ÏÂË͇ÌÒÍËÏË ÍÓÎÓÌËÒÚ‡ÏË, ‰Îfl Ó·ÏÂ̇
ıÎÓÓÏ. ËÌÙÓχˆËÂÈ Ó ·ËÚ‡ÌÒÍÓÈ Û„ÓÁ Ëı Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡Ï.
CIA / ñêì, ÒÛ˘., ñÂÌÚ‡Î¸ÌÓ ê‡Á‚‰˚‚‡ÚÂθÌÓ Committee to Reelect the Preœident / äÓÏËÚÂÚ
ìÔ‡‚ÎÂÌË – ÛÔ‡‚ÎÂÌË ëòÄ, ÒÓÁ‰‡ÌÌÓ ‰Îfl ÔÓ ÔÂÂËÁ·‡Ì˲ èÂÁˉÂÌÚ‡, ÒÛ˘.,
ÔÓÎÛ˜ÂÌËfl ÒÂÍÂÚÌÓÈ ËÌÙÓχˆËË Ó· ËÌÓÒÚ‡ÌÌ˚ı Ó„‡ÌËÁ‡ˆËfl, ÒÓÁ‰‡Ì̇fl ‰Îfl Ôӂ‰ÂÌËfl ÍÓÏÔ‡ÌËË
„ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚‡ı. ÔÓ ÔÂÂËÁ·‡Ì˲ èÂÁˉÂÌÚ‡ çËÍÒÓ̇ ̇ ‚˚·Ó‡ı
1972 „Ó‰‡, ÍÓÚÓ‡fl ·˚· Ò‚flÁ‡Ì‡ Ò ‡ÒÍÓÎÓÏ ‚
ÛÍÓ‚Ó‰Òڂ 燈ËÓ̇θÌÓ„Ó äÓÏËÚÂÚ‡ ÑÂÏÓÍ‡ÚÓ‚,
ÍÓÚÓ˚È ÔË‚ÂÎ Í ìÓÚÂ„ÂÈÚÒÍÓÏÛ Ò͇̉‡ÎÛ.

MULTI-LANGUAGE GLOSSARY 179

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Common ¡enœe / á‰‡‚˚È ÒÏ˚ÒÎ, ÒÛ˘., conœcientiouœ objector / ˜ÂÎÓ‚ÂÍ,

·Ó¯˛‡ íÓχ҇ èÂÈ̇, ÓÔÛ·ÎËÍÓ‚‡Ì̇fl ‚ 1976 ÓÚ͇Á˚‚‡˛˘ËÈÒfl ÔÓ Û·ÂʉÂÌËflÏ, ÒÛ˘.,
„Ó‰Û, ‚ ÍÓÚÓÓÈ ÓÌ ÔËÁ˚‚‡Î Á‡ ÓÚ‰ÂÎÂÌË ÍÓÎÓÌËÈ ˜ÂÎÓ‚ÂÍ, ÓÚ͇Á˚‚‡˛˘ËÈÒfl ÓÚ ‚ÓÂÌÌÓÈ ÒÎÛÊ·˚
ÓÚ ÇÂÎËÍÓ·ËÚ‡ÌËË. ÔÓ ÏÓ‡Î¸Ì˚Ï Û·ÂʉÂÌËflÏ.
communiœm / ÍÓÏÏÛÌËÁÏ, ÒÛ˘., ˝ÍÓÌÓÏ˘ÂÒ͇fl Ë conœcription / ÔËÁ˚‚, ÒÛ˘., ÔËÁ˚‚ „‡Ê‰‡Ì ̇
RUSSIAN

Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚ÂÌ̇fl ÒËÒÚÂχ, ÓÒÌÓ‚‡Ì̇fl ̇ Ó‰ÌÓÔ‡ÚËÈÌÓÏ ‚ÓÂÌÌÛ˛ ÒÎÛÊ·Û.

ÛÍÓ‚Ó‰ÒÚ‚Â ÒÚ‡ÌÓÈ Ë „ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓÈ conœervation / ÍÓÌÒÂ‚‡ˆËfl, ÒÛ˘., Ô·ÌËÛÂÏÓÂ
ÒÓ·ÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓÒÚË. ÛÔ‡‚ÎÂÌË ̇ˆËÓ̇θÌ˚ÏË ÂÒÛÒ‡ÏË, ‚Íβ˜‡fl
Compromiœe of 1850 / äÓÏÔÓÏËÒÒ 1850 „Ó‰‡, Á‡˘ËÚÛ ÌÂÍÓÚÓ˚ı ÌÂÓÒ‚ÓÂÌÌ˚ı „ËÓÌÓ‚ Ë
ÒÛ˘., ÒÂËfl ÏÂ, ÔËÌflÚ˚ı äÓÌ„ÂÒÒÓÏ, ‰Îfl ‡Á‚ËÚË ‰Û„Ëı „ËÓÌÓ‚ ̇ Ó·˘Â ·Î‡„Ó.
‡Á¯ÂÌËfl ÓÒÌÓ‚Ì˚ı ‡ÁÌӄ·ÒËÈ ÏÂÊ‰Û conœervative coalition / ÍÓÌÒÂ‚‡Ú˂̇fl
Ò‚Ó·Ó‰Ì˚ÏË Ë ‡·Ó‚·‰Âθ˜ÂÒÍËÏË ¯Ú‡Ú‡ÏË. ÍÓ‡ÎˈËfl, ÒÛ˘., Ó·˙‰ËÌÂÌË Ô‡‚ÓÈ ÓÔÔÓÁˈËË,
Compromiœe of 1877 / äÓÏÔÓÏËÒÒ 1877 „Ó‰‡, ÒÙÓÏËÓ‚‡ÌÌÓ ‚ ÒÂ‰ËÌ 1960-„Ó‰Ó‚.
ÒÛ˘., ÒÂËfl ÏÂ, ÔËÌflÚ˚ı äÓÌ„ÂÒÒÓÏ, ÔÓ conœolidation / ÍÓÌÒÓÎˉ‡ˆËfl, ÒÛ˘., ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÂ
ÍÓÚÓ˚Ï ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡Ú˚ Òӄ·ÒËÎËÒ¸ Ò˜ËÚ‡Ú¸ ͇̉ˉ‡Ú‡ ÔÓ Ó·˙‰ËÌÂÌ˲ ËÎË ÍÓÏ·ËÌËÓ‚‡Ì˲.
ÂÒÔÛ·ÎË͇̈‚ ê‡ÚÂÙÓ‰‡ Å. ïÂÈÒ‡ ÔÂÁˉÂÌÚÓÏ,
conœumeriœm / ÍÓÌÒ¸˛ÏÂËÁÏ, ÒÛ˘., Á‡ÌflÚËÂ,
‰‡Ê ÌÂÒÏÓÚfl ̇ Â„Ó ÔÓ‡ÊÂÌË ‚ ‚˚·Ó‡ı. åÂ˚
ÒÓÒÚÓfl˘Â ‚ ÔËÓ·ÂÚÂÌËË Ï‡ÚÂˇθÌ˚ı ·Î‡„.
‚Íβ˜‡ÎË ‚ Ò·fl ‚˚‚Ó‰ Ù‰Â‡Î¸Ì˚È ‚ÓÈÒÍ ËÁ
˛ÊÌ˚ı ¯Ú‡ÚÓ‚, Ù‰Â‡Î¸ÌÓ ÙË̇ÌÒËÓ‚‡ÌË containment / Ò‰ÂÊË‚‡ÌËÂ, ÒÛ˘.,
ÛÎÛ˜¯ÂÌËfl ËÌÙ‡ÒÚÛÍÚÛ˚ ̇ ˛„Â Ë Ì‡Á̇˜ÂÌË ·ÎÓÍËÓ‚‡ÌË ÔÓÔ˚ÚÓÍ ‰Û„Ó„Ó „ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚‡ ÔÓ
ÍÓÌÒÂ‚‡ÚË‚ÌÓ„Ó ˜ÎÂ̇ ͇·ËÌÂÚ‡ ËÁ ˛ÊÌ˚ı ¯Ú‡ÚÓ‚. ‡ÒÔÓÒÚ‡ÌÂÌ˲ Ò‚ÓÂ„Ó ‚ÎËflÌËfl, ‚ ˜‡ÒÚÌÓÒÚË,
ÛÒËÎËfl ëÓ‰ËÌÂÌÌ˚ı òÚ‡ÚÓ‚ ÔÓ ·ÎÓÍËÓ‚‡Ì˲
concentration camp / ÍÓ̈ÂÌÚ‡ˆËÓÌÌ˚È
‡ÒÔÓÒÚ‡ÌÂÌËfl ‚ÎËflÌËfl ëÓ‚ÂÚÒÍÓ„Ó ëÓ˛Á‡ ‚
·„Â¸, ÒÛ˘., Ú˛ÂÏÌ˚È Î‡„Â¸ ̇ˆËÒÚÒÍÓÈ
ÔÂËÓ‰ ÍÓ̈‡ 1940-ı, ̇˜‡Î‡ 1950-ı „Ó‰Ó‚.
ÉÂχÌËË, ‚ ÍÓÚÓÓÏ Â‚ÂË Ë ‰Û„Ë ̇ˆËÓ̇θÌÓÒÚË,
Ò˜ËÚ‡‚¯ËÂÒfl ĉÓθÙÓÏ ÉËÚÎÂÓÏ ‚‡„‡ÏË Contract with America / äÓÌÚ‡ÍÚ Ò ÄÏÂËÍÓÈ,
ÔÓ‰‚Â„‡ÎËÒ¸ ‡·ÒÍÓÏÛ ÚÛ‰Û, „ÓÎÓ‰ÌÓÈ ÒÏÂÚË ËÎË ÒÛ˘., ‰ÓÍÛÏÂÌÚ, ÍÓÚÓ˚È ·˚Î ÒÓÒÚ‡‚ÎÂÌ
‡ÒÒÚ·Ï. è‰ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÂÎÂÏ ç¸˛ÚÓÏ ÉËÌ„˘ÂÏ Ë ÔÓ‰ÔËÒ‡Ì
·ÓΠ˜ÂÏ 300 ÂÒÔÛ·ÎË͇ÌÒÍËÏË Í‡Ì‰Ë‰‡Ú‡ÏË
Confederacy / äÓÌÙ‰Â‡ˆËfl, ÒÛ˘.,

Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

‚ 1994 „Ó‰Û, ‚ ÍÓÚÓÓÏ ·˚· Ô‰ÒÚ‡‚ÎÂÌ
äÓÌÙ‰Â‡ÚË‚Ì˚ òÚ‡Ú˚ ÄÏÂËÍË, ÍÓÌÙ‰Â‡ˆËfl,
ÍÓÌÒÂ‚‡ÚË‚Ì˚È Á‡ÍÓÌÓ‰‡ÚÂθÌ˚È Ô·Ì
Ó·‡ÁÓ‚‡Ì̇fl ‚ 1861 „Ó‰Û ˛ÊÌ˚ÏË ¯Ú‡Ú‡ÏË, ÔÓÒÎÂ
ÂÒÔÛ·ÎË͇̈‚.
Ëı ‚˚ıÓ‰‡ ËÁ ëÓ˛Á‡.
Contraœ / äÓÌÚ‡Ò, ÒÛ˘., çË͇‡„Û‡ÌÒÍÓÂ
confederation / ÍÓÌÙ‰Â‡ˆËfl, ÒÛ˘.,
ÒÓÔÓÚË‚ÎÂÌËÂ, ÔÓÎÛ˜‡‚¯Â ÔÓ‰‰ÂÊÍÛ
Ó·˙‰ËÌÂÌËÂ, ÔÓÁ‚ÓÎfl˛˘Â ¯Ú‡Ú‡Ï ËÎË
‡‰ÏËÌËÒÚ‡ˆËË êÂÈ„‡Ì‡, ‰Îfl Ò‚ÂÊÂÌËfl
„ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚‡Ï ÓÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ÎflÚ¸ ÒÓ‚ÏÂÒÚÌ˚ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl
҇̉ËÌËÒÚÒÍÓ„Ó Ô‡‚ËÚÂθÒÚ‚‡ ‚ 1980-ı „Ó‰‡ı.
ÔÓ ‚Á‡ËÏÌÓ ËÌÚÂÂÒÛ˛˘ËÏ Ëı ‚ÓÔÓÒ‡Ï.
convoy œyœtem / ÒËÒÚÂχ ÍÓÌ‚ÓËÓ‚‡ÌËfl,
conglomerate / ÍÓÌ„ÎÓÏÂ‡Ú, ÒÛ˘., ÍÛÔ̇fl
ÒÛ˘., Á‡˘ËÚ‡ ÚÓ„Ó‚˚ı ÒÛ‰Ó‚ ÓÚ ‡Ú‡Í ÌÂψÍËı
ÍÓÔÓ‡ˆËfl, ‚·‰Â˛˘‡fl ˆÂÎ˚Ï fl‰ÓÏ ÏÂÎÍËı
ÔÓ‰‚Ó‰Ì˚ı ÎÓ‰ÓÍ, ÔÓÒ‰ÒÚ‚ÓÏ ÒÓÔÓ‚ÓʉÂÌËfl
ÍÓÏÔ‡ÌËÈ, Ì ӷ˙‰ËÌÂÌÌ˚ı ÒÓ‚ÏÂÒÚÌÓÈ
‚ÓÂÌÌ˚ÏË ÒÛ‰‡ÏË ÚÓ„Ó‚˚ı ÒÛ‰Ó‚, Ó·˙‰ËÌÂÌÌ˚ı
‰ÂflÚÂθÌÓÒÚ¸˛.
‚ Ó‰ÌÛ ·Óθ¯Û˛ „ÛÔÔÛ.
Congreœœ of Induœtrial Organizationœ (CIO) /
Copperhead / äÓÔÔÂı‰, ÒÛ˘., ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡Ú
äÓÌ„ÂÒÒ ÔÓËÁ‚Ó‰ÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚ı ÔÓÙÒÓ˛ÁÓ‚
Ò‚ÂÌ˚ı ¯Ú‡ÚÓ‚, ÍÓÚÓ˚È ‚˚ÒÚÛԇΠÁ‡˘ËÚÌËÍÓÏ
(äèè), ÒÛ˘., ÔÓÙÒÓ˛Á̇fl Ó„‡ÌËÁ‡ˆËfl,
ËÌÚÂÂÒÓ‚ ¯Ú‡ÚÓ‚ ‚Ó ‚ÂÏfl Á‡Íβ˜ÂÌËfl ÏË‡ Ò
ËÒÍβ˜ÂÌ̇fl ËÁ ÄÏÂË͇ÌÒÍÓÈ Ù‰Â‡ˆËË
äÓÌÙ‰Â‡ˆËÂÈ ‚ É‡Ê‰‡ÌÒÍÓÈ ÇÓÈÌ ëòÄ.
ÚÛ‰‡ ‚ 1938 „Ó‰Û.
cottage induœtry / ̇‰ÓÏÌÓ ÔÓËÁ‚Ó‰ÒÚ‚Ó,
Congreœœ of Racial Equality (CORE) / äÓÌ„ÂÒÒ
ÒÛ˘., ÒËÒÚÂχ ÔÓËÁ‚Ó‰ÒÚ‚‡, ‚ ÍÓÚÓÓÈ
ÔÓ ‡ÒÓ‚ÓÏÛ ‡‚ÂÌÒÚ‚Û, ÒÛ˘., ÏÂÊ‡ÒÓ‚‡fl
ÔÓËÁ‚Ó‰ËÚÂÎË Ô‰ÓÒÚ‡‚Îfl˛Ú χÚÂˇÎ˚ ‰Îfl
Ó„‡ÌËÁ‡ˆËfl, Ó·‡ÁÓ‚‡Ì̇fl ‚ 1942 „Ó‰Û ÑÊÂÈÏÒÓÏ
ÔÓËÁ‚Ó‰ÒÚ‚‡ ÚÓ‚‡Ó‚ ̇ ‰ÓÏÛ.
î‡ÏÂÓÏ ‰Îfl ·Ó¸·˚ Ò Ò„„‡ˆËÂÈ ‚ Ò‚ÂÌ˚ı
„ÓÓ‰‡ı ëòÄ. cotton gin / ‚ÓÎÓÍÌÓÓÚ‰ÂÎËÚÂθ ıÎÓÔ͇, ÒÛ˘.,
ıÎÓÔÍÓÓ˜ËÒÚËÚÂθ̇fl χ¯Ë̇ ‰Îfl Ó˜ËÒÚÍË ÁÂÂÌ ÓÚ
conquiœtador / ÍÓÌÍËÒÚ‡‰Ó, ÒÛ˘., Ó‰ËÌ ËÁ
‚ÓÎÓÍÓÌ, ËÁÓ·ÂÚÂÌ̇fl à·ÂÏ ìËÚÌË ‚ 1793 „Ó‰Û.
ËÒԇ̈‚, ÔËÂı‡‚¯ËÈ ‚ XVI ‚ÂÍ ‚ ÄÏÂËÍÛ Í‡Í
ËÒÒΉӂ‡ÚÂθ Ë Á‡‚Ó‚‡ÚÂθ.

180 THE AMERICANS

RusGloss.TheAmerican 1/20/04 1:35 PM Page 181

counterculture / ‡ÌÚËÍÛθÚÛ‡, ÒÛ˘., ÍÛθÚÛ‡ de jure œegregation / Ò„„‡ˆËfl ‰Â-˛Â, ÒÛ˘.,

ÏÓÎÓ‰ÂÊË, ÍÓÚÓ‡fl ÓÚ͇Á‡Î‡Ò¸ ÓÚ ÓÒÌÓ‚Ì˚ı ‡ÒÓ‚Ó ‡Á‰ÂÎÂÌËÂ, ÛÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚ÎÂÌÌÓ Á‡ÍÓÌÓÏ.
ÍÛθÚÛÌ˚ı ˆÂÌÌÓÒÚÂÈ ‡ÏÂË͇ÌÒÍÓ„Ó Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚‡ Democratic-Republican / ÑÂÏÓÍ‡Ú˚-
‚ 1960-ı „Ó‰‡ı, Ë ÍÓÚÓ‡fl ·˚· ̇Ô‡‚ÎÂ̇ ̇ êÂÒÔÛ·ÎË͇̈˚, ÒÛ˘., ÔÓÎËÚ˘ÂÒ͇fl Ô‡ÚËfl,
ÒÓÁ‰‡ÌË ‡Î¸ÚÂ̇ÚË‚ÌÓ„Ó Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚‡, ÓÒÌÓ‚‡ÌÌÓ„Ó ËÁ‚ÂÒÚ̇fl Ò‚ÓÂÈ ÔÓ‰‰ÂÊÍÓÈ Ô‡‚ËÚÂθÒÚ‚ ÒËθÌ˚ı

RUSSIAN
̇ ÏËÂ, β·‚Ë Ë Ò‚Ó·Ó‰Â Í‡Ê‰Ó„Ó. ¯Ú‡ÚÓ‚, ÒÓÁ‰‡Ì̇fl íÓχÒÓÏ ÑÊÂÙÙÂÒÓÌÓÏ ‚ 1792
credibility gap / ‡Á˚‚ ‰Ó‚ÂËfl, ÒÛ˘., „Ó‰Û Í‡Í ÓÔÔÓÁˈËfl è‡ÚËË î‰Â‡ÎËÒÚÓ‚.
Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌӠ̉ӂÂËÂ Í Á‡fl‚ÎÂÌËflÏ „ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚‡. deregulation / ‰Â„ÛÎËÓ‚‡ÌËÂ, ÒÛ˘.,
credit / Í‰ËÚ, ÒÛ˘., ‰Ó„Ó‚ÓÂÌÌÓÒÚ¸, ÔÓ ÍÓÚÓÓÈ ÒÓÍ‡˘ÂÌË Ù‰Â‡Î¸ÌÓ„Ó „ÛÎËÓ‚‡ÌËfl ˝ÍÓÌÓÏËÍË.
ÔÓÍÛÔ‡ÚÂθ ÓÔ·˜Ë‚‡ÂÚ ÔÓÍÛÔÍÛ ÔÓÁ‰ÌÂÂ, ˜‡ÒÚÓ ‚ détente / ‡Áfl‰Í‡, ÒÛ˘., „˷͇fl ÔÓÎËÚË͇,
‡ÒÒÓ˜ÍÛ Ò ‚˚Ô·ÚÓÈ ÔÓˆÂÌÚÓ‚. ‚Íβ˜‡˛˘‡fl „ÓÚÓ‚ÌÓÒÚ¸ Í ‚‰ÂÌ˲ ÔÂ„ӂÓÓ‚
Crédit Mobilier / äÂ‰Ë åÓ·ËθÂ, ÒÛ˘., Ë ÒÌËÊÂÌ˲ ̇ÔflÊÂÌÌÓÒÚË, ÍÓÚÓ‡fl ·˚·
ÒÚÓËÚÂθ̇fl ÍÓÏÔ‡ÌËfl, ÒÓÁ‰‡Ì̇fl ‚ 1864 „Ó‰Û ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ì‡ ÔÂÁˉÂÌÚÓÏ ê˘‡‰ÓÏ çËÍÒÓÌÓÏ
‚·‰Âθˆ‡ÏË Union Pacific Railroad (ÜÂÎÂÁ̇fl Ë Â„Ó ÒÓ‚ÂÚÌËÍÓÏ ÉÂÌË äËÒÒË̉ÊÂÓÏ ‚ Ëı
‰ÓÓ„‡ ûÌËÓÌ è‡ÒËÙËÍ), ÍÓÚÓ˚ ӷχÌÌ˚Ï ÔÛÚÂÏ ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËflı Ò ÍÓÏÏÛÌËÒÚ˘ÂÒÍËÏË ÒÚ‡Ì‡ÏË.
ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÎË ÔË·˚θ ÊÂÎÂÁÌÓÈ ‰ÓÓ„Ë ‰Îfl direct relief / ‡‰ÂÒ̇fl ÔÓÏÓ˘¸, ÒÛ˘.,
ÒÓ·ÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ„Ó Ó·Ó„‡˘ÂÌËfl. Ô‰ÓÒÚ‡‚ÎÂÌË ‰ÂÌ„ ËÎË ÔÓ‰ÛÍÚÓ‚ Ô‡‚ËÚÂθÒÚ‚ÓÏ
Cruœadeœ / äÂÒÚÓ‚˚ ÔÓıÓ‰˚, ÒÛ˘., ÒÂËfl ÌÂÔÓÒ‰ÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ ÚÂÏ, ÍÚÓ ‚ ˝ÚÓÏ ÌÛʉ‡ÂÚÒfl.
ıËÒÚˇÌÒÍËı ‚ÓÂÌÌ˚ı ˝ÍÒÔ‰ˈËÈ Ì‡ ÅÎËÊÌËÈ diviœion of labor / ‡Á‰ÂÎÂÌË ÚÛ‰‡, ÒÛ˘.,
ÇÓÒÚÓÍ ‚ ÔÂËÓ‰ ÏÂÊ‰Û 1096 Ë 1270 „. Ì. ˝., ‡ÒÔ‰ÂÎÂÌË ‡Á΢Ì˚ı Á‡‰‡˜ Ë Ó·flÁ‡ÌÌÓÒÚÂÈ
̇Ô‡‚ÎÂÌ̇fl ̇ ‚˚ÚÂÒÌÂÌË ÏÛÒÛÎ¸Ï‡Ì Ò áÂÏÎË ‡Á΢Ì˚Ï „ÛÔÔ‡Ï ËÎË ÓÚ‰ÂθÌ˚Ï Îˈ‡Ï.
é·ÂÚÓ‚‡ÌÌÓÈ.
Dixiecrat / ÑËÍÒËÍ‡Ú, ÒÛ˘., Ó‰ËÌ ËÁ ‰Â΄‡ÚÓ‚
cult of domeœticity / ÍÛÎ¸Ú ‰Óχ¯ÌËı ‰ÂÎ, ˛ÊÌ˚ı ¯Ú‡ÚÓ‚, ÍÓÚÓ˚È ÔÓÚÂÒÚÓ‚‡Î ÔÓÚË‚
ÒÛ˘., Û·ÂʉÂÌËÂ, ˜ÚÓ ÊÂÌ˘ËÌ˚ ‰ÓÎÊÌ˚ ÔÓÎËÚËÍË ÔÂÁˉÂÌÚ‡ íÛÏ˝Ì‡ ‚ ӷ·ÒÚË
Ó„‡Ì˘˂‡Ú¸ Ò‚Ó˛ ‰ÂflÚÂθÌÓÒÚ¸ Ò‚ÓËÏ ‰ÓÏÓÏ Ë „‡Ê‰‡ÌÒÍËı Ô‡‚ Ë ‚ 1948 „Ó‰Û ‚˚¯ÂÎ ËÁ
ÒÂϸÂÈ. 燈ËÓ̇θÌÓÈ ÑÂÏÓÍ‡Ú˘ÂÒÍÓÈ äÓÌ‚Â̈ËË
Ë ÒÓÁ‰‡Î ÑÂÏÓÍ‡Ú˘ÂÒÍÛ˛ è‡Ú˲ Ô‡‚

D ëÓ‰ËÌÂÌÌ˚ı òÚ‡ÚÓ‚.
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

dollar diplomacy / ‰ÓηÓ‚‡fl ‰ËÔÎÓχÚËfl,

Daweœ Act / á‡ÍÓÌ ÑÓÛÒ‡, ÒÛ˘., Á‡ÍÓÌ, ÒÛ˘., ÔÓÎËÚË͇ ëòÄ ÔÓ ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ì˲
ÔËÌflÚ˚È ‚ 1887 „Ó‰Û, ËÏ‚¯ËÈ ˆÂθ˛ ̇ˆËÓ̇θÌÓÈ ˝ÍÓÌÓÏ˘ÂÒÍÓÈ ÏÓ˘Ë ‰Îfl
«‡ÏÂË͇ÌËÁËÓ‚‡Ú¸» ÍÓÂÌÌ˚ı ÊËÚÂÎÂÈ ÄÏÂËÍË Ó͇Á‡ÌËfl ‚ÎËflÌËfl ̇ ‰Û„Ë ÒÚ‡Ì˚.
ÔÓÒ‰ÒÚ‚ÓÏ ‡Á‰‡˜Ë ÓÚ‰ÂθÌ˚Ï ÒÓ·ÒÚ‚ÂÌÌËÍ‡Ï domino theory / ÚÂÓËfl ‰ÓÏËÌÓ, ÒÛ˘., ÚÂÓËfl,
ÁÂÏÂθ ÂÁÂ‚‡ˆËÈ. Òӄ·ÒÌÓ ÍÓÚÓÓÈ ÂÒÎË ÒÚ‡Ì‡ ÔÓÔ‡‰‡ÂÚ ÔÓ‰
D-Day / ÑÂ̸ «Ñ», ÒÛ˘., Ú‡Í ·˚· ̇Á‚‡Ì‡ ‰‡Ú‡ 6 ÛÔ‡‚ÎÂÌË ÍÓÏÏÛÌËÒÚÓ‚, ÚÓ Ë ÒÓÒ‰ÌË ÒÚ‡Ì˚
˲Ìfl 1944 „Ó‰‡, ÍÓ„‰‡ ÒÓ˛ÁÌËÍË ÓÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÎË Ú‡ÍÊ ÔÓÔ‡‰‡˛Ú ÔÓ‰ Ëı ÛÔ‡‚ÎÂÌËÂ.
‚ÚÓÊÂÌË ̇ ‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍËÈ ÍÓÌÚËÌÂÌÚ ‚Ó ‚ÂÏfl dotcom / ‰ÓÚÍÓÏ, ÒÛ˘., ·ËÁÌÂÒ Ò‚flÁ‡ÌÌ˚È, ËÎË
ÇÚÓÓÈ ÏËÓ‚ÓÈ ‚ÓÈÌ˚. ÓÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚Îfl˛˘ËÈÒfl ‚ àÌÚÂÌÂÚÂ.
debt peonage / ‰Ó΄ӂÓ ‡·ÒÚ‚Ó, ÒÛ˘., double œtandard / ‰‚ÓÈÌÓÈ Òڇ̉‡Ú, ÒÛ˘., fl‰
ÒËÒÚÂχ, ÔË ÍÓÚÓÓÈ ‡·Ó˜Ë ÔÓÔ‡‰‡ÎË ‚ ‡·ÒÚ‚Ó ÔË̈ËÔÓ‚, „‡‡ÌÚËÛ˛˘Ëı ·Óθ¯Û˛ ÒÂÍÒۇθÌÛ˛
‰Ó ÚÂı ÔÓ, ÔÓ͇ Ì ‚˚Ô·˜Ë‚‡ÎË Ò‚ÓË ‰Ó΄Ë. Ò‚Ó·Ó‰Û ÏÛʘË̇Ï, ˜ÂÏ ÊÂÌ˘Ë̇Ï.
Declaration of Independence / ÑÂÍ·‡ˆËfl dove / „ÓÎÛ·¸, ÒÛ˘., ˜ÂÎÓ‚ÂÍ, ÍÓÚÓ˚È
çÂÁ‡‚ËÒËÏÓÒÚË, ÒÛ˘., ‰ÓÍÛÏÂÌÚ, ̇ÔËÒ‡ÌÌ˚È ÔÓÚÂÒÚÓ‚‡Î ÔÓÚË‚ ‚ÓÈÌ˚ ‚Ó Ç¸ÂÚ̇ÏÂ Ë Ò˜ËÚ‡Î,
íÓχÒÓÏ ÑÊÂÙÙÂÒÓÌÓÏ ‚ 1776 „Ó‰Û, ‚ ÍÓÚÓÓÏ ˜ÚÓ ëÓ‰ËÌÂÌÌ˚ òÚ‡Ú˚ ‰ÓÎÊÌ˚ ‚˚‚ÂÒÚË ÓÚÚÛ‰‡
‰Â΄‡Ú˚ äÓÌÚËÌÂÌڇθÌÓ„Ó äÓÌ„ÂÒÒ‡ Ò‚ÓË ‚ÓÈÒ͇.
ÔÓ‚ÓÁ„·¯‡ÎË ÌÂÁ‡‚ËÒËÏÓÒÚ¸ ÍÓÎÓÌËÈ ÓÚ Dow Joneœ Induœtrial Average / ë‰ÌËÈ
ÇÂÎËÍÓ·ËÚ‡ÌËË. ÔÓÏ˚¯ÎÂÌÌ˚È ÔÓ͇Á‡ÚÂθ ÑÓÛ ÑÊÓÌÒ‡, ÒÛ˘.,
de facto œegregation / Ò„„‡ˆËfl ‰Â-Ù‡ÍÚÓ, ÔÓ͇Á‡ÚÂθ, ÓÒÌÓ‚˚‚‡˛˘ËÈÒfl ̇ ˆÂ̇ı ̇ ‡ÍˆËË 30
ÒÛ˘., ‡ÒÓ‚Ó ‡Á‰ÂÎÂÌËÂ, ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚Û˛˘Â ÔÓ ÍÛÔÌÂȯËı ÍÓÏÔ‡ÌËÈ, ¯ËÓÍÓ ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÏ˚È Í‡Í
Ó·˚˜‡flÏ Ë ÔË‚˚˜Í‡Ï, ‡ Ì ÔÓ Á‡ÍÓÌÛ. ·‡ÓÏÂÚ ÒÓÒÚÓflÌËfl ˚Ì͇ ˆÂÌÌ˚ı ·Ûχ„.
deficit œpending / ‰ÂÙˈËÚ ‡ÒıÓ‰Ó‚, ÒÛ˘., downœize / ÒÓÍ‡˘‡Ú¸, „·„., Û‚ÓθÌflÚ¸ ˜‡ÒÚ¸
Ô‚˚¯ÂÌË ‡ÒıÓ‰Ó‚ Ô‡‚ËÚÂθÒÚ‚‡ ̇‰ Â„Ó ÔÓÒÚÓflÌÌ˚ı ÒÓÚÛ‰ÌËÍÓ‚ ‰Îfl ·ÓΠ˝ÙÙÂÍÚË‚ÌÓ„Ó
‰ÓıÓ‰‡ÏË. ‚‰ÂÌËfl ‰ÂflÚÂθÌÓÒÚË Ë ÒÓÍ‡˘ÂÌËfl ‡ÒıÓ‰Ó‚.

MULTI-LANGUAGE GLOSSARY 181

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draft / ÔËÁ˚‚, ÒÛ˘., ̇·Ó ̇ ‚ÓÂÌÌÛ˛ ÒÎÛÊ·Û ‚ entitlement program / ÔÓ„‡Ïχ „‡‡ÌÚËÈ,
‚ÓÓÛÊÂÌÌ˚ ÒËÎ˚. ÒÛ˘., Ô‡‚ËÚÂθÒÚ‚ÂÌ̇fl ÔÓ„‡Ïχ, ڇ͇fl ͇Í
Duœt Bowl / è˚θ̇fl ˜‡¯‡, ÒÛ˘., „ËÓÌ, ÔÓ„‡Ïχ ÒӈˇθÌÓ„Ó Ó·ÂÒÔ˜ÂÌËfl, ωˈËÌÒÍÓ„Ó
‚Íβ˜‡˛˘ËÈ íÂı‡Ò, éÍ·ıÓÏÛ, ä‡ÌÁ‡Ò, äÓÎÓ‡‰Ó Ó·ÒÎÛÊË‚‡ÌËfl ËÎË Ï‰ˈËÌÒÍÓÈ ÔÓÏÓ˘Ë, ÍÓÚÓ‡fl
Ë ç¸˛-åÂÍÒËÍÓ, ÍÓÚÓ˚È ÒڇΠÌÂÔË„Ó‰Ì˚Ï ‰Îfl „‡‡ÌÚËÛÂÚ Ë Ô‰ÓÒÚ‡‚ÎflÂÚ ÔÂËÏÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚‡
RUSSIAN

ÁÂÏΉÂÎËfl ËÁ-Á‡ Á‡ÒÛıË Ë Ô˚θÌ˚ı ·Û¸ ‚ 1930-ı ÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌÌÓÈ „ÛÔÔ β‰ÂÈ.

„Ó‰‡ı. entrepreneur / Ô‰ÔËÌËχÚÂθ, ÒÛ˘.,
˜ÂÎÓ‚ÂÍ, ÍÓÚÓ˚È Ó„‡ÌËÁÛÂÚ, ÛÔ‡‚ÎflÂÚ Ë
ÔËÌËχÂÚ Ì‡ Ò·fl ËÒÍ ÒÓÁ‰‡ÌÌÓ„Ó ËÏ Ô‰ÔËflÚËfl.
E environmentaliœt / Á‡˘ËÚÌËÍ ÓÍÛʇ˛˘ÂÈ
Ò‰˚, ÒÛ˘., ˜ÂÎÓ‚ÂÍ, ÍÓÚÓ˚È Á‡ÌËχÂÚÒfl Á‡˘ËÚÓÈ
Earth Day / ÑÂ̸ áÂÏÎË, ÒÛ˘., ‰Â̸,
ÓÍÛʇ˛˘ÂÈ Ò‰˚ ÓÚ ‡ÁÛ¯ÂÌËfl Ë Á‡„flÁÌÂÌËfl.
ÔÓÒ‚fl˘ÂÌÌ˚È Óı‡Ì ÓÍÛʇ˛˘ÂÈ Ò‰˚,
Ô‡Á‰ÌÛÂÏ˚È ÂÊ„ӉÌÓ 22 ‡ÔÂÎfl. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) /
Ä„ÂÌÚÒÚ‚Ó ÔÓ Á‡˘ËÚ ÓÍÛʇ˛˘ÂÈ Ò‰˚,
Economic Opportunity Act / á‡ÍÓÌ Ó·
ÒÛ˘., Ù‰Â‡Î¸ÌÓ ‡„ÂÌÚÒÚ‚Ó, ÒÓÁ‰‡ÌÌÓ ‚ 1970
˝ÍÓÌÓÏ˘ÂÒÍËı ‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌÓÒÚflı, ÒÛ˘., Á‡ÍÓÌ,
„Ó‰Û ‰Îfl „ÛÎËÓ‚‡ÌËfl Á‡„flÁÌÂÌËÈ ‚Ó‰ÌÓÈ Ë
ÔËÌflÚ˚È ‚ 1964 „Ó‰Û, ÍÓÚÓ˚È Ô‰ÓÒÚ‡‚ÎflÎ
‚ÓÁ‰Û¯ÌÓÈ Ò‰˚, ÚÓÍÒ˘Ì˚ı ÓÚıÓ‰Ó‚, ÔÂÒÚˈˉӂ
Ò‰ÒÚ‚‡ ‰Îfl ‡ÎËÁ‡ˆËË ÏÓÎÓ‰ÂÊÌ˚ı ÔÓ„‡ÏÏ,
Ë ‡‰ËÓ‡ÍÚË‚ÌÓ„Ó Á‡‡ÊÂÌËfl.
·Ó¸·˚ Ò ·Â‰ÌÓÒÚ¸˛, Í‰ËÚÓ‚‡ÌËfl χÎÓ„Ó ·ËÁÌÂÒ‡
Ë ÔÓÙÂÒÒËÓ̇θÌÓ„Ó Ó·Û˜ÂÌËfl. Equal Rightœ Amendment (ERA) / èÓÔ‡‚͇ Ó
‡‚Ì˚ı Ô‡‚‡ı, ÒÛ˘., Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌ̇fl Ë ÌÂ
egalitarianiœm / ˝„‡ÎËÚ‡ËÁÏ, ÒÛ˘., Û·ÂʉÂÌËÂ,
Ôӯ‰¯‡fl ÔÓÔ‡‚͇ Í äÓÌÒÚËÚÛˆËË, ÍÓÚÓ‡fl
˜ÚÓ ‚Ò β‰Ë ‰ÓÎÊÌ˚ ËÏÂÚ¸ ‡‚Ì˚ ÔÓÎËÚ˘ÂÒÍËÂ,
Á‡Ô¢‡Î‡ β·Û˛ ‰ËÒÍËÏË̇ˆË˛ „ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚‡ ÔÓ
˝ÍÓÌÓÏ˘ÂÒÍËÂ, ÒӈˇθÌ˚Â Ë „‡Ê‰‡ÌÒÍË Ô‡‚‡.
ÔÓÎÓ‚ÓÏÛ ÔËÁ̇ÍÛ.
Eiœenhower Doctrine / ÑÓÍÚË̇ ùÈÁÂÌı‡Û˝‡,
Erie Canal / ä‡Ì‡Î ùË, ÒÛ˘., ËÒÍÛÒÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚È
ÒÛ˘., ÒÚÂÏÎÂÌË ëÓ‰ËÌÂÌÌ˚ı òÚ‡ÚÓ‚ Á‡˘ËÚËÚ¸
͇̇Π‰ÎËÌÓÈ 363 ÏËÎË (584 ÍÏ), ÔÓÒÚÓÂÌÌ˚È ‚
ÅÎËÊÌËÈ ÇÓÒÚÓÍ ÓÚ ‡Ú‡Í β·ÓÈ ÍÓÏÏÛÌËÒÚ˘ÂÒÍÓÈ
ÔÂËÓ‰ Ò 1817 ÔÓ 1825 „Ó‰, ÍÓÚÓ˚È ÒÓ‰ËÌflÂÚ ÂÍÛ
ÒÚ‡Ì˚, ÔÓ‚ÓÁ„·¯ÂÌ̇fl ÔÂÁˉÂÌÚÓÏ ÑÛ‡ÈÚÓÏ Ñ.
ÉÛ‰ÁÓÌ Ò ÓÁÂÓÏ ùË.
ùÈÁÂÌı‡Û˝ÓÏ ‚ 1957 „Ó‰Û.
Eœpionage and ¡edition Actœ / á‡ÍÓÌ˚ Ó

Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

electoral college / ÍÓÎ΄Ëfl ‚˚·Ó˘ËÍÓ‚,
¯ÔËÓ̇ÊÂ Ë ÔÓ‰˚‚ÌÓÈ ‰ÂflÚÂθÌÓÒÚË, ÒÛ˘.,
ÒÛ˘., „ÛÔÔ‡ β‰ÂÈ, ‚˚·‡Ì̇fl ¯Ú‡Ú‡ÏË ‰Îfl
‰‚‡ Á‡ÍÓ̇, ÔËÌflÚ˚ı ‚ 1917 Ë 1918 „Ó‰Û, ÍÓÚÓ˚Â
„ÓÎÓÒÓ‚‡ÌËfl ̇ ‚˚·Ó‡ı ÔÂÁˉÂÌÚ‡ Ë ‚ˈÂ-
Ô‰ÛÒχÚË‚‡ÎË Ì‡Í‡Á‡ÌË Á‡ ‚ϯ‡ÚÂθÒÚ‚Ó ËÎË
ÔÂÁˉÂÌÚ‡. äÓ΢ÂÒÚ‚Ó ‚˚·Ó˘ËÍÓ‚ ‡‚ÌflÂÚÒfl
ÔÓÔ‡„‡Ì‰Û ÔÓÚË‚ Û˜‡ÒÚËfl ëòÄ ‚ èÂ‚ÓÈ ÏËÓ‚ÓÈ
˜ËÒÎÛ ÒÂ̇ÚÓÓ‚ Ë Ô‰ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÂÎÂÈ ¯Ú‡Ú‡ ‚
‚ÓÈÌÂ.
äÓÌ„ÂÒÒÂ.
exciœe tax / ‡ÍˆËÁÌ˚È Ì‡ÎÓ„, ÒÛ¯., ç‡ÎÓ„ ̇
emancipation / ˝Ï‡ÌÒËÔ‡ˆËfl ÒÛ˘.,
ÔÓËÁ‚Ó‰ÒÚ‚Ó, ÔÓ‰‡ÊÛ Ë ÔÓÚ·ÎÂÌË ÚÓ‚‡Ó‚,
ÓÒ‚Ó·ÓʉÂÌË ‡·Ó‚ ÓÚ ‡·ÒÚ‚‡.
ÔÓËÁ‚Ó‰ËÏ˚ı ‚ÌÛÚË ÒÚ‡Ì˚.
Emancipation Proclamation / èÓÍ·χˆËfl Ó·
executive branch / ËÒÔÓÎÌËÚÂθ̇fl ‚ÂÚ‚¸, ÒÛ˘.,
ÓÒ‚Ó·ÓʉÂÌËË, ÒÛ˘., Û͇Á, ËÁ‰‡ÌÌ˚È Ä‚‡‡ÏÓÏ
‚ÂÚ‚¸ ‚·ÒÚË, ÍÓÚÓ‡fl ÛÔ‡‚ÎflÂÚ Ë ËÒÔÓÎÌflÂÚ Á‡ÍÓÌ˚.
ãËÌÍÓθÌÓÏ 1 flÌ‚‡fl 1863 „Ó‰‡, ÓÒ‚Ó·Óʉ‡˛˘ËÈ
‡·Ó‚ ‚Ó ‚ÒÂı „ËÓ̇ı ‰Ó „‡Ìˈ˚ äÓÌÙ‰Â‡ˆËË. exoduœter / ˝ÍÁÓ‰‡ÒÚÂ, ÒÛ˘., ‡ÙÓ-‡ÏÂË͇̈,
embargo / ˝Ï·‡„Ó, ÒÛ˘., Ô‡‚ËÚÂθÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚È ÍÓÚÓ˚È ÏË„ËÓ‚‡Î Ò ˛„‡ ‚ ä‡ÌÁ‡Ò ‚ „Ó‰˚
Á‡ÔÂÚ Ì‡ ÚÓ„ӂβ Ò Ó‰ÌËÏ ËÎË ÌÂÒÍÓθÍËÏË ÔÓÒ΂ÓÂÌÌÓ„Ó ‚ÓÒÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚ÎÂÌËfl ‚ ëòÄ.
„ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚‡ÏË. extortion / ‚˚ÏÓ„‡ÚÂθÒÚ‚Ó, ÒÛ˘., ÔÓÚË‚ÓÁ‡ÍÓÌÌÓÂ
encomienda / ˝ÌÍÓÏËẨ‡, ÒÛ˘., ÒËÒÚÂχ, ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌË ÒÎÛÊ·ÌÓ„Ó ÔÓÎÓÊÂÌËfl ‰Îfl ÔÓÎÛ˜ÂÌËfl
ÔË ÍÓÚÓÓÈ ‚·ÒÚË àÒÔ‡ÌËË Ô‰ÓÒÚ‡‚ÎflÎË ÒÓ·ÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓÒÚË ËÎË ‰ÂÌÂÊÌ˚ı Ò‰ÒÚ‚.
ÍÓÎÓÌˇθÌ˚Ï ÎẨÎÓ‰‡Ï ÍÓÂÌÌ˚ı ÊËÚÂÎÂÈ
ÄÏÂËÍË Í‡Í ÔËÌÛ‰ËÚÂθÌÛ˛ ‡·Ó˜Û˛ ÒËÎÛ.
Enlightenment / èÓÒ‚Â˘ÂÌËÂ, ÒÛ˘., F
ËÌÚÂÎÎÂÍÚۇθÌÓ Ú˜ÂÌË XVIII ‚Â͇, ÓÒÌÓ‚Ì˚Ï Fair Deal / «ëÔ‡‚‰ÎË‚˚È ÍÛÒ», ÒÛ˘.,
‡ÍˆÂÌÚÓÏ ÍÓÚÓÓ„Ó ·˚ÎÓ ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌË ‡ÁÛχ Ë ùÍÓÌÓÏ˘ÂÒ͇fl ÔÓ„‡Ïχ ɇË ë. íÛÏ˝Ì‡ –
̇ۘÌ˚ı ÏÂÚÓ‰Ó‚ Í‡Í Ò‰ÒÚ‚‡ ÔÓÎÛ˜ÂÌËfl Á̇ÌËÈ. ÔÓ‰ÓÎÊÂÌË ÔÓ„‡ÏÏ˚ «çÓ‚˚È ÍÛÒ» î‡ÌÍÎË̇
êÛÁ‚Âθڇ, ‚ ÍÓÚÓÛ˛ ·˚ÎË ‚Íβ˜ÂÌ˚ ÏÂ˚ ÔÓ
ÔÓ‚˚¯ÂÌ˲ ÏËÌËχθÌÓÈ ÓÔ·Ú˚ ÚÛ‰‡ Ë
Ô‰ÓÒÚ‡‚ÎÂÌ˲ ÊËθfl ‰Îfl χÎÓÓ·ÂÒÔ˜ÂÌÌ˚ı ÒÂÏÂÈ.

182 THE AMERICANS

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Family Aœœiœtance Plan / èÎ‡Ì ÒÓ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl Federal Trade Commiœœion (FTC) / î‰Â‡Î¸Ì‡fl
ÒÂϸflÏ, ÒÛ˘., ÔÓ„‡Ïχ ÂÙÓÏËÓ‚‡ÌËfl ÍÓÏËÒÒËfl ÔÓ ÚÓ„Ó‚ÎÂ, ÒÛ˘., Ù‰Â‡Î¸ÌÓÂ
ÒӈˇθÌÓ„Ó Ó·ÂÒÔ˜ÂÌËfl, ÛÚ‚ÂʉÂÌ̇fl è‡Î‡ÚÓÈ ‡„ÂÌÚÒÚ‚Ó, ÒÓÁ‰‡ÌÌÓ ‚ 1914 „Ó‰Û ‰Îfl ‡ÒÒΉӂ‡ÌËfl
è‰ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÂÎÂÈ ‚ 1970 „Ó‰Û, ÌÓ Ì ÔËÌflÚ‡fl ëÂ̇ÚÓÏ, Ë ÔÂÒ˜ÂÌËfl ̘ÂÒÚÌÓ„Ó ‚‰ÂÌËfl ·ËÁÌÂÒ‡.
ÍÓÚÓ‡fl „‡‡ÌÚËÓ‚‡Î‡ ‰ÓıÓ‰ ÔÓÎÛ˜‡ÚÂÎflÏ feminiœm / ÙÂÏËÌËÁÏ, ÒÛ˘., Û·ÂʉÂÌËÂ, ˜ÚÓ

RUSSIAN
ÒӈˇθÌÓ„Ó Ó·ÂÒÔ˜ÂÌËfl, Òӄ·ÒË‚¯ËÏÒfl ̇ ÊÂÌ˘Ë̇ ‰ÓÎÊ̇ ӷ·‰‡Ú¸ ˝ÍÓÌÓÏ˘ÂÒÍËÏË,
ÔÓÙÂÒÒËÓ̇θÌÓ ӷۘÂÌËÂ Ë Ô‰ÓÒÚ‡‚ÎÂÌË ‡·ÓÚ˚. ÔÓÎËÚ˘ÂÒÍËÏË Ë ÒӈˇθÌ˚ÏË Ô‡‚‡ÏË Ì‡‡‚Ì Ò
Farmerœ’ Allianceœ / îÂÏÂÒÍËÈ ‡Î¸flÌÒ, ÒÛ¯., ÏÛʘËÌÓÈ.
Ó·˙‰ËÌÂÌËfl ÙÂÏÂÓ‚ ËÎË ÚÂı, ÍÚÓ ÒËÏÔ‡ÚËÁËÓ‚‡Î Fifteenth Amendment / èflÚ̇‰ˆ‡Ú‡fl èÓÔ‡‚͇,
ËÏ, ÓÚÔ‡‚Îfl‚¯Ë ÎÂÍÚÓÓ‚ ‚ „ÓÓ‰‡ ‰Îfl ËÌÙÓÏË- ÒÛ˘., ÔÓÔ‡‚͇ Í äÓÌÒÚËÚÛˆËË ëòÄ, ÔËÌflÚ‡fl ‚
Ó‚‡ÌËfl β‰ÂÈ Ó ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËË ‚ ÒÂθÒÍÓÏ ıÓÁflÈÒÚ‚Â. 1870 „Ó‰Û, ÍÓÚÓ‡fl Á‡Ô¢‡Î‡ Î˯ÂÌË β‰ÂÈ Ô‡‚‡
faœciœm / Ù‡¯ËÁÏ, ÒÛ˘., ÔÓÎËÚ˘ÂÒ͇fl „ÓÎÓÒÓ‚‡ÌËfl ÔÓ Ô˘ËÌ Ëı ‡ÒÓ‚ÓÈ ÔË̇‰ÎÂÊÌÓÒÚË,
ÙËÎÓÒÓÙËfl, ÔÓÔ‡„‡Ì‰ËÛ˛˘‡fl ÒËθÌÓ ˆ‚ÂÚ‡ ÍÓÊË ËÎË ËÁ-Á‡ ÚÓ„Ó, ˜ÚÓ ÓÌË ‡Ì¸¯Â ·˚ÎË
ˆÂÌÚ‡ÎËÁÓ‚‡ÌÌÓ ̇ˆËÓ̇ÎËÒÚ˘ÂÒÍÓ „ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚Ó, ‡·‡ÏË.
‚ÓÁ„·‚ÎflÂÏÓ ‚ÒÂÏÓ„Û˘ËÏ ‰ËÍÚ‡ÚÓÓÏ. “Fifty-Four Forty or Fight!” / «èflÚ¸‰ÂÒflÚ
Federal Communicationœ Commiœœion (FCC) / ˜ÂÚ˚Â-ÒÓÓÍ ËÎË ‚ÓÈ̇!», ÒÛ˘., ‰Â‚ËÁ,
î‰Â‡Î¸Ì‡fl ÍÓÏËÒÒËfl ÔÓ Ò‚flÁË (îäë), ÒÛ˘., ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡‚¯ËÈÒfl ‚ ÔÂÁˉÂÌÚÒÍÓÈ ÍÓÏÔ‡ÌËË 1844
‡„ÂÌÚÒÚ‚Ó, „ÛÎËÛ˛˘Â ÓÚ‡ÒÎË ÔÓÏ˚¯ÎÂÌÌÓÒÚË „Ó‰‡ Ë ÔËÁ˚‚‡‚¯ËÈ Í ‡ÌÌÂÍÒËË ëÓ‰ËÌÂÌÌ˚ÏË
‚ ӷ·ÒÚË ÍÓÏÏÛÌË͇ˆËÈ, ‚Íβ˜‡fl ‡‰ËÓ Ë òÚ‡Ú‡ÏË ‚ÒÂÈ ÚÂËÚÓËË é„Ó̇.
ÚÂ΂ËÁËÓÌÌ˚ ÔÂ‰‡˜Ë. flapper / ‚ÂÚۯ͇, ÒÛ˘., Ӊ̇ Ëı
Federal Depoœit Inœurance Corporation (FDIC) / Ò‚Ó·Ó‰ÓÏ˚ÒÎfl˘Ëı ÏÓÎÓ‰˚ı ÊÂÌ˘ËÌ, ÍÚÓ
î‰Â‡Î¸Ì‡fl äÓÔÓ‡ˆËfl ëÚ‡ıÓ‚‡ÌËfl ÔËÌflÎ ÌÓ‚˚ ‚ÂflÌËfl ÏÓ‰˚ Ë „ÓÓ‰ÒÍÓÈ ÒÚËθ
ÑÂÔÓÁËÚÓ‚ (îäëÑ), ÒÛ˘., ‡„ÂÌÚÒÚ‚Ó, ÒÓÁ‰‡ÌÌÓ ÊËÁÌË ‚ 1920-ı „Ó‰‡ı.
‚ 1933 „Ó‰Û ‰Îfl ÒÚ‡ıÓ‚‡ÌËfl ·‡ÌÍÓ‚ÒÍËı ‚Í·‰Ó‚ flexible reœponœe / „Ë·ÍËÈ ÓÚ‚ÂÚ, ÒÛ˘.,
˜‡ÒÚÌ˚ı Îˈ, ‰Îfl Ëı Á‡˘ËÚ˚ ÓÚ ·‡ÌÍÓÚÒÚ‚‡ ·‡ÌÍÓ‚. ÔÓÎËÚË͇, ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡‚¯‡flÒfl ‡‰ÏËÌËÒÚ‡ˆËÂÈ
Federal Home Loan Bank Act / á‡ÍÓÌ Ó äÂÌ̉Ë, ‚Íβ˜‡‚¯‡fl ‚ Ò·fl ÔÓ‰„ÓÚÓ‚ÍÛ
î‰Â‡Î¸ÌÓÏ àÔÓÚ˜ÌÓÏ ·‡ÌÍÂ, ÒÛ˘., Á‡ÍÓÌ, ‡ÁÌÓÓ·‡ÁÌ˚ı ‚ÓÂÌÌ˚ı ÓÚ‚ÂÚÓ‚ ̇ ÏÂʉÛ̇Ó‰Ì˚Â
ÔËÌflÚ˚È ‚ 1931 „Ó‰Û, ÒÌËÁË‚¯ËÈ ËÔÓÚ˜Ì˚ ÍËÁËÒ˚, Ë Ì ÍÓ̈ÂÌÚËÛ˛˘‡flÒfl ̇
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

ÒÚ‡‚ÍË, ˜ÚÓ ÔÓÁ‚ÓÎËÎÓ ÙÂÏÂ‡Ï ÔÓÙË̇ÌÒËÓ‚‡Ú¸ ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌËË fl‰ÂÌ˚ı ‚ÓÓÛÊÂÌËÈ.

Ò‚ÓË Í‰ËÚ˚ Ë ËÁ·Âʇڸ Î˯ÂÌËfl Ô‡‚‡ ‚˚ÍÛÔ‡ Foraker Act / á‡ÍÓÌ îÓ‡ÍÂ‡, ÒÛ˘., Á‡ÍÓÌ,
Á‡ÎÓÊÂÌÌÓ„Ó ËÏÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚‡. Ôӯ‰¯ËÈ ‚ äÓÌ„ÂÒÒ ëòÄ ‚ 1900 „Ó‰Û, ÔÓ
federaliœm / Ù‰Â‡ÎËÁÏ, ÒÛ˘., ÔÓÎËÚ˘ÂÒ͇fl ÍÓÚÓÓÏÛ ëòÄ ÔÂÍ‡˘‡ÎË ‚ÓÂÌÌÓ Ô‡‚ÎÂÌËÂ
ÒËÒÚÂχ, ‚ ÍÓÚÓÓÈ Ì‡ˆËÓ̇θÌÓ Ô‡‚ËÚÂθÒÚ‚Ó ‚ èÛ˝ÚÓ-êËÍÓ Ë ÒÓÁ‰‡‚‡ÎË Ú‡Ï „‡Ê‰‡ÌÒÍÓÂ
Ë ÒÓÒÚ‡‚Îfl˛˘ËÂ Â„Ó Â‰ËÌˈ˚, Ú‡ÍËÂ Í‡Í Ô‡‚ËÚÂθÒÚ‚Ó.
Ô‡‚ËÚÂθÒÚ‚‡ ¯Ú‡ÚÓ‚, ‰ÂÎflÚ ‚·ÒÚ¸ ÏÂÊ‰Û ÒÓ·ÓÈ. Fordney-McCumber Tariff / í‡ËÙ îÓ‰ÌÂfl-
Federaliœtœ / î‰Â‡ÎËÒÚ˚, ÒÛ˘., Îˈ‡, å‡Íä‡Ï·Â‡, ÒÛ˘., fl‰ Á‡ÍÓÌÓ‰‡ÚÂθÌ˚ı ‡ÍÚÓ‚,
ÔÓ‰‰ÂÊË‚‡˛˘Ë äÓÌÒÚËÚÛˆË˛ Ë ÒËθÌÛ˛ ÔËÌflÚ˚ı äÓÌ„ÂÒÒÓÏ ‚ 1922 „Ó‰Û, ÍÓÚÓ˚Â
„ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÛ˛ ‚·ÒÚ¸. ÔÓ‰ÌflÎË ÔÓ¯ÎËÌ˚ ̇ ËÏÔÓÚ ‰Ó ÂÍÓ‰ÌÓ„Ó ÛÓ‚Ìfl
Federaliœt, The / «î‰Â‡ÎËÒÚ», ÒÛ˘., ÒÂËfl ‰Îfl Á‡˘ËÚ˚ ‡ÏÂË͇ÌÒÍÓÈ ˝ÍÓÌÓÏËÍË ÓÚ
ÔÛ·ÎË͇ˆËÈ, Á‡˘Ë˘‡‚¯Ëı Ë Ó·˙flÒÌfl˛˘Ëı ËÌÓÒÚ‡ÌÌÓÈ ÍÓÌÍÛÂ̈ËË.
ÔÓÎÓÊÂÌËfl äÓÌÒÚËÚÛˆËË, ̇ÔËÒ‡ÌÌ˚ı forty-niner / «˜ÂÎÓ‚ÂÍ ÒÓÓÍ ‰Â‚flÚÓ„Ó „Ó‰‡»
ÄÎÂÍ҇̉ÂÓÏ É‡ÏËθÚÓÌÓÏ, ÑÊÂÈÏÒÓÏ (ÁÓÎÓÚÓËÒ͇ÚÂθ), ÒÛ˘., Ó‰ËÌ ËÁ ÁÓÎÓÚÓËÒ͇ÚÂÎÂÈ,
å˝‰ËÒÓÌÓÏ Ë ÑÊÓÌÓÏ ÑÊ˝ÂÏ. ÔËÂı‡‚¯Ëı ‚ ä‡ÎËÙÓÌ˲ ‚ ÔÓËÒ͇ı ·Ó„‡ÚÒÚ‚‡,
Federal Reœerve ¡yœtem / î‰Â‡Î¸Ì‡fl ÔÓÒΠÓÚÍ˚ÚËfl Á‰ÂÒ¸ ÁÓÎÓÚ‡ ‚ 1848 „Ó‰Û.
êÂÁÂ‚̇fl ëËÒÚÂχ, ÒÛ˘., ̇ˆËÓ̇θ̇fl Fourteen Pointœ / óÂÚ˚̇‰ˆ‡Ú¸ ÔÛÌÍÚÓ‚,
·‡ÌÍÓ‚Ò͇fl ÒËÒÚÂχ, ÒÓÁ‰‡Ì̇fl ‚ 1913 „Ó‰Û, ÍÓÚÓ‡fl ÒÛ˘., ÔË̈ËÔ˚, ‚ıӉ˂¯Ë ‚ ÔÎ‡Ì ÔÂÁˉÂÌÚ‡
ÍÓÌÚÓÎËÛÂÚ ÏÓÌÂÚ‡ÌÛ˛ ÔÓÎËÚËÍÛ ëòÄ Ë ÇÛ‰Ó ÇËÎÒÓ̇ ÔÓ ÒÓı‡ÌÂÌ˲ ÏË‡ ‚Ó ‚ÒÂÏ ÏËÂ
‰ÓÒÚÛÔÌÓÒÚ¸ Í‰ËÚÓ‚ ‚ ÒÚ‡ÌÂ. ÔÓÒΠèÂ‚ÓÈ ÏËÓ‚ÓÈ ‚ÓÈÌ˚.
Federal ¡ecuritieœ Act / á‡ÍÓÌ Ó Ù‰Â‡Î¸Ì˚ı Fourteenth Amendment / óÂÚ˚̇‰ˆ‡Ú‡fl
ˆÂÌÌ˚ı ·Ûχ„‡ı, ÒÛ˘., Á‡ÍÓÌ, ÔËÌflÚ˚È ‚ 1933 ÔÓÔ‡‚͇, ÒÛ˘., ÔÓÔ‡‚͇ Í äÓÌÒÚËÚÛˆËË
„Ó‰Û, ÔÓ ÍÓÚÓÓÏÛ ÍÓÔÓ‡ˆËË Ó·flÁ˚‚‡ÎËÒ¸ ëÓ‰ËÌÂÌÌ˚ı òÚ‡ÚÓ‚, ÔËÌflÚ‡fl ‚ 1868 „Ó‰Û, ‚ ÍÓÚÓÓÈ
Ô‰ÓÒÚ‡‚ÎflÚ¸ ÔÓÎÌÛ˛ Ë ÚÓ˜ÌÛ˛ ËÌÙÓχˆË˛ Ó ‚Ò Îˈ‡ ÓʉÂÌÌ˚ ËÎË Ì‡ÚÛ‡ÎËÁÓ‚‡ÌÌ˚ ‚ ëòÄ,
‚ÒÂı, Ô‰·„‡˛˘ËıÒfl Í ÔÓ‰‡Ê ˆÂÌÌ˚ı ·Ûχ„‡ı. ‚Íβ˜‡fl ·˚‚¯Ëı ‡·Ó‚, ÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚ËÎËÒ¸ „‡Ê‰‡Ì‡ÏË
ÒÚ‡Ì˚ Ë ÔÓÎÛ˜‡ÎË ‡‚ÌÛ˛ Á‡˘ËÚÛ Ô‡‚ Á‡ÍÓÌÓÏ.

MULTI-LANGUAGE GLOSSARY 183

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franchiœe / Ù‡Ì˜‡ÈÁËÌ„, ÒÛ˘., Ô‰ÔËflÚËÂ, gag rule / «Ô‡‚ËÎÓ ÍÎflÔ‡», ÒÛ˘., Ô‡‚ËÎÓ
ÍÓÚÓÓ ÍÛÔËÎ Ô‡‚Ó Ì‡ ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌË ËÏÂÌË Ë Ó„‡Ì˘˂‡˛˘Â ËÎË Á‡Ô¢‡˛˘Â ӷÒÛʉÂÌËÂ
ÏÂÚÓ‰Ó‚ χÚÂËÌÒÍÓÈ ÍÓÏÔ‡ÌËË, ˜ÚÓ ÔÓÁ‚ÓÎflÂÚ ÂÏÛ ÔÓ Í‡ÍÓÏÛ-ÎË·Ó ‚ÓÔÓÒÛ.
ÒÚ‡Ú¸ Ó‰ÌËÏ ËÁ Ú‡ÍËı Ê ÔÓ‰Ó·Ì˚ı Ô‰ÔËflÚËÈ, General Agreement on Tariffœ and Trade (GATT) /
‡ÒÔÓ·„‡˛˘ËıÒfl ‚ ‡ÁÌ˚ı ÏÂÒÚ‡ı. ÉÂÌÂ‡Î¸ÌÓ Òӄ·¯ÂÌËÂ Ó Ú‡ËÙ‡ı Ë
RUSSIAN

Freedmen’œ Bureau / Å˛Ó îˉÏÂ̇, ÚÓ„ӂΠ(ÉÄíí), ÒÛ˘., ÏÂʉÛ̇Ó‰ÌÓÂ

ÒÛ˘., Ù‰Â‡Î¸ÌÓ ‡„ÂÌÚÒÚ‚Ó, ÒÓÁ‰‡ÌÌÓ ÔÓÒΠÒӄ·¯ÂÌËÂ, ‚ÔÂ‚˚ ÔÓ‰ÔËÒ‡ÌÌÓ ‚ 1947 „Ó‰Û. Ç
É‡Ê‰‡ÌÒÍÓÈ ‚ÓÈÌ˚ ‚ ëòÄ ‰Îfl Ó͇Á‡ÌËfl ÔÓÏÓ˘Ë 1994 „Ó‰Û ëÓ‰ËÌÂÌÌ˚ òÚ‡Ú˚ Ë ‰Û„Ë ÒÚ‡Ì˚
ÓÒ‚Ó·ÓʉÂÌÌ˚Ï ‡·‡Ï. ÔÓ‰ÔËÒ‡ÎË ÌÓ‚˚È ‚‡ˇÌÚ ÉÄíí. ùÚÓ Òӄ·¯ÂÌËÂ
freedom rider / Û˜‡ÒÚÌËÍ ÂÈÒ‡ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰˚, ÒÛ˘., ÒÌËÁËÎÓ ÚÓ„Ó‚˚ ·‡¸Â˚, Ú‡ÍËÂ Í‡Í Ú‡ËÙ˚,
Ó‰ËÌ ËÁ ·ÓˆÓ‚ Á‡ „‡Ê‰‡ÌÒÍË Ô‡‚‡, ÍÓÚÓ˚ ‚ Ë ÔË‚ÂÎÓ Í ÒÓÁ‰‡Ì˲ ÇÒÂÏËÌÓÈ íÓ„Ó‚ÓÈ
̇˜‡Î 1960-ı „Ó‰Ó‚ ÂÁ‰ËÎË Ì‡ ‡‚ÚÓ·ÛÒ‡ı ÔÓ ˛ÊÌ˚Ï é„‡ÌËÁ‡ˆËË, ÔËÁ‚‡ÌÌÓÈ ‡Á¯‡Ú¸ ÚÓ„Ó‚˚ ÒÔÓ˚.
¯Ú‡Ú‡Ï, ÔËÁ˚‚‡fl Í ÔÂÍ‡˘ÂÌ˲ ‡ÒÓ‚ÓÈ genetic engineering / „ÂÌ̇fl ËÌÊÂÌÂËfl,
Ò„„‡ˆËË. ÒÛ˘., ËÁÏÂÌÂÌË ÏÓÎÂÍÛÎflÌÓÈ ·ËÓÎÓ„ËË ÍÎÂÚÓÍ
Freedom ¡ummer / ãÂÚÓ ë‚Ó·Ó‰˚, ÒÛ˘., ÔÓÂÍÚ Ó„‡ÌËÁχ ‰Îfl ÒÓÁ‰‡ÌËfl ÌÓ‚˚ı ‡ÁÌӂˉÌÓÒÚÂÈ
1964 „Ó‰‡ ÔÓ „ËÒÚ‡ˆËË ‡ÙÓ-‡ÏÂË͇ÌÒÍËı ·‡ÍÚÂËÈ, ‡ÒÚÂÌËÈ Ë ÊË‚ÓÚÌ˚ı.
ËÁ·Ë‡ÚÂÎÂÈ ‚ ¯Ú‡Ú åËÒÒËÒËÔË. Geneva Accordœ / ÜÂÌ‚ÒÍË Òӄ·¯ÂÌËfl, ÒÛ˘.,
Freeport Doctrine / îËÔÓÚÒ͇fl ‰ÓÍÚË̇, ÏËÌÓ Òӄ·¯ÂÌË 1954 „Ó‰‡, ÔÓ ÍÓÚÓÓÏÛ Ç¸ÂÚ̇Ï
ÒÛ˘., Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÂ, ‚˚‰‚ËÌÛÚÓ ‚ 1858 „Ó‰Û ·‡Î ‡Á‰ÂÎÂÌ Ì‡ ÛÔ‡‚ÎflÂÏ˚È ÍÓÏÏÛÌËÒÚ‡ÏË
ëÚÂÙÂÌÓÏ Ñۄ·ÒÓÏ Ó ÚÓÏ, ˜ÚÓ Î˛·‡fl ÚÂËÚÓËfl ë‚ÂÌ˚È Ç¸ÂÚÌ‡Ï Ë ÌÂÍÓÏÏÛÌËÒÚ˘ÂÒÍËÈ ûÊÌ˚È
ÏÓÊÂÚ ÔÓÍÓ̘ËÚ¸ Ò ‡·ÒÚ‚ÓÏ ÔÓÒÚ˚Ï ÓÚ͇ÁÓÏ ÓÚ Ç¸ÂÚÌ‡Ï ‰Îfl Ôӂ‰ÂÌËfl ‚˚·ÓÓ‚ ÔÓ Ó·˙‰ËÌÂÌ˲
ÔËÌflÚËfl Á‡ÍÓÌÓ‚, ÔÓ‰‰ÂÊË‚‡˛˘Ëı „Ó. ÒÚ‡Ì˚ ‚ 1956 „Ó‰Û.
Free-¡oil Party / è‡ÚËfl ÙËÒÓÈÎÂÓ‚, ÒÛ˘., genocide / „ÂÌӈˉ, ÒÛ˘., ̇ÏÂÂÌÌÓ Ë
ÔÓÎËÚ˘ÂÒ͇fl Ô‡ÚËfl, ÒÓÁ‰‡Ì̇fl ‚ 1848 „Ó‰Û ‰Îfl ÒËÒÚÂχÚ˘ÂÒÍÓ ÛÌ˘ÚÓÊÂÌË ÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌÌÓÈ
ÔÓÚË‚Ó·ÓÒÚ‚‡ ‡ÒÔÓÒÚ‡ÌÂÌ˲ ‡·ÒÚ‚‡ ̇ ‡ÒÓ‚ÓÈ, ̇ˆËÓ̇θÌÓÈ ËÎË ÂÎË„ËÓÁÌÓÈ „ÛÔÔ˚
ÚÂËÚÓËflı ëÓ‰ËÌÂÌÌ˚ı òÚ‡ÚÓ‚. β‰ÂÈ.
Free ¡peech Movement / Ñ‚ËÊÂÌË Á‡ Gentlemen’œ Agreement / ÑÊÂÌÚθÏÂÌÒÍÓÂ
Ò‚Ó·Ó‰Û ÒÎÓ‚‡, ÒÛ˘., Ó„‡ÌËÁ‡ˆËfl çÓ‚˚ı ã‚˚ı Òӄ·¯ÂÌËÂ, ÒÛ˘., Òӄ·¯ÂÌË 1907–1908

Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

ÔÓÚË‚ Ô‡‚fl˘ÂÈ ˝ÎËÚ˚, ‚ÓÁÌËͯ‡fl ‚ 1964 „Ó‰Û „Ó‰‡ Ò Ô‡‚ËÚÂθÒÚ‚ÓÏ üÔÓÌËË ÔÓ Ó„‡Ì˘ÂÌ˲
‚Ó ‚ÂÏfl ÒÚ˚˜ÍË ÒÚÛ‰ÂÌÚÓ‚ Ò ‡‰ÏËÌËÒÚ‡ˆËÂÈ ËÏÏË„‡ˆËË flÔÓ̈‚ ‚ ëÓ‰ËÌÂÌÌ˚ òÚ‡Ú˚.
ä‡ÎËÙÓÌËÈÒÍÓ„Ó ÛÌË‚ÂÒËÚÂÚ‡ ‚ ÅÂÍÎË. gentrification / ӷ·„Ó‡ÊË‚‡ÌËÂ, ÒÛ˘.,
French and Indian War / ÇÓÈ̇ Ò Ù‡ÌˆÛÁ‡ÏË Ë ÔÓˆÂÒÒ ‚ÓÒÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚ÎÂÌËfl ‡ÁÛ¯ÂÌÌÓÈ „ÓÓ‰ÒÍÓÈ
Ë̉ÂȈ‡ÏË, ÒÛ˘., ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ ‚ ë‚ÂÌÓÈ ÄÏÂËÍÂ, ÒÓ·ÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓÒÚË Ò‰ÌËÏ Í·ÒÒÓÏ, ˜‡ÒÚÓ ÔË‚Ó‰fl˘ËÈ
‰ÎË‚¯ËÈÒfl Ò 1754 ÔÓ 1763 „Ó‰, ÍÓÚÓ˚È ·˚Î ˜‡ÒÚ¸˛ Í ÔÂÂÒÂÎÂÌ˲ ÊËÚÂÎÂÈ Ò ÌËÁÍËÏË ‰ÓıÓ‰‡ÏË.
‚ÓÈÌ˚ ÏÂÊ‰Û î‡ÌˆËÂÈ Ë ÇÂÎËÍÓ·ËÚ‡ÌËÂÈ, Gettyœburg Addreœœ / ÉÂÚÚËÒ·Â„ÒÍÓÂ
Á‡ÍÓ̘˂¯ÂÈÒfl ÔÓ‡ÊÂÌËÂÏ î‡ÌˆËË Ë ÔÂÂıÓ‰Û ÔÓÒ·ÌËÂ, ÒÛ˘., Á̇ÏÂÌËÚ‡fl ˜¸ Ä‚‡‡Ï‡
î‡ÌˆÛÁÒÍÓÈ ä‡Ì‡‰˚ ÇÂÎËÍÓ·ËÚ‡ÌËË. ãËÌÍÓθ̇ ‚ ÌÓfl· 1863, ÔÓ ÒÎÛ˜‡˛ ÓÚÍ˚ÚËfl
Fugitive ¡lave Act / á‡ÍÓÌ Ó ·Â„Î˚ı ‡·‡ı, ̇ˆËÓ̇θÌÓ„Ó Í·‰·Ë˘‡ ̇ ÏÂÒÚ ÅËÚ‚˚ ÔË
ÒÛ˘., Á‡ÍÓÌ, ÔËÌflÚ˚È ‚ ‡Ï͇ı äÓÏÔÓÏËÒÒ‡ ÉÂÚÚËÒ·Â„Â.
1850 „Ó‰‡, ÔÓ ÍÓÚÓÓÏÛ ·Â„Î˚ ‡·˚ ‰ÓÎÊÌ˚ ·˚Ú¸ ghetto / „ÂÚÚÓ, ÒÛ˘., ÔË„ÓÓ‰, ‚ ÍÓÚÓÓÏ
‚ÓÁ‚‡˘ÂÌ˚ ‚ Ì‚Óβ. ‚˚ÌÛʉÂÌÓ ÔÓÊË‚‡Ú¸ ̇ˆËÓ̇θÌÓ ÏÂ̸¯ËÌÒÚ‚Ó
Fundamentaliœm / îÛ̉‡ÏÂÌÚ‡ÎËÁÏ, ÒÛ˘., ̇ÒÂÎÂÌËfl.
ÔÓÚÂÒÚ‡ÌÚÒÍÓ ÂÎË„ËÓÁÌÓ ‰‚ËÊÂÌËÂ, ‚ ÓÒÌÓ‚Â GI Bill of Rightœ / ÅËÎθ Ó Ô‡‚‡ı ÑÊË-ÄÈ
ÍÓÚÓÓ„Ó ÎÂÊËÚ Û·ÂʉÂÌËÂ, ˜ÚÓ ‚Ò ‡ÒÒ͇Á˚ Ë (ÒÓΉ‡Ú), ÒÛ˘., ̇Á‚‡ÌËÂ, ÍÓÚÓÓ ÔÓÎÛ˜ËÎ Á‡ÍÓÌ Ó·
‰ÂÚ‡ÎË ‚ ÅË·ÎËË fl‚Îfl˛ÚÒfl ÎËÚÂ‡ÚÛÌÓÈ ËÒÚËÌÓÈ. Ó·ÂÒÔ˜ÂÌËË ÒÓΉ‡Ú, ÔËÌflÚ˚È ‚ 1944 „Ó‰Û, ‚ ÍÓÚÓÓÏ
Ô‰ÛÒχÚË‚‡ÎËÒ¸ ÙË̇ÌÒÓ‚˚Â Ë Ó·‡ÁÓ‚‡ÚÂθÌ˚Â
θ„ÓÚ˚ ‚ÂÚÂ‡Ì‡Ï ÇÚÓÓÈ ÏËÓ‚ÓÈ ‚ÓÈÌ˚.
G glaœnoœt / „·ÒÌÓÒÚ¸, ÒÛ˘., ÓÚÍ˚ÚÓ ӷÒÛʉÂÌËÂ
ÒӈˇθÌ˚ı ÔÓ·ÎÂÏ, ÍÓÚÓÓ ·˚ÎÓ ‡Á¯ÂÌÓ ‚
Gadœden Purchaœe / èÓÍÛÔ͇ ɇ‰Ò‰Â̇, ÒÛ˘.,
ëÓ‚ÂÚÒÍÓÏ ëÓ˛Á ‚ 1980-ı „Ó‰‡ı.
ÔËÓ·ÂÚÂÌË ëÓ‰ËÌÂÌÌ˚ÏË òÚ‡Ú‡ÏË ‚ 1853
„Ó‰Û ˜‡ÒÚË ÚÂËÚÓËË åÂÍÒËÍË, ÛÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚Ë‚¯Â Glaœœ-¡teagall Act / á‡ÍÓÌ É·ÒÒ‡-ëÚË„‡Î·,
ÒÓ‚ÂÏÂÌÌÛ˛ „‡ÌËˆÛ ÏÂÊ‰Û ëòÄ Ë åÂÍÒËÍÓÈ. ÒÛ˘., Á‡ÍÓÌ 1933 „Ó‰‡ Ó ÒÓÁ‰‡ÌËË î‰Â‡Î¸ÌÓÈ
ÍÓÔÓ‡ˆËË ÔÓ ÒÚ‡ıÓ‚‡Ì˲ ·‡ÌÍÓ‚ÒÍËı ‚Í·‰Ó‚
˜‡ÒÚÌ˚ı Îˈ.
184 THE AMERICANS
RusGloss.TheAmerican 1/20/04 1:35 PM Page 185

Gloriouœ Revolution / ë·‚̇fl ‚ÓβˆËfl, Great Plainœ / ÇÂÎËÍË ꇂÌËÌ˚, ÒÛ˘.,

ÒÛ˘., ÔÂÂıÓ‰ ÏÓ̇ı˘ÂÒÍÓÈ ‚·ÒÚË Ó„ÓÏÌ˚ ۄӉ¸fl, ÔÓÒÚË‡˛˘ËÂÒfl ˜ÂÂÁ
ÇÂÎËÍÓ·ËÚ‡ÌËË ÓÚ üÍÓ‚‡ II Í ÇËθ„ÂθÏÛ ˆÂÌÚ‡Î¸ÌÛ˛ ˜‡ÒÚ¸ ë‚ÂÌÓÈ ÄÏÂËÍË ÓÚ íÂı‡Ò‡ ̇
Ë å‡ËË ‚ 1688–1689 „Ó‰‡ı. Ò‚Â ‰Ó ä‡Ì‡‰˚ Ë Ì‡ ‚ÓÒÚÓÍ ÓÚ ë͇ÎËÒÚ˚ı „Ó.
gold ruœh / ÁÓÎÓÚ‡fl ÎËıÓ‡‰Í‡, ÒÛ˘., Great ¡ociety / ÇÂÎËÍÓ ӷ˘ÂÒÚ‚Ó, ÒÛ˘.,

RUSSIAN
ÔÂÂÏ¢ÂÌË ·Óθ¯Ó„Ó ÍÓ΢ÂÒÚ‚‡ β‰ÂÈ ‚ „ËÓÌ, ÔÓ„‡Ïχ ÔÂÁˉÂÌÚ‡ ãË̉Ó̇ Å. ÑÊÓÌÒÓ̇
„‰Â ·˚ÎÓ ÓÚÍ˚ÚÓ ÏÂÒÚÓÓʉÂÌË ÁÓÎÓÚ‡. ÒÌËÊÂÌËfl ÛÓ‚Ìfl ·Â‰ÌÓÒÚË Ë ‡ÒÓ‚ÓÈ ‰ËÒÍËÏË̇ˆËË,
gold œtandard / ÁÓÎÓÚÓÈ Òڇ̉‡Ú, ÒÛ˘., ‡ Ú‡ÍÊ ÔÓ‚˚¯ÂÌËfl ÛÓ‚Ìfl ÊËÁÌË ‚ ëÓ‰ËÌÂÌÌ˚ı
ÏÓÌÂÚ‡̇fl ÒËÒÚÂχ, ‚ ÍÓÚÓÓÈ ÓÒÌӂ̇fl ‰ËÌˈ‡ òÚ‡Ú‡ı.
‚‡Î˛Ú˚ ÓÔ‰ÂÎflÂÚÒfl ‚ Á‡‚ËÒËÏÓÒÚË ÓÚ ÍÓ΢ÂÒÚ‚‡

H
ÒÓ‰Âʇ˘Â„ÓÒfl ‚ ÌÂÈ ÁÓÎÓÚ‡.
Gone with the Wind / ìÌÂÒÂÌÌ˚ ‚ÂÚÓÏ, ÒÛ˘.,
ÙËÎ¸Ï 1939 „Ó‰‡, ‚ ÍÓÚÓÓÏ ÔÓ͇Á˚‚‡ÂÚÒfl ÊËÁ̸ habeaœ corpuœ / ‰ÓÒÚ‡‚ÎÂÌË ‚ ÒÛ‰, ÒÛ˘.,
‚·‰ÂθˆÂ‚ Ô·ÌÚ‡ˆËÈ Ì‡ ˛„ ‚Ó ‚ÂÏfl Òۉ·Ì˚È ÔË͇Á Ó ‰ÓÒÚ‡‚ÎÂÌËË Á‡Íβ˜ÂÌÌÓ„Ó ‚ ÒÛ‰
É‡Ê‰‡ÌÒÍÓÈ ‚ÓÈÌ˚ ‚ ëòÄ – Ó‰ËÌ ËÁ Ò‡Ï˚ı ‰Îfl ‚˚flÒÌÂÌËfl Ô‡‚ÓÏÂÌÓÒÚË Â„Ó ÒÓ‰ÂʇÌËfl ÔÓ‰
ÔÓÔÛÎflÌ˚ı ÙËθÏÓ‚ ‚ÒÂı ‚ÂÏÂÌ. ÒÚ‡ÊÂÈ.
graft / ‚ÁflÚÓ˜Ì˘ÂÒÚ‚Ó, ÒÛ˘., ÌÂÁ‡ÍÓÌÌÓ Haight-Aœhbury / ï‡ÈÚ-ù¯·ÂË, ÒÛ˘., ‡ÈÓÌ
ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌË ÔÓÎËÚ˘ÂÒÍÓ„Ó ‚ÎËflÌËfl ‰Îfl ΢ÌÓ„Ó ë‡Ì-î‡ÌˆËÒÍÓ, ÍÓÚÓ˚È ÒڇΠ«ÒÚÓÎˈÂÈ»
Ó·Ó„‡˘ÂÌËfl. ‡ÌÚËÍÛθÚÛ˚ ıËÔÔË ‚ 1960-ı „Ó‰‡ı.
grandfather clauœe / «‰Â‰Ó‚‡ ÒÚ‡Ú¸fl», ÒÛ˘., Harlem Renaiœœan / ɇÎÂÏÒÍÓ ‚ÓÁÓʉÂÌËÂ,
ÔÓÎÓÊÂÌËÂ, ÔÓ ÍÓÚÓÓÏÛ ÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌ̇fl „ÛÔÔ‡ ÒÛ˘., ‡Òˆ‚ÂÚ ‡ÙÓ-‡ÏÂË͇ÌÒÍÓÈ ÎËÚÂ‡ÚÛ˚
β‰ÂÈ ÓÒ‚Ó·Óʉ‡ÂÚÒfl ÓÚ ÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌÌ˚ı ÔÓÎÓÊÂÌËÈ Ë ËÒÍÛÒÒÚ‚‡ ‚ 1920-ı „Ó‰‡ı ‚ ɇÎÂÏÂ,
Á‡ÍÓ̇, ‚‚Ë‰Û ‡Ì ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚Ó‚‡‚¯Ëı Ó·ÒÚÓflÚÂθÒÚ‚, ÂÒÔÂÍÚ‡·ÂθÌÓÏ ‚ ÚÛ ÔÓÛ ‡ÈÓÌ 縲-âÓ͇.
‚ ˜‡ÒÚÌÓÒÚË, ÒÚ‡Ú¸fl, ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚Ó‚‡‚¯‡fl ‚ fl‰Â ˛ÊÌ˚ı
hawk / flÒÚ·, ÒÛ˘., ˜ÂÎÓ‚ÂÍ, ÔÓ‰‰ÂÊË‚‡˛˘ËÈ
¯Ú‡ÚÓ‚, ÓÒ‚Ó·Óʉ‡‚¯‡fl ·ÂÎ˚ı ÓÚ ÒÚÓ„Ëı
Û˜‡ÒÚË ëÓ‰ËÌÂÌÌ˚ı òÚ‡ÚÓ‚ ‚Ó Ç¸ÂÚ̇ÏÒÍÓÈ
Ú·ӂ‡ÌËÈ ÔÓ „ÓÎÓÒÓ‚‡Ì˲, ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡‚¯‡flÒfl ‰Îfl
‚ÓÈÌÂ Ë Ò˜ËÚ‡‚¯ËÈ, ˜ÚÓ ëòÄ ‰ÓÎÊÌ˚ ̇‡˘Ë‚‡Ú¸
ÓÚÒÚ‡ÌÂÌËfl ‡ÙÓ-‡ÏÂË͇̈‚ ÓÚ „ÓÎÓÒÓ‚‡ÌËfl.
Ò‚Ó ‚ÓÂÌÌÓ ÔËÒÛÚÒÚ‚Ë ‰Îfl Ôӷ‰˚ ‚ ˝ÚÓÈ ‚ÓÈÌÂ.
Grange / ÉÂÈÌ‰Ê («ÎÓʇ»), ÒÛ˘., ÄÒÒӈˇˆËfl
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

Hawley-¡moot Tariff Act / í‡ËÙ ïÓÎË-ëÏÛÚ‡,

ÙÂÏÂÓ‚—Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ-Ó·‡ÁÓ‚‡ÚÂθ̇fl
ÒÛ˘., Á‡ÍÓÌ, ÔËÌflÚ˚È ‚ 1930 „Ó‰Û, ÛÒڇ̇‚ÎË‚‡˛˘ËÈ
Ó„‡ÌËÁ‡ˆËfl, Á‡˘Ë˘‡‚¯‡fl ËÌÚÂÂÒ˚ ÙÂÏÂÓ‚ ‚
Ò‡Ï˚ ‚˚ÒÓÍË ‚ ËÒÚÓËË ëòÄ ÔÓÚÂ͈ËÓÌËÒÚÒÍËÂ
Ëı ·Ó¸·Â Ò ÛÒËÎÂÌËÂÏ ‚ÎËflÌËfl ÊÂÎÂÁÌ˚ı ‰ÓÓ„
Ú‡ËÙÌ˚ ÒÚ‡‚ÍË, ˜ÚÓ ÔË‚ÂÎÓ Í ÂÁÍÓÏÛ Û‚Â΢ÂÌ˲
‚ ÍÓ̈ XIX ‚Â͇.
‰ÂÔÂÒÒËË ‚ ÄÏÂËÍÂ Ë ‰Û„Ëı ÒÚ‡Ì‡ı.
Grapeœ of Wrath, The / ÉÓÁ‰¸fl „Ì‚‡, ÒÛ˘.,
H-bomb / ÇÓ‰ÓӉ̇fl ·ÓÏ·‡, ÒÛ˘.,
ÓÏ‡Ì ÑÊÓ̇ ëÚÂÈÌ·Â͇, ÓÔÛ·ÎËÍÓ‚‡ÌÌ˚È ‚ 1939
ÚÂÏÓfl‰ÂÌÓ ÓÛÊËÂ, ÍÓÚÓÓ Á̇˜ËÚÂθÌÓ
„Ó‰Û, ‚ ÍÓÚÓÓÏ ‡ÒÒ͇Á˚‚‡ÂÚÒfl Ó ÊËÁÌË ÒÂÏ¸Ë ËÁ
Ô‚ÓÒıÓ‰ËÚ ÔÓ ÏÓ˘ÌÓÒÚË ‡ÚÓÏÌÛ˛ ·ÓÏ·Û.
¯Ú‡Ú‡ éÍ·ıÓχ ‚ «è˚θÌÓÈ ˜‡¯Â» ä‡ÎËÙÓÌËË.
headright œyœtem / ÒËÒÚÂχ Ô‡‚ ̇ ÁÂÏÂθÌ˚È
Great Awakening / «ÇÂÎËÍÓ ÔÓ·ÛʉÂÌË»,
̇‰ÂÎ, ÒÛ˘., ͇ÏÔ‡ÌËfl ‚ ÇË„ËÌËË ÔÓ Ô‰ÓÒÚ‡‚ÎÂ-
ÒÛ˘., ‚ÓÁÓʉÂÌË ÂÎË„ËÓÁÌ˚ı ‚ÂÓ‚‡ÌËÈ ‚ Ì˲ 50 ‡ÍÓ‚ ÁÂÏÎË Í‡Ê‰ÓÏÛ ÔÂÂÒÂÎÂÌˆÛ Ë Í‡Ê‰ÓÏÛ
‡ÏÂË͇ÌÒÍËı ÍÓÎÓÌËflı ‚ ÔÂËÓ‰ Ò 1730-ı ÔÓ 1750- ˜ÎÂÌÛ ÒÂϸË, ÔËÂı‡‚¯ÂÏÛ Ò ÌËÏ.
„Ó‰˚.
hierarchy / ËÂ‡ıËfl, ÒÛ˘., Òӈˇθ̇fl
Great Compromiœe / ÇÂÎËÍËÈ ÍÓÏÔÓÏËÒÒ, Í·ÒÒËÙË͇ˆËfl ÔÓ Á‚‡Ì˲ ËÎË Í·ÒÒÛ.
ÒÛ˘., Òӄ·ÒË äÓÌÒÚËÚÛˆËÓÌÌÓ„Ó äÓÌ‚ÂÌÚ‡ ̇
ÒÓÁ‰‡ÌË ‰‚Ûı Ô‡Î‡Ú Á‡ÍÓÌÓ‰‡ÚÂθÌÓÈ ‚·ÒÚË, ‚ Ho Chi Minh Trail / íÓÔ‡ ïÓ-òË-åË̇, ÒÛ˘.,
Ó‰ÌÓÈ ËÁ ÍÓÚÓ˚ı ‚Ò ¯Ú‡Ú˚ ·Û‰ÛÚ ËÏÂÚ¸ ‡‚ÌÓ ÚÓÔ˚, ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡‚¯ËÂÒfl ë‚ÂÌ˚Ï Ç¸ÂÚ̇ÏÓÏ
Ô‰ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÂθÒÚ‚Ó, ‡ ‚Ó ‚ÚÓÓÈ - ÔÓÔÓˆËÓ̇θÌÓ ‰Îfl Ú‡ÌÒÔÓÚËÓ‚ÍË ÔÓ‚ËÁËË ‚¸ÂÚÍÓÌ„Ó‚ˆ‡Ï ‚
̇ÒÂÎÂÌ˲ ¯Ú‡Ú‡. ûÊÌÓÏ Ç¸ÂÚ̇ÏÂ.
Great Depreœœion / ÇÂÎË͇fl ÑÂÔÂÒÒËfl, ÒÛ˘., Hohokam / ïÓıÓ͇Ï˚, ÒÛ˘., ÍÓÂÌÌÓ ̇ÒÂÎÂÌËÂ
ÔÂËÓ‰, ‰ÎË‚¯ËÈÒfl Ò 1929 ÔÓ 1940 „Ó‰˚, ‚ ÄÏÂËÍË, ÊË‚¯Â ‚ ‰ÓÎË̇ı ÂÍ ëÓÎÚ Ë ÉË· (Ú‡Ï,
Ú˜ÂÌË ÍÓÚÓÓ„Ó ˝ÍÓÌÓÏË͇ ëòÄ Ì‡ıӉ˷Ҹ „‰Â ÒÂȘ‡Ò ÄËÁÓ̇) Ò 300 „ ‰Ó Ì. ˝. ‰Ó 1400 „. Ì. ˝.
‚ ÒËθÌÂȯÂÏ ÛÔ‡‰ÍÂ Ë ÏËÎÎËÓÌ˚ ‡ÏÂË͇̈‚ Hollywood Ten / ÉÓÎÎË‚Û‰Ò͇fl ‰ÂÒflÚ͇,
Ì ËÏÂÎË ‡·ÓÚ˚. ÒÛ˘., ‰ÂÒflÚ¸ ÍËÌÂχÚÓ„‡ÙËÒÚÓ‚, ÓÚ͇Á‡‚¯ËıÒfl
Great Migration / ÇÂÎËÍÓ ÔÂÂÒÂÎÂÌËÂ, ÒÛ˘., ÒÓÚÛ‰Ì˘‡Ú¸ Ò äÓÏËÚÂÚÓÏ è‡Î‡Ú˚ è‰ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÂÎÂÈ
¯ËÓÍÓχүڇ·ÌÓ ÔÂÂÒÂÎÂÌË ‡ÙÓ-‡ÏÂË͇̈‚ ÔÓ ‡ÌÚˇÏÂË͇ÌÒÍÓÈ ‰ÂflÚÂθÌÓÒÚË ÔË ‡ÒÒÎÂ-
Ò ˛„‡ ‚ Ò‚ÂÌ˚ „ÓÓ‰‡ ‚ ̇˜‡Î XX ‚Â͇. ‰Ó‚‡ÌËË ‚ÎËflÌËfl ÍÓÏÏÛÌËÒÚÓ‚ ̇ ÉÓÎÎË‚Û‰.

MULTI-LANGUAGE GLOSSARY 185

RusGloss.TheAmerican 1/20/04 1:35 PM Page 186

Holocauœt / ïÓÎÓÍÓÒÚ, ÒÛ˘., ÒËÒÚÂχÚ˘ÂÒÍÓ impeachment / ËÏÔ˘ÏÂÌÚ, ÒÛ˘., ÔÓˆÂÒÒ

ËÒÚ·ÎÂÌËÂ, ËÎË „ÂÌӈˉ ‚‚ Ë ‰Û„Ëı ̇ˆËÈ Ó·‚ËÌÂÌËfl „ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ„Ó ‰ÂflÚÂÎfl ‚ ÌÂÁ‡ÍÓÌÌ˚ı
‚ Ö‚ÓÔ ̇ˆËÒÚ‡ÏË ÔÂ‰ Ë ‚Ó ‚ÂÏfl ÇÚÓÓÈ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëflı.
ÏËÓ‚ÓÈ ‚ÓÈÌ˚. imperialiœm / ËÏÔÂˇÎËÁÏ, ÒÛ˘., ÔÓÎËÚË͇
home rule / ÏÂÒÚÌÓ ҇ÏÓÛÔ‡‚ÎÂÌËÂ, ÒÛ˘., ‡ÒÔÓÒÚ‡ÌÂÌËfl ‚ÎËflÌËfl „ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚‡ ̇ ‰Û„ËÂ
RUSSIAN

‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌÓÒÚ¸ ¯Ú‡Ú‡ ÛÔ‡‚ÎflÚ¸ Ò‚ÓËÏË „‡Ê‰‡Ì‡ÏË ÒÚ‡Ì˚ ÔÓÒ‰ÒÚ‚ÓÏ ˝ÍÓÌÓÏ˘ÂÒÍËı, ÔÓÎËÚ˘ÂÒÍËı

·ÂÁ Ô˂ΘÂÌËfl Ù‰Â‡Î¸ÌÓ„Ó Ô‡‚ËÚÂθÒÚ‚‡. ËÎË ‚ÓÂÌÌ˚ı Ò‰ÒÚ‚.
Homeœtead Act / á‡ÍÓÌ Ó ÉÓÏÒÚ‰‡ı, ÒÛ˘., impreœœmentœ / ̇ÒËθÌ˚È ÔËÁ˚‚ ‚ ‡Ï˲,
Á‡ÍÓÌ ëÓ‰ËÌÂÌÌ˚ı òÚ‡ÚÓ‚, ÔËÌflÚ˚È ‚ 1862 „Ó‰Û, ÒÛ˘., ÔËÌÛ‰ËÚÂθÌ˚È ÔËÁ˚‚ β‰ÂÈ Ì‡ ‚ÓÂÌÌÛ˛
ÍÓÚÓ˚È Ô‰ÓÒÚ‡‚ÎflÎ 160 ‡ÍÓ‚ ÁÂÏÎË Ì‡ Á‡Ô‡‰Â ÒÎÛÊ·Û.
β·ÓÏÛ „‡Ê‰‡ÌËÌÛ, fl‚Îfl‚¯ÂÏÛÒfl „·‚ÓÈ Inca / àÌ͇, ÒÛ˘., ÍÓÂÌÌÓ ̇ÒÂÎÂÌË ÄÏÂËÍË,
ıÓÁflÈÒÚ‚‡ Ë Ó·flÁÛ˛˘ÂÏÛÒfl ‚ÓÁ‰ÂÎ˚‚‡Ú¸ ÁÂÏβ ÍÓÚÓÓ ÓÍÓÎÓ 1400 „. ‰Ó Ì. ˝. ÒÓÁ‰‡ÎÓ ËÏÔÂ˲,
‚ Ú˜ÂÌË ÔflÚË ÎÂÚ. á‡ÍÓÌ, ÔËÌflÚË ÍÓÚÓÓ„Ó ËÏ‚¯Û˛ ÔÓÚflÊÂÌÌÓÒÚ¸ ÓÍÓÎÓ 2500 ÏËθ (4000
ÔË‚ÂÎÓ Í ÂÍÓ‰ÌÓÏÛ ˜ËÒÎÛ ÔÂÂÒÂÎÂ̈‚, ÍÏ) ‚‰Óθ Á‡Ô‡‰ÌÓ„Ó ÔÓ·ÂÂʸfl ûÊÌÓÈ ÄÏÂËÍË.
Ê·˛˘Ëı ÔÓÎÛ˜ËÚ¸ ‚ ÒÓ·ÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓÒÚ¸ ÁÂÏÎË, ‡ÌÂÂ
incandeœcent / ‡Ò͇ÎÂÌÌ˚È, ÔË·„., ‰‡˛˘ËÈ
ÔË̇‰ÎÂʇ‚¯ËÂ, Ë ÔÓ ‰Ó„Ó‚ÓÛ Ë ‚ ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚ËË Ò
‚ˉËÏ˚È Ò‚ÂÚ ‚ ÂÁÛθڇÚ ̇„‚‡ÌËfl.
Ú‡‰ËˆËflÏË, ÍÓÂÌÌÓÏÛ Ì‡ÒÂÎÂÌ˲ ÄÏÂËÍË. ùÚÓÚ
Ê Á‡ÍÓÌ, ÌÂÒÍÓθÍÓ ËÁÏÂÌÂÌÌ˚È ‚ 1889 „Ó‰Û, income tax / ÔÓ‰ÓıÓ‰Ì˚È Ì‡ÎÓ„, ÒÛ˘., ̇ÎÓ„ ̇
ÔÓÓ˘flΠβ‰ÂÈ Ì‡ ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌË ËÏË Ô‡‚‡ ̇ ‰ÓıÓ‰˚.
˜‡ÒÚÌÛ˛ ÒÓ·ÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓÒÚ¸ Ë ‡Ò¯ËÂÌË ҂ÓËı indentured œervant / ÒÎÛ„‡ ÔÓ ÍÓÌÚ‡ÍÚÛ,
ıÓÁflÈÒÚ‚ Á‡ Ô‰ÂÎ˚ Ô‡‚ËÚÂθÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚ı ÁÂÏÂθ. ÒÛ˘., ÎˈÓ, ÔËÌflÚÓ ̇ ‡·ÓÚÛ Ì‡ Ó„‡Ì˘ÂÌÌ˚È
Hopewell / ïÓÛÔÛ˝ÎÎ, ÒÛ˘., Ó·˘Ë̇ ÔÂËÓ‰ ‚ÂÏÂÌË, ˜‡ÒÚÓ ‚ ͇˜ÂÒÚ‚Â ÓÚ‡·ÓÚÍË
ÁÂÏΉÂθˆÂ‚, ÔÓÊË‚‡‚¯Ëı ‚ ‰ÓÎËÌ ÂÍË é„‡ÈÓ, Á‡ Ú‡ÌÒÔÓÚÌ˚ ‡ÒıÓ‰˚, ÍÓ‚ Ë ÔËÚ‡ÌËÂ.
ÔÓˆ‚ÂÚ‡‚¯‡fl Ò 200 „. ‰Ó Ì. ˝. ‰Ó 400 „. Ì. ˝. Indian Removal Act / á‡ÍÓÌ Ó ÔÂÂÒÂÎÂÌËË
horizontal integration / „ÓËÁÓÌڇθ̇fl Ë̉ÂȈ‚, ÒÛ˘., Á‡ÍÓÌ, ÔËÌflÚ˚È ‚ 1830 „Ó‰Û,
ËÌÚ„‡ˆËfl, ÒÛ˘., ÒÎËflÌË ÍÓÏÔ‡ÌËÈ, ÍÓÚÓ˚È ÔËÌÛʉ‡Î Í ÔÂÂÒÂÎÂÌ˲ ̇ Á‡Ô‡‰
ÔÓËÁ‚Ó‰fl˘Ëı ÒıÓ‰ÌÛ˛ ÔÓ‰ÛÍˆË˛. ÍÓÂÌÌÓ ̇ÒÂÎÂÌËÂ, ÔÓÊË‚‡‚¯ÂÂ Í ‚ÓÒÚÓÍÛ ÓÚ
åËÒÒËÒËÔË.
hot line / „Ófl˜‡fl ÎËÌËfl, ÒÛ˘.,

Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

ÍÓÏÏÛÌË͇ˆËÓÌ̇fl ÎËÌËfl, ÛÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚ÎÂÌ̇fl ‚ 1963 Induœtrial Revolution / èÓÏ˚¯ÎÂÌ̇fl
„Ó‰Û ‰Îfl Ò‚flÁË ÎˉÂÓ‚ ëÓ‰ËÌÂÌÌ˚ı òÚ‡ÚÓ‚ Ë ‚ÓβˆËfl, ÒÛ˘., ËÁÏÂÌÂÌË ÒӈˇθÌ˚ı Ë
ëÓ‚ÂÚÒÍÓ„Ó ëÓ˛Á‡ ‚ ÔÂËÓ‰˚ ÍËÁËÒÓ‚. ˝ÍÓÌÓÏ˘ÂÒÍËı ÛÒÚÓ‚, ‚˚ÚÂ͇˛˘Â ËÁ Á‡ÏÂÌ˚
Û˜ÌÓ„Ó ÚÛ‰‡ χ¯Ë̇ÏË Ë ËÁ ¯ËÓÍÓχүڇ·ÌÓ„Ó
Houœe Un-American Activitieœ Committee
ÔÓÏ˚¯ÎÂÌÌÓ„Ó ÔÓËÁ‚Ó‰ÒÚ‚‡.
(HUAC) / äÓÏËÚÂÚ è‡Î‡Ú˚ è‰ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÂÎÂÈ
ÔÓ ‡ÌÚˇÏÂË͇ÌÒÍÓÈ ‰ÂflÚÂθÌÓÒÚË, Induœtrial Workerœ of the World (IWW) /
ÒÛ˘., ÍÓÏËÚÂÚ ÍÓÌ„ÂÒÒ‡, ‡ÒÒΉӂ‡‚¯ËÈ à̉ÛÒÚˇθÌ˚ ‡·Ó˜Ë ÏË‡ (àêå), ÒÛ˘.,
ÍÓÏÏÛÌËÒÚ˘ÂÒÍÓ ‚ÎËflÌË ‚ Ô‡‚ËÚÂθÒÚ‚Â ëòÄ ‡·Ó˜‡fl Ó„‡ÌËÁ‡ˆËfl ÌÂÍ‚‡ÎËÙˈËÓ‚‡ÌÌ˚ı
Ë ‚ÌÂ Â„Ó ‚ „Ó‰˚ ÔÓÒΠ‚ÚÓÓÈ ÏËÓ‚ÓÈ ‚ÓÈÌ˚. ‡·Ó˜Ëı, ÒÓÁ‰‡Ì̇fl „ÛÔÔÓÈ ‡‰Ë͇θÌ˚ı
ÛÌËÓÌËÒÚÓ‚ Ë ÒӈˇÎËÒÚÓ‚ ‚ 1905 „Ó‰Û.
human rightœ / Ô‡‚‡ ˜ÂÎÓ‚Â͇, ÒÛ˘., Ô‡‚‡ Ë
Ò‚Ó·Ó‰˚ Ô‰ÓÒÚ‡‚ÎflÂÏ˚ „‡Ê‰‡Ì‡Ï, Ú‡ÍËÂ Í‡Í ÚÂ, inflation / ËÌÙÎflˆËfl, ÒÛ˘., ÔÓ‚˚¯ÂÌË ˆÂÌ ËÎË
˜ÚÓ Û͇Á‡Ì˚ ‚ ÑÂÍ·‡ˆËË çÂÁ‡‚ËÒËÏÓÒÚË Ë ÅËÎΠÒÌËÊÂÌË ÔÓÍÛÔ‡ÚÂθÌÓÈ ÒÔÓÒÓ·ÌÓÒÚË, ‚˚Á‚‡ÌÌÓÂ
Ó Ô‡‚‡ı. Û‚Â΢ÂÌËÂÏ ‰ÂÌÂÊÌÓÈ Ï‡ÒÒ˚.
information œuperhighway / ËÌÙÓχˆËÓÌ̇fl
ÒÛÔÂÎËÌËfl, ÒÛ˘., ÍÓÏÔ¸˛ÚÂ̇fl ÒÂÚ¸,
I Ó·˙‰ËÌfl˛˘‡fl β‰ÂÈ Ë Ó„‡ÌËÁ‡ˆËË ‚Ó ‚ÒÂÏ ÏË Ë
Ô‰ÓÒÚ‡‚Îfl˛˘‡fl β‰flÏ ‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌÓÒÚ¸ ÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ú¸Òfl
Immigration Act of 1965 / á‡ÍÓÌ Ó· ·Ë·ÎËÓÚÂ͇ÏË, ÔËÓ·ÂÚ‡Ú¸ ÚÓ‚‡˚, ÔÓÒχÚË‚‡Ú¸
ËÏÏË„‡ˆËË 1965 „Ó‰‡, ÒÛ˘., á‡ÍÓÌ, ÍËÌÓÙËθÏ˚ Ë ÛÁ̇‚‡Ú¸ ÔÓÒΉÌË ÌÓ‚ÓÒÚË.
Û‚Â΢˂‡˛˘ËÈ ˜ËÒÎÓ ËÏÏË„‡ÌÚÓ‚, ÍÓÚÓ˚Â
ÏÓ„ÛÚ ÔÓÒÂÎËÚ¸Òfl ‚ ëÓ‰ËÌÂÌÌ˚ı òÚ‡Ú‡ı. INF Treaty / ÑÓ„Ó‚Ó êëÑ, ÒÛ˘., ÑÓ„Ó‚Ó Ó
‡ÍÂÚ‡ı Ò‰ÌÂÈ ‰‡Î¸ÌÓÒÚË, Òӄ·¯ÂÌË 1987 „Ó‰‡
impeach / Ó·‚ËÌflÚ¸, „·„., ÓÙˈˇθÌÓ Ó·‚ËÌËÚ¸ ÏÂÊ‰Û ëÓ‰ËÌÂÌÌ˚ÏË òÚ‡Ú‡ÏË Ë ëÓ‚ÂÚÒÍËÏ
„ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ„Ó ÒÎÛʇ˘Â„Ó ‚ ‰ÓÎÊÌÓÒÚÌÓÏ ëÓ˛ÁÓÏ, Á‡Ô¢‡˛˘Â ÌÂÍÓÚÓ˚ ÒËÒÚÂÏ˚
ÔÂÒÚÛÔÎÂÌËË. è‡Î‡Ú‡ è‰ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÂÎÂÈ fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl ‚ÓÓÛÊÂÌËÈ Ë ‡Á¯‡˛˘Â ËÌÒÔÂÍÚËÓ‚‡ÌËÂ
‰ËÌÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚Ï Ó„‡ÌÓÏ, ÍÓÚÓ˚È ÏÓÊÂÚ Ô‰˙fl‚ËÚ¸ ‚ÓÂÌÌ˚ı ÛÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚ÓÍ Ì‡ ÏÂÒÚÂ.
Ó·‚ËÌÂÌË „ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚Ï Ù‰Â‡Î¸Ì˚Ï
˜ËÌÓ‚ÌË͇Ï.
186 THE AMERICANS
RusGloss.TheAmerican 1/20/04 1:35 PM Page 187

initiative / ËÌˈˇÚË‚‡, ÒÛ˘., Ôӈ‰Û‡, ÔË jazz / ‰Ê‡Á, ÒÛ˘., ̇Ô‡‚ÎÂÌË ‚ ÏÛÁ˚ÍÂ,
ÍÓÚÓÓÈ Á‡ÍÓÌÓ‰‡ÚÂθÌ˚ ËÌˈˇÚË‚˚ ÏÓ„ÛÚ ı‡‡ÍÚÂËÁÛ˛˘ÂÂÒfl ËÏÔÓ‚ËÁ‡ˆËÂÈ.
‚˚Ò͇Á˚‚‡Ú¸Òfl ̇ÒÂÎÂÌËÂÏ, ‡ Ì Á‡ÍÓÌÓ‰‡ÚÂÎflÏË. Jim Crow lawœ / á‡ÍÓÌ˚ ÑÊËÏ äÓÛ,
inœtallment plan / ÓÔ·ڇ ‚ ‡ÒÒÓ˜ÍÛ, ÒÛ˘., ÒÛ˘., Á‡ÍÓÌ˚, ÔËÌflÚ˚ û„ÓÏ Ë ÏÂÒÚÌ˚ÏË
Òӄ·¯ÂÌËÂ, ÔÓ ÍÓÚÓÓÏÛ ÔÓÍÛÔ‡ÚÂθ ÓÔ·˜Ë‚‡ÂÚ Ô‡‚ËÚÂθÒÚ‚‡ÏË, ‡Á‰ÂÎfl‚¯ËÏË ·ÂÎ˚ı Ë

RUSSIAN
ÔÓÍÛÔÍÛ ‚ Ú˜ÂÌË ÔÓ‰ÓÎÊËÚÂθÌÓ„Ó ÔÂËÓ‰‡ ˜ÂÌÓÍÓÊËı ‚ ˜‡ÒÚÌ˚ı Ë Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚ı ÏÂÒÚ‡ı.
‚ÂÏÂÌË, Ì ‚˚Ô·˜Ë‚‡fl ÍÛÔÌÛ˛ ÒÛÏÏÛ ‰ÂÌ„ joint-œtock companieœ / ‡ÍˆËÓÌÂÌ˚Â
‚Ó ‚ÂÏfl ÔÓÍÛÔÍË. ÍÓÏÔ‡ÌËË, ÒÛ˘., Ô‰ÔËflÚËfl, ‚ ÍÓÚÓ˚ı
interchangeable partœ / ‚Á‡ËÏÓÁ‡ÏÂÌflÂÏ˚ ËÌ‚ÂÒÚÓ˚ Ó·˙‰ËÌfl˛Ú Ò‚ÓË Í‡ÔËÚ‡Î˚ ‰Îfl Ó·˘ÂÈ
‰ÂÚ‡ÎË, ÒÛ˘., Òڇ̉‡ÚËÁÓ‚‡ÌÌ˚ ‰ÂÚ‡ÎË, ÍÓÚÓ˚ ˆÂÎË.
ÏÓ„ÛÚ ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ú¸Òfl Ӊ̇ ‚ÏÂÒÚÓ ‰Û„ÓÈ. journeyman / ̇ÂÏÌ˚È ‡·Ó˜ËÈ, ÒÛ˘.,
Internet / àÌÚÂÌÂÚ, ÒÛ˘., ‚ÒÂÏË̇fl ÒÂÚ¸, ‚ ÒËÒÚÂÏ ÔÓÙÂÒÒËÓ̇θÌÓ„Ó Ó·Û˜ÂÌËfl
ÔÂ‚Ó̇˜‡Î¸ÌÓ ÒÓÁ‰‡Ì̇fl åËÌËÒÚÂÒÚ‚ÓÏ é·ÓÓÌ˚ Í‚‡ÎËÙˈËÓ‚‡ÌÌ˚È ‡·Ó˜ËÈ, ̇ÌflÚ˚È ‚·‰ÂθˆÂÏ.
ëòÄ, ÍÓÚÓ‡fl ÒÓ‰ËÌflÂÚ ÍÓÏÔ¸˛ÚÂ˚ Ë ÔÓÁ‚ÓÎflÂÚ judicial branch / Òۉ·̇fl ‚·ÒÚ¸, ÒÛ˘., ‚ÂÚ‚¸
Ô‡ÍÚ˘ÂÒÍË Ï„ÌÓ‚ÂÌÌÓ Ó·ÏÂÌË‚‡Ú¸Òfl ÚÂÍÒÚ‡ÏË, ‚·ÒÚË, ÍÓÚÓ‡fl Á‡ÌËχÂÚÒfl ÚÓÎÍÓ‚‡ÌËÂÏ Á‡ÍÓÌÓ‚ Ë
ËÁÓ·‡ÊÂÌËflÏË Ë Á‚Û͇ÏË. äÓÌÒÚËÚÛˆËË.
internment / ËÌÚÂÌËÓ‚‡ÌËÂ, ÒÛ˘., Á‡Íβ˜ÂÌË judicial review / Òۉ·Ì˚È ÔÂÂÒÏÓÚ, ÒÛ˘.,
ËÎË Ó„‡Ì˘ÂÌË ÔÂÂÏ¢ÂÌËfl, ÓÒÓ·ÂÌÌÓ ‚ Ô‡‚Ó ÇÂıÓ‚ÌÓ„Ó ëÛ‰‡ Ó·˙fl‚ËÚ¸ Á‡ÍÓÌ, ÔËÌflÚ˚È
ÛÒÎÓ‚Ëflı ‚ÓÂÌÌÓ„Ó ‚ÂÏÂÌË. äÓÌ„ÂÒÒÓÏ, ‡ÌÚËÍÓÌÒÚËÚÛˆËÓÌÌ˚Ï.
Interœtate Commerce Act / á‡ÍÓÌ Ó ÚÓ„ӂΠJudiciary Act of 1789 / á‡ÍÓÌ Ó Òۉ·ÌÓÈ
ÏÂÊ‰Û ¯Ú‡Ú‡ÏË, ÒÛ˘., Á‡ÍÓÌ, ÔËÌflÚ˚È ‚ 1887, ‚·ÒÚË 1789 „Ó‰‡, ÒÛ˘., Á‡ÍÓÌ Ó ÒÓÁ‰‡ÌËË
ÍÓÚÓ˚È ÛÒڇ̇‚ÎË‚‡Î Ô‡‚Ó Ù‰Â‡Î¸ÌÓ„Ó Ù‰Â‡Î¸ÌÓÈ Òۉ·ÌÓÈ ÒËÒÚÂÏ˚ Ë ÇÂıÓ‚ÌÓ„Ó ëÛ‰‡,
Ô‡‚ËÚÂθÒÚ‚‡ ÓÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ÎflÚ¸ ̇‰ÁÓ Á‡ ‰ÂflÚÂθÌÓÒÚ¸˛ ÍÓÚÓ˚È fl‚ÎflÎÒfl ‚˚Ò¯ÂÈ ËÌÒڇ̈ËÂÈ ÔÓ‰‡˜Ë
ÊÂÎÂÁÌ˚ı ‰ÓÓ„. ÑÎfl ˝ÚÓ„Ó ·˚· ÒÓÁ‰‡Ì‡ ÍÓÏËÒÒËfl ÔÓ ‡ÔÂÎÎflˆËÈ ÔÓ ÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌÌ˚Ï ¯ÂÌËflÏ ÒÛ‰Ó‚
ÚÓ„ӂΠÏÂÊ‰Û ¯Ú‡Ú‡ÏË, ÒÓÒÚÓfl˘‡fl ËÁ ÔflÚË ˜ÂÎÓ‚ÂÍ. ¯Ú‡ÚÓ‚.
Intolerable Actœ / «ÉÌÛÒÌ˚ Á‡ÍÓÌ˚», ÒÛ˘., Judiciary Act of 1801 / á‡ÍÓÌ Ó Òۉ·ÌÓÈ
ÒÂËfl Á‡ÍÓÌÓ‚, ÔËÌflÚ˚ı è‡·ÏÂÌÚÓÏ ‚ 1774, ‚·ÒÚË 1801 „Ó‰‡, ÒÛ˘., Á‡ÍÓÌ, ÍÓÚÓ˚È
˜ÚÓ·˚ ͇̇Á‡Ú¸ ÍÓÎÓÌËÒÚÓ‚ å‡ÒÒ‡˜ÛÒÂÚÒ‡ Á‡
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

Û‚Â΢ËÎ ˜ËÒÎÓ Ù‰Â‡Î¸Ì˚ı ÒÛ‰ÂÈ, ˜ÚÓ ÔÓÁ‚ÓÎËÎÓ

«ÅÓÒÚÓÌÒÍÓ ˜‡ÂÔËÚË». ÔÂÁˉÂÌÚÛ ÑÊÓÌÛ Ä‰‡ÏÒÛ Á‡ÔÓÎÌËÚ¸ ÌÓ‚˚Â
iron curtain / «ÊÂÎÂÁÌ˚È Á‡Ì‡‚ÂÒ», ÒÛ˘., Ù‡Á‡, ‰ÓÎÊÌÓÒÚË î‰Â‡ÎËÒÚ‡ÏË.
Ò͇Á‡Ì̇fl ìËÌÒÚÓÌÓÏ óÂ˜ËÎÎÂÏ ‚ 1946 „Ó‰Û, ‰Îfl Jungle, The / «ÑÊÛÌ„ÎË», ÒÛ˘., ÓÏ‡Ì ùÔÚÓ̇
ÓÔËÒ‡ÌËfl ‚ÓÓ·‡Ê‡ÂÏÓÈ ÎËÌËË, ÓÚ‰ÂÎfl‚¯ÂÈ ëËÌÍÎÂ‡, ÓÔÛ·ÎËÍÓ‚‡ÌÌ˚È ‚ 1906 „Ó‰Û, ‚ ÍÓÚÓÓÏ
ÍÓÏÏÛÌËÒÚ˘ÂÒÍË ÒÚ‡Ì˚ ëÓ‚ÂÚÒÍÓ„Ó ·ÎÓ͇ ÓÚ ÓÔËÒ˚‚‡˛ÚÒfl ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚Ó‚‡‚¯Ë ‚ ÚÓ ‚ÂÏfl ÓÔ‡ÒÌ˚ Ë
ÒÚ‡Ì á‡Ô‡‰ÌÓÈ Ö‚ÓÔ˚. Û„Óʇ˛˘Ë Á‰ÓÓ‚¸˛ ÛÒÎÓ‚Ëfl ̇ Ô‰ÔËflÚËflı ÔÓ
Iroquoiœ / àÓÍÂÁ˚, ÒÛ˘., ÔÎÂÏfl ÍÓÂÌÌ˚ı ÛÔ‡ÍÓ‚Í ÏflÒ‡.
‡ÏÂË͇̈‚, ÊË‚¯Ëı ‚ ÎÂÒ‡ı ̇ Ò‚ÂÓ-‚ÓÒÚÓÍÂ
ÄÏÂËÍË.
Iœlam / àÒ·Ï, ÒÛ˘., ÂÎË„Ëfl, ÓÒÌÓ‚‡Ì̇fl ‚
Ä‡‚ËË ‚ 622 „. ‰Ó Ì. ˝. ÔÓÓÍÓÏ åÛı‡ÏωÓÏ;
K
kamikaze / Ò‡ÏÓÛ·ËÈÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚È, ÔËÎ.
ÔÓÒΉӂ‡ÚÂÎË ‚Â˚ ̇Á˚‚‡˛ÚÒfl ÏÛÒÛθχ̇ÏË.
‚ӂΘÂÌÌ˚È ËÎË Û˜‡ÒÚ‚Û˛˘ËÈ ‚ ̇ÏÂÂÌÌÓÏ
iœolationiœm / ËÁÓÎflˆËÓÌËÁÏ, ÒÛ˘., ÒÚÓÎÍÌÓ‚ÂÌËË Ò‡ÏÓÎÂÚ‡, Á‡ÔÓÎÌÂÌÌÓ„Ó ·ÓÏ·‡ÏË Ò
ÔÓÚË‚ÓÔÓÎÓÊÌÓÒÚ¸ ÚÂÒÌÓÏÛ ÔÓÎËÚ˘ÂÒÍÓÏÛ Ë ‚ÓÂÌÌÓÈ ˆÂθ˛.
˝ÍÓÌÓÏ˘ÂÒÍÓÏÛ ÒÓÚÛ‰Ì˘ÂÒÚ‚Û Ò ‰Û„ËÏË ÒÚ‡Ì‡ÏË.
Kanœaœ-Nebraœka Act / á‡ÍÓÌ ä‡ÌÁ‡Ò-
ç·‡Ò͇, ÒÛ˘., Á‡ÍÓÌ, ÔËÌflÚ˚È ‚ 1854 „Ó‰Û,

J ÍÓÚÓ˚È ÛÒڇ̇‚ÎË‚‡Î „‡Ìˈ˚ ä‡ÌÁ‡Ò‡ Ë ç·‡ÒÍË

Ë Ô‰ÓÒÚ‡‚ÎflÎ ÊËÚÂÎflÏ ¯Ú‡Ú‡ Ô‡‚Ó ‡Á¯ËÚ¸
Japaneœe American Citizenœ League (JACL) / ËÎË Á‡ÔÂÚËÚ¸ ‡·ÒÚ‚Ó.
ãË„‡ ‡ÏÂË͇ÌÒÍËı „‡Ê‰‡Ì flÔÓÌÒÍÓÈ Kaœhaya Pomo / 䇯‡Èfl èÓÏÓ, ÒÛ˘., ÍÓÂÌÌÓÂ
̇ˆËÓ̇θÌÓÒÚË, ÒÛ˘., Ó„‡ÌËÁ‡ˆËfl, ÍÓÚÓ‡fl ̇ÒÂÎÂÌË ÄÏÂËÍÂ, ÍÓÚÓÓ ‡Ì ̇ÒÂÎflÎÓ
Á‡ÒÚ‡‚Ë· Ô‡‚ËÚÂθÒÚ‚Ó ëÓ‰ËÌÂÌÌ˚ı òÚ‡ÚÓ‚ ÔË·ÂÊÌ˚ ·ÓÎÓÚ‡ ‚ ‡ÈÓÌÂ, ÍÓÚÓ˚È ‚ ̇ÒÚÓfl˘ÂÂ
ÍÓÏÔÂÌÒËÓ‚‡Ú¸ ‡ÏÂË͇̈‡Ï flÔÓÌÒÍÓÈ Ì‡ˆËÓ̇θ- ‚ÂÏfl Á‡ÌËχÂÚ ä‡ÎËÙÓÌËfl.
ÌÓÒÚË ÒÓ·ÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓÒÚ¸, ÔÓÚÂflÌÌÛ˛ ËÎË ÔË
ËÌÚÂÌËÓ‚‡ÌËË ‚Ó ‚ÂÏfl ÇÚÓÓÈ ÏËÓ‚ÓÈ ‚ÓÈÌ˚.

MULTI-LANGUAGE GLOSSARY 187

RusGloss.TheAmerican 1/20/04 1:35 PM Page 188

Kent ¡tate Univerœity / äÂÌÚÒÍËÈ ÛÌË‚ÂÒËÚÂÚ, La Raza Unida / ㇠ê‡Á‡ ìÌˉ‡, ÒÛ˘., ·ÚËÌÓ-
ÒÛ˘., ÛÌË‚ÂÒËÚÂÚ é„‡ÈÓ, „‰Â ̇ˆËÓ̇θÌ˚ ‡ÏÂË͇ÌÒ͇fl ÔÓÎËÚ˘ÂÒ͇fl Ó„‡ÌËÁ‡ˆËfl, ÒÓÁ‰‡Ì̇fl
„‚‡‰ÂȈ˚ 4 χfl 1970 „Ó‰‡ ÓÚÍ˚ÎË Ó„Ó̸ ÔÓ ‚ 1970 „Ó‰Û ïÓÒ ÄÌÊÂÎÓ ÉÛÚËÂÂÒÓÏ.
ÒÚÛ‰ÂÌÚ‡Ï, ÔÓÚÂÒÚÓ‚‡‚¯ËÏ ÔÓÚË‚ ‚ÓÈÌ˚ ‚Ó League of Nationœ / ãË„‡ 燈ËÈ, ÒÛ˘.,
ǸÂÚ̇Ï - 4 ˜ÂÎÓ‚Â͇ ·˚ÎÓ Û·ËÚÓ Ë 9 ‡ÌÂÌÓ. Ó·˙‰ËÌÂÌË „ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚, ÒÓÁ‰‡ÌÌÓ ‚ 1920 „Ó‰Û ‰Îfl
RUSSIAN

Kerner Commiœœion / äÓÏËÒÒËfl äÂÌÂ‡, ÒÚËÏÛÎËÓ‚‡ÌËfl ÏÂʉÛ̇Ó‰ÌÓ„Ó ÒÓÚÛ‰Ì˘ÂÒÚ‚‡ Ë

ÒÛ˘., „ÛÔÔ‡ β‰ÂÈ, ̇Á̇˜ÂÌÌ˚ı ÔÂÁˉÂÌÚÓÏ ÒÓı‡ÌÂÌËfl ÏË‡.
ÑÊÓÌÒÓÌÓÏ ‰Îfl ËÁÛ˜ÂÌËfl ÒÎÛ˜‡Â‚ „ÓÓ‰ÒÍËı legiœlative branch / Á‡ÍÓÌÓ‰‡ÚÂθ̇fl ‚ÂÚ‚¸,
·ÂÒÔÓfl‰ÍÓ‚, ÂÍÓÏẨӂ‡‚¯‡fl ‰Â Ù‡ÍÚÓ ÒÛ˘., ‚ÂÚ‚¸ ‚·ÒÚË, Á‡ÌËχ˛˘‡flÒfl ÒÓÁ‰‡ÌËÂÏ
ÔÂÍ‡˘ÂÌË Ò„„‡ˆËË ‚ ‡ÏÂË͇ÌÒÍÓÏ Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚Â. Á‡ÍÓÌÓ‚.
King Philip’œ War / ÇÓÈ̇ ÍÓÓÎfl îËÎÎÎËÔ‡, Lend-Leaœe Act / á‡ÍÓÌ Ó ãẨ-ãËÁÂ, ÒÛ˘.,
ÒÛ˘., ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ ‚ 1675–1676 „Ó‰‡ı ÏÂÊ‰Û Á‡ÍÓÌ, ÔËÌflÚ˚È ‚ 1941 „Ó‰Û, ÍÓÚÓ˚È ÔÓÁ‚ÓÎflÎ
ÍÓÎÓÌËÒÚ‡ÏË çÓ‚ÓÈ ÄÌ„ÎËË Ë „ÛÔÔ‡ÏË ÍÓÂÌÌÓ„Ó ëÓ‰ËÌÂÌÌ˚Ï òÚ‡Ú‡Ï ÔÓÒÚ‡‚ÎflÚ¸ „ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚‡Ï,
̇ÒÂÎÂÌËfl ÄÏÂËÍË, Ó·˙‰ËÌÂÌÌ˚ÏË ÔÓ‰ Ò‡Ê‡˛˘ËÏÒfl Ò ‰Âʇ‚‡ÏË éÒË, ‚ÓÓÛÊÂÌË Ë
Ô‰‚Ó‰ËÚÂθÒÚ‚ÓÏ åÂÚ‡ÍÓχ, ‚Óʉfl ‚‡ÏÔ‡ÌÓ‡„Ó‚. ‰Û„Ë ÔËÔ‡Ò˚ ·ÂÁ ÌÂωÎÂÌÌÓÈ ÓÔ·Ú˚.
kinœhip / Ó‰ÒÚ‚Ó ÒÛ˘., Ò‚flÁ¸ ÏÂÊ‰Û ˜ÎÂ̇ÏË Limited Teœt Ban Treaty / ÑÓ„Ó‚Ó Ó·
ÒÂϸË. Ó„‡Ì˘ÂÌËË ËÒÔ˚Ú‡ÌËÈ fl‰ÂÌÓ„Ó ÓÛÊËfl,
Know-Nothing Party / è‡ÚËfl «ÌÂÁ̇ÂÍ», ÒÛ˘., ÒÛ˘., ‰Ó„Ó‚Ó 1963 „Ó‰‡, ÔÓ ÍÓÚÓÓÏÛ ëÓ‰ËÌÂÌÌ˚Â
̇Á‚‡ÌËÂ, ‰‡ÌÌÓ ‡ÏÂË͇ÌÒÍÓÈ Ô‡ÚËË, Ó·‡ÁÓ‚‡ÌÌÓÈ òÚ‡Ú˚ Ë ëÓ‚ÂÚÒÍËÈ ëÓ˛Á Òӄ·ÒËÎËÒ¸ Ì ÔÓ‚Ó‰ËÚ¸
‚ 1850-ı „Ó‰‡ı ‰Îfl ÒÌËÊÂÌËfl ‚ÎËflÌËfl ËÏÏË„‡ÌÚÓ‚. ËÒÔ˚Ú‡ÌËfl fl‰ÂÌÓ„Ó ÓÛÊËfl ‚ ‡ÚÏÓÒÙÂÂ.
Kongo / äÓÌ„Ó, ÒÛ˘., ‚ ÍÓ̈ 1400-ı „Ó‰Ó‚ „ÛÔÔ‡ lineage / Ó‰Ìfl, ÒÛ˘., „ÛÔÔ‡ β‰ÂÈ,
Ì·Óθ¯Ëı ÍÓÓ΂ÒÚ‚ ‚‰Óθ ÂÍË á‡Ë ‚ Á‡Ô‡‰ÌÓÈ ÔÓËÁӯ‰¯Ëı ÓÚ Ó·˘Â„Ó Ô‰͇.
Ë ˆÂÌÚ‡Î¸ÌÓÈ ÄÙËÍÂ, Ó·˙‰ËÌÂÌÌ˚ı Ó‰ÌËÏ long drive / ‰ÎËÌÌ˚È ÔÛÚ¸ ÔÂ„Ó̇ ÒÍÓÚ‡, ÒÛ˘.,
ÛÍÓ‚Ó‰ËÚÂÎÂÏ. ÔÂÂÏ¢ÂÌË ÒÍÓÚ‡ ÔÓ ÚÓÔ‡Ï ‰Ó ÏÂÒÚ‡ ÔÓ„ÛÁÍË.
Korean War / äÓÂÈÒ͇fl ‚ÓÈ̇, ÒÛ˘., ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ longhorn / ÎÓÌ„ıÓÌ, ÒÛ˘., ÔÓÓ‰‡ ÍÛÔÌÓ„Ó
ÏÂÊ‰Û ë‚ÂÌÓÈ Ë ûÊÌÓÈ äÓÂÂÈ, ‰ÎË‚¯ËÈÒfl Ò Ë ÒËθÌÓ„Ó ÒÍÓÚ‡, ÔË‚ÂÁÂÌÌÓ„Ó ËÒԇ̈‡ÏË
1950 ÔÓ 1953 „Ó‰˚, ‚ ÍÓÚÓÓÏ ëÓ‰ËÌÂÌÌ˚ òÚ‡Ú˚ ‚ åÂÍÒËÍÛ, ÍÓÚÓ‡fl ıÓÓ¯Ó ‡‰‡ÔÚËÓ‚‡Î‡Ò¸
Ë ÒÚ‡Ì˚ ééç Ò‡Ê‡ÎËÒ¸ ̇ ÒÚÓÓÌ ûÊÌÓÈ

Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

Í Á‡ÒÛ¯ÎË‚˚Ï ÛÒÎÓ‚ËflÏ ˛„Ó-Á‡Ô‡‰‡.
äÓÂË, ‡ äËÚ‡È – ̇ ÒÚÓÓÌ ë‚ÂÌÓÈ äÓÂË.
Louiœiana Purchaœe / ãÛËÁˇÌÒ͇fl ÔÓÍÛÔ͇,
Kriœtallnacht / «ïÛÒڇθ̇fl ÌÓ˜¸», ÒÛ˘., ÒÛ˘., ÔÓÍÛÔ͇ ‚ 1803 „Ó‰Û ëÓ‰ËÌÂÌÌ˚ÏË òÚ‡Ú‡ÏË
̇Á‚‡ÌËÂ, ÍÓÚÓÓ ÔÓÎۘ˷ ÌÓ˜¸ 9 ÌÓfl·fl 1938 Á‡ 15 ÏËÎÎËÓÌÓ‚ ‰ÓηÓ‚ ÚÂËÚÓËË Ù‡ÌˆÛÁÒÍÓÈ
„Ó‰‡, ÍÓ„‰‡ ·‡Ì‰˚ ¯ÚÛÏÓ‚˚ı ÓÚfl‰Ó‚ ̇ˆËÒÚÓ‚ ãÛËÁˇÌ˚, ÔÓÚË‡‚¯ÂÈÒfl ÓÚ ÂÍË åËÒÒËÒËÔË ‰Ó
̇ԇÎË Ì‡ ‚ÂÈÒÍË ‰Óχ, ÍÓÏÔ‡ÌËË Ë ÒË̇„Ó„Ë ‚ ë͇ÎËÒÚ˚ı „Ó.
ÉÂχÌËË.
Loyaliœtœ / ãÓflÎËÒÚ˚, ÒÛ˘., ÍÓÎÓÌËÒÚ˚,
Ku Klux Klan (KKK) / äÛ äÎÛÒ äÎ‡Ì (äää), ÔÓ‰‰ÂÊË‚‡˛˘Ë Ô‡‚ËÚÂθÒÚ‚Ó ÇÂÎËÍÓ·ËÚ‡ÌËË
ÒÛ˘., ÒÂÍÂÚ̇fl Ó„‡ÌËÁ‡ˆËfl, ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡‚¯‡fl ‚Ó ‚ÂÏfl ÄÏÂË͇ÌÒÍÓÈ ‚ÓβˆËË.
Ú‡ÍÚËÍÛ ÚÂÓ‡ ÔË ÔÓÔ˚Ú͇ı ‚ÓÒÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚ÎÂÌËfl
Luœitania / ãÛÁËÚ‡ÌËfl, ÒÛ˘., ·ËÚ‡ÌÒÍÓÂ
Ô‚ÓÒıÓ‰ÒÚ‚‡ ˛ÊÌ˚ı ¯Ú‡ÚÓ‚ ÔÓÒΠ„‡Ê‰‡ÌÒÍÓÈ
Ô‡ÒÒ‡ÊËÒÍÓ ÒÛ‰ÌÓ, ÔÓÚÓÔÎÂÌÌÓ ÌÂψÍÓÈ
‚ÓÈÌ˚ ‚ ëòÄ.
ÔÓ‰‚Ó‰ÌÓÈ ÎÓ‰ÍÓÈ ‚ 1915 „Ó‰Û.
Kwakiutl / 䂇ÍËÛÚθ, ÒÛ˘., ÍÓÂÌÌÓ ̇ÒÂÎÂÌËÂ
ÄÏÂËÍË, ÍÓÚÓÓ ‡Ì ÔÓÊË‚‡ÎÓ Ì‡ Ò‚ÂÓ-
Á‡Ô‡‰ÌÓÏ ÔÓ·ÂÂʸ ë‚ÂÌÓÈ ÄÏÂËÍË.
M
mandate / χ̉‡Ú, ÒÛ˘., ÔÓÎÌÓÏÓ˜Ëfl ̇ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl,
L ÍÓÚÓ˚ ÔÓÎÛ˜‡ÂÚ ËÁ·‡ÌÌ˚È „ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚È
‰ÂflÚÂθ ÓÚ ËÁ·‡‚¯Ëı Â„Ó ËÁ·Ë‡ÚÂÎÂÈ.
land grant / ‰‡Ó‚‡ÌË ÁÂÏÎË, ÒÛ˘., ‰‡
Manhattan Project / å‡ÌıÂÚÚÂÌÒÍËÈ ÔÓÂÍÚ,
„ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓÈ ÁÂÏÎË ˜‡ÒÚÌÓÏÛ ÎËˆÛ ËÎË
ÒÛ˘., ÔÓ„‡Ïχ ëÓ‰ËÌÂÌÌ˚ı òÚ‡ÚÓ‚ ÔÓ
Ó„‡ÌËÁ‡ˆËË.
‡Á‡·ÓÚÍ ‡ÚÓÏÌÓÈ ·ÓÏ·˚ ‰Îfl  ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌËfl
Land Ordinance of 1785 / é‰Ó̇ÌÒ Ó ÁÂÏΠ‚Ó ÇÚÓÓÈ ÏËÓ‚ÓÈ ‚ÓÈÌÂ.
1785 „Ó‰‡, ÒÛ˘., Á‡ÍÓÌ, ÍÓÚÓ˚È ÛÒڇ̇‚ÎË‚‡Î
manifeœt deœtiny / Ô‰̇˜ÂÚ‡ÌË ÒÛ‰¸·˚,
ÔÓfl‰ÓÍ Ì‡‰ÁÓ‡ Ë ÔÓ‰‡ÊË Ù‰Â‡Î¸Ì˚ı ÁÂÏÂθ Í
ÒÛ˘., ‚ XIX ‚ÂÍ ۷ÂʉÂÌËÂ, ˜ÚÓ ëÓ‰ËÌÂÌÌ˚Â
Á‡Ô‡‰Û ÓÚ ÄÔԇ·˜ÒÍËı „Ó.
òÚ‡Ú˚ ·Û‰ÛÚ Ó·flÁ‡ÚÂθÌÓ ‡Ò¯ËflÚ¸Òfl ̇ Á‡Ô‡‰ ‰Ó
íËıÓ„Ó Ó͇̇ Ë Ì‡ ÚÂËÚÓ˲ åÂÍÒËÍË.
188 THE AMERICANS
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Marbury v. Madiœon / å‡·ÂË ÔÓÚË‚ Medicaid / å‰ËÍ˝È‰, ÒÛ˘., ÔÓ„‡Ïχ, ÔËÌflÚ‡fl

å˝‰ËÒÓ̇, ÒÛ˘., Òۉ·ÌÓ ‰ÂÎÓ 1803 „Ó‰‡, ‚ 1965 „Ó‰Û ÔÓ „ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓÏÛ Ï‰ˈËÌÒÍÓÏÛ
‚ ÍÓÚÓÓÏ ÇÂıÓ‚Ì˚È ëÛ‰ ÔÓÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚ËÎ, ˜ÚÓ ÒÚ‡ıÓ‚‡Ì˲ ̇ÒÂÎÂÌËfl.
ÓÌ ËÏÂÂÚ Ô‡‚Ó ÓÚÏÂÌËÚ¸ Á‡ÍÓÌÓ‰‡ÚÂθÌ˚ ‡ÍÚ˚, Medicare / å‰ËÍ˝, ÒÛ˘., Ù‰Â‡Î¸Ì‡fl
ÔÓ‚ÓÁ„·ÒË‚ Ëı ‡ÌÚËÍÓÌÒÚËÚÛˆËÓÌÌ˚ÏË. ùÚÓ Ô‡‚Ó ÔÓ„‡Ïχ, Û˜ÂʉÂÌ̇fl ‚ 1965 „Ó‰Û,

RUSSIAN
ÒÚ‡ÎÓ Ì‡Á˚‚‡Ú¸Òfl Òۉ·Ì˚È ÔÂÂÒÏÓÚ. Ô‰ÓÒÚ‡‚Îfl˛˘‡fl θ„ÓÚÌӠωˈËÌÒÍÓÂ
market revolution / ˚ÌӘ̇fl ‚ÓβˆËfl, ÒÛ˘., ÒÚ‡ıÓ‚‡ÌË ‰Îfl Îˈ ÒÚ‡¯Â 65 ÎÂÚ.
Á̇˜ËÚÂθÌ˚ ËÁÏÂÌÂÌËfl ‚ ˝ÍÓÌÓÏËÍ ëÓ‰ËÌÂÌÌ˚ı melting pot / ÒϯÂÌËÂ, ÒÛ˘., ÒϯÂÌË β‰ÂÈ
òÚ‡ÚÓ‚, ‚˚Á‚‡ÌÌ˚ ÚÂÏ, ˜ÚÓ Ì‡ÒÂÎÂÌË ÒÚ‡ÎÓ ‡ÁÌÓÈ ÍÛθÚÛ˚ Ë ‡ÒÓ‚ÓÈ ÔË̇‰ÎÂÊÌÓÒÚË,
ÔÓ‰‡‚‡Ú¸ Ë ÔÓÍÛÔ‡Ú¸ ÚÓ‚‡˚, ‡ Ì ÔÓËÁ‚Ó‰ËÚ¸ Ëı ÍÓÚÓ˚ Òϯ‡ÎËÒ¸ ‚ÏÂÒÚÂ Ë ÓÚ͇Á‡ÎËÒ¸ ÓÚ Ò‚Ó„Ó
ÚÓθÍÓ ‰Îfl ÒÓ·ÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ„Ó ÔÓÚ·ÎÂÌËfl. Ó‰ÌÓ„Ó flÁ˚͇ Ë ÍÛθÚÛ˚.
Marœhall Plan / èÎ‡Ì å‡¯‡Î·, ÒÛ˘., mercantiliœm / ÒËÒÚÂχ ÏÂ͇ÌÚËÎËÁχ, ÒÛ˘.,
ÔÓ„‡Ïχ, Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌ̇fl ÉÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚Ï ˝ÍÓÌÓÏ˘ÂÒ͇fl ÒËÒÚÂχ, ÔË ÍÓÚÓÓÈ „ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚‡
ëÂÍÂÚ‡ÂÏ ÑÊÓ‰ÊÂÏ å‡¯‡ÎÎÓÏ ‚ 1947 „Ó‰Û, ÒÚÂÏflÚÒfl Û‚Â΢ËÚ¸ Ò‚Ó ·Î‡„ÓÒÓÒÚÓflÌËÂ Ë ÏÓ˘¸
Òӄ·ÒÌÓ ÍÓÚÓÓÈ ëÓ‰ËÌÂÌÌ˚ òÚ‡Ú˚ Ó͇Á˚‚‡ÎË ÔËÓ·ÂÚÂÌËÂÏ ·Óθ¯Ó„Ó ÍÓ΢ÂÒÚ‚‡ ÁÓÎÓÚ‡ Ë ÒÂ·‡
˝ÍÓÌÓÏ˘ÂÒÍÛ˛ ÔÓÏÓ˘¸ ‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍËÏ „ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚‡Ï Ë ÒÓÁ‰‡ÌËÂÏ ÔÓÎÓÊËÚÂθÌÓ„Ó ÚÓ„Ó‚Ó„Ó ·‡Î‡ÌÒ‡.
‰Îfl Ëı ‚ÓÒÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚ÎÂÌËfl ÔÓÒΠÇÚÓÓÈ ÏËÓ‚ÓÈ ‚ÓÈÌ˚.
Merrimack / åÂËχÍ, ÒÛ˘., ·ÓÌËÓ‚‡ÌÌÓÂ
martial law / ‚ÓÂÌÌÓ ÔÓÎÓÊÂÌËÂ, ÒÛ˘., ÒÛ‰ÌÓ, ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡‚¯ÂÂÒfl ˛Ê‡Ì‡ÏË ‚ É‡Ê‰‡ÌÒÍÓÈ
‚ÂÏÂÌÌÓ Ô‡‚ÎÂÌË ‚ÓÂÌÌ˚ÏË, ‡ Ì „‡Ê‰‡ÌÒÍËÏË ‚ÓÈÌ ëòÄ.
Ó„‡Ì‡ÏË.
meœtizo / Òϯ‡ÌÌ˚ı ÍÓ‚ÂÈ, ÔË·„.,
maœœ media / χÒÒωˇ, ÒÛ˘., Ò‰ÒÚ‚‡ Òϯ‡ÌÌ˚ı ËÒÔ‡ÌÒÍËı Ë Ë̉ÂÈÒÍËı ÍÓ‚ÂÈ.
Ò‚flÁË, Ú‡ÍËÂ Í‡Í ÚÂ΂ˉÂÌËÂ, „‡ÁÂÚ˚ Ë ‡‰ËÓ,
middle paœœage / Ò‰Ì‚ÂÍÓ‚˚È ‚Ó‰Ì˚È ÔÛÚ¸,
Óı‚‡Ú˚‚‡˛˘Ë ¯ËÓÍÛ˛ ‡Û‰ËÚÓ˲.
ÒÛ˘., ÔÛÚ¯ÂÒÚ‚ËÂ, ÍÓÚÓÓ ÔË‚ÂÎÓ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰Ì˚ı
maœœ production / χÒÒÓ‚Ó ÔÓËÁ‚Ó‰ÒÚ‚Ó, ‡ÙË͇̈‚ ‚ ÇÂÒÚ-àÌ‰Ë˛ Ë ÔÓÁ‰Ì ‚ ë‚ÂÌÛ˛
ÒÛ˘., ÔÓËÁ‚Ó‰ÒÚ‚Ó ÚÓ‚‡Ó‚ ‚ ·Óθ¯ÓÏ ÍÓ΢ÂÒÚ‚Â, ÄÏÂËÍÛ.
˜ÚÓ ÒÚ‡ÎÓ ‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌ˚Ï ·Î‡„Ó‰‡fl ÔËÏÂÌÂÌ˲
midnight judge / ÔÓÎÌÓ˜Ì˚È ÒÛ‰¸fl, ÒÛ˘., Ó‰ËÌ
χ¯ËÌ Ë ‡Á‰ÂÎÂÌ˲ ÚÛ‰‡.
ËÁ ÒÛ‰ÂÈ, ̇Á̇˜ÂÌÌ˚ı ÑÊÓÌÓÏ Ä‰‡ÏÒÓÏ ‚
maœœ tranœit / χÒÒÓ‚˚È Ú‡ÌÁËÚ, ÒÛ˘.,
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

ÔÓÒΉÌË ˜‡Ò˚ Ò‚ÓÂÈ ‡‰ÏËÌËÒÚ‡ˆËË.

Ú‡ÌÒÔÓÚÌ˚ ÒËÒÚÂÏ˚, Ô‰̇Á̇˜ÂÌÌ˚ ‰Îfl
militariœm / ÏËÎËÚ‡ËÁÏ, ÒÛ˘., ÔÓÎËÚË͇,
ÔÂÂÏ¢ÂÌËfl ·Óθ¯Ó„Ó ÍÓ΢ÂÒÚ‚‡ β‰ÂÈ ÔÓ
Á‡Íβ˜‡˛˘‡flÒfl ‚ ÔÓ‰‰ÂʇÌËË ‚ÓÓÛÊÂÌÌ˚ı ÒËÎ ‚
ÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌÌ˚Ï Ï‡¯ÛÚ‡Ï.
ÔÓÒÚÓflÌÌÓÈ „ÓÚÓ‚ÌÓÒÚË Í ‚ÓÈÌÂ Ë Ëı ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌËÂ
maœter / χÒÚÂ, ÒÛ˘., ËÒÍÛÒÌ˚È ÂÏÂÒÎÂÌÌËÍ, ‚ ͇˜ÂÒÚ‚Â ËÌÒÚÛÏÂÌÚ‡ ‰ËÔÎÓχÚËË.
Ó·˚˜ÌÓ Ë̉˂ˉۇθÌÓ ‚·‰Â˛˘ËÈ ·ËÁÌÂÒÓÏ Ë
minutemen / ÒÓΉ‡Ú ̇Ó‰ÌÓÈ ÏËÎˈËË, ÒÛ˘.,
̇ÌËχ˛˘ËÈ Ì‡ ‡·ÓÚÛ ‰Û„Ëı.
Ô‡ÚËÓÚ˘ÂÒÍË Ì‡ÒÚÓÂÌÌÓ „‡Ê‰‡ÌÒÍÓ ̇ÒÂÎÂÌËÂ,
Maya / å‡Èfl, ÒÛ˘., ÍÓÂÌÌÓ ̇ÒÂÎÂÌË ÄÏÂËÍË, ÌÂÔÓÒ‰ÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ ÔÂ‰ Ë ‚Ó ‚ÂÏfl ÄÏÂË͇ÌÒÍÓÈ
˜¸fl ˆË‚ËÎËÁ‡ˆËfl ÔÓˆ‚Âڇ· ‚ É‚‡ÚÂχÎÂ Ë Ì‡ ‚ÓβˆËË, „ÓÚÓ‚Ó ‚ÒÚÛÔËÚ¸ ‚ ·ÓÈ ÔË ÔÂ‚ÓÈ
ÔÓÎÛÓÒÚÓ‚Â ûÍ‡Ú‡Ì ‚ ÔÂËÓ‰ ÏÂÊ‰Û 250 Ë 900 „. ÌÂÓ·ıÓ‰ËÏÓÒÚË.
‰Ó Ì. ˝.
Miœœiœœippian / åËÒËÒËÔˇ̈˚, ÒÛ˘., ÔÓÒΉÌflfl
McCarthyiœm / å‡Í͇ÚËÁÏ, ÒÛ˘., ‚ ̇˜‡ÎÂ Ë Ò‡ÏÓ ‡Á‚ËÚ‡fl ËÁ Ó·˘ËÌ ÁÂÏΉÂθˆÂ‚, ÊË‚¯‡fl ‚
1950-ı „Ó‰Ó‚ ̇ԇ‰ÍË, ˜‡ÒÚÓ ÌÂÓ·ÓÒÌÓ‚‡ÌÌ˚Â, ‰ÓÎË̇ı 鄇ÈÓ Ë åËÒÒËÒËÔË ‚ ÔÂËÓ‰ Ò 790 „. ‰Ó Ì.
ÒÂ̇ÚÓ‡ ÑÊÓÁÂÙ‡ å‡Í͇ÚË Ë ‰Û„Ëı ̇ β‰ÂÈ, ˝. ‰Ó 1500 „. Ì. ˝.
ÔÓ‰ÓÁ‚‡ÂÏ˚ı ‚ Ò‚flÁflı Ò ÍÓÏÏÛÌËÒÚ‡ÏË.
Miœœouri Compromiœe / åËÒÒÛËÈÒÍËÈ ÍÓÏÔÓÏËÒÒ
McCulloch v. Maryland / å‡Í͇ÎÓı ÔÓÚË‚ ÒÛ˘., ÒÂËfl Òӄ·¯ÂÌËÈ, Ôӯ‰¯Ëı ‚ äÓÌ„ÂÒÒ 1820-
¯Ú‡Ú‡ å˝ËÎẨ, ÒÛ˘., Òۉ·ÌÓ ‰ÂÎÓ ‚ 1819 1821 „Ó‰‡ı ‰Îfl ÔÓ‰‰ÂʇÌËfl ·‡Î‡ÌÒ‡ ‚·ÒÚË ÏÂʉÛ
„Ó‰Û, ÔÓ ÍÓÚÓÓÏÛ ÇÂıÓ‚Ì˚È ëÛ‰ ÔÓÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚ËÎ, ˜ÚÓ ‡·Ó‚·‰Âθ˜ÂÒÍËÏË Ë Ò‚Ó·Ó‰Ì˚ÏË ¯Ú‡Ú‡ÏË.
¯Ú‡Ú å˝ËÎẨ Ì ËÏÂÂÚ Ô‡‚Ó ‚ÁËχڸ ̇ÎÓ„ Ò
Monitor / åÓÌËÚÓ, ÒÛ˘., ·ÓÌËÓ‚‡ÌÌÓ ÒÛ‰ÌÓ,
ŇÌ͇ ëÓ‰ËÌÂÌÌ˚ı òÚ‡ÚÓ‚, ˜ÚÓ ÒÔÓÒÓ·ÒÚ‚Ó‚‡ÎÓ
ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡‚¯ÂÂÒfl Ò‚Âfl̇ÏË ‚ É‡Ê‰‡ÌÒÍÓÈ ‚ÓÈÌÂ
ÛÒËÎÂÌ˲ ÍÓÌÚÓÎfl Ù‰Â‡Î¸ÌÓ„Ó Ô‡‚ËÚÂθÒÚ‚‡
ëòÄ.
̇‰ ˝ÍÓÌÓÏËÍÓÈ.
Monroe Doctrine / ÑÓÍÚË̇ åÓÌÓ, ÒÛ˘.,
Meat Inœpection Act / á‡ÍÓÌ Ó ÔÓ‚ÂÍÂ
ÔÓÎËÚË͇ ÔÓÚË‚Ó‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl ëÓ‰ËÌÂÌÌ˚ı òÚ‡ÚÓ‚
͇˜ÂÒÚ‚‡ ÏflÒ‡, ÒÛ˘., Á‡ÍÓÌ, ÔËÌflÚ˚È ‚ 1906 „Ó‰Û,
β·ÓÏÛ Â‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍÓÏÛ ‚ϯ‡ÚÂθÒÚ‚Û ‚ ‰Â·
ÍÓÚÓ˚È ÛÒڇ̇‚ÎË‚‡Î ÒÚÓ„Ë Ú·ӂ‡ÌËfl Í ˜ËÒÚÓÚÂ
á‡Ô‡‰ÌÓ„Ó ÔÓÎÛ¯‡Ëfl, ÔÓ‚ÓÁ„·¯ÂÌ̇fl
ÛÔ‡ÍÓ‚ÍË ÏflÒ‡ Ë ÔÓÒÎÛÊËÎ ÓÒÌÓ‚ÓÈ ‰Îfl ÒÓÁ‰‡ÌËfl
ÔÂÁˉÂÌÚÓÏ åÓÌÓ ‚ 1823 „Ó‰Û.
Ù‰Â‡Î¸ÌÓÈ ÔÓ„‡ÏÏ˚ ÔÓ‚ÂÍË Í‡˜ÂÒÚ‚‡ ÏflÒ‡.
MULTI-LANGUAGE GLOSSARY 189
RusGloss.TheAmerican 1/20/04 1:35 PM Page 190

Moral Majority / åÓ‡Î¸ÌÓ ·Óθ¯ËÌÒÚ‚Ó, National Bank Act / á‡ÍÓÌ Ó „ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓÏ

ÒÛ˘., ÔÓÎËÚ˘ÂÒÍËÈ ÒÓ˛Á ÂÎË„ËÓÁÌ˚ı „ÛÔÔ, ·‡ÌÍÂ, ÒÛ˘., Á‡ÍÓÌÓ‰‡ÚÂθÌ˚È ‡ÍÚ, ÔËÌflÚ˚È ‚ 1863
ÒÓÒÚÓfl˘ËÈ ‚ ÓÒÌÓ‚ÌÓÏ ËÁ ıËÒÚË‡Ì Â‚‡Ì„ÂÎËÒÚÓ‚ Ë „Ó‰Û, ˜ÚÓ·˚ ҉·ڸ ·‡ÌÍÓ‚ÒÍË ÓÔÂ‡ˆËË ·ÓÎÂÂ
ÙÛ̉‡ÏÂÌÚ‡ÎËÒÚÓ‚, ÍÓÚÓ˚È ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ó‚‡Î ‚ 1970-ı – ·ÂÁÓÔ‡ÒÌ˚ÏË ‰Îfl ËÌ‚ÂÒÚÓÓ‚. éÌ ‚Íβ˜‡Î ÒËÒÚÂÏÛ
1980-ı „Ó‰‡ı. ëÓ˛Á ÓÒÛʉ‡Î ÎË·Â‡Î¸ÌÓ Ôӂ‰ÂÌË ÛÔÓÎÌÓÏÓ˜ÂÌÌ˚ı Ù‰Â‡Î¸Ì˚ı ·‡ÌÍÓ‚, ÌÓ‚˚Â
RUSSIAN

Ë ÎË·Â‡Î¸Ì˚ ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËfl ‚ Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚Â, ‡ Ú‡ÍÊ Ú·ӂ‡ÌËfl Í Á‡ÈÏ‡Ï Ë ÒËÒÚÂÏÛ ÔÓ‚ÂÓÍ ·‡ÌÍÓ‚.

ÒÓ·Ë‡Î ‰Â̸„Ë ‰Îfl ÍÓÌÒÂ‚‡ÚË‚Ì˚ı ͇̉ˉ‡ÚÓ‚. National Energy Act / 燈ËÓ̇θÌ˚È Á‡ÍÓÌ Ó·
Mormonœ / åÓÏÓÌ˚, ÒÛ˘., ˜ÎÂÌ˚ ˆÂÍ‚Ë, ˝ÌÂ„ÂÚËÍÂ, ÒÛ˘., Á‡ÍÓÌ, ÔËÌflÚ˚È ‚Ó ‚ÂÏfl
Ó·‡ÁÓ‚‡ÌÌÓÈ ÑÊÓÁÂÙÓÏ ëÏËÚÓÏ Ë Â„Ó ‡‰ÏËÌËÒÚ‡ˆËË ä‡ÚÂ‡, ÍÓÚÓ˚È ÛÒڇ̇‚ÎË‚‡Î
ÒÔÓ‰‚ËÊÌË͇ÏË ‚ 1830 „Ó‰Û. ̇ÎÓ„ ̇ ‡‚ÚÓÏÓ·ËÎË Ò ·Óθ¯ËÏ ‡ÒıÓ‰ÓÏ ÚÓÔÎË‚‡,
Morrill Actœ / á‡ÍÓÌ˚ åÓËη, ÒÛ˘., Á‡ÍÓÌ˚, ÓÚÏÂÌflÎ ÍÓÌÚÓθ ˆÂÌ Ì‡ ÌÂÙÚ¸ Ë ÔËÓ‰Ì˚È „‡Á Ë
ÔËÌflÚ˚ ‚ 1862 Ë 1890 „Ó‰‡ı Ò ˆÂθ˛ Ó͇Á‡ÌËfl Ô‰ÓÒÚ‡‚ÎflΠ̇ÎÓ„Ó‚˚ θ„ÓÚ˚ ‰Îfl ‡Á‚ËÚËfl
ÔÓÏÓ˘Ë ÒÂθÒÍÓıÓÁflÈÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚Ï ÍÓÎΉʇÏ, ‡Î¸ÚÂ̇ÚË‚Ì˚ı ËÒÚÓ˜ÌËÍÓ‚ ˝ÌÂ„ËË.
ÔÓÒ‰ÒÚ‚ÓÏ Ô‰ÓÒÚ‡‚ÎÂÌËfl Ù‰Â‡Î¸Ì˚ı ÁÂÏÂθ National Induœtrial Recovery Act (NIRA) /
¯Ú‡Ú‡Ï. á‡ÍÓÌ Ó ‚ÓÒÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚ÎÂÌËË Ì‡ˆËÓ̇θÌÓÈ
muckraker / «‡Á„·‡ÚÂθ „flÁË» ÒÛ˘., ÔÓÏ˚¯ÎÂÌÌÓÒÚË, ÒÛ˘., Á‡ÍÓÌ, ÔËÌflÚ˚È ‚ 1933
Ó‰ËÌ ËÁ ÊÛ̇ÎËÒÚÓ‚ ÊÛ̇·, ÍÓÚÓ˚È ÔË҇Π„Ó‰Û, ÛÒڇ̇‚ÎË‚‡˛˘ËÈ Ô‡‚Ë· ˜ÂÒÚÌÓ„Ó ‚‰ÂÌËfl
Ó ÍÓÛÔˆËË ‚ ·ËÁÌÂÒÂ Ë Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓÈ ÊËÁÌË ·ËÁÌÂÒ‡ ‚ ÔÓÏ˚¯ÎÂÌÌÓÒÚË Ë ÒÔÓÒÓ·ÒÚ‚Ó‚‡‚¯ËÈ
‚ ̇˜‡Î 1900-ı „Ó‰Ó‚. ÓÒÚÛ ÔÓÏ˚¯ÎÂÌÌÓÒÚË.
Munn v. Illinoiœ / å‡ÌÌ ÔÓÚË‚ ¯Ú‡Ú‡ nationaliœm / ̇ˆËÓ̇ÎËÁÏ, ÒÛ˘.,
àÎÎËÌÓÈÒ, ÒÛ˘., Òۉ·ÌÓ ‡Á·Ë‡ÚÂθÒÚ‚Ó ‚ ÔË‚ÂÊÂÌÌÓÒÚ¸ ËÌÚÂÂÒ‡Ï Ë ÍÛθÚÛ ӉÌÓÈ Ì‡ˆËË.
1877 „Ó‰Û, ÍÓ„‰‡ ÇÂıÓ‚Ì˚È ëÛ‰ ÔÓ‰Ú‚Â‰ËÎ National Labor Relationœ Board (NLRB) /
Ô‡‚Ó ÍÓÌÚÓÎfl ¯Ú‡ÚÓ‚ ̇‰ ÊÂÎÂÁÌ˚ÏË ‰ÓÓ„‡ÏË ‚ 燈ËÓ̇θÌÓ ÛÔ‡‚ÎÂÌË ÔÓ ‚ÓÔÓÒ‡Ï
ÔÓθÁÛ ÙÂÏÂÓ‚ Ë ÔÓÚ·ËÚÂÎÂÈ, ˜ÚÓ Ô‰ÓÒÚ‡‚ËÎÓ ÚÛ‰Ó‚˚ı ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËÈ, ÒÛ˘., ‡„ÂÌÚÒÚ‚Ó,
„ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚Û Ô‡‚Ó „ÛÎËÓ‚‡Ú¸ ˜‡ÒÚÌÛ˛ ÒÓÁ‰‡ÌÌÓ ‚ 1935 „Ó‰Û ‰Îfl Ô‰ÓÚ‚‡˘ÂÌËfl
ÔÓÏ˚¯ÎÂÌÌÓÒÚ¸ ‰Îfl Á‡˘ËÚ˚ ËÌÚÂÂÒÓ‚ ̇ÒÂÎÂÌËfl. ̉ӷÓÒÓ‚ÂÒÚÌÓÈ Ô‡ÍÚËÍË ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌËfl ÚÛ‰‡
My Lai / åË ã‡È (ëÓÌ„ÏË), ÒÛ˘., ‰Â‚Ìfl ‚ Ë Û„ÛÎËÓ‚‡ÌËfl ÒÔÓÓ‚ ÏÂÊ‰Û ‡·Ó˜ËÏË Ë
Ò‚ÂÌÓÈ ˜‡ÒÚË ûÊÌÓ„Ó Ç¸ÂÚ̇χ, „‰Â ‡ÏÂË͇ÌÒÍË ÏẨÊÏÂÌÚÓÏ.

Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

ÒÓΉ‡Ú˚ ‚ χ 1968 „Ó‰‡ Û·ËÎË ·ÓΠ200 ·ÂÁÓÛÊÌ˚ı National Organization for Women (NOW) /
„‡Ê‰‡ÌÒÍËı Îˈ, ‚Íβ˜‡fl ÊÂÌ˘ËÌ Ë ‰ÂÚÂÈ. 燈ËÓ̇θ̇fl Ó„‡ÌËÁ‡ˆËfl ÊÂÌ˘ËÌ, ÒÛ˘.,
Ó„‡ÌËÁ‡ˆËfl, ÒÓÁ‰‡Ì̇fl ‚ 1966 „Ó‰Û ‰Îfl ‡ÎËÁ‡ˆËË
ÙÂÏËÌËÒÚÒÍËı ˆÂÎÂÈ, Ú‡ÍËı Í‡Í ÛÎÛ˜¯ÂÌËÂ
N ÛÒÎÓ‚ËÈ ‚ ‰ÂÚÒÍËı ‰Ó¯ÍÓθÌ˚ı Û˜ÂʉÂÌËflı,
ÒÓÁ‰‡ÌË ÛÒÎÓ‚ËÈ ‰Îfl ÔÓÎÛ˜ÂÌËfl Ó·‡ÁÓ‚‡ÌËfl Ë
NAACP / 燈ËÓ̇θ̇fl ‡ÒÒӈˇˆËfl ·Ó¸·‡ Ò ‰ËÒÍËÏË̇ˆËÂÈ Ì‡ ‡·ÓÚÂ.
ÒÓ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl ÔÓ„ÂÒÒÛ ˆ‚ÂÚÌÓ„Ó Ì‡ÒÂÎÂÌËfl,
National Road / 燈ËÓ̇θ̇fl ‰ÓÓ„‡,
ÒÛ˘., Ó„‡ÌËÁ‡ˆËfl, Ó·‡ÁÓ‚‡Ì̇fl ‚ 1909 „Ó‰Û ‰Îfl
ÒÛ˘., ÙË̇ÌÒËÛÂÏÓ ËÁ Ù‰Â‡Î¸Ì˚ı ÙÓ̉ӂ
·Ó¸·˚ Á‡ ‡ÒÓ‚Ó ‡‚ÌÓÔ‡‚ËÂ.
ÒÚÓËÚÂθÒÚ‚Ó ÏÓ˘ÌÓÈ ‰ÓÓ„Ë Ì‡˜‡ÎÓÒ¸ ‚ 1811
NACW / 燈ËÓ̇θ̇fl ‡ÒÒӈˇˆËfl ˆ‚ÂÚÌ˚ı „Ó‰Û Ë Í 1838 Ó̇ ÔÓÚflÌÛ·Ҹ ÓÚ äÛÏ·ÂÎẨ‡,
ÊÂÌ˘ËÌ, ÒÛ˘., Ó„‡ÌËÁ‡ˆËfl ÒӈˇθÌÓ„Ó å˝ËÎẨ ‰Ó LJ̉‡ÎËË, àÎÎËÌÓÈÒ.
Ó·ÒÎÛÊË‚‡ÌËfl, ÒÓÁ‰‡Ì̇fl ‚ 1896 „Ó‰Û.
National Tradeœ’ Union / 燈ËÓ̇θÌ˚Â
NAFTA / çÄîíÄ, ÒÛ˘., ë‚ÂÓ‡ÏÂË͇ÌÒÍÓ ÔÓÙÒÓ˛Á˚, ÒÛ˘., ÔÂ‚‡fl ̇ˆËÓ̇θ̇fl
Òӄ·¯ÂÌËÂ Ó Ò‚Ó·Ó‰Â ÚÓ„Ó‚ÎË – ‰Ó„Ó‚Ó 1993 „Ó‰‡, ‡ÒÒӈˇˆËfl ÔÓÙÂÒÒËÓ̇θÌ˚ı ÒÓ˛ÁÓ‚, ÒÓÁ‰‡Ì̇fl
ÍÓÚÓ˚È ÒÌËÁËÎ Ú‡ËÙ˚ Ë ‚Íβ˜ËÎ åÂÍÒËÍÛ ‚ ÁÓÌÛ ‚ 1834 „Ó‰Û.
Ò‚Ó·Ó‰ÌÓÈ ÚÓ„Ó‚ÎË, ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚Ó‚‡‚¯Û˛ ÏÂʉÛ
National Youth Adminiœtration / 燈ËÓ̇θ̇fl
ëÓ‰ËÌÂÌÌ˚ÏË òÚ‡Ú‡ÏË Ë ä‡Ì‡‰ÓÈ.
‡‰ÏËÌËÒÚ‡ˆËfl ÔÓ ‰ÂÎ‡Ï ÏÓÎÓ‰ÂÊË, ÒÛ˘.,
napalm / ̇ԇÎÏ ÒÛ˘., ‚¢ÂÒÚ‚Ó Ì‡ ÓÒÌÓ‚Â ‡„ÂÌÚÒÚ‚Ó, ÍÓÚÓÓ ‚Ó ‚ÂÏfl ÇÂÎËÍÓÈ ÑÂÔÂÒÒËË
·ÂÌÁË̇, ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡‚¯ÂÂÒfl ‰Îfl ·ÓÏ·, ÍÓÚÓ˚ Ô‰ÓÒÚ‡‚ÎflÎÓ ÏÓÎÓ‰˚Ï ‡ÏÂË͇̈‡Ï ÔÓÏÓ˘¸ Ë
Ò‡ÏÓÎÂÚ˚ ëÓ‰ËÌÂÌÌ˚ı òÚ‡ÚÓ‚ Ò·‡Ò˚‚‡ÎË ‚Ó ‡·Ó˜Ë ÏÂÒÚ‡.
ǸÂÚ̇Ï ‰Îfl ÒÊË„‡ÌËfl ‰ÊÛÌ„ÎÂÈ Ë Ó·Ì‡ÛÊÂÌËfl
Nation of Iœlam / àÒ·ÏÒ͇fl ̇ˆËfl, ÒÛ˘.,
ÛÍ˚ÚËÈ ‚¸ÂÚÍÓÌ„Ó‚ˆÂ‚.
ÂÎË„ËÓÁ̇fl „ÛÔÔ‡, ·ÓΠËÁ‚ÂÒÚ̇fl ÔÓ‰ ËÏÂÌÂÏ
NA¡DAQ / ÒËÒÚÂχ ‡‚ÚÓχÚ˘ÂÒÍÓÈ ÍÓÚËÓ‚ÍË «óÂÌ˚ ÏÛÒÛθχÌ», ÒÓÁ‰‡Ì̇fl à·ȉÊÂÈ
燈ËÓ̇θÌÓÈ ‡ÒÒӈˇˆËË ·ËÊ‚˚ı åÛıı‡Ï‡‰ÓÏ, ÔÓÔӂ‰ӂ‡‚¯‡fl ÒÂÔ‡‡ÚËÁÏ
‰ËÎÂÓ‚, ÒÛ˘., ÙÓ̉ӂ‡fl ·Ëʇ ÔÓ ÔÓ‰‡ÊÂ, ˜ÂÌÓÍÓÊËı Ë ËÒ·ÏÒÍÛ˛ ÂÎ˄˲.
‚ ÓÒÌÓ‚ÌÓÏ, ‡ÍˆËÈ ÚÂıÌÓÎӄ˘ÂÒÍËı ÍÓÏÔ‡ÌËÈ.
190 THE AMERICANS
RusGloss.TheAmerican 1/20/04 1:35 PM Page 191

nativiœm / ̇ÚË‚ËÁÏ, ÒÛ˘., Ô‰ÔÓ˜ÚÂÌË Niagara Movement / Ñ‚ËÊÂÌË «çˇ„‡‡»,

ËÌÚÂÂÒÓ‚ β‰ÂÈ, Ӊ˂¯ËıÒfl ‚ Ó‰ÌÓÈ ÒÚ‡ÌÂ, ̇‰ ÒÛ˘., ‰‚ËÊÂÌËÂ, ÒÓÁ‰‡ÌÌÓ ‚ 1905 „Ó‰Û ì. ù. Å.
β‰¸ÏË, Ӊ˂¯ËÏËÒfl Á‡„‡ÌˈÂÈ. Ñ˛·Û‡ ‰Îfl ÔÓÔ‡„‡Ì‰˚ Ó·Û˜ÂÌËfl ‡ÙÓ-‡ÏÂË͇̈‚
Navigation Actœ / á‡ÍÓÌ˚ Ó ÏÓÂÔ·‚‡ÌËË, „ÛχÌËÚ‡Ì˚Ï Ì‡Û͇Ï.
ÒÛ˘., ÒÂËfl Á‡ÍÓÌÓ‚, ÔËÌflÚ˚ı è‡·ÏÂÌÚÓÏ, Nineteenth Amendment / Ñ‚flÚ̇‰ˆ‡Ú‡fl

RUSSIAN
̇˜Ë̇fl Ò 1651 „Ó‰‡, ‰Îfl ÛÒËÎÂÌËfl ÍÓÌÚÓÎfl ÔÓÔ‡‚͇, ÒÛ˘., ÔÓÔ‡‚͇ Í äÓÌÒÚËÚÛˆËË
ÅËÚ‡ÌËË Ì‡‰ ÚÓ„Ó‚ÎÂÈ Ò Â ‡ÏÂË͇ÌÒÍËÏË ëÓ‰ËÌÂÌÌ˚ı òÚ‡ÚÓ‚, ÔËÌflÚ‡fl ‚ 1920 „Ó‰Û, ÍÓÚÓ‡fl
ÍÓÎÓÌËflÏË. Ô‰ÓÒÚ‡‚Îfl· ÊÂÌ˘ËÌ‡Ï Ô‡‚Ó Û˜‡ÒÚËfl ‚ ‚˚·Ó‡ı.
NAW¡A / 燈ËÓ̇θ̇fl ‡ÏÂË͇ÌÒ͇fl nomadic / ÍӘ‚ÓÈ, ÔË·„., Ì Ëϲ˘ËÈ
‡ÒÒӈˇˆËfl ·Ó¸·˚ Á‡ Ô‡‚Ó „ÓÎÓÒ‡ ‰Îfl ÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌÌÓ„Ó ÏÂÒÚ‡ ÊËÚÂθÒÚ‚‡, ÔÂÂÏ¢‡˛˘ËÈÒfl
ÊÂÌ˘ËÌ (ÒÛÙ‡ÊËÒÚÓÍ), ÒÛ˘., Ó„‡ÌËÁ‡ˆËfl, Ò ÏÂÒÚ‡ ̇ ÏÂÒÚÓ ‚ Á‡‚ËÒËÏÓÒÚË ÓÚ ‚ÂÏÂÌË „Ó‰‡ Ë
ÓÒÌÓ‚‡Ì̇fl ‚ 1890 „Ó‰Û ‰Îfl ÔÓÎÛ˜ÂÌËfl Ô‡‚‡ ̇΢Ëfl ÔË˘Ë Ë ‚Ó‰˚.
„ÓÎÓÒÓ‚‡ÌËfl ‰Îfl ÊÂÌ˘ËÌ. “no man’œ land” / ÌÂÈÚ‡Î¸Ì‡fl ÁÓ̇,
Naziœm / 燈ËÁÏ, ÒÛ˘., ÔÓÎËÚ˘ÂÒ͇fl ÒÛ˘., Ì˘ÂÈ̇fl ÔÓÎÓÒ‡ ÏÂÊ‰Û ‰‚ÛÏfl
ÙËÎÓÒÓÙËfl, ÓÒÌÓ‚‡Ì̇fl ̇ flÓÏ Ì‡ˆËÓ̇ÎËÁÏÂ, ÔÓÚË‚Ó·ÓÒÚ‚Û˛˘ËÏË ‡ÏËflÏË.
‡ÒËÁÏÂ Ë ÏËÎËÚ‡ËÒÚÒÍÓÏ ˝ÍÒÔ‡ÌÒËÓÌËÁÏÂ, nonaggreœœion pact / Ô‡ÍÚ Ó ÌÂ̇ԇ‰ÂÌËË,
‡ÎËÁÓ‚‡Ì̇fl ̇ Ô‡ÍÚËÍ ĉÓθÙÓÏ ÉËÚÎÂÓÏ ÒÛ˘., Òӄ·¯ÂÌË ÏÂÊ‰Û ‰‚ÛÏfl ÒÚ‡Ì‡ÏË Ò
‚ ÉÂχÌËË ‚ ÔÂËÓ‰ Ò 1933 ÔÓ 1945 „Ó‰˚. ӷ¢‡ÌËÂÏ Ì ‚ÒÚÛÔ‡Ú¸ ‚ ‚ÓÈÌÛ ‰Û„ Ò ‰Û„ÓÏ.
neutrality / ÌÂÈÚ‡ÎËÚÂÚ, ÒÛ˘., ÓÚ͇Á ÓÚ Û˜‡ÒÚËfl North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) /
‚ ‚ÓÈÌ ÏÂÊ‰Û ‰Û„ËÏË „ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚‡ÏË. é„‡ÌËÁ‡ˆËfl ë‚ÂÓ‡Ú·ÌÚ˘ÂÒÍÓ„Ó
Neutrality Actœ / á‡ÍÓÌ˚ Ó ÌÂÈÚ‡ÎËÚÂÚÂ, ÒÛ˘., ‰Ó„Ó‚Ó‡ (çÄíé), ÒÛ˘., Ó·ÓÓÌËÚÂθÌ˚È
ÒÂËfl Á‡ÍÓÌÓ‚, ÔËÌflÚ˚ı ‚ 1935 Ë 1936 „Ó‰Û, Ò ‚ÓÂÌÌ˚È ·ÎÓÍ, ÒÓÁ‰‡ÌÌ˚È ‚ 1949 „Ó‰Û ‰ÂÒflÚ¸˛
ˆÂθ˛ Á‡Ô¢ÂÌËfl ÔÓ‰‡ÊË ëÓ‰ËÌÂÌÌ˚ÏË Á‡Ô‡‰ÌÓ‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍËÏË ÒÚ‡Ì‡ÏË, ëÓ‰ËÌÂÌÌ˚ÏË
òÚ‡Ú‡ÏË ‚ÓÓÛÊÂÌËÈ ‚Ó˛˛˘ËÏ „ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚‡Ï. òÚ‡Ú‡ÏË Ë ä‡Ì‡‰ÓÈ.
New Deal / «çÓ‚˚È ÍÛÒ», ÒÛ˘., ÔÓ„‡Ïχ Northweœt Ordinance of 1787 / é‰Ó̇ÌÒ Ó
î‡ÌÍÎË̇ êÛÁ‚Âθڇ ÔÓ ÒÏfl„˜ÂÌ˲ ÔÓ·ÎÂÏ Ò‚ÂÓ-Á‡Ô‡‰Â 1787 „Ó‰‡, ÒÛ˘., Á‡ÍÓÌ, ÍÓÚÓ˚È
ÇÂÎËÍÓÈ ÑÂÔÂÒÒËË, ̇ˆÂÎÂÌ̇fl ̇ ӷ΄˜ÂÌË ÛÒڇ̇‚ÎË‚‡Î Ôӈ‰ÛÛ ÔËÌflÚËfl ÌÓ‚˚ı ¯Ú‡ÚÓ‚ ‚
‚ÓÒÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚ÎÂÌËfl ˝ÍÓÌÓÏËÍË Ë ˝ÍÓÌÓÏ˘ÂÒÍË ëÓ˛Á.
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

ÂÙÓÏ˚. nuclear family / ÌÛÍ·̇fl ÒÂϸfl, ÒÛ˘., ÒÂϸfl,

New Deal Coalition / äÓ‡ÎˈËfl «çÓ‚˚È ÍÛÒ», ÒÓÒÚÓfl˘‡fl ËÁ χÚÂË, ÓÚˆ‡ Ë Ëı ‰ÂÚÂÈ.
ÒÛ˘., ‡Î¸flÌÒ ‡Á΢Ì˚ı „ÛÔÔ, ‚Íβ˜‡fl ·ÂÎ˚ı nullification / ‡ÌÌÛÎËÓ‚‡ÌËÂ, ÒÛ˘., ÓÚ͇Á ¯Ú‡Ú‡
˛Ê‡Ì, ‡ÙÓ-‡ÏÂË͇̈‚ Ë ‡·Ó˜Ëı, Ó·˙‰ËÌÂÌÌ˚ı ÔËÁ̇‚‡Ú¸ Á‡ÍÓÌ äÓÌ„ÂÒÒ‡, ÍÓÚÓ˚È ÓÌ Ò˜ËÚ‡ÂÚ
‚ ÔÓÙÒÓ˛Á˚, ÔÓ‰‰ÂÊË‚‡˛˘Ëı ÔÓÎËÚËÍÛ ‡ÌÚËÍÓÌÒÚËÚÛˆËÓÌÌ˚Ï.
ÑÂÏÓÍ‡Ú˘ÂÒÍÓÈ Ô‡ÚËË ‚ 1930-ı – 1940-ı „Ó‰‡ı.
Nuremberg trialœ / ç˛Ì·Â„ÒÍËÈ ÔÓˆÂÒÒ, ÒÛ˘.,
New Federaliœm / çÓ‚˚È Ù‰Â‡ÎËÁÏ, ÒÛ˘., Òۉ·ÌÓ Á‡Ò‰‡ÌË ‚ ç˛Ì·Â„Â, ÉÂχÌËfl, ÔÓÒÎÂ
ÔÓ„‡Ïχ ÔÂÁˉÂÌÚ‡ ê˘‡‰‡ çËÍÒÓ̇ ÔÓ ÓÍÓ̘‡ÌËfl ÇÚÓÓÈ ÏËÓ‚ÓÈ ‚ÓÈÌ˚, ̇ ÍÓÚÓÓÏ ÒÛ‰ËÎË
ÔÂ‰‡˜Â ˜‡ÒÚË ÔÓÎÌÓÏÓ˜ËÈ Ù‰Â‡Î¸ÌÓÈ ‚·ÒÚË Ì‡ˆËÒÚÒÍËı ÎˉÂÓ‚ Á‡ ‚ÓÂÌÌ˚ ÔÂÒÚÛÔÎÂÌËfl.
¯Ú‡Ú‡Ï Ë Ó„‡Ì‡Ï ÏÂÒÚÌÓ„Ó Ò‡ÏÓÛÔ‡‚ÎÂÌËfl.
New Frontier / çÓ‚˚Â Û·ÂÊË, ÒÛ˘.,
Á‡ÍÓÌÓ‰‡ÚÂθ̇fl ÔÓ„‡Ïχ ÔÂÁˉÂÌÚ‡ ÑÊÓ̇
î. äÂÌ̉Ë, ÍÓÚÓ‡fl ‚Íβ˜‡Î‡ Ô‰ÓÒÚ‡‚ÎÂÌËÂ
O
ωˈËÌÒÍËı ÛÒÎÛ„ ‰Îfl ÔÓÊËÎ˚ı β‰ÂÈ, ÔÂÂÒÚÓÈÍÛ Office of Price Adminiœtration (OPA) /
Á‡ÔÛ˘ÂÌÌÓÈ „ÓÓ‰ÒÍÓÈ ÚÂËÚÓËË, ÔÓ‰‰ÂÊÍÛ ìÔ‡‚ÎÂÌË ÔÓ ÍÓÌÚÓβ ˆÂÌ, ÒÛ˘.,
̇ˆËÓ̇θÌÓÈ Ó·ÓÓÌ˚, Û‚Â΢ÂÌË ÏÂʉÛ̇Ó‰ÌÓÈ ÛÔ‡‚ÎÂÌËÂ, ÒÓÁ‰‡ÌÌÓ äÓÌ„ÂÒÒÓÏ, ‰Îfl ÍÓÌÚÓÎfl
ÔÓÏÓ˘Ë Ë ‡Ò¯ËÂÌË ÔÓ„‡ÏÏ˚ ÓÒ‚ÓÂÌËfl ÍÓÒÏÓÒ‡. ËÌÙÎflˆËË ‚Ó ‚ÂÏfl ÇÚÓÓÈ ÏËÓ‚ÓÈ ‚ÓÈÌ˚.
New Left / «çÓ‚˚ Î‚˚», ÒÛ˘., ÔÓÎËÚ˘ÂÒÍÓ Ohio gang / «Å‡Ì‰‡ ËÁ 鄇ÈÓ», ÒÛ˘., „ÛÔÔ‡
‰‚ËÊÂÌËÂ, ÔÂËÏÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ ÏÓÎÓ‰˚ı ‡ÏÂË͇̈‚, ·ÎËÁÍËı ‰ÛÁÂÈ Ë ÔÓÎËÚ˘ÂÒÍËı ÒÚÓÓÌÌËÍÓ‚,
‚ 1960-ı „Ó‰‡ı, ‚Íβ˜‡‚¯Â ‚ Ò·fl Ú‡ÍË ÍÓÚÓ˚ı ÔÂÁˉÂÌÚ ìÓÂÌ É. ï‡‰ËÌ„ ̇Á̇˜ËÎ
Ó„‡ÌËÁ‡ˆËË Í‡Í «ëÚÛ‰ÂÌÚ˚ Á‡ ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡Ú˘ÂÒÍÓ ˜ÎÂ̇ÏË Ò‚ÓÂ„Ó Í‡·ËÌÂÚ‡.
Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚Ó» Ë «Ñ‚ËÊÂÌË Á‡ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰Û ÒÎÓ‚‡». Olive Branch Petition / «èÂÚˈËfl ÓÎË‚ÍÓ‚ÓÈ
New Right / «çÓ‚˚ Ô‡‚˚», ÒÛ˘., ‡Î¸flÌÒ ‚ÂÚ‚Ë», ÒÛ˘., ‰ÓÍÛÏÂÌÚ, ÓÚÔ‡‚ÎÂÌÌ˚È ÇÚÓ˚Ï
ÍÓÌÒÂ‚‡ÚË‚Ì˚ı „ÛÔÔ ‚ ÍÓ̈ XX ‚Â͇, ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl äÓÌÚËÌÂÌڇθÌ˚Ï ÍÓÌ„ÂÒÒÓÏ ÍÓÓβ ÉÂÓ„Û III Ò
ÍÓÚÓÓ„Ó ·˚ÎË Ì‡Ô‡‚ÎÂÌ˚ ̇ ¯ÂÌË ÍÛθÚÛÌ˚ı, Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÂÏ ÔËÏËÂÌËfl ÏÂÊ‰Û ÍÓÎÓÌËflÏË Ë
ÒӈˇθÌ˚ı Ë ÏÓ‡Î¸Ì˚ı ‚ÓÔÓÒÓ‚. ÇÂÎËÍÓ·ËÚ‡ÌËÂÈ.

MULTI-LANGUAGE GLOSSARY 191

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Olmec / éθÏÂÍË, ÒÛ˘., ÍÓÂÌÌÓ ̇ÒÂÎÂÌË pay equity / ÒÔ‡‚‰ÎË‚‡fl ÓÔ·ڇ, ÒÛ˘., Ó‰ÌÓ ËÁ
ÄÏÂËÍË, ˆË‚ËÎËÁ‡ˆËfl ÍÓÚÓÓ„Ó ÔÓˆ‚Âڇ· ‚ ÓÒÌÓ‚Ì˚ı Ú·ӂ‡ÌËÈ ÓÔ·Ú˚ ÚÛ‰‡, ÓÚ΢‡˛˘ÂÈÒfl
ÔÂËÓ‰ 1200 – 400 „. ‰Ó Ì. ˝. ̇ ÚÂËÚÓËË ÓÚ Ú‡‰ËˆËÓÌÌÓÈ ¯Í‡Î˚ ÓÔ·Ú˚, ÔË ÍÓÚÓÓÈ
Ò„ӉÌfl¯ÌÂÈ ˛ÊÌÓÈ åÂÍÒËÍË. ÊÂÌ˘Ë̇ ˜‡ÒÚÓ ÔÓÎÛ˜‡Î‡ ÏÂ̸¯Û˛ ÓÔ·ÚÛ, ˜ÂÏ
OPEC / éèÖä, ÒÛ˘., Ó„‡ÌËÁ‡ˆËfl ÒÚ‡Ì- ÏÛʘË̇, Á‡ Ó‰ÌÛ Ë ÚÛ Ê ‚˚ÔÓÎÌflÂÏÛ˛ ‡·ÓÚÛ.
RUSSIAN

˝ÍÒÔÓÚÂÓ‚ ÌÂÙÚË—˝ÍÓÌÓÏ˘ÂÒ͇fl ‡ÒÒӈˇˆËfl Payne-Aldrich Tariff / í‡ËÙ èÂÈ̇-éΉ˘‡,

ÒÚ‡Ì-ÔÓËÁ‚Ó‰ËÚÂÎÂÈ ÌÂÙÚË, ÒÔÓÒӷ̇fl ÒÛ˘., Ô‡ÍÂÚ Á‡ÍÓÌÓ‚ Ó Ì‡ÎÓ„Ó‚ÓÏ „ÛÎËÓ‚‡ÌËË,
ÛÒڇ̇‚ÎË‚‡Ú¸ ˆÂÌ˚ ̇ ÌÂÙÚ¸. ÔËÌflÚ˚È äÓÌ„ÂÒÒÓÏ ‚ 1909 „Ó‰Û, ÍÓÚÓ˚ Ì ÒÏÓ„
Open Door noteœ / á‡ÔËÒ͇ Ó ÔÓÎËÚËÍ Á̇˜ËÚÂθÌÓ ÒÌËÁËÚ¸ ̇ÎÓ„Ë Ì‡ ÔÓËÁ‚Ó‰ÒÚ‚Ó
«ÓÚÍ˚Ú˚ı ‰‚ÂÂÈ», ÒÛ˘., ÒÓÓ·˘ÂÌËfl, ÚÓ‚‡Ó‚.
ÓÚÔ‡‚ÎÂÌÌ˚ ÉÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚Ï ëÂÍÂÚ‡ÂÏ Peace Corpœ / äÓÔÛÒ ÏË‡, ÒÛ˘., ‡„ÂÌÚÒÚ‚Ó,
ÑÊÓÌÓÏ ï˝ÂÏ ‚ 1899 „Ó‰Û ‚ ÉÂχÌ˲, êÓÒÒ˲, ÒÓÁ‰‡ÌÌÓ ‚ 1961 „Ó‰Û ‰Îfl Ó͇Á‡ÌËfl ‰Ó·Ó‚ÓθÌÓ„Ó
ÇÂÎËÍÓ·ËÚ‡Ì˲, î‡ÌˆË˛, àÚ‡Î˲ Ë üÔÓÌ˲ Ò ÒÓ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl ‡Á‚Ë‚‡˛˘ËÏÒfl ÒÚ‡Ì‡Ï ÄÁËË, ÄÙËÍË
ÔÓÒ¸·ÓÈ Ì ‚ϯ˂‡Ú¸Òfl ‚ ÚÓ„Ó‚Û˛ ÔÓÎËÚËÍÛ Ë ã‡ÚËÌÒÍÓÈ ÄÏÂËÍË.
ëòÄ ‚ äËÚ‡Â. Pendleton Civil ¡ervice Act / á‡ÍÓÌ èẨÎÚÓ̇ Ó
Operation Deœert ¡torm / éÔÂ‡ˆËfl «ÅÛfl ‚ „ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓÈ ÒÎÛÊ·Â, ÒÛ˘., Á‡ÍÓÌ, ÔËÌflÚ˚È
ÔÛÒÚ˚Ì», ÒÛ˘., ‚ÓÂÌ̇fl ÓÔÂ‡ˆËfl 1991, ‚ ÍÓÚÓÓÈ ‚ 1833 „Ó‰Û, ÍÓÚÓ˚È ÒÓÁ‰‡‚‡Î ‰‚ÛıÔ‡ÚËÈÌÛ˛
ÒËÎ˚ é„‡ÌËÁ‡ˆËË é·˙‰ËÌÂÌÌ˚ı 燈ËÈ ÔÓ‰ ÍÓÏËÒÒ˲ „ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓÈ ÒÎÛÊ·˚, ÍÓÚÓ‡fl
ÛÍÓ‚Ó‰ÒÚ‚ÓÏ ëÓ‰ËÌÂÌÌ˚ı òÚ‡ÚÓ‚ ÓÚ·ÓÒËÎË Ì‡Á̇˜‡Î‡ β‰ÂÈ Ì‡ „ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚ ‰ÓÎÊÌÓÒÚË
Ë‡ÍÒÍËı Á‡ı‚‡Ú˜ËÍÓ‚ Ò ÚÂËÚÓËË äÛ‚ÂÈÚ‡. ‚ Á‡‚ËÒËÏÓÒÚË ÓÚ Ëı ÒÔÓÒÓ·ÌÓÒÚÂÈ.
Oregon Trail / é„ÓÌÒ͇fl ÚÓÔ‡, ÒÛ˘., ‰ÓÓ„‡ Pentagon Paperœ / ÑÓÍÛÏÂÌÚ˚ èÂÌÚ‡„Ó̇,
ËÁ „. à̉ÂÔẨÂÌÒ Ì‡ . åËÒÒÛË ‰Ó „. é„ÓÌ ‚ ÒÛ˘., ‰ÓÍÛÏÂÌÚ Ó·˙ÂÏÓÏ 7000 ÒÚ‡Ìˈ, ÔÂ‰‡ÌÌ˚È
¯Ú‡Ú é„ÓÌ, ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡‚¯‡flÒfl ÔÂÂÒÂÎÂ̈‡ÏË, ‚ ÔÂÒÒÛ ‚ 1971 „Ó‰Û ·˚‚¯ËÏ ‡·ÓÚÌËÍÓÏ
ÔÂÂÂÁʇ˛˘ËÏË Ì‡ íÂËÚÓ˲ é„Ó̇. åËÌËÒÚÂÒÚ‚‡ Ó·ÓÓÌ˚ чÌËÂÎÂÏ ùÎÎÒ·Â„ÓÏ, ËÁ
ÍÓÚÓÓ„Ó ‚˚flÒÌËÎÓÒ¸, ˜ÚÓ Ô‡‚ËÚÂθÒÚ‚Ó ëòÄ
‚‚Ó‰ËÎÓ ‚ Á‡·ÎÛʉÂÌË ҂ÓËı „‡Ê‰‡Ì Ó Ò‚ÓËı
P ̇ÏÂÂÌËflı ‚Ó Ç¸ÂÚ̇ÏÒÍÓÈ ‚ÓÈÌÂ.
Pequot War / èÂÍÓÚÒ͇fl ‚ÓÈ̇ ÒÛ˘.,
Panama Canal / è‡Ì‡ÏÒÍËÈ Í‡Ì‡Î, ÒÛ˘.,

Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

‚ÓÓÛÊÂÌÌ˚È ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ 1637 „Ó‰‡, ‚ ÍÓÚÓÓÏ
ËÒÍÛÒÒÚ‚ÂÌ̇fl ‚Ӊ̇fl ‡ÚÂËfl, ÔÓÎÓÊÂÌ̇fl ˜ÂÂÁ
èÂÍÓÚ˚ Ò‡Ê‡ÎËÒ¸ Ò ÍÓÎÓÌËÒÚ‡ÏË äÓÌÌÂÍÚËÍÛÚ‡ Ë
àÒÚÏÛÒ è‡Ì‡Ï˚ ‰Îfl ÒÓÁ‰‡ÌËfl ÍÓÓÚÍÓ„Ó ÔÛÚË
Ëı ÒÓ˛ÁÌË͇ÏË Ò ç‡‡„‡ÌÒÂÚ‡.
ÏÂÊ‰Û ÄÚ·ÌÚ˘ÂÒÍËÏ Ë íËıËÏ Ó͇ÌÓÏ, ÍÓÚÓ‡fl
·˚· ÓÚÍ˚Ú‡ ‚ 1914 „Ó‰Û. pereœtroika / ÔÂÂÒÚÓÈ͇, ÒÛ˘., ÂÒÚÛÍÚÛËÁ‡ˆËfl
˝ÍÓÌÓÏËÍË Ë „ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚ı ÒÚÛÍÚÛ,
panic of 1837 / Ô‡ÌË͇ 1837 „Ó‰‡, ÒÛ˘.,
ÔӂӉ˂¯‡flÒfl ‚ ëÓ‚ÂÚÒÍÓÏ ëÓ˛Á ‚ 1980-ı „Ó‰‡ı.
ÙË̇ÌÒÓ‚˚È ÍËÁËÒ ‚ ëòÄ, ‚Ó ‚ÂÏfl ÍÓÚÓÓ„Ó
Á‡Í˚‚‡ÎËÒ¸ ·‡ÌÍË Ë ÛıÌÛ· ÒËÒÚÂχ perœonal liberty lawœ / Á‡ÍÓÌ˚ Ó Î˘ÌÓÈ
Í‰ËÚÓ‚‡ÌËfl, ˜ÚÓ ÔË‚ÂÎÓ Í ÏÌÓ„Ó˜ËÒÎÂÌÌ˚Ï Ò‚Ó·Ó‰Â, ÒÛ˘., Á‡ÍÓÌ˚, ÔËÌflÚ˚ ‚ ‰Â‚flÚË
·‡ÌÍÓÚÒÚ‚‡Ï Ë ‚˚ÒÓÍÓÈ ·ÂÁ‡·ÓÚˈÂ. Ò‚ÂÌ˚ı ¯Ú‡Ú‡ı ‚ 1850-ı „Ó‰‡ı, ÍÓÚÓ˚Â
Á‡Ô¢‡ÎË Á‡Íβ˜ÂÌË ‚ Ú˛¸ÏÛ Ò·Âʇ‚¯Ëı ‡·Ó‚
panic of 1873 / Ô‡ÌË͇ 1873 „Ó‰‡, ÒÛ˘., ÒÂËfl
Ë „‡‡ÌÚËÓ‚‡ÎË ‡ÒÒÏÓÚÂÌË ‰ÂÎ Ò·Âʇ‚¯Ëı
ÙË̇ÌÒÓ‚˚ı ·‡ÌÍÓÚÒÚ‚, ÍÓÚÓ‡fl Ô˂· Í
‡·Ó‚ ‚ Òۉ ÔËÒflÊÌ˚ı.
ÔflÚËÎÂÚÌÂÈ ‰ÂÔÂÒÒËË ‚ ëÓ‰ËÌÂÌÌ˚ı òÚ‡Ú‡ı.
planned obœoleœcence / ÒÔ·ÌËÓ‚‡ÌÌÓÂ
parity / Ô‡ËÚÂÚ, ÒÛ˘., ÔÓ‰‰ÂÊË‚‡ÂÏ˚È
ÛÒÚ‡‚‡ÌËÂ, ÒÛ˘., Ô·ÌËÓ‚‡ÌË ËÁÌÓÒ‡ ÚÓ‚‡Ó‚
„ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚ÓÏ ÛÓ‚Â̸ ˆÂÌ Ì‡ ÒÂθÒÍÓıÓÁflÈÒÚ‚ÂÌ-
ËÎË Ëı ·˚ÒÚÓ ÛÒÚ‡‚‡ÌËÂ, ‰Îfl ÚÓ„Ó ˜ÚÓ·˚ Û
ÌÛ˛ ÔÓ‰ÛÍˆË˛, ÔÓÁ‚ÓÎfl˛˘ËÈ ÒÓı‡ÌËÚ¸
β‰ÂÈ ‚ÓÁÌË͇· ÔÓÚ·ÌÓÒÚ¸ Ëı ˜‡ÒÚÓÈ Á‡ÏÂÌ˚.
ÒÚ‡·ËθÌ˚È ÛÓ‚Â̸ ‰ÓıÓ‰Ó‚ ÙÂÏÂÓ‚.
plantation / Ô·ÌÚ‡ˆËfl, ÒÛ˘., ÍÛÔ̇fl ÙÂχ,
Parliament / è‡·ÏÂÌÚ, ÒÛ˘., Á‡ÍÓÌÓ‰‡ÚÂθÌ˚È
̇ ÍÓÚÓÓÈ ÚÛ‰ ‡·Ó‚ ËÎË ‰Û„Ëı ‡·Ó˜Ëı
Ó„‡Ì ÄÌ„ÎËË.
ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ‰Îfl ‚˚‡˘Ë‚‡ÌËfl Ó‰ÌÓÈ
Patriotœ / è‡ÚËÓÚ˚, ÒÛ˘., ÍÓÎÓÌËÒÚ˚, ÒÂθÒÍÓıÓÁflÈÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓÈ ÍÛθÚÛ˚, Ú‡ÍÓÈ Í‡Í
ÔÓ‰‰ÂÊË‚‡˛˘Ë ÌÂÁ‡‚ËÒËÏÓÒÚ¸ ÄÏÂËÍË ÓÚ Ò‡ı‡Ì˚È ÚÓÒÚÌËÍ ËÎË ıÎÓÔÓÍ.
ÇÂÎËÍÓ·ËÚ‡ÌËË.
patronage / ÔÓÍÓ‚ËÚÂθÒÚ‚Ó, ÒÛ˘., Ô‡‚Ó
˜ËÌÓ‚ÌË͇ ̇Á̇˜‡Ú¸ β‰ÂÈ, Ó·˚˜ÌÓ ÚÂı, ÍÚÓ
ÔÓÏÓ„ ÂÏÛ ·˚Ú¸ ËÁ·‡ÌÌ˚Ï, ̇ ‰ÓÎÊÌÓÒÚË ‚
Ô‡‚ËÚÂθÒÚ‚Â.

192 THE AMERICANS

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Platt Amendment / èÓÔ‡‚͇ è·ÚÚ‡, ÒÛ˘., Prohibition / ëÛıÓÈ Á‡ÍÓÌ, ÒÛ˘., èÂËÓ‰ Ò
Ô‡ÍÂÚ ÔÓÎÓÊÂÌËÈ, ÔËÌflÚ˚ı ‚ 1901 „Ó‰Û, ÔÓ 1920 ÔÓ 1933 „Ó‰˚, ‚Ó ‚ÂÏfl ÍÓÚÓÓ„Ó ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÂ
ÍÓÚÓ˚Ï ëÓ‰ËÌÂÌÌ˚ òÚ‡Ú˚ ̇Òڇ˂‡ÎË Ì‡ ÚÓÏ, ÇÓÒÂÏ̇‰ˆ‡ÚÓÈ ÔÓÔ‡‚ÍË Í äÓÌÒÚËÚÛˆËË Á‡Ô¢‡ÎÓ
˜ÚÓ·˚ äÛ·‡ ‰Ó·‡‚Ë· ‚ Ò‚Ó˛ ÌÓ‚Û˛ ÍÓÌÒÚËÚÛˆË˛ ÔÓËÁ‚Ó‰ÒÚ‚Ó Ë ÔÓ‰‡ÊÛ ‡ÎÍÓ„ÓθÌ˚ı ̇ÔËÚÍÓ‚.
ÔÓÎÓÊÂÌËfl Ó ÔÓ„‡¯ÂÌËË ‰Ó΄‡ ÔÂ‰ ëòÄ Ë propaganda / ÔÓÔ‡„‡Ì‰‡, ÒÛ˘., ̇‚flÁ˚‚‡ÌËÂ

RUSSIAN
Ô‰ÓÒÚ‡‚ÎÂÌ˲ ëÓ‰ËÌÂÌÌ˚Ï òÚ‡Ú‡Ï Ô‡‚‡ ˉÂÈ Ë ˆÂÌÌÓÒÚÂÈ Ò ˆÂθ˛ Ó͇Á‡ÌËfl ‚ÎËflÌËfl ̇
‚ÚÓ„‡Ú¸Òfl ̇ ÚÂËÚÓ˲ ÒÚ‡Ì˚ Ë ÔÓÍÛÔ‡Ú¸ ËÎË Ï˚ÒÎË Ë ‰Â· ̇ÒÂÎÂÌËfl.
‡Ẩӂ‡Ú¸ ÍÛ·ËÌÒÍË ÚÂËÚÓËË ‰Îfl ‚ÓÂÌÌ˚ı ·‡Á
Propoœition 187 / è‰ÎÓÊÂÌË 187, ÒÛ˘.,
Ë Á‡Ô‡‚Ó˜Ì˚ı Òڇ̈ËÈ.
·ËÎθ, ÔËÌflÚ˚È ‚ ä‡ÎËÙÓÌËË ‚ 1994 „Ó‰Û,
Pleœœy v. Ferguœon / èÎÂÒÒË ÔÓÚË‚ Î˯˂¯ËÈ ÌÂ΄‡Î¸Ì˚ı ËÏÏË„‡ÌÚÓ‚ ‚ÒÂı
îÂ„˛ÒÓ̇, ÒÛ˘., ‰ÂÎÓ ‚ ÇÂıÓ‚ÌÓÏ ëۉ ӷ‡ÁÓ‚‡ÚÂθÌ˚ı Ë Ï‰ˈËÌÒÍËı θ„ÓÚ,
ëòÄ ‚ 1896 „Ó‰Û, ‚ ÍÓÚÓÓÏ ÒÛ‰ ÔÓÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚ËÎ, ˜ÚÓ Ô‰ÓÒÚ‡‚ÎflÂÏ˚ı Ì ‚ ˝ÍÒÚÂÌÌ˚ı ÒÎÛ˜‡flı.
‡Á‰ÂÎÂÌË ÔÓ ‡ÒÓ‚ÓÏÛ ÔËÁ̇ÍÛ ‚ Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚ı
proprietor / ‚·‰ÂΈ ÍÓÎÓÌËË, ÒÛ˘.,
ÏÂÒÚ‡ı fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl ÔÓÚË‚ÓÁ‡ÍÓÌÌ˚Ï, ÚÂÏ Ò‡Ï˚Ï
ÒÓ·ÒÚ‚ÂÌÌËÍ, ‚ ˜‡ÒÚÌÓÒÚË Ó‰ËÌ ËÁ ÚÂı, ÍÓÏÛ
ÛÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚Ë‚ ‰ÓÍÚËÌÛ «‡Á‰ÂθÌÓÂ, ÌÓ ‡‚ÌÓ».
·˚· Ô‰ÓÒÚ‡‚ÎÂ̇ ÒÓ·ÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓÒÚ¸ Ë ÔÓÎÌÓÂ
political machine / ÔÓÎËÚ˘ÂÒÍËÈ ‡ÔÔ‡‡Ú, Ô‡‚Ó ‚·ÒÚË Ì‡‰ ÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌÌ˚ÏË ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍËÏË
ÒÛ˘., Ó„‡ÌËÁÓ‚‡Ì̇fl „ÛÔÔ‡, ÍÓÚÓ‡fl ÛÔ‡‚ÎflÂÚ ÍÓÎÓÌËflÏË ‚ ë‚ÂÌÓÈ ÄÏÂËÍÂ.
‰ÂflÚÂθÌÓÒÚ¸˛ ÔÓÎËÚ˘ÂÒÍÓÈ Ô‡ÚËË ‚ „ÓӉ Ë
protective tariff / ÔÓÚÂ͈ËÓÌËÒÚÒÍËÈ Ú‡ËÙ,
Ô‰·„‡ÂÚ Ò‚ÓË ÛÒÎÛ„Ë ËÁ·Ë‡ÚÂÎflÏ Ë ·ËÁÌÂÒÏÂ̇Ï
ÒÛ˘., ̇ÎÓ„ ̇ ËÏÔÓÚ ÚÓ‚‡Ó‚, Ô‰̇Á̇˜ÂÌÌ˚È
‚ Ó·ÏÂÌ Ì‡ ÔÓÎËÚ˘ÂÒÍÛ˛ Ë ÙË̇ÌÒÓ‚Û˛ ÔÓ‰‰ÂÊÍÛ.
‰Îfl Á‡˘ËÚ˚ ̇ˆËÓ̇θÌÓÈ ˝ÍÓÌÓÏËÍË ÓÚ
poll tax / ÔÓ‰Û¯Ì˚È Ì‡ÎÓ„ Ò ËÁ·Ë‡ÚÂÎÂÈ, ËÌÓÒÚ‡ÌÌÓÈ ÍÓÌÍÛÂ̈ËË.
ÒÛ˘., ÂÊ„ӉÌ˚È Ì‡ÎÓ„, ‡Ì ÓÔ·˜Ë‚‡‚¯ËÈÒfl ‚
protectorate / ÔÓÚÂÍÚÓ‡Ú, ÒÛ˘., ÒÚ‡Ì‡, ‰Â·
ÌÂÍÓÚÓ˚ı ˛ÊÌ˚ı ¯Ú‡Ú‡ı Îˈ‡ÏË, Ê·˛˘ËÏË
ÍÓÚÓÓÈ ˜‡ÒÚ˘ÌÓ ÍÓÌÚÓÎËÛ˛ÚÒfl ·ÓΠÒËθÌÓÈ
ÔËÌflÚ¸ Û˜‡ÒÚË ‚ „ÓÎÓÒÓ‚‡ÌËË.
‰Âʇ‚ÓÈ.
popular œovereignty / ÒÛ‚ÂÂÌÌÓ Ô‡‚Ó
Pueblo / èÛ˝·ÎÓ, ÒÛ˘., „ÛÔÔ‡ ÍÓÂÌÌ˚ı
̇ÒÂÎÂÌËfl, ÒÛ˘., ÒËÒÚÂχ, ‚ ÍÓÚÓÓÈ Ì‡ÒÂÎÂÌËÂ
‡ÏÂË͇ÌÒÍËı ̇Ó‰ÌÓÒÚÂÈ, ÔÓÚÓÏÍÓ‚ Ä̇Á‡ˆË,
„ÓÎÓÒÓ‚‡ÌËÂÏ ¯‡ÂÚ „ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚ ‚ÓÔÓÒ˚.
ÊË‚¯Ëı ‚ ˛„Ó-Á‡Ô‡‰Ì˚ı ÔÛÒÚ˚Ìflı.
Populiœm / èÓÔÛÎËÁÏ, ÒÛ˘., ÔÓÎËÚ˘ÂÒÍÓÂ
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

Pure Food and Drug Act / á‡ÍÓÌ Ó ÍÓÌÚÓÎÂ

‰‚ËÊÂÌË ‚ ÍÓ̈ XIX ‚Â͇ Ò Ú·ӂ‡ÌËÂÏ, ˜ÚÓ·˚
̇‰ ÔÓËÁ‚Ó‰ÒÚ‚ÓÏ Ôˢ‚˚ı ÔÓ‰ÛÍÚÓ‚ Ë
̇ÒÂÎÂÌË ËÏÂÎÓ ·Óθ¯Â ‚ÎËflÌË ‚ Ô‡‚ËÚÂθÒÚ‚Â,
ωË͇ÏÂÌÚÓ‚, ÒÛ˘., Á‡ÍÓÌ, ÔËÌflÚ˚È ‚ 1906
Ë ÒÚÂÏË‚¯ÂÂÒfl Á‡˘Ë˘‡Ú¸ ËÌÚÂÂÒ˚ ÙÂÏÂÓ‚ Ë
„Ó‰Û ‰Îfl Á‡ÔÂÚ‡ ÔÓ‰‡ÊË Á‡‡ÊÂÌÌ˚ı ÔÓ‰ÛÍÚÓ‚ Ë
̇ÂÏÌ˚ı ‡·Ó˜Ëı.
ωË͇ÏÂÌÚÓ‚ Ë ‰Îfl Ó·ÂÒÔ˜ÂÌËfl ‰ÓÒÚÓ‚ÂÌÓÒÚË
Powhatan / èÓÛı‡Ú‡Ì, ÒÛ˘., ̇Ó‰ÌÓÒÚ¸ ËÌÙÓχˆËË Ì‡ ˝ÚËÍÂÚ͇ı.
ÍÓÂÌÌÓ„Ó Ì‡ÒÂÎÂÌËfl ÄÏÂËÍË, ÔÓÊË‚‡‚¯‡fl ‚
Puritanœ / èÛËÚ‡ÌÂ, ÒÛ˘., ˜ÎÂÌ˚ „ÛÔÔ˚,
‚ÓÒÚÓ˜ÌÓÈ ÇË„ËÌËË ‚Ó ‚ÂÏÂ̇ ÒÓÁ‰‡ÌËfl Á‰ÂÒ¸
ÍÓÚÓ˚ ıÓÚÂÎË ËÒÍÓÂÌËÚ¸ ËÁ ‡Ì„ÎË͇ÌÒÍÓÈ
ÔÂ‚˚ı ·ËÚ‡ÌÒÍËı ÔÓÒÂÎÂÌËÈ.
ˆÂÍ‚Ë ‚Ò ÒΉ˚ ËÚÛ‡ÎÓ‚ Ë Ú‡‰ËˆËÈ ËÏÒÍÓÈ
price œupport / ÔÓ‰‰ÂÊ͇ ˆÂÌ˚, ÒÛ˘., ͇ÚÓ΢ÂÒÍÓÈ ˆÂÍ‚Ë.
ÔÓ‰‰ÂʇÌË ˆÂÌ˚ ̇ ÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌÌÓÏ ÛÓ‚ÌÂ
ÔÓÒ‰ÒÚ‚ÓÏ ‚ϯ‡ÚÂθÒÚ‚‡ „ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚‡.
Proclamation of 1763 / èÓÍ·χˆËfl 1763
„Ó‰‡, ÒÛ˘., ÔË͇Á, ÔÓ ÍÓÚÓÓÏÛ ÇÂÎËÍÓ·ËÚ‡ÌËfl
Q
Á‡Ô¢‡Î‡ Ò‚ÓËÏ ‡ÏÂË͇ÌÒÍËÏ ÍÓÎÓÌËÒÚ‡Ï Quakerœ / 䂇ÍÂ˚, ÒÛ˘., ˜ÎÂÌ˚ é·˘ÂÒÚ‚‡
ÒÂÎËÚ¸Òfl Í Á‡Ô‡‰Û ÓÚ ÄÔԇ·˜ÒÍËı „Ó. ÑÛÁÂÈ – ÂÎË„ËÓÁÌÓÈ Ó·˘ËÌ˚, ÔÓ‰‚Â„‡‚¯ËÂÒfl
ÔÂÒΉӂ‡ÌËflÏ ‚ ÄÌ„ÎËË ‚ XVII ‚ÂÍÂ.
profiteering / ÒÔÂÍÛÎflˆËfl, ÒÛ˘., ÔÓ‰‡Ê‡
‰ÂÙˈËÚÌ˚ı ÚÓ‚‡Ó‚ ÔÓ ÒÔÂÍÛÎflÚË‚ÌÓÈ ˆÂÌÂ. quota œyœtem / ÒËÒÚÂχ Í‚ÓÚ, ÒÛ˘., ÒËÒÚÂχ,
ÍÓÚÓ‡fl ÛÒڇ̇‚ÎË‚‡ÂÚ Ô‰ÂÎ˚ ̇ ÍÓ΢ÂÒÚ‚Ó
progreœœive movement / ÔÓ„ÂÒÒË‚ÌÓÂ
ËÏÏË„‡ÌÚÓ‚ ËÁ ‡Á΢Ì˚ı ÒÚ‡Ì, ÍÓÚÓ˚ı
‰‚ËÊÂÌËÂ, ÒÛ˘., ÂÙÓχÚÓÒÍÓ ‰‚ËÊÂÌË ‚
„ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚Ó ÏÓÊÂÚ ÔËÌflÚ¸ ‚ Ú˜ÂÌË „Ó‰‡.
̇˜‡Î XX ‚Â͇ Á‡ ‚ÓÁ‚‡Ú ÍÓÌÚÓÎfl „ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚‡
̇‰ ̇ÒÂÎÂÌËÂÏ, ‚ÓÒÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚ÎÂÌËfl ˝ÍÓÌÓÏ˘ÂÒÍËı
‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌÓÒÚÂÈ Ë ÛÒÚ‡ÌÂÌËfl ÌÂÒÔ‡‚‰ÎË‚ÓÒÚË ‚
ÊËÁÌË ‡ÏÂË͇̈‚.
prohibition / Á‡ÔÂÚ, ÒÛ˘., Á‡ÔÂÚ Ì‡
ÔÓËÁ‚Ó‰ÒÚ‚Ó, ÔÓ‰‡ÊÛ Ë ı‡ÌÂÌË ‡ÎÍÓ„ÓθÌ˚ı
̇ÔËÚÍÓ‚.
MULTI-LANGUAGE GLOSSARY 193
RusGloss.TheAmerican 1/20/04 1:35 PM Page 194

R referendum / ÂÙÂẨÛÏ, ÒÛ˘., Ôӈ‰Û‡, ÔÓ

ÍÓÚÓÓÈ Ô‰·„‡ÂÏ˚ Á‡ÍÓÌÓ‰‡ÚÂθÌ˚ ÏÂ˚
Radical Republican / ꇉË͇θÌ˚È ÏÓ„ÛÚ ·˚Ú¸ ‚˚ÌÂÒÂÌ˚ ̇ „ÓÎÓÒÓ‚‡ÌË ̇ÒÂÎÂÌËfl.
êÂÒÔÛ·ÎË͇̈, ÒÛ˘., Ó‰ËÌ ËÁ ÂÒÔÛ·ÎË͇̈‚ ‚ Reformation / êÂÙÓχˆËfl, ÒÛ˘., ÂÎË„ËÓÁÌÓÂ
äÓÌ„ÂÒÒÂ, ÍÓÚÓ˚È ÔÓÒΠÉ‡Ê‰‡ÌÒÍÓÈ ‚ÓÈÌ˚ ‚ ‰‚ËÊÂÌË ‚ Ö‚ÓÔ ‚ XVI ‚ÂÍÂ, ‚ÓÁÌËͯ ËÁ
RUSSIAN

ëòÄ ıÓÚÂÎ ‡ÁÛ¯ËÚ¸ ÔÓÎËÚ˘ÂÒÍÛ˛ ‚·ÒÚ¸ Ê·ÌËfl ÂÙÓÏËÓ‚‡ÌËfl êËÏÒÍÓÈ ä‡ÚÓ΢ÂÒÍÓÈ

·˚‚¯Ëı ‡·Ó‚·‰ÂθˆÂ‚ Ë Ô‰ÓÒÚ‡‚ËÚ¸ ‡ÙÓ- ˆÂÍ‚Ë Ë Ô˂‰¯ÂÂ Í ‚ÓÁÌËÍÌÓ‚ÂÌ˲ ‡Á΢Ì˚ı
‡ÏÂË͇̈‡Ï ÔÓÎÌÓ „‡Ê‰‡ÌÒÚ‚Ó Ë Ô‡‚Ó „ÓÎÓÒ‡. ÔÓÚÂÒÚ‡ÌÚÒÍËı ˆÂÍ‚ÂÈ.
ratification / ‡ÚËÙË͇ˆËfl, ÒÛ˘., ÓÙˈˇθÌÓ Renaiœœance / ÇÓÁÓʉÂÌËÂ, ÒÛ˘., ÔÂËÓ‰ ‚
ÛÚ‚ÂʉÂÌË ¯Ú‡Ú‡ÏË äÓÌÒÚËÚÛˆËË ËÎË Â‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍÓÈ ËÒÚÓËË, ‰ÎË‚¯ËÈÒfl Ò 1400 ÔÓ 1600
‰ÓÔÓÎÌÂÌËfl Í ÌÂÈ. „Ó‰˚, ı‡‡ÍÚÂËÁÛ˛˘ËÈÒfl ‚ÓÁÓʉÂÌËÂÏ ËÌÚÂÂÒ‡
rationing / ÌÓÏËÓ‚‡ÌËÂ, ÒÛ˘., Ó„‡Ì˘ÂÌËÂ Í Í·ÒÒ˘ÂÒÍÓÈ ÍÛθÚÛÂ Ë ‰‡ÎÂÍÓ Ë‰Û˘ËÏË
Ô‡‚‡ ̇ÒÂÎÂÌËfl ̇ ÔÓÍÛÔÍÛ ÌÂÓ„‡Ì˘ÂÌÌÓ„Ó ËÁÏÂÌÂÌËflÏË ‚ ËÒÍÛÒÒÚ‚Â, Ó·Û˜ÂÌËË Ë
ÍÓ΢ÂÒÚ‚‡ ÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌÌ˚ı ÔÓ‰ÛÍÚÓ‚ Ë ‰Û„Ëı ÏËÓ‚ÓÒÔËflÚËË.
ÚÓ‚‡Ó‚, ˜‡ÒÚÓ ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÏÓ ‚ ‚ÓÂÌÌÓ ‚ÂÏfl ‰Îfl reparationœ / ÂÔ‡‡ˆËË, ÒÛ˘., ÍÓÏÔÂÌÒ‡ˆËfl,
Ó·ÂÒÔ˜ÂÌËfl ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚Û˛˘Â„Ó Ò̇·ÊÂÌËfl ‡ÏËË. ‚˚Ô·˜Ë‚‡Âχfl ÔÓÚÂÔ‚¯ËÏ ÔÓ‡ÊÂÌËÂ
Reaganomicœ / êÂÈ„‡ÌÓÏË͇, ÒÛ˘., „ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚ÓÏ, Á‡ ‡ÁÛ¯ÂÌËfl ËÎË Û˘Â·,
˝ÍÓÌÓÏ˘ÂÒ͇fl ÔÓÎËÚË͇ ÔÂÁˉÂÌÚ‡ êÓ̇艇 Ô˘ËÌÂÌÌ˚ ËÏ ‚Ó ‚ÂÏfl ‚ÓÈÌ˚. (p. 606)
êÂÈ„‡Ì‡, ̇Ô‡‚ÎÂÌ̇fl ̇ ÒÓÍ‡˘ÂÌË ·˛‰ÊÂÚ‡ Ë republic / ÂÒÔÛ·ÎË͇, ÒÛ˘., ÙÓχ Ô‡‚ÎÂÌËfl,
Ô‰ÓÒÚ‡‚ÎÂÌË Á̇˜ËÚÂθÌ˚ı ̇ÎÓ„Ó‚˚ı θ„ÓÚ ‰Îfl ÔË ÍÓÚÓÓÏ „‡Ê‰‡Ì ÛÔ‡‚Îfl˛Ú ÒÚ‡ÌÓÈ ˜ÂÂÁ
Û‚Â΢ÂÌËfl ˜‡ÒÚÌ˚ı ËÌ‚ÂÒÚˈËÈ. ËÁ·‡ÌÌ˚ı ËÏË Ô‰ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÂÎÂÈ.
realpolitik / ‡θ̇fl ÔÓÎËÚË͇, ÒÛ˘., ‚̯Ìflfl Republican Party / êÂÒÔÛ·ÎË͇ÌÒ͇fl Ô‡ÚËfl,
ÔÓÎËÚË͇, ÔÓ‚Ó‰Ëχfl ÉÂÌË äËÒÒË̉ÊÂÓÏ ‚ ÒÛ˘., ÒÓ‚ÂÏÂÌ̇fl ÔÓÎËÚ˘ÂÒ͇fl Ô‡ÚËfl, ÒÓÁ‰‡Ì̇fl
‡‰ÏËÌËÒÚ‡ˆËË çËÍÒÓ̇, Û˜ËÚ˚‚‡˛˘‡fl ‡θÌÛ˛ ‚ 1854 „Ó‰Û ÔÓÚË‚ÌË͇ÏË ‡·ÒÚ‚‡ ̇ ÚÂËÚÓËflı
ÏÓ˘¸ „ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚‡, ‡ ÌÂ Â„Ó Ë‰Â‡Î˚ ËÎË ÏÓ‡Î¸Ì˚ ÒÚ‡Ì˚.
ÔË̈ËÔ˚. republicaniœm / ÂÒÔÛ·ÎË͇ÌËÁÏ, ÒÛ˘., ‚Â‡ ‚
reapportionment / ÔÂÂ‡ÒÔ‰ÂÎÂÌË ÚÓ, ˜ÚÓ ‚·ÒÚ¸ ‰ÓÎÊ̇ ÙÓÏËÓ‚‡Ú¸Òfl ̇ ÓÒÌÓ‚Â
Ô‰ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÂθÒÚ‚‡ ‚ äÓÌ„ÂÒÒÂ, ÒÛ˘., Òӄ·ÒËfl ̇ÒÂÎÂÌËfl.

Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

ÔÂÂ‡ÒÔ‰ÂÎÂÌË ËÁ·Ë‡ÚÂθÌ˚ı ÓÍÛ„Ó‚ ‚ Ò‚flÁË Ò Republic of California / êÂÒÔÛ·ÎË͇
ËÁÏÂÌÂÌËÂÏ ‚ ˜ËÒÎÂÌÌÓÒÚË Ì‡ÒÂÎÂÌËfl. ä‡ÎËÙÓÌËfl, ÒÛ˘., „ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚Ó,
recall / ÓÚÁ˚‚, ÒÛ˘., Ôӈ‰Û‡ ÒÌflÚËfl Ò ÔÓ‚ÓÁ„·¯ÂÌÌÓ ‡ÏÂË͇ÌÒÍËÏË ÔÓÒÂÎÂ̈‡ÏË
‰ÓÎÊÌÓÒÚË „ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ„Ó ‰ÂflÚÂÎfl ÔÓÒ‰ÒÚ‚ÓÏ ‚ ä‡ÎËÙÓÌËË, ÍÓ„‰‡ ÓÌË Á‡fl‚ËÎË Ó Ò‚ÓÂÈ
„ÓÎÓÒÓ‚‡ÌËfl „‡Ê‰‡Ì. ÌÂÁ‡‚ËÒËÏÓÒÚË ÓÚ åÂÍÒËÍË ‚ 1846 „Ó‰Û.
Reconœtruction / êÂÍÓÌÒÚÛ͈Ëfl, ÒÛ˘., ÔÂËÓ‰ Republic of Texaœ / êÂÒÔÛ·ÎË͇ íÂı‡Ò, ÒÛ˘.,
‚ÓÒÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚ÎÂÌËfl ÔÓÒΠÉ‡Ê‰‡ÌÒÍÓÈ ‚ÓÈÌ˚ ëòÄ, „ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚Ó, ÒÓÁ‰‡ÌÌÓ ‚ 1836 „Ó‰Û, ÍÓ„‰‡
‚Ó ‚ÂÏfl ÍÓÚÓÓ„Ó ÔÓÚÂÔ‚¯Ë ÔÓ‡ÊÂÌË ¯Ú‡Ú˚ ‡ÏÂË͇ÌÒÍË ÔÓÒÂÎÂ̈˚ ‚ ÏÂÍÒË͇ÌÒÍÓÈ
äÓÌÙ‰Â‡ÚÓ‚ ·˚ÎË Á‡ÌÓ‚Ó ÔËÌflÚ˚ ‚ ëÓ˛Á. ÔÓ‚Ë̈ËË íÂı‡Ò ÔÓ‚ÓÁ„·ÒËÎË Ë Á‡‚Ó‚‡ÎË Ò‚Ó˛
Reconœtruction Finance Corporation ÌÂÁ‡‚ËÒËÏÓÒÚ¸. Ç ÚÓ ‚ÂÏfl ÂÒÔÛ·ÎËÍÛ ˜‡ÒÚÓ
(RFC) / äÓÔÓ‡ˆËfl ÙË̇ÌÒËÓ‚‡ÌËfl ̇Á˚‚‡ÎË «êÂÒÔÛ·ÎË͇ Ó‰ËÌÓÍÓÈ Á‚ÂÁ‰˚»
ÂÍÓÌÒÚÛ͈ËË, ÒÛ˘., Ù‰Â‡Î¸ÌÓ ‚‰ÓÏÒÚ‚Ó, revenue œharing / ‡Á‰ÂÎÂÌË ‰ÓıÓ‰Ó‚, ÒÛ˘.,
ÒÓÁ‰‡ÌÌÓ ‚ 1932 „Ó‰Û ‰Îfl Ó͇Á‡ÌËfl ÌÂωÎÂÌÌÓÈ ‡ÒÔ‰ÂÎÂÌË Ù‰Â‡Î¸Ì˚ı Ò‰ÒÚ‚ ¯Ú‡Ú‡Ï
ÙË̇ÌÒÓ‚ÓÈ ÔÓÏÓ˘Ë ·‡Ì͇Ï, ÍÓÏÔ‡ÌËflÏ Ë Ó„‡Ì‡Ï Ò‡ÏÓÛÔ‡‚ÎÂÌËfl Ò Ì·Óθ¯ËÏË
ÒÚ‡ıÓ‚‡ÌËfl ÊËÁÌË, ÊÂÎÂÁÌ˚Ï ‰ÓÓ„‡Ï Ë ‰Û„ËÏ Ó„‡Ì˘ÂÌËflÏË ËÎË ·ÂÁ Ó„‡Ì˘ÂÌËÈ ÔÓ
ÍÛÔÌ˚Ï Ô‰ÔËflÚËflÏ. Ëı ‡ÒıÓ‰Ó‚‡Ì˲.
Red Croœœ / ä‡ÒÌ˚È äÂÒÚ, ÒÛ˘., reverœe diœcrimination / ‰ËÒÍËÏË̇ˆËfl
ÏÂʉÛ̇Ӊ̇fl Ó„‡ÌËÁ‡ˆËfl, Ó͇Á˚‚‡˛˘‡fl ÔÓÏÓ˘¸ ̇ӷÓÓÚ, ÒÛ˘., ‰ËÒÍËÏË̇ˆËfl ‰ÓÏËÌËÛ˛˘Ëı
̇ÒÂÎÂÌ˲ ‚Ó ‚ÂÏfl ‚ÓÈÌ˚ ËÎË Ì‡ˆËÓ̇θÌ˚ı „ÛÔÔ Ì‡ÒÂÎÂÌËfl, ̇ÔËÏÂ, ·ÂÎ˚ı ÏÛʘËÌ, ˜ÚÓ
·Â‰ÒÚ‚ËÈ. ÄÏÂË͇ÌÒÍÓ ÓÚ‰ÂÎÂÌË ·˚ÎÓ ÒÓÁ‰‡ÌÓ fl‚ËÎÓÒ¸ ÂÁÛθڇÚÓÏ ÛÒËÎËÈ ÔÓ ÛÒÚ‡ÌÂÌ˲
ä·ÓÈ Å‡ÚÓÌ ‚ 1881 „Ó‰Û. ‰ËÒÍËÏË̇ˆËË ÔÓÚË‚ ˜ÎÂÌÓ‚ ‰Û„Ëı „ÛÔÔ.
redemption / ‚˚ÔÓÎÌÂÌË ӷ¢‡ÌËfl, ÒÛ˘., revival / ‚ÓÁÓʉÂÌËÂ, ÒÛ˘., ÂÎË„ËÓÁÌÓÂ
ÚÂÏËÌ ûÊÌ˚ı ÑÂÏÓÍ‡ÚÓ‚ ÔÓÒΠËı ‚ÓÁ‚‡˘ÂÌËfl ÒÓ·‡ÌËÂ, Ô‰̇Á̇˜ÂÌÌÓ ÔÓ·Û‰ËÚ¸ ‚ÂÛ ˜ÂÂÁ
Í ‚·ÒÚË Ì‡ ˛„ ‚ 1870-ı „Ó‰‡ı. ÒÚ‡ÒÚÌ˚ ÏÓÎËÚ‚˚.

194 THE AMERICANS

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rock ‘n’ roll / ÓÍ-Ì-ÓÎÎ, ÒÛ˘., ‚ˉ ¡aturday Night Maœœacre / «êÂÁÌfl ‚ ÒÛ··ÓÚÌËÈ
‡ÏÂË͇ÌÒÍÓÈ ÔÓÔÛÎflÌÓÈ ÏÛÁ˚ÍË, ‚ÓÁÌËͯËÈ ‚ ‚˜Â», ÒÛ˘., ̇Á‚‡ÌËÂ, ÍÓÚÓÓ ÔÓÎۘ˷
1950-ı „Ó‰‡ı ËÁ ËÚÏ ˝Ì‰ ·Î˛Á‡, ͇ÌÚË, ‰Ê‡Á‡, ÓÚÒÚ‡‚͇ „ÂÌÂ‡Î¸ÌÓ„Ó ÔÓÍÛÓ‡ ëÓ‰ËÌÂÌÌ˚ı
„ÓÒÔ· Ë ÔÓÔ-ÏÛÁ˚ÍË. ùÚÓÚ ‚ˉ ÔÓÔÛÎflÌÓÈ òÚ‡ÚÓ‚ Ë Û‚ÓθÌÂÌËÂ Â„Ó Á‡ÏÂÒÚËÚÂÎfl ‚ ÓÍÚfl·Â
ÏÛÁ˚ÍË, ı‡‡ÍÚÂËÁÛ˛˘ËÈÒfl ˜ÂÚÍËÏË ËÚχÏË Ë 1973 „Ó‰‡, ÔÓÒΠÚÓ„Ó Í‡Í ÓÌ ÓÚ͇Á‡ÎÒfl ‚˚ÔÓÎÌËÚ¸

RUSSIAN
ÔÓÒÚ˚ÏË ÏÂÎÓ‰ËflÏË, ‡ÒÔÓÒÚ‡ÌËÎÒfl ‚Ó ‚ÒÂÏ ÔË͇Á ÔÂÁˉÂÌÚ‡ çËÍÒÓ̇ Ó· Û‚ÓθÌÂÌËË
ÏËÂ Ë Ó͇Á‡Î Á̇˜ËÚÂθÌÓ ‚ÎËflÌË ̇ ÍÛθÚÛÛ ÒÔˆˇθÌÓ„Ó Ó·‚ËÌËÚÂÎfl, ‡ÒÒÎÂ‰Û˛˘Â„Ó
ڇ̈‡, ÏÓ‰Û Ë ‚˚‡ÊÂÌË ÔÓÚÂÒÚ‡. ìÓÚÂ„ÂÈÒÚÍÓ ‰ÂÎÓ.
Rooœevelt Corollary / èÓÔ‡‚͇ êÛÁ‚Âθڇ, œavanna / Ò‡‚‡Ì̇, ÒÛ˘., ÒÛıË ÎÛ„‡ Ò ‰Â‚¸flÏË
ÒÛ˘., ÔÓ‰ÓÎÊÂÌË ÑÓÍÚËÌ˚ åÓÌÓ, Ó·˙fl‚ÎÂÌÌÓÂ Ë ÍÛÒÚ‡ÌË͇ÏË, ̇ıÓ‰fl˘ËÂÒfl ‚ ÔËÒ‡ı‡ÒÍÓÈ
ÔÂÁˉÂÌÚÓÏ íÂÓ‰ÓÓÏ êÛÁ‚ÂθÚÓÏ ‚ 1904 „Ó‰Û, ÔÓ ÄÙËÍÂ Ë ‚ ‰Û„Ëı ÚÓÔ˘ÂÒÍËı Ë ÒÛ·ÚÓÔ˘ÂÒÍËı
ÍÓÚÓÓÏÛ ëÓ‰ËÌÂÌÌ˚ òÚ‡Ú˚ ÔÓ‚ÓÁ„·¯‡ÎË ‡ÈÓ̇ı.
Ô‡‚Ó Á‡˘Ë˘‡Ú¸ Ò‚ÓË ˝ÍÓÌÓÏ˘ÂÒÍË ËÌÚÂÂÒ˚ œcalawag / ÏÓ¯ÂÌÌËÍ, ÒÛ˘., ·ÂÎ˚È ˛Ê‡ÌËÌ
Ò‰ÒÚ‚‡ÏË ‚ÓÂÌÌÓ„Ó ‚ϯ‡ÚÂθÒÚ‚‡ ‚ ‰Â· ÔËÒÓ‰ËÌË‚¯ËÈÒfl Í êÂÒÔÛ·ÎË͇ÌÒÍÓÈ Ô‡ÚËË
„ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚ ÇÓÒÚÓ˜ÌÓ„Ó ÔÓÎÛ¯‡Ëfl. ÔÓÒΠÉ‡Ê‰‡ÌÒÍÓÈ ‚ÓÈÌ˚ ‚ ëòÄ.
Rough Riderœ / «åÛÊÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚ ‚Ò‡‰ÌËÍË», œcientific management / ̇ۘÌ˚ ÏÂÚÓ‰˚
ÒÛ˘., ͇‚‡ÎÂËÈÒÍËÈ ÔÓÎÍ ‰Ó·Ó‚ÓθˆÂ‚ ÔÓ‰ ÛÔ‡‚ÎÂÌËfl, ÒÛ˘., ÔËÏÂÌÂÌË ̇ۘÌ˚ı
ÍÓχ̉ӂ‡ÌËÂÏ ãÂÓ̇‰‡ ÇÛ‰‡ Ë íÂÓ‰Ó‡ ÔË̈ËÔÓ‚ ÔÓ ÔÓ‚˚¯ÂÌ˲ ˝ÙÙÂÍÚË‚ÌÓÒÚË Ì‡
êÛÁ‚Âθڇ, Û˜‡ÒÚ‚Ó‚‡‚¯ËÈ ‚ ËÒÔ‡ÌÒÍÓ- ‡·Ó˜ÂÏ ÏÂÒÚÂ.
‡ÏÂË͇ÌÒÍÓÈ ‚ÓÈÌÂ.
¡copeœ trial / é·ÂÁ¸fl̸ ‰ÂÎÓ, ÒÛ˘.,
royal colony / ÍÓÓ΂Ò͇fl ÍÓÎÓÌËfl, ÒÛ˘., ÒÂÌÒ‡ˆËÓÌÌÓ Òۉ·ÌÓ ‡Á·Ë‡ÚÂθÒÚ‚Ó 1925 „Ó‰‡,
ÍÓÎÓÌËfl, ̇ıÓ‰fl˘‡flÒfl ÔÓ‰ ÌÂÔÓÒ‰ÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚Ï ‚ ÍÓÚÓÓÏ Û˜ËÚÂθ ·ËÓÎÓ„ËË ÑÊÓÌ í. ëÍÓÔÒÓÏ ·˚Î
ÛÔ‡‚ÎÂÌËÂÏ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓ„Ó ÏÓ̇ı‡. Ó·‚ËÌÂÌ ‚ ̇Û¯ÂÌËË Á‡ÍÓ̇ ¯Ú‡Ú‡ íÂÌÌÂÒÒË,
rural free delivery (RFD) / ·ÂÒÔ·Ú̇fl ‰ÓÒÚ‡‚͇ ‡ÒÒ͇Á˚‚‡fl Û˜ÂÌËÍ‡Ï Ó· ˝‚ÓβˆËË.
ÔÓ˜Ú˚ ‚ ÒÂθÒÍÛ˛ ÏÂÒÚÌÓÒÚ¸, ÒÛ˘., ·ÂÒÔ·Ú̇fl œearch-and-deœtroy miœœion / ÏËÒÒËfl «Ì‡ÈÚË
‰ÓÒÚ‡‚͇ Ô‡‚ËÚÂθÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓÈ ÔÓ˜ÚÓÈ ÔËÒÂÏ Ë Ë ÛÌ˘ÚÓÊËÚ¸», ÒÛ˘., ‚ÓÂÌÌ˚ ÓÔÂ‡ˆËË
ÔÓÒ˚ÎÓÍ ‚ ÒÂθÒÍÛ˛ ÏÂÒÚÌÓÒÚ¸, ̇˜‡Ú‡fl ‚ 1896 „Ó‰Û. ëÓ‰ËÌÂÌÌ˚ı òÚ‡ÚÓ‚ ‚ ˛ÊÌÓ-‚¸ÂÚ̇ÏÒÍËı
‰Â‚Ìflı ÔÓ ‚˚fl‚ÎÂÌ˲ ÊËÚÂÎÂÈ, Ò‚flÁ‡ÌÌ˚ı
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

S
Ò Ç¸ÂÚÍÓÌ„ÓÏ, ÍÓÚÓ˚ ˜‡ÒÚÓ ÔË‚Ó‰ËÎË Í
ÛÌ˘ÚÓÊÂÌ˲ ‰Â‚Â̸ Ë ‚˚ÚÂÒÌÂÌ˲ ÊËÚÂÎÂÈ.
¡ALT I Treaty / ÑÓ„Ó‚Ó Ó· Ó„‡Ì˘ÂÌËË œeceœœion / ÒˆÂÒÒËfl, ÒÛ˘., ÓÙˈˇθÌ˚ı ‚˚ıÓ‰
ÒÚ‡Ú„˘ÂÒÍËı ‚ÓÓÛÊÂÌËÈ (éëÇ-I), ÒÛ˘., ¯Ú‡Ú‡ ËÁ ëÓ˛Á‡.
ÔflÚËÎÂÚÌ Òӄ·¯ÂÌË ÏÂÊ‰Û ëÓ‰ËÌÂÌÌ˚ÏË ¡econd Continental Congreœœ / ÇÚÓÓÈ
òÚ‡Ú‡ÏË Ë ëÓ‚ÂÚÒÍËÏ ëÓ˛ÁÓÏ, ÔÓ‰ÔËÒ‡ÌÌÓ ‚ äÓÌÚËÌÂÌڇθÌ˚È äÓÌ„ÂÒÒ, ÒÛ˘.,
1972 „Ó‰Û, ÍÓÚÓÓ ӄ‡Ì˘˂‡ÎÓ ÍÓ΢ÂÒÚ‚Ó äÓÌÚËÌÂÌڇθÌ˚È äÓÌ„ÂÒÒ, ÒÓ·‡‚¯ËÈÒfl
ÏÂÊÍÓÌÚËÌÂÌڇθÌ˚ı ·‡ÎÎËÒÚ˘ÂÒÍËı ‡ÍÂÚ Ë ‡ÍÂÚ, ‚ χ 1775 „Ó‰‡, ÛÚ‚Â‰Ë‚¯ËÈ ÑÂÍ·‡ˆË˛
Á‡ÔÛÒ͇ÂÏ˚ı Ò ÔÓ‰‚Ó‰Ì˚ı ÎÓ‰ÓÍ Ó·ÂËı „ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚. çÂÁ‡‚ËÒËÏÓÒÚË Ë fl‚Îfl‚¯ËÈÒfl Ó„‡ÌÓÏ
œalutary neglect / ÔÓÎÂÁÌÓ Ì‚ÌËχÌËÂ, ÒÛ˘., „ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓÈ ‚·ÒÚË ‚Ó ‚ÂÏfl ‡ÏÂË͇ÌÒÍÓÈ
ÔÓÎËÚË͇ ÄÌ„ÎËË ÔÓ ÒÏfl„˜ÂÌ˲ Ú·ӂ‡ÌËÈ Í ‚ÓβˆËË.
ÍÓÎÓÌËflÏ ‚ ÓÚ‚ÂÚ Ì‡ ÔÓ‰ÓÎʇ˛˘Û˛Òfl ¡econd Great Awakening / ÇÚÓÓ ÇÂÎËÍÓÂ
˝ÍÓÌÓÏ˘ÂÒÍÛ˛ ÎÓflθÌÓÒÚ¸ ÍÓÎÓÌËÈ. ÔÓ·ÛʉÂÌËÂ, ÒÛ˘., ÂÎË„ËÓÁÌÓ ‰‚ËÊÂÌËÂ
¡andiniœta / ë‡Ì‰ËÌËÒÚÒÍËÈ, ÔË·„., XIX ‚Â͇ Ò ‡ÍˆÂÌÚÓÏ Ì‡ Ë̉˂ˉۇθÌÛ˛
ÔË̇‰ÎÂʇ˘ËÈ Í Î‚ÓÈ „ÛÔÔ ÔÓ‚Òڇ̈‚, ÍÓÚÓ‡fl ÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓÒÚ¸ Á‡ ÔÓËÒÍ ÔÛÚË ÒÔ‡ÒÂÌËfl ‰Û¯Ë
Ò‚Â„· Ô‡‚ËÚÂθÒÚ‚Ó çË͇‡„Û‡ ‚ 1979 „Ó‰Û. ̇fl‰Û Ò Î˘Ì˚Ï Ë Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚Ï
ÒÓ‚Â¯ÂÌÒÚ‚Ó‚‡ÌËÂÏ.
¡anta Fe Trail / íÓÔ‡ ë‡ÌÚ‡-îÂ, ÒÛ˘., ‰ÓÓ„‡
ÓÚ „. à̉ÂÔẨÂÌÒ Ì‡ . åËÒÒÛË ‰Ó ë‡ÌÚ‡-îÂ, œectionaliœm / ÏÂÒÚÌ˘ÂÒÚ‚Ó, ÒÛ˘., Ô‚˚¯ÂÌËÂ
縲-åÂÍÒËÍÓ, ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡‚¯‡flÒfl ÚÓ„Ó‚ˆ‡ÏË ‚ ËÌÚÂÂÒÓ‚ ÒÓ·ÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ„Ó „ËÓ̇ ̇‰ ËÌÚÂÂÒ‡ÏË
̇˜‡ÎÂ Ë ÒÂ‰ËÌ 1800-ı „Ó‰Ó‚. ‚ÒÂ„Ó „ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚‡ ‚ ˆÂÎÓÏ.
œatellite nation / „ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚Ó-Ò‡ÚÂÎÎËÚ, ¡ecuritieœ and Exchange Commiœœion (¡EC) /
ÒÛ˘., ÒÚ‡Ì‡, ̇ıÓ‰fl˘‡flÒfl ‚ ÔÓÎËÚ˘ÂÒÍÓÈ Ë äÓÏËÒÒËfl ÔÓ ˆÂÌÌ˚Ï ·Ûχ„‡Ï Ë ·ËÊ‚˚Ï
˝ÍÓÌÓÏ˘ÂÒÍÓÈ Á‡‚ËÒËÏÓÒÚË ÓÚ ‰Û„ÓÈ ÒÚ‡Ì˚. ÓÔÂ‡ˆËflÏ, ÒÛ˘., ÍÓÏËÒÒËfl, ÒÓÁ‰‡Ì̇fl ‚ 1934,
ÔËÁ‚‡Ì̇fl ÒΉËÚ¸ Á‡ ·ËÊÂÈ Ë ËÒÔÓÎÌÂÌËÂÏ
Á‡ÍÓÌÓ‚, „ÛÎËÛ˛˘Ëı ÔÓ‰‡ÊÛ ‡ÍˆËÈ Ë ˆÂÌÌ˚ı
·Ûχ„.

MULTI-LANGUAGE GLOSSARY 195

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œegregation / Ò„„‡ˆËfl, ÒÛ˘., ‡Á‰ÂÎÂÌË œlave / ‡·, ÒÛ˘., ˜ÂÎÓ‚ÂÍ, ÒÚ‡‚¯ËÈ

β‰ÂÈ ÔÓ ‡ÒÓ‚ÓÏÛ ÔË̈ËÔÛ. ÒÓ·ÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓÒÚ¸˛ ‰Û„Ëı β‰ÂÈ.
¡elective ¡ervice Act / á‡ÍÓÌ Ó· Ó„‡Ì˘ÂÌÌÓÈ ¡ocial Darwiniœm / ëӈˇθÌ˚È ‰‡‚ËÌËÁÏ,
‚ÓËÌÒÍÓÈ ÔÓ‚ËÌÌÓÒÚË, ÒÛ˘., Á‡ÍÓÌ, ÔËÌflÚ˚È ‚ ÒÛ˘., ˝ÍÓÌÓÏ˘ÂÒ͇fl Ë Òӈˇθ̇fl ÙËÎÓÒÓÙËfl,
1917 „Ó‰Û, ÍÓÚÓ˚È Ú·ӂ‡Î „ËÒÚ‡ˆËË ÏÛʘËÌ ÓÒÌÓ‚‡Ì̇fl ̇ ·ËÓÎӄ˘ÂÒÍÓÈ ÚÂÓËË ˝‚ÓβˆËË
RUSSIAN

‰Îfl ÒÎÛÊ·˚ ‚ ‡ÏËË. ó‡θÁ‡ ч‚Ë̇, ÛÚ‚Âʉ‡˛˘‡fl, ˜ÚÓ

¡eneca Fallœ Convention / äÓÌÙÂÂ̈Ëfl ‚ ëÂÌÂ͇ ÌÂÓ„‡Ì˘ÂÌ̇fl ÍÓÌÍÛÂ̈Ëfl Ô˂‰ÂÚ Í
îÓÎÒ, ÒÛ˘., ÍÓÌÙÂÂ̈Ëfl ÔÓ Ô‡‚‡Ï ÊÂÌ˘ËÌ, ÔÓ‚Ó- ‚˚ÊË‚‡Ì˲ Ò‡Ï˚ı ÔËÒÔÓÒÓ·ÎÂÌÌ˚ı.
‰Ë‚¯‡flÒfl ‚ ëÂÌÂ͇ îÓÎÒ, ¯Ú‡Ú 縲-âÓÍ ‚ 1848 „Ó‰Û. ¡ocial Goœpel movement / Ñ‚ËÊÂÌËÂ
¡eparatiœt / ëÂÔ‡‡ÚËÒÚ, ÒÛ˘., ˜ÎÂÌ Ó‰ÌÓÈ ËÁ «ëӈˇθÌÓ ւ‡Ì„ÂÎË», ÒÛ˘., ÂÙÓÏËÒÚÒÍÓÂ
„ÛÔÔ ÔÛËÚ‡Ì, ÍÓÚÓ‡fl, ÓÚˈ‡fl ‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌÓÒÚ¸ ‰‚ËÊÂÌË XIX ‚Â͇, ÓÒÌÓ‚‡ÌÌÓ ̇ Û·ÂʉÂÌËË,
ÂÙÓÏ ‡Ì„ÎË͇ÌÒÍÓÈ ˆÂÍ‚Ë, ÒÓÁ‰‡Î‡ Ò‚ÓË ˜ÚÓ ıËÒÚˇÌ ÌÂÒÛÚ ÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓÒÚ¸ Á‡ Ó͇Á‡ÌËÂ
ÒÓ·ÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚ ÌÂÁ‡‚ËÒËÏ˚ ·‡ÚÒÚ‚‡. ÔÓÏÓ˘Ë ‚ ÛÎÛ˜¯ÂÌËË ÛÒÎÓ‚ËÈ ÚÛ‰‡ Ë ‚ ·Ó¸·Â Ò
·Â‰ÌÓÒÚ¸˛.
œervice œector / ÒÂÍÚÓ ÛÒÎÛ„, ÒÛ˘., ˜‡ÒÚ¸
˝ÍÓÌÓÏËÍË, ÍÓÚÓ‡fl Ô‰ÓÒÚ‡‚ÎflÂÚ ÔÓÚ·ËÚÂβ ¡ocial ¡ecurity Act / á‡ÍÓÌ Ó ÒӈˇθÌÓÏ
ÛÒÎÛ„Ë, ‡ Ì ÚÓ‚‡˚. ÒÚ‡ıÓ‚‡ÌËË, ÒÛ˘., Á‡ÍÓÌ, ÔËÌflÚ˚È ‚ 1935 „Ó‰Û
‰Îfl Ó͇Á‡ÌËfl ÔÓÏÓ˘Ë ÔÂÌÒËÓÌÂ‡Ï, ·ÂÁ‡·ÓÚÌ˚Ï,
œettlement houœe / ˆÂÌÚ ÒӈˇθÌÓÈ ÔÓÏÓ˘Ë,
ËÌ‚‡Îˉ‡Ï Ë ÒÂϸflÏ Ò ÌÂÒÓ‚Â¯ÂÌÌÓÎÂÚÌËÏË ‰ÂÚ¸ÏË.
ÒÛ˘., ˆÂÌÚ ‚ Ó·˘ËÌÂ, Ô‰̇Á̇˜ÂÌÌ˚È ‰Îfl
Ó͇Á‡ÌËfl ÔÓÏÓ˘Ë ÊËÚÂÎflÏ ÔËÎÂʇ˘Ëı ÚÛ˘Ó·, œoddy / ‰ÓÏ ËÁ ‰Â̇, ÒÛ˘., ‰ÓÏ, ÔÓÒÚÓÂÌÌ˚È
ÓÒÓ·ÂÌÌÓ ËÏÏË„‡ÌÚ‡Ï. ËÁ ÚÓÙflÌ˚ı ·ÎÓÍÓ‚.
¡eventeenth Amendment / ëÂÏ̇‰ˆ‡Ú‡fl ¡onghai / ëÓÌ„‡Ë, ÒÛ˘., ËÏÔÂËfl, ‰ÓÒÚË„¯‡fl
ÔÓÔ‡‚͇, ÒÛ˘., ÔÓÔ‡‚͇ Í äÓÌÒÚËÚÛˆËË Ò‚ÓÂ„Ó ÏÓ„Û˘ÂÒÚ‚‡ ‚ 1500-ı „Ó‰‡ı, ÍÓÌÚÓÎËÓ-
ëÓ‰ËÌÂÌÌ˚ı òÚ‡ÚÓ‚, ÔËÌflÚ‡fl ‚ 1913 „Ó‰Û, ‚‡‚¯‡fl ·Óθ¯Û˛ ˜‡ÒÚ¸ á‡Ô‡‰ÌÓÈ ÄÙËÍË.
ÍÓÚÓ‡fl Ô‰ÓÒÚ‡‚ÎflÂÚ Ô‡‚Ó ËÁ·Ë‡Ú¸ ÒÂ̇ÚÓÓ‚ œoup kitchen / ·Î‡„ÓÚ‚ÓËÚÂθ̇fl ÒÚÓÎÓ‚‡fl,
ëÓ‰ËÌÂÌÌ˚ı òÚ‡ÚÓ‚ ‚ÒÂÏË ËÁ·Ë‡ÚÂÎflÏË, ‡ Ì ÒÛ˘., ÏÂÒÚÓ, „‰Â ‡Á‰‡ÂÚÒfl ·ÂÒÔ·Ú̇fl ËÎË ‰Â¯Â‚‡fl
Á‡ÍÓÌÓ‰‡ÚÂθÌ˚ÏË Ó„‡Ì‡ÏË ¯Ú‡ÚÓ‚. ‰‡ ÌÛʉ‡˛˘ËÏÒfl.
œhantytown / ÚÛ˘Ó·Ì˚È ÔÓÒÂÎÓÍ, ÒÛ˘., ¡outhern Chriœtian Leaderœhip Conference

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ÔË„ÓÓ‰, ‚ ÍÓÚÓÓÏ Î˛‰Ë ÊË‚ÛÚ ‚ ÚÛ˘Ó·‡ı. (¡CLC) / äÓÌÙÂÂ̈Ëfl ıËÒÚˇÌÒÍËı
œharecropping / ËÁ‰Óθ˘Ë̇, ÒÛ˘., ÒËÒÚÂχ, ÔË ÎˉÂÓ‚ û„‡, ÒÛ˘., Ó„‡ÌËÁ‡ˆËfl, ÒÓÁ‰‡Ì̇fl ‚
ÍÓÚÓÓÈ ‚·‰Âθˆ˚ ÁÂÏÎË ‰‡˛Ú ÒÂθÒÍÓıÓÁflÈÒÚ‚ÂÌ- 1957 „Ó‰Û ‰ÓÍÚÓÓÏ å‡ÚËÌÓÏ ã˛ÚÂÓÏ äËÌ„ÓÏ
Ì˚Ï ‡·ÓÚÌËÍ‡Ï ÁÂÏβ, ÒÂÏÂ̇ Ë ËÌÒÚÛÏÂÌÚ˚ ‚ Ï·‰¯ËÏ Ë ‰Û„ËÏË ÎˉÂ‡ÏË ‰Îfl ·Ó¸·˚ Á‡
Ó·ÏÂÌ Ì‡ ˜‡ÒÚ¸ ÒÓ·‡ÌÌÓ„Ó ËÏË ÛÓʇfl. „‡Ê‰‡ÌÒÍË Ô‡‚‡ ÌÂ̇ÒËθÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚ÏË ÏÂÚÓ‰‡ÏË.
¡hayœ’œ Rebellion / ÇÓÒÒÚ‡ÌË òÂÈÒ‡, ÒÛ˘., ¡outhern œtrategy / ûÊ̇fl ÒÚ‡Ú„Ëfl, ÒÛ˘.,
‚ÓÒÒÚ‡ÌË ÙÂÏÂÒÍÓÈ ·Â‰ÌÓÚ˚ å‡ÒÒ‡˜ÛÒÂÚÒ‡, ÔÓÔ˚Ú͇ ÔÂÁˉÂÌÚ‡ çËÍÒÓ̇ Á‡Û˜ËÚ¸Òfl ÔÓ‰‰ÂÊ-
ÔÓÚÂÒÚÛ˛˘ÂÈ ÔÓÚË‚ ÔÓ‚˚¯ÂÌËfl ̇ÎÓ„Ó‚ ¯Ú‡Ú‡ ‚ ÍÓÈ ÍÓÌÒÂ‚‡ÚË‚Ì˚ı ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡ÚÓ‚ û„‡, ÍÓÚÓ˚Â
1787 „Ó‰Û. ·˚ÎË Ì‰ӂÓθÌ˚ Ù‰Â‡Î¸ÌÓÈ ÔÓÎËÚËÍÓÈ ·Ó¸·˚ Ò
Ò„„‡ˆËÂÈ Ë ÎË·Â‡Î¸Ì˚Ï ÇÂıÓ‚Ì˚Ï ëÛ‰ÓÏ.
¡herman Antitruœt Act / ÄÌÚËÚ‡ÒÚÓ‚ÒÍËÈ
Á‡ÍÓÌ òÂχ̇, ÒÛ˘., Á‡ÍÓÌ, ÔËÌflÚ˚È ‚ 1890 œpeakeaœy / ÚËıËÈ ·‡, ÒÛ˘., ÏÂÒÚÓ, „‰Â ‚Ó ‚ÂÏfl
„Ó‰Û, ÍÓÚÓ˚È ÛÒڇ̇‚ÎË‚‡Î ÊÂÒÚÍË ӄ‡Ì˘ÂÌËfl ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl ÒÛıÓ„Ó Á‡ÍÓ̇ ÔÓ‰‡‚‡ÎËÒ¸ Ë ‡ÒÔË‚‡ÎËÒ¸
̇ ÒÓÁ‰‡ÌË ÏÓÌÓÔÓÎËÈ, ÔÓ‚ÓÁ„·¯‡‚¯ËÈ ÒÔËÚÌ˚ ̇ÔËÚÍË.
ÌÂÁ‡ÍÓÌÌ˚Ï ÒÓÁ‰‡ÌË ÏÓÌÓÔÓÎËÈ, ‚ϯ˂‡˛˘ËıÒfl œpecialization / ÒÔˆˇÎËÁ‡ˆËfl, ÒÛ˘., ‚
‚ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰Û ÚÓ„Ó‚ÎË. ÒÂθÒÍÓÏ ıÓÁflÈÒÚ‚Â ‚˚‡˘Ë‚‡ÌË ӉÌÓÈ ËÎË ‰‚Ûı
œilent majority / ÏÓΘ‡ÎË‚Ó ·Óθ¯ËÌÒÚ‚Ó, ÒÛ˘., ÒÂθÒÍÓıÓÁflÈÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚ı ÍÛθÚÛ ‰Îfl ÔÓ‰‡ÊË,
̇Á‚‡ÌËÂ, ÍÓÚÓÓ ‰‡Î ÔÂÁˉÂÌÚ ê˘‡‰ çËÍÒÓÌ ÛÏÂÂÌ- ‚ÏÂÒÚÓ ‡ÁÌÓÓ·‡ÁËfl ÔÓ‰ÛÍÚÓ‚ ‰Îfl ΢ÌÓ„Ó
ÌÓÏÛ ‡ÏÂË͇ÌÒÍÓÏÛ ·Óθ¯ËÌÒÚ‚Û, ÍÓÚÓÓ ÏÓΘ‡ÎË‚Ó ÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌËfl.
ÔÓ‰‰ÂÊË‚‡ÎÓ Â„Ó ÔÓÎËÚËÍÛ ‚ ‚ÓÈÌ ‚Ó Ç¸ÂÚ̇ÏÂ. œpeculation / ÒÔÂÍÛÎflˆËfl, ÒÛ˘., Û˜‡ÒÚË ‚
œit-in / Á‡ı‚‡Ú ÔÓÏ¢ÂÌËfl ‚ ÁÌ‡Í ÔÓÚÂÒÚ‡, ËÒÍÓ‚‡ÌÌ˚ı ‰ÂÎÓ‚˚ı ÓÔÂ‡ˆËflı ‚ ˆÂÎflı ÔÓÎÛ˜ÂÌËfl
ÒÛ˘., ÙÓχ ‰ÂÏÓÌÒÚ‡ˆËË ÔÓÚÂÒÚ‡, ·˚ÒÚÓÈ ËÎË ·Óθ¯ÓÈ ÔË·˚ÎË.
ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡‚¯‡flÒfl ‡ÙÓ-‡ÏÂË͇̈‡ÏË ‚ ÁÌ‡Í œpoilœ œyœtem / «‰ÂÎÂÊ ‰Ó·˚˜Ë», ÒÛ˘.,
ÔÓÚÂÒÚ‡ ÔÓÚË‚ ‰ËÒÍËÏË̇ˆËË, ÔË ÍÓÚÓÓÈ Ô‡ÍÚË͇, ÔË ÍÓÚÓÓÈ Ôӷ‰˂¯Ë ͇̉ˉ‡Ú˚
ÔÓÚÂÒÚÛ˛˘Ë Á‡ÌËχÎË ÔÓÏ¢ÂÌËfl Ô‰ÔËflÚËfl, Ô‰ÓÒÚ‡‚ÎflÎË Ò‚ÓËÏ ÒÚÓÓÌÌËÍ‡Ï ‰ÓÎÊÌÓÒÚË ‚
„‰Â ÓÚϘ‡Î‡Ò¸ ‰ËÒÍËÏË̇ˆËfl ‰Ó ÚÂı ÔÓ, ÔÓ͇ Ô‡‚ËÚÂθÒÚ‚Â.
‰‡Ì̇fl ‰ËÒÍËÏË̇ˆËfl Ì ·˚· ÛÒÚ‡ÌÂ̇.

196 THE AMERICANS

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¡quare Deal / ëÔ‡‚‰ÎË‚˚È ÍÛÒ, ÒÛ˘.,

ÔÓ„‡Ïχ ÔÓ„ÂÒÒË‚Ì˚ı ÂÙÓÏ ÔÂÁˉÂÌÚ‡ T
êÛÁ‚Âθڇ ÔÓ Á‡˘ËÚ ÔÓÒÚ˚ı β‰ÂÈ ÓÚ ÍÛÔÌÓ„Ó Taino / í‡ËÌÓ, ÒÛ˘., ÍÓÂÌÌ˚ ÊËÚÂÎË ÄÏÂËÍË,
·ËÁÌÂÒ‡. ÊË‚¯Ë ̇ ÓÒÚÓ‚‡ı ä‡Ë·ÒÍÓ„Ó ÏÓfl – ÔÂ‚˚Â
œtagflation / ÒÚ‡„ÙÎflˆËfl, ÒÛ˘., ˝ÍÓÌÓÏ˘ÂÒ͇fl ÊËÚÂÎË, ÍÓÚÓ˚ı ‚ÒÚÂÚËÎ äÓÎÛÏ· Ë Â„Ó ÍÓχ̉‡,

RUSSIAN
ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËfl, ı‡‡ÍÚÂËÁÛÂχfl Í‡Í ËÌÙÎflˆËÂÈ, Ú‡Í Ë ÍÓ„‰‡ ÓÌË ‰ÓÒÚË„ÎË ÄÏÂËÍË.
‚˚ÒÓÍÓÈ ·ÂÁ‡·ÓÚˈÂÈ. Tariff of Abominationœ / ÉÌÛÒÌ˚È Ú‡ËÙ, ÒÛ˘.,
¡tamp Act / á‡ÍÓÌ Ó „Â·Ó‚ÓÏ Ò·ÓÂ, ÒÛ˘., ̇Á‚‡ÌËÂ, ÍÓÚÓÓ ‰‡Î ÑÊÓÌ ë. ä‡ÎıÛÌ ÔÓ‚˚¯ÂÌ˲
Á‡ÍÓÌ 1765 „Ó‰‡ ‚ ÍÓÚÓÓÏ è‡·ÏÂÌÚ ÛÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚ËÎ Ú‡ËÙ‡ 1828 „Ó‰‡, ÍÓÚÓ˚È ÔÓ ÏÌÂÌ˲ ˛Ê‡Ì
ÔÂ‚˚È ÔflÏÓÈ Ì‡ÎÓ„ ̇ ÚÓ‚‡˚ Ë ÛÒÎÛ„Ë ‚ ÔË‚Ó‰ËÎ Í Ó·Ó„‡˘ÂÌ˲ Ò‚ÂflÌ Á‡ Ëı Ò˜ÂÚ.
ÅËÚ‡ÌÒÍËı ÍÓÎÓÌËflı ë‚ÂÌÓÈ ÄÏÂËÍË. Tariff of 1816 / í‡ËÙ 1816 „Ó‰‡, ÒÛ˘.,
¡tono Rebellion, ÒÛ˘., ‚ÓÒÒÚ‡ÌË ‡·Ó‚ ‚ 1739 ÔÓÚÂ͈ËÓÌËÒÚÒÍËÈ Ú‡ËÙ, Ô‰̇Á̇˜ÂÌÌ˚È ‰Îfl
„Ó‰Û ‚ ûÊÌÓÈ ä‡ÎËÙÓÌËË, ÍÓÚÓÓ ÔË‚ÂÎÓ Í Â˘Â Ó͇Á‡ÌËfl ÔÓÏÓ˘Ë ‡ÏÂË͇ÌÒÍÓÈ ˝ÍÓÌÓÏËÍÂ.
·Óθ¯ÂÏÛ ÛÊÂÒÚÓ˜ÂÌ˲ ‡Ì ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚Ó‚‡‚¯Ëı Teapot Dome œcandal / Ò͇̉‡Î íËÔÓÚ-ÑÓÛÏ,
ÒÛÓ‚˚ı Á‡ÍÓÌÓ‚ Ó ‡·ÒÚ‚Â. ÒÛ˘., ÒÂÍÂÚÌ˚È ÎËÁËÌ„ ÏËÌËÒÚÓÏ ‚ÌÛÚÂÌÌËı
¡trategic Defenœe Initiative (¡DI) / ‰ÂÎ Äθ·ÂÚÓÏ Å. îÓÎÎÓÏ ·Ó„‡Ú˚ı ÌÂÙÚ¸˛
ëÚ‡Ú„˘ÂÒ͇fl é·ÓÓÌ̇fl àÌˈˇÚË‚‡ „ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚ı ÁÂÏÂθ ˜‡ÒÚÌ˚Ï ÍÓÏÔ‡ÌËflÏ ‚
(ëéà), ÒÛ˘., Ô‰·„‡Âχfl ÒËÒÚÂχ Ó·ÓÓÌ˚, Ó·ÏÂÌ Ì‡ ‰Â̸„Ë Ë ÁÂÏβ.
̇Á˚‚‡Âχfl ̇ÒÂÎÂÌËÂÏ Í‡Í «á‚ÂÁ‰Ì˚ ‚ÓÈÌ˚», Telecommunicationœ Act of 1996 / á‡ÍÓÌ Ó
Ô‰̇Á̇˜ÂÌ̇fl ‰Îfl Á‡˘ËÚ˚ ëÓ‰ËÌÂÌÌ˚ı òÚ‡ÚÓ‚ ÚÂÎÂÍÓÏÏÛÌË͇ˆËflı 1996 „Ó‰‡, ÒÛ˘., Á‡ÍÓÌ,
ÓÚ ‡ÍÂÚÌ˚ı ‡Ú‡Í. ÔËÌflÚ˚È ‚ 1996 „Ó‰Û, ÍÓÚÓ˚È ÒÌËχΠӄ‡Ì˘ÂÌËfl,
œtrike / Á‡·‡ÒÚӂ͇, ÒÛ˘., ÔÂÍ‡˘ÂÌË ‡·ÓÚ˚ ÍÓÚÓ˚ ‡Ì Á‡Ô¢‡ÎË ÚÂÎÂÍÓÏÏÛÌË͇ˆËÓÌÌ˚Ï
Ò ˆÂθ˛ ÔËÌÛʉÂÌËfl ‡·ÓÚÓ‰‡ÚÂÎfl ‚˚ÔÓÎÌËÚ¸ ÍÓÏÔ‡ÌËflÏ Á‡ÌËχڸÒfl ·ÓΠ˜ÂÏ Ó‰ÌËÏ
Ú·ӂ‡ÌËfl ‡·Ó˜Ëı. ̇Ô‡‚ÎÂÌËÂÏ ‚ ӷ·ÒÚË ÚÂÎÂÍÓÏÏÛÌË͇ˆËÈ.
¡tudent Nonviolent Coordinating Committee telecommute / ‡·ÓÚ‡Ú¸ ‰ËÒڇ̈ËÓÌÌÓ, „·„.,
(¡NCC) / ëÚÛ‰Â̘ÂÒÍËÈ ÍÓÓ‰Ë̇ˆËÓÌÌ˚È ‡·ÓÚ‡Ú¸ ‰Óχ ̇ ÍÓÏÔ‡Ì˲, ‡ÒÔÓÎÓÊÂÌÌÛ˛ ‚
ÍÓÏËÚÂÚ ÌÂ̇ÒËθÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚ı ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÈ, ‰Û„ÓÏ ÏÂÒÚÂ, ËÒÔÓθÁÛfl ‰Îfl ˝ÚÓ„Ó Ò‰ÒÚ‚‡
ÒÛ˘., Ó„‡ÌËÁ‡ˆËfl, ÒÓÁ‰‡Ì̇fl ‚ 1960 „Ó‰Û ‰Îfl ÚÂÎÂÍÓÏÏÛÌË͇ˆËÓÌÌ˚ı ÚÂıÌÓÎÓ„ËÈ, Ú‡ÍËı ͇Í
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ÍÓÓ‰Ë̇ˆËË Òˉfl˜Ëı Á‡·‡ÒÚÓ‚ÓÍ Ë ‰Û„Ëı ‡ÍÚÓ‚ ÍÓÏÔ¸˛ÚÂ, àÌÚÂÌÂÚ Ë Ù‡ÍÒ.

ÔÓÚÂÒÚ‡ Á‡ Ô‰ÓÒÚ‡‚ÎÂÌË ˜ÂÌÓÍÓÊÂÈ ÏÓÎÓ‰ÂÊË telegraph / ÚÂ΄‡Ù, ÒÛ˘., ÛÒÚÓÈÒÚ‚Ó ‰Îfl
·Óθ¯ÂÈ ÓÎË ‚ ‰‚ËÊÂÌËË Á‡ „‡Ê‰‡ÌÒÍË Ô‡‚‡. ˝ÎÂÍÚ˘ÂÒÍÓÈ ÔÂ‰‡˜Ë ÍÓ‰ËÓ‚‡ÌÌ˚ı ÒÓÓ·˘ÂÌËÈ
¡tudentœ for a Democratic ¡ociety (¡D¡) / ÔÓ ÔÓ‚Ó‰‡Ï.
ëÚÛ‰ÂÌÚ˚ Á‡ ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡Ú˘ÂÒÍÓ ӷ˘ÂÒÚ‚Ó, temperance movement / Ñ‚ËÊÂÌË Á‡ ‚‚‰ÂÌËÂ
ÒÛ˘., „ÛÔÔ‡ ÔÓÚË‚ ËÒÚ·Î˯ÏÂÌÚ‡ çÓ‚Ó„Ó ã‚ӄÓ, «ÒÛıÓ„Ó Á‡ÍÓ̇», ÒÛ˘., Ó„‡ÌËÁÓ‚‡Ì̇fl ÔÓÔ˚Ú͇
ÒÓÁ‰‡Ì̇fl ‚ 1960 „Ó‰Û, ÍÓÚÓ‡fl ÔËÁ˚‚‡Î‡ Í ·Óθ¯ÂÈ ÔÂÍ‡ÚËÚ¸ ÔÓÚ·ÎÂÌË ‡ÎÍÓ„ÓθÌ˚ı ̇ÔËÚÍÓ‚.
Ë̉˂ˉۇθÌÓÈ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰Â Ë ÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓÒÚË.
tenant farming / ‡ẨÌÓ ÙÂÏÂÒÚ‚Ó, ÒÛ˘.,
œuburb / ÔË„ÓÓ‰, ÒÛ˘., ÊËÎÓÈ ‡ÈÓÌ ËÎË ÒËÒÚÂχ, ÔË ÍÓÚÓÓÈ ÒÂθÒÍÓıÓÁflÈÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚Â
Ó·˘Ë̇ fl‰ÓÏ Ò „ÓÓ‰ÓÏ. ‡·Ó˜Ë ËÒÔÓθÁÛ˛Ú Ò‚ÓË ËÌÒÚÛÏÂÌÚ˚ Ë ‡ÂÌ‰Û˛Ú
œuffrage / ËÁ·Ë‡ÚÂθÌÓ Ô‡‚Ó, ÒÛ˘., Ô‡‚Ó ÁÂÏÎË, ‚˚Ô·˜Ë‚‡fl ‡ÂÌ‰Û ‰Â̸„‡ÏË.
Û˜‡ÒÚËfl ‚ „ÓÎÓÒÓ‚‡ÌËË. tenement / ÏÌÓ„ÓÍ‚‡ÚËÌ˚È ‰ÓÏ, ÒÛ˘.,
¡ugar Act / á‡ÍÓÌ Ó Ò‡ı‡Â, ÒÛ˘., ÚÓ„Ó‚˚È „ÓÓ‰ÒÍÓ ÏÌÓ„ÓÒÂÏÂÈÌÓ ÊËÎˢÂ, Ó·˚˜ÌÓ
Á‡ÍÓÌ, ÔËÌflÚ˚È è‡·ÏÂÌÚÓÏ ‚ 1764 „Ó‰Û ‚ ÔÂÂ̇ÒÂÎÂÌÌÓÂ Ë Ò ‡ÌÚËÒ‡ÌËÚ‡Ì˚ÏË ÛÒÎÓ‚ËflÏË
ÔÓÔ˚ÚÍ ÒÓÍ‡ÚËÚ¸ ÍÓÌÚ‡·‡Ì‰Û ‚ ·ËÚ‡ÌÒÍËı ÔÓÊË‚‡ÌËfl.
ÍÓÎÓÌËflı ë‚ÂÌÓÈ ÄÏÂËÍË. Tenneœœee Valley Authority (TVA) / ìÔ‡‚ÎÂÌËÂ
œupply-œide economicœ / ˝ÍÓÌÓÏË͇ ÂÒÛÒ‡ÏË ·‡ÒÒÂÈ̇ íÂÌÌÂÒË, ÒÛ˘.,
Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl, ÒÛ˘., Ô‰ÔÓÎÓÊÂÌËÂ, ˜ÚÓ Ù‰Â‡Î¸Ì‡fl ÍÓÔÓ‡ˆËfl, ÒÓÁ‰‡Ì̇fl ‚ 1933 „Ó‰Û,
ÒÌËÊÂÌË ̇ÎÓ„Ó‚˚ı ÒÚ‡‚ÓÍ Ô˂‰ÂÚ Í Û‚Â΢ÂÌ˲ ‰Îfl ÒÚÓËÚÂθÒÚ‚‡ ÔÎÓÚËÌ Ë „ˉÓ˝ÎÂÍÚÓÒڇ̈ËÈ ‚
˜ËÒ· ‡·Ó˜Ëı ÏÂÒÚ, ‰ÂÌÂÊÌÓÏÛ Ì‡ÍÓÔÎÂÌ˲ Ë ·‡ÒÒÂÈÌ íÂÌÌÂÒË ‰Îfl ‚˚‡·ÓÚÍË ˝ÎÂÍÚÓ˝ÌÂ„ËË Ë
ËÌ‚ÂÒÚˈËflÏ, ˜ÚÓ, ‚ Ò‚Ó˛ Ó˜Â‰¸, Ô˂‰ÂÚ Í Ô‰ÓÚ‚‡˘ÂÌËfl ̇‚Ó‰ÌÂÌËÈ.
Û‚Â΢ÂÌ˲ ‰ÓıÓ‰Ó‚ „ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚‡.

MULTI-LANGUAGE GLOSSARY 197

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termination policy / ÔÓÎËÚË͇ ÚÂÏË̇ˆËË, tranœcontinental railroad / Ú‡ÌÒÍÓÌÚËÌÂÌÚ‡-

ÒÛ˘., ÔÎ‡Ì Ô‡‚ËÚÂθÒÚ‚‡ ëÓ‰ËÌÂÌÌ˚ı òÚ‡ÚÓ‚, θ̇fl ÊÂÎÂÁ̇fl ‰ÓÓ„‡, ÒÛ˘. ÊÂÎÂÁ̇fl ‰ÓÓ„‡,
Ó·˙fl‚ÎÂÌÌ˚È ‚ 1953 „Ó‰Û, ÔÓ ÔÂÍ‡˘ÂÌ˲ ÓÔÂÍË ÒÓ‰ËÌfl˛˘‡fl ‡Ú·ÌÚ˘ÂÒÍÓÂ Ë ÚËıÓÓ͇ÌÒÍÓÂ
̇‰ ÍÓÂÌÌ˚Ï Ì‡ÒÂÎÂÌËÂÏ ë‚ÂÌÓÈ ÄÏÂËÍË, ÔÓ·ÂÂʸ ëÓ‰ËÌÂÌÌ˚ı òÚ‡ÚÓ‚, ÒÚÓËÚÂθÒÚ‚Ó
Ô‰ÛÒχÚË‚‡˛˘ËÈ ÔÂÍ‡˘ÂÌË Ô‰ÓÒÚ‡‚ÎÂÌËfl ÍÓÚÓÓÈ ·˚ÎÓ Á‡ÍÓ̘ÂÌÓ ‚ 1869 „Ó‰Û.
RUSSIAN

˝ÍÓÌÓÏ˘ÂÒÍÓÈ ÔÓÏÓ˘Ë, Ò‚ÂÚ˚‚‡ÌË ÒËÒÚÂÏ˚ Treaty of Fort Laramie / ÑÓ„Ó‚Ó îÓÚ‡ ã‡‡ÏË,
ÂÁÂ‚‡ˆËÈ Ë ÔÂÂ‡ÒÔ‰ÂÎÂÌË ÁÂÏÂθ ÍÓÂÌÌÓ„Ó ÒÛ˘., ‰Ó„Ó‚Ó, ÚÂ·Û˛˘ËÈ ÔÓÊË‚‡ÌËfl Ë̉ÂȈ‚
̇ÒÂÎÂÌËfl. ÔÎÂÏÂÌË ÒËÛ ‚ ÂÁÂ‚‡ˆËË ‚‰Óθ ÂÍË åËÒÒÛË.
Tet offenœive / ç‡Ô‡‰ÂÌË íÂÚ‡, ÒÛ˘., Treaty of Ghent / ÉÂÌÚÒÍËÈ ‰Ó„Ó‚Ó, ÒÛ˘.,
χÒÒËÓ‚‡Ì̇fl ÌÂÓÊˉ‡Ì̇fl ‡Ú‡Í‡ ǸÂÚÍÓÌ„ÓÏ Ì‡ ‰Ó„Ó‚Ó 1814 „Ó‰‡, ÍÓÚÓ˚È fl‚ËÎÒfl ÓÍÓ̘‡ÌËÂÏ
˛ÊÌÓ‚¸ÂÚ̇ÏÒÍË „ÓÓ‰‡ Ë ÔÓÒÂÎÍË ‚ ̇˜‡Î 1968 ‚ÓÈÌ˚ 1812 „Ó‰‡.
„Ó‰‡.
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo / ÑÓ„Ó‚Ó
Texaœ Revolution / íÂı‡ÒÒ͇fl ‚ÓβˆËfl, ÉÛ‡‰‡ÎÛÔÂ-à‰‡Î¸„Ó, ÒÛ˘., ‰Ó„Ó‚Ó 1848 „Ó‰‡,
ÒÛ˘., ‚ÓÒÒÚ‡ÌË 1836 „Ó‰‡, ‚ ÍÓÚÓÓÏ íÂı‡Ò Á‡‚Â¯Ë‚¯ËÈ ‚ÓÈÌÛ Ò åÂÍÒËÍÓÈ, ‚ ÍÓÚÓÓÏ
ÔÓÎÛ˜ËÎ Ò‚Ó˛ ÌÂÁ‡‚ËÒËÏÓÒÚ¸ ÓÚ åÂÍÒËÍË. åÂÍÒË͇ ÛÒÚÛÔË· ëÓ‰ËÌÂÌÌ˚Ï òÚ‡Ú‡Ï
Thirteenth Amendment / íË̇‰ˆ‡Ú‡fl ä‡ÎËÙÓÌ˲ Ë ç¸˛-åÂÍÒËÍÓ.
ÔÓÔ‡‚͇, ÒÛ˘., ÔÓÔ‡‚͇ Í äÓÌÒÚËÚÛˆËË Treaty of Pariœ (1783) / è‡ËÊÒÍËÈ ‰Ó„Ó‚Ó
ëÓ‰ËÌÂÌÌ˚ı òÚ‡ÚÓ‚, ÔËÌflÚ‡fl ‚ 1865 „Ó‰Û, (1783), ÒÛ˘., ‰Ó„Ó‚Ó, Á‡‚Â¯Ë‚¯ËÈ ÒÂÏËÎÂÚÌ˛˛
ÍÓÚÓ‡fl ÔÂÍ‡ÚË· ‡·ÒÚ‚Ó Ë ÔӉ̂ÓθÌ˚È ÚÛ‰. ‚ÓÈÌÛ, ÔÓ‰Ú‚Â‰Ë‚¯ËÈ ÌÂÁ‡‚ËÒËÏÓÒÚ¸ ëÓ‰ËÌÂÌÌ˚ı
Three-Fifthœ Compromiœe / äÓÏÔÓÏËÒÒ ÚË òÚ‡ÚÓ‚ Ë ÛÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚Ë‚¯ËÈ „‡Ìˈ˚ ÌÓ‚Ó„Ó „ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚‡.
ÔflÚ˚ı, ÒÛ˘., Òӄ·¯ÂÌË äÓÌÒÚËÚÛˆËÓÌÌÓÈ Treaty of Pariœ (1898) / è‡ËÊÒÍËÈ ‰Ó„Ó‚Ó
äÓÌ‚Â̈ËË Ò˜ËÚ‡Ú¸ ÚË ÔflÚ˚ı ‡·Ó‚ ¯Ú‡ÚÓ‚ Í‡Í (1898), ÒÛ˘., ‰Ó„Ó‚Ó, Á‡‚Â¯Ë‚¯ËÈ ËÒÔ‡ÌÒÍÓ-
̇ÒÂÎÂÌËÂ, ‚ ˆÂÎflı ÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌËfl Ô‰ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÂθÒÚ‚‡ ‡ÏÂË͇ÌÒÍÛ˛ ‚ÓÈÌÛ, ÔÓ ÍÓÚÓÓÏÛ àÒÔ‡ÌËfl
Ë ÛÔ·Ú˚ ̇ÎÓ„Ó‚. Ó҂ӷӉ˷ äÛ·Û Ë ÔÂ‰‡Î‡ ÓÒÚÓ‚‡ ÉÛ‡Ï Ë èÛ˝ÚÓ-
Tiananmen ¡quare / ÔÎÓ˘‡‰¸ ífl̸ ÄÌÏÂ̸, êËÍÓ ëÓ‰ËÌÂÌÌ˚Ï òÚ‡Ú‡Ï Ë ÔÓ‰‡Î‡ îËÎËÔÔËÌ˚
ÒÛ˘., ÏÂÒÚÓ Ôӂ‰ÂÌËfl ‰ÂÏÓÌÒÚ‡ˆËË ‚ 1989 ‚ ëÓ‰ËÌÂÌÌ˚Ï òÚ‡Ú‡Ï Á‡ 20 ÏËÎÎËÓÌÓ‚ ‰ÓηÓ‚.
èÂÍËÌÂ, äËÚ‡È, ‚ ÍÓÚÓÓÈ ÍËÚ‡ÈÒÍË ÒÚÛ‰ÂÌÚ˚ Treaty of Tordeœillaœ / ÑÓ„Ó‚Ó íÓ‰ÂÒËηÒ,
Ú·ӂ‡ÎË Ò‚Ó·Ó‰˚ ÒÎÓ‚‡ Ë ·Óθ¯Â„Ó ÒÛ˘., ‰Ó„Ó‚Ó 1494 „Ó‰‡, ÔÓ ÍÓÚÓÓÏÛ ÚÂËÚÓËË

Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

Ô‰ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÂθÒÚ‚‡ ‚ Ô‡‚ËÚÂθÒÚ‚Â. á‡Ô‡‰ÌÓ„Ó ÔÓÎÛ¯‡Ëfl ·˚ÎË ÔÓ‰ÂÎÂÌ˚ ÏÂʉÛ
Tonkin Gulf Reœolution / íÓÌÍËÌÒ͇fl àÒÔ‡ÌËÂÈ Ë èÓÚÛ„‡ÎËÂÈ.
ÂÁÓβˆËfl, ÒÛ˘., ÂÁÓβˆËfl, ÔËÌflÚ‡fl Treaty of Verœailleœ / ÇÂ҇θÒÍËÈ ‰Ó„Ó‚Ó,
äÓÌ„ÂÒÒÓÏ ‚ 1964 „Ó‰Û, Ô‰ÓÒÚ‡‚Îfl˛˘‡fl ÒÛ˘., ÏËÌ˚È ‰Ó„Ó‚Ó 1919 „Ó‰‡ ÔÓ ÓÍÓ̘‡ÌËË
ÔÂÁˉÂÌÚÛ ¯ËÓÍË ÔÓÎÌÓÏÓ˜Ëfl ÔË Ôӂ‰ÂÌËË èÂ‚ÓÈ ÏËÓ‚ÓÈ ‚ÓÈÌ˚, ÍÓÚÓ˚È ÛÒڇ̇‚ÎË‚‡Î
‚ÓÈÌ˚ ‚Ó Ç¸ÂÚ̇ÏÂ. ‚ÓÁÌËÍÌÓ‚ÂÌË ÌÓ‚˚ı „ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚, „‡Ìˈ Ë ‚ÓÂÌÌ˚ı
totalitarian / ÚÓÚ‡ÎËÚ‡̇fl, ÔËÎ. ÂÔ‡‡ˆËÈ.
ı‡‡ÍÚÂËÒÚË͇ ÔÓÎËÚ˘ÂÒÍÓÈ ÒËÒÚÂÏ˚ ‚ ÍÓÚÓÓÈ trench warfare / ÓÍÓÔ̇fl ‚ÓÈ̇, ÒÛ˘., ‚ÓÂÌÌ˚Â
„ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚Ó Ó·Î‡‰‡ÂÚ ÔÓÎÌ˚Ï ÍÓÌÚÓÎÂÏ Ì‡‰ ÓÔÂ‡ˆËË, ÔË ÍÓÚÓ˚ı ÔÓÚË‚ÌËÍË ‡Ú‡ÍÛ˛Ú Ë
ÊËÁÌflÏË „‡Ê‰‡Ì. ÍÓÌÚ‡Ú‡ÍÛ˛Ú ‰Û„ ‰Û„‡ ËÁ ÛÍÂÔÎÂÌÌ˚ı ÛÍ˚ÚËÈ,
Townœhend Actœ / á‡ÍÓÌ˚ í‡Û̯Ẩ‡, ÒÛ˘., ‡ Ì ‚ ÓÚÍ˚ÚÓÏ Ò‡ÊÂÌËË.
ÒÂËfl Á‡ÍÓÌÓ‚, ÔËÌflÚ‡fl è‡·ÏÂÌÚÓ‚ ‚ 1767 „Ó‰Û, triangular trade / ÚÂÛ„Óθ̇fl ÚÓ„Ó‚Îfl, ÒÛ˘.,
ÛÒڇ̇‚ÎË‚‡˛˘‡fl ÍÓÒ‚ÂÌÌ˚ ̇ÎÓ„Ë Ì‡ ÚÓ‚‡˚, Ú‡ÌÒ‡Ú·ÌÚ˘ÂÒ͇fl ÒËÒÚÂχ ÚÓ„Ó‚ÎË ‚ ÍÓÚÓÓÈ
ËÏÔÓÚËÛÂÏ˚ ËÁ ÅËÚ‡ÌËË ·ËÚ‡ÌÒÍËÏË ÚÓ‚‡˚ Ë Î˛‰Ë, ‚Íβ˜‡fl ‡·Ó‚, Ó·ÏÂÌË‚‡ÎËÒ¸
ÍÓÎÓÌËflÏË ‚ ë‚ÂÌÓÈ ÄÏÂËÍÂ. ÏÂÊ‰Û ÄÙËÍÓÈ, ÄÌ„ÎËÂÈ, Ö‚ÓÔÓÈ, ÇÂÒÚ-à̉ËÂÈ
Trail of Tearœ / íÓÔ‡ ÒÎÂÁ, ÒÛ˘., ̇ÒËθÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓÂ Ë ÍÓÎÓÌËflÏË ‚ ë‚ÂÌÓÈ ÄÏÂËÍË.
ÔÂÂÒÂÎÂÌË Ë̉ÂȈ‚ óÂÓÍË ËÁ ÑÊÓ‰ÊËË Ì‡ Truman Doctrine / ÑÓÍÚË̇ íÛÏ˝Ì‡, ÒÛ˘.,
à̉ÂÈÒÍË íÂËÚÓËË ‚ 1838–1840, ‚Ó ‚ÂÏfl ÔÓÎËÚË͇ ëÓ‰ËÌÂÌÌ˚ı òÚ‡ÚÓ‚, ÔÓ‚ÓÁ„·¯ÂÌ̇fl
ÍÓÚÓÓ„Ó ÔÓ„Ë·ÎË Ú˚Òfl˜Ë Ë̉ÂȈ‚ óÂÓÍË. ÔÂÁˉÂÌÚÓÏ É‡Ë ë. íÛÏ˝ÌÓÏ ‚ 1947 „Ó‰Û, ÔÓ
tranœcendentaliœm / Ú‡ÌÒˆẨÂÌÚ‡ÎËÁÏ, ÒÛ˘., Ô‰ÓÒÚ‡‚ÎÂÌ˲ ˝ÍÓÌÓÏ˘ÂÒÍÓÈ Ë ‚ÓÂÌÌÓÈ ÔÓÏÓ˘Ë
ÙËÎÓÒÓÙÒÍÓÂ Ë ÎËÚÂ‡ÚÛÌÓ ‰‚ËÊÂÌË 1800-ı Ò‚Ó·Ó‰Ì˚Ï „ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚‡Ï, ÍÓÚÓ˚Ï Û„Óʇ˛Ú
„Ó‰Ó‚, ÍÓÚÓÓ ÔËÁ˚‚‡ÎÓ Í ÔÓÒÚÓÈ ÊËÁÌË Ë ‚ÌÛÚÂÌÌË ËÎË ‚̯ÌË ÔÓÚË‚ÌËÍË.
ÔË‚ÂÚÒÚ‚Ó‚‡ÎÓ ÔÓËÒÍË ËÒÚËÌ˚ ‚ ÔËÓ‰Â, ΢Ì˚ı
˝ÏÓˆËflı Ë ‚ÓÓ·‡ÊÂÌËË.

198 THE AMERICANS

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Tuœkegee Normal and Induœtrial Inœtitute / utopian community / ÛÚÓÔ˘ÂÒ͇fl ÍÓÏÏÛ̇,

í‡ÒÍˉÊÒÍËÈ ÛÌË‚ÂÒËÚÂÚ ÒÛ˘., ·˚Î Ó·‡ÁÓ‚‡Ì ÒÛ˘., ˝ÍÒÔÂËÏÂÌڇθ̇fl ÍÓÏÏÛ̇, ÒÓÁ‰‡Ì̇fl ͇Í
‚ 1881 „Ó‰Û Ë ‚ÓÁ„·‚ÎflÎÒfl ÅÛÍÂÓÏ í. LJ¯ËÌ„ÚÓ- ÔËÏÂ ˉ‡θÌÓ„Ó Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚‡, ‚ ÍÓÚÓÓÏ Â ˜ÎÂÌ˚
ÌÓÏ ‰Îfl ÔÓÎÛ˜ÂÌËfl ‡ÙÓ-‡ÏÂË͇̈‡ÏË ‰ËÔÎÓÏÓ‚ ÏÓ„ÎË ·˚ ÊËÚ¸ ‚ „‡ÏÓÌËË.
ÔÂÔÓ‰‡‚‡ÚÂÎÂÈ Ë Ó·Û˜ÂÌËfl Ëı ÔÓÎÂÁÌ˚Ï Ì‡‚˚͇Ï

RUSSIAN
‚ ӷ·ÒÚË ÚÓ„Ó‚ÎË Ë ÒÂθÒÍÓ„Ó ıÓÁflÈÒÚ‚‡.
two-party œyœtem / ‰‚ÛıÔ‡ÚËÈ̇fl ÒËÒÚÂχ, V
ÒÛ˘., ÔÓÎËÚ˘ÂÒ͇fl ÒËÒÚÂχ, ‚ ÍÓÚÓÓÈ
V-E Day / ÑÂ̸ Ôӷ‰˚ ‚ Ö‚ÓÔÂ, ÒÛ˘., Ú‡Í
‰ÓÏËÌËÛ˛Ú ‰‚ ÓÒÌÓ‚Ì˚ ÔÓÎËÚ˘ÂÒÍË ԇÚËË.
̇Á˚‚‡ÂÚÒfl 8 χfl 1945 „Ó‰‡, ÍÓ„‰‡ „ÂÌÂ‡Î
ùÈÁÂÌı‡Û˝ ÔËÌflÎ ·ÂÁÓ„Ó‚ÓÓ˜ÌÛ˛ ͇ÔËÚÛÎflˆË˛

U ̇ˆËÒÚÒÍÓÈ ÉÂχÌËË, ˜ÚÓ Ò‚Ë‰ÂÚÂθÒÚ‚Ó‚‡ÎÓ Ó·

ÓÍÓ̘‡ÌËË ÇÚÓÓÈ ÏËÓ‚ÓÈ ‚ÓÈÌ˚ ‚ Ö‚ÓÔÂ.
Uncle Tom’œ Cabin / ïËÊË̇ ‰fl‰Ë íÓχ, vertical integration / ‚ÂÚË͇θ̇fl ˝ÏË„‡ˆËfl,
ÒÛ˘., ËÁ‚ÂÒÚÌÂȯËÈ ÓÏ‡Ì É‡ËÂÚ‡ Å˘Â-ëÚÓÛ, ÒÛ˘., ÔËÓ·ÂÚÂÌË ÍÓÏÔ‡ÌËÂÈ Â ÔÓÒÚ‡‚˘ËÍÓ‚ Ë
ÓÔÛ·ÎËÍÓ‚‡ÌÌ˚È ‚ 1852, ‚ ÍÓÚÓÓÏ ‡·ÒÚ‚Ó ‰ËÒÚË·¸˛ÚÓÓ‚, ÒËÒÚÂÏ Ú‡ÌÒÔÓÚËÓ‚ÍË ‰Îfl
‡ÒÒχÚË‚‡ÎÓÒ¸ Í‡Í ·Óθ¯ÓÈ ÏÓ‡Î¸Ì˚È „Âı. ÔÓÎÛ˜ÂÌËfl ÔÓÎÌÓ„Ó ÍÓÌÚÓÎfl ̇‰ ͇˜ÂÒÚ‚ÓÏ Ë
Underground Railroad / èÓ‰ÔÓθ̇fl ÊÂÎÂÁ̇fl ÒÚÓËÏÓÒÚ¸˛ Ò‚ÓÂÈ ÔÓ‰Û͈ËË.
‰ÓÓ„‡, ÒÛ˘., ÒËÒÚÂχ ‰ÓÓ„, ÔÓ ÍÓÚÓ˚Ï ‡·‡Ï Vietcong / ǸÂÚÍÓÌ„, ÒÛ˘., ÍÓÏÏÛÌËÒÚ˚ ûÊÌÓ„Ó
ÔÓÏÓ„‡ÎË Ò·Âʇڸ ‚ ä‡Ì‡‰Û ËÎË ‚ ·ÂÁÓÔ‡ÒÌ˚ ÏÂÒÚ‡ ǸÂÚ̇χ, ÍÓÚÓ˚Â, ÔË ÔÓ‰‰ÂÊÍ ë‚ÂÌÓ„Ó
‚ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰Ì˚ı ¯Ú‡Ú‡ı. ǸÂÚ̇χ, Ò‡Ê‡ÎËÒ¸ ÔÓÚË‚ Ô‡‚ËÚÂθÒÚ‚‡
United Farm Workerœ Organizing Committee ûÊÌÓ„Ó Ç¸ÂÚ̇χ ‚Ó ‚¸ÂÚ̇ÏÒÍÓÈ ‚ÓÈÌÂ.
(UFWOC) / é„‡ÌËÁ‡ˆËÓÌÌ˚È ÍÓÏËÚÂÚ Vietminh / ǸÂÚÏËÌ, ÒÛ˘., Ó„‡ÌËÁ‡ˆËfl
Ó·˙‰ËÌÂÌÌ˚ı ÒÂθÒÍÓıÓÁflÈÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚ı ‚¸ÂÚ̇ÏÒÍËı ÍÓÏÏÛÌËÒÚÓ‚ Ë ‰Û„ËÂ
‡·Ó˜Ëı ÒÛ˘., ÔÓÙÒÓ˛Á, Ó„‡ÌËÁÓ‚‡ÌÌ˚È ‚ 1966 ̇ˆËÓ̇ÎËÒÚ˘ÂÒÍË „ÛÔÔËÓ‚ÍË ‚ ÔÂËÓ‰ Ò 1946
„Ó‰Û ‰Îfl ·Ó¸·˚ Á‡ ÔÓ‚˚¯ÂÌË Á‡Ô·Ú˚ Ë ÔÓ 1954 „Ó‰˚, Ò‡Ê‡‚¯ËÂÒfl Á‡ ÌÂÁ‡‚ËÒËÏÓÒÚ¸
ÛÎÛ˜¯ÂÌË ÛÒÎÓ‚ËÈ ÚÛ‰‡ ‰Îfl ÏÂÍÒË͇ÌÒÍÓ- ǸÂÚ̇χ ÓÚ î‡ÌˆËË.
‡ÏÂË͇ÌÒÍËı ÒÂθÒÍÓıÓÁflÈÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚ı ‡·Ó˜Ëı ‚ Vietnamization / ǸÂÚ̇ÏËÁ‡ˆËfl, ÒÛ˘.,
ä‡ÎËÙÓÌËË.
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ÒÚ‡Ú„Ëfl ÔÂÁˉÂÌÚ‡ çËÍÒÓ̇ ÔÓ ÓÍÓ̘‡Ì˲

United Nationœ (UN) / é„‡ÌËÁ‡ˆËfl Û˜‡ÒÚËfl ëÓ‰ËÌÂÌÌ˚ı òÚ‡ÚÓ‚ ‚Ó ‚¸ÂÚ̇ÏÒÍÓÈ
é·˙‰ËÌÂÌÌ˚ı 燈ËÈ (ééç), ÒÛ˘., ‚ÓÈÌÂ, ‚Íβ˜‡˛˘‡fl ÔÓÒÚÂÔÂÌÌ˚È ‚˚‚Ó‰
ÏÂʉÛ̇Ӊ̇fl Ó„‡ÌËÁ‡ˆËfl Ó·ÂÒÔ˜ÂÌËfl ÏË‡ ‡ÏÂË͇ÌÒÍËı ‚ÓÈÒÍ Ë Ëı Á‡ÏÂÌÛ ˛ÊÌÓ-
‚Ó ‚ÒÂÏ ÏËÂ, ‚ ÍÓÚÓÛ˛ ‚ÒÚÛÔËÎË ÔÓ˜ÚË ‚Ò ‚¸ÂÚ̇ÏÒÍËÏË ‚ÓÓÛÊÂÌÌ˚ÏË ÒË·ÏË.
„ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚‡ ÏË‡. é̇ ·˚· Ó„‡ÌËÁÓ‚‡Ì‡ Voting Rightœ Act of 1965 / á‡ÍÓÌ Ó·
‚ 1945 „Ó‰Û ‰Îfl ÔÓÔ‡„‡Ì‰˚ ÏË‡ ‚Ó ‚ÒÂÏ ÏËÂ, ËÁ·Ë‡ÚÂθÌ˚ı Ô‡‚‡ı 1965 „Ó‰‡, ÒÛ˘.,
·ÂÁÓÔ‡ÒÌÓÒÚË Ë ˝ÍÓÌÓÏ˘ÂÒÍÓ„Ó ‡Á‚ËÚËfl. Á‡ÍÓÌ, ӷ΄˜‡‚¯ËÈ ‡ÙÓ-‡ÏÂË͇̈‡Ï
urban flight / ·Â„ÒÚ‚Ó ËÁ „ÓÓ‰‡, ÒÛ˘., „ËÒÚ‡ˆË˛ ‰Îfl „ÓÎÓÒÓ‚‡ÌËfl ÔÓÒ‰ÒÚ‚ÓÏ
ÏË„‡ˆËfl ̇ÒÂÎÂÌËfl ËÁ „ÓÓ‰Ó‚ ‚ ÔËÎÂʇ˘Ë ÓÚÏÂÌ˚ ‰ËÒÍËÏË̇ˆËÓÌÌ˚ı ÚÂÒÚÓ‚ ̇ ÔÓ‚ÂÍÛ
ÔË„ÓÓ‰˚. „‡ÏÓÚÌÓÒÚË Ë ‰‡˛˘ËÈ Ô‡‚Ó Ù‰Â‡Î¸Ì˚Ï
urbanization / Û·‡ÌËÁ‡ˆËfl, ÒÛ˘., ÓÒÚ „ÓÓ‰Ó‚. ˝ÍÁ‡ÏÂ̇ÚÓ‡Ï „ËÒÚËÓ‚‡Ú¸ ËÁ·Ë‡ÚÂÎÂÈ,
ÍÓÚÓ˚Ï ·˚ÎÓ ÓÚ͇Á‡ÌÓ Ì‡ ÏÂÒÚÌÓÏ ÛÓ‚ÌÂ.
urban renewal / Ó·ÌÓ‚ÎÂÌËÂ „ÓÓ‰Ó‚, ÒÛ˘.,
ÒÌÓÒ ÒÚ‡˚ı Ë ÒÚÓËÚÂθÒÚ‚Ó ÌÓ‚˚ı Á‰‡ÌËÈ ‚
‡ÈÓ̇ı, ÔË΄‡˛˘Ëı Í ˆÂÌÚÛ „ÓÓ‰‡.
urban œprawl / ‡ÒÔÓÎÁ‡ÌË „ÓÓ‰Ó‚, ÒÛ˘.,
W
ÌÂÔ·ÌËÛÂÏÓÂ Ë ÌÂÍÓÌÚÓÎËÛÂÏÓ ‡Ò¯ËÂÌË Wade-Daviœ Bill / ÅËÎθ ì˝È‰‡-Ñ˝‚ËÒ‡, ÒÛ˘.,
„ÓÓ‰Ó‚ ̇ ÔË΄‡˛˘Ë ÚÂËÚÓËË. ·ËÎθ, ÔËÌflÚ˚È ‚ 1864 „Ó‰Û, ̇ ÍÓÚÓ˚È ·˚ÎÓ
U.¡.¡. Maine / ÍÓ‡·Î¸ Çåë ëòÄ å˝Ì, ÒÛ˘., ̇ÎÓÊÂÌÓ ‚ÂÚÓ ÔÂÁˉÂÌÚ‡ ãËÌÍÓθ̇, ÍÓÚÓ˚È
‚ÓÂÌÌ˚È ÍÓ‡·Î¸ ëÓ‰ËÌÂÌÌ˚ı òÚ‡ÚÓ‚ ÏËÒÚ˘ÂÒÍË Ô‰ÓÒÚ‡‚ÎflÎ ·˚ äÓÌ„ÂÒÒÛ ÍÓÌÚÓθ ̇‰
‚ÁÓ‚‡‚¯ËÈÒfl Ë Á‡ÚÓÌÛ‚¯ËÈ ‚ „‡‚‡ÌË É‡‚‡Ì˚, äÛ·‡ ‚ÓÒÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚ÎÂÌËÂÏ ÔÓÒΠÉ‡Ê‰‡ÌÒÍÓÈ ‚ÓÈÌ˚ ‚ ëòÄ.
15 Ù‚‡Îfl 1898 „Ó‰‡. Wagner Act / á‡ÍÓÌ Ç‡„ÌÂ‡, ÒÛ˘., Á‡ÍÓÌ, Ú‡ÍÊÂ
U-2 incident / Ë̈ˉÂÌÚ Ò ì-2, ÒÛ˘., Ë̈ˉÂÌÚ ËÁ‚ÂÒÚÌ˚È Í‡Í ç‡ˆËÓ̇θÌ˚È Á‡ÍÓÌ Ó ÚÛ‰Ó‚˚ı
Ò ‡ÏÂË͇ÌÒÍËÏ Ò‡ÏÓÎÂÚÓÏ-¯ÔËÓÌÓÏ ‚ 1960 „Ó‰Û, ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËflı, ÔËÌflÚ˚È ‚ 1935 „Ó‰Û ‰Îfl Á‡˘ËÚ˚ Ô‡‚
ÍÓÚÓ˚È ·˚Î Ò·ËÚ ëÓ‚ÂÚÒÍËÏ ëÓ˛ÁÓÏ, ‡ Â„Ó ÔËÎÓÚ ‡·Ó˜Ëı ÔÓÒΠÚÓ„Ó Í‡Í ÇÂıÓ‚Ì˚È ëÛ‰ Ó·˙fl‚ËÎ
ÔÓԇΠ‚ ÔÎÂÌ. ÌÂÍÓÌÒÚËÚÛˆËÓÌÌ˚Ï Á‡ÍÓÌ Ó ‚ÓÒÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚ÎÂÌËË
̇ˆËÓ̇θÌÓÈ ÔÓÏ˚¯ÎÂÌÌÓÒÚË.
MULTI-LANGUAGE GLOSSARY 199
RusGloss.TheAmerican 1/20/04 1:35 PM Page 200

war-guilt clauœe / ÒÚ‡Ú¸fl Ó· ÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓÒÚË Women’œ Auxiliary Army Corpœ (WAAC) /

Á‡ ‡Á‚flÁ˚‚‡ÌË ‚ÓÈÌ˚, ÒÛ˘., ÔÓÎÓÊÂÌË ÇÒÔÓÏÓ„‡ÚÂθ̇fl ÊÂÌÒ͇fl ÒÎÛÊ·‡
ÇÂ҇θÒÍÓ„Ó ‰Ó„Ó‚Ó‡, ÔÓ ÍÓÚÓÓÏÛ ÉÂχÌËfl ÒÛıÓÔÛÚÌ˚ı ‚ÓÈÒÍ, ÒÛ˘., ÔÓ‰‡Á‰ÂÎÂÌË ‡ÏËË
ÔËÁ̇‚‡Î‡ ‰ËÌÓ΢ÌÛ˛ ‚ËÌÛ ‚ èÂ‚ÓÈ ÏËÓ‚ÓÈ ëÓ‰ËÌÂÌÌ˚ı òÚ‡ÚÓ‚, ÒÓÁ‰‡ÌÌÓ ‚Ó ‚ÂÏfl ÇÚÓÓÈ
‚ÓÈÌÂ. ÏËÓ‚ÓÈ ‚ÓÈÌ˚ ‰Îfl Ô‰ÓÒÚ‡‚ÎÂÌËfl ÊÂÌ˘Ë̇Ï
RUSSIAN

war hawk / ‚ÓÂÌÌ˚È flÒÚ·, ÒÛ˘., Ó‰ËÌ ËÁ ‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌÓÒÚË ÒÎÛÊËÚ¸ ‚Ó ‚ÒÔÓÏÓ„‡ÚÂθÌ˚ı

˜ÎÂÌÓ‚ äÓÌ„ÂÒÒ‡, ÍÓÚÓ˚È ÒËÏÔ‡ÚËÁËÓ‚‡Î ‚ÓÈÌ ÔÓ‰‡Á‰ÂÎÂÌËflı.
Ò ÅËÚ‡ÌËÂÈ ‚ ̇˜‡Î XIX ‚Â͇. Woodœtock / ÇÛ‰ÒÚÓÍ, ÒÛ˘., Ò‚Ó·Ó‰Ì˚È
War Induœtrieœ Board (WIB) / ÇÓÂÌÌÓ- ÏÛÁ˚͇θÌ˚È ÙÂÒÚË‚‡Î¸, ÍÓÚÓ˚È ÔË‚ÎÂÍ ·ÓÎÂÂ
ÔÓÏ˚¯ÎÂÌÌÓ ÛÔ‡‚ÎÂÌËÂ, ÒÛ˘., ‡„ÂÌÚÒÚ‚Ó, 400000 ÏÓÎÓ‰˚ı β‰ÂÈ Ì‡ ÙÂÏÛ Ì‡ ‚ÓÒÚÓÍ ¯Ú‡Ú‡
ÒÓÁ‰‡ÌÌÓ ‚Ó ‚ÂÏfl èÂ‚ÓÈ ÏËÓ‚ÓÈ ‚ÓÈÌ˚ ‰Îfl 縲-âÓÍ ‚ ‡‚„ÛÒÚ 1969 „Ó‰‡.
ÔÓ‚˚¯ÂÌËfl ˝ÙÙÂÍÚË‚ÌÓÒÚË Ë ÒÌËÊÂÌËfl ÓÚıÓ‰Ó‚ ‚ Workœ Progreœœ Adminiœtration (WPA) /
‚ÓÂÌÌ˚ı ÓÚ‡ÒÎflı ÔÓÏ˚¯ÎÂÌÌÓÒÚË. ìÔ‡‚ÎÂÌË ӷ˘ÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚ı ‡·ÓÚ (ìéê),
War Powerœ Act (WPA) / á‡ÍÓÌ Ó ‚ÓÂÌÌ˚ı ÒÛ˘., ‡„ÂÌÚÒÚ‚Ó, ÒÓÁ‰‡ÌÌÓ ‚ ‡Ï͇ı ÇÚÓÓ„Ó
ÔÓÎÌÓÏÓ˜Ëflı, ÒÛ˘., Á‡ÍÓÌ, ÔËÌflÚ˚È ‚ 1973 „Ó‰Û, çÓ‚Ó„Ó ÍÛÒ‡, Ô‰ÓÒÚ‡‚Îfl‚¯Â„Ó ·ÂÁ‡·ÓÚÌ˚Ï
Ó„‡Ì˘˂‡˛˘ËÈ Ô‡‚Ó ÔÂÁˉÂÌÚ‡ ÓÚÔ‡‚ÎflÚ¸ ‡·Ó˜Ë ÏÂÒÚ‡ ‚ ÒÚÓËÚÂθÒÚ‚Â, ¯‚ÂÈÌÓÈ
‚ÓÈÒ͇ ̇ ‚ÓÂÌÌ˚ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl ·ÂÁ ÍÓÌÒÛθڇˆËÈ Ò ÔÓÏ˚¯ÎÂÌÌÓÒÚË, Ó·Û˜ÂÌËË, ‚ ӷ·ÒÚË ËÒÍÛÒÒÚ‚ Ë
äÓÌ„ÂÒÒÓÏ. ‰Û„Ëı ÓÚ‡ÒÎflı.
War Production Board (WPB) / ìÔ‡‚ÎÂÌËÂ
‚ÓÂÌÌÓ„Ó ÔÓËÁ‚Ó‰ÒÚ‚‡, ÒÛ˘., ‡„ÂÌÚÒÚ‚Ó,
ÒÓÁ‰‡ÌÌÓ ‚Ó ‚ÂÏfl ÇÚÓÓÈ ÏËÓ‚ÓÈ ‚ÓÈÌ˚ ‰Îfl X
ÍÓÓ‰Ë̇ˆËË ‚ÓÂÌÌ˚ı ÔÓÒÚ‡‚ÓÍ ÓÚ‡ÒÎflÏË XYZ Affair / ÑÂÎÓ «àÍÒ-Ë„ÂÍ-ÁÂÚ», ÒÛ˘.,
ÔÓÏ˚¯ÎÂÌÌÓÒÚË ëÓ‰ËÌÂÌÌ˚ı òÚ‡ÚÓ‚. Ë̈ˉÂÌÚ 1797 „Ó‰‡, ‚ ÍÓÚÓÓÏ ÓÙˈˇθÌ˚ Îˈ‡
Warren Commiœœion / äÓÏËÒÒËfl ìÓÂ̇, î‡ÌˆËË ÔÓÚ·ӂ‡ÎË ‚ÁflÚÍÛ Û ‰ËÔÎÓχÚÓ‚
ÒÛ˘., „ÛÔÔ‡, ‚ÓÁ„·‚Îfl‚¯‡flÒfl åËÌËÒÚÓÏ ëÓ‰ËÌÂÌÌ˚ı òÚ‡ÚÓ‚.
˛ÒÚˈËË ùÎÓÏ ìÓÂÌÓÏ, ‡ÒÒΉӂ‡‚¯‡fl
Û·ËÈÒÚ‚Ó ÔÂÁˉÂÌÚ‡ äÂÌÌÂ‰Ë Ë Ô˯‰¯‡fl
Í ‚˚‚Ó‰Û, ˜ÚÓ ãË ï‡‚Ë éÒ‚‡Î¸‰ fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl Y

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‰ËÌÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚Ï ÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚Ï Á‡ ˝ÚÓ Û·ËÈÒÚ‚Ó.
yellow journaliœm / ÊÂÎÚ‡fl ÔÂÒÒ‡,
Warren Court / ëÛ‰ ìÓÂ̇, ÒÛ˘., ÇÂıÓ‚Ì˚È ÒÛ˘., ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌË „‡ÁÂÚ‡ÏË Ë ÊÛ̇·ÏË
ëÛ‰ ‚ ÔÂËÓ‰, ÍÓ„‰‡ ùÎ ìÓÂÌ ·˚Î ÏËÌËÒÚÓÏ ÒÂÌÒ‡ˆËÓÌÌ˚ı Ë ÔÂÛ‚Â΢ÂÌÌ˚ı Ù‡ÍÚÓ‚ ‰Îfl
˛ÒÚˈËË, ÓÚϘÂÌÌ˚È Ú‡ÍËÏ Ó·‡ÁÓÏ Á‡ Â„Ó Ô˂ΘÂÌËfl ˜ËÚ‡ÚÂÎÂÈ.
‡ÍÚË‚ÌÓÒÚ¸ ‚ ӷ·ÒÚË „‡Ê‰‡ÌÒÍËı Ô‡‚ Ë Ò‚Ó·Ó‰˚
ÒÎÓ‚‡.
Warœaw Pact / LJ¯‡‚ÒÍËÈ ‰Ó„Ó‚Ó, ÒÛ˘.,
‚ÓÂÌÌ˚È ·ÎÓÍ, ÒÓÁ‰‡ÌÌ˚È ‚ 1955 „Ó‰Û ëÓ‚ÂÚÒÍËÏ
Z
ÒÓ˛ÁÓÏ Ë Â„Ó ‚ÓÒÚÓ˜ÌÓ-‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍËÏË Ò‡ÚÂÎÎËÚ‡ÏË. Zimmermann note / çÓÚ‡ ñËÏÏÂχ̇, ÒÛ˘.,
ÌÓÚ‡, ÓÚÔ‡‚ÎÂÌ̇fl ‚ 1917 „Ó‰‡ ÏËÌËÒÚÓÏ
Watergate / ìÓÚÂ„ÂÈÚ, ÒÛ˘., Ò͇̉‡Î, ‚ÓÁÌËͯËÈ
ËÌÓÒÚ‡ÌÌ˚ı ‰ÂÎ ÉÂχÌËË ÔÓÒÎÛ ÉÂχÌËË ‚
‚ ÂÁÛθڇÚ ÔÓÔ˚ÚÓÍ ‡‰ÏËÌËÒÚ‡ˆËË ÒÍ˚Ú¸ Ò‚ÓÂ
åÂÍÒËÍÂ Ò Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÂÏ ÒÓ˛Á‡ ÏÂÊ‰Û ÉÂχÌËÂÈ
Û˜‡ÒÚË ‚ ÔÓÌËÍÌÓ‚ÂÌËË ‚ Ô‰‚˚·ÓÌ˚È ¯Ú‡·
Ë åÂÍÒËÍÓÈ Ë Ó·Â˘‡ÌËÂÏ Ó͇Á‡ÌËfl ÔÓÏÓ˘Ë
̇ˆËÓ̇θÌÓ„Ó ÍÓÏËÚÂÚ‡ ÑÂÏÓÍ‡Ú˘ÂÒÍÓÈ Ô‡ÚËË
åÂÍÒËÍ ÔÓ ‚ÓÁ‚‡ÚÛ íÂı‡Ò‡, 縲-åÂÍÒËÍÓ Ë
‚ 1972 „Ó‰Û ‚ „ÓÒÚËÌˈ ìÓÚÂ„ÂÈÚ.
ÄËÁÓÌ˚, ÂÒÎË ëÓ‰ËÌÂÌÌ˚ òÚ‡Ú˚ ‚ÒÚÛÔflÚ ‚
Whig Party / è‡ÚËfl ÇË„Ó‚, ÒÛ˘., ÔÓÎËÚ˘ÂÒ͇fl èÂ‚Û˛ ÏËÓ‚Û˛ ‚ÓÈÌÛ.
Ô‡ÚËfl, Ó·‡ÁÓ‚‡Ì̇fl ‚ 1834 „Ó‰Û ‰Îfl
ÔÓÚË‚ÓÒÚÓflÌËfl ÔÓÎËÚËÍ ù̉˛ ÑÊÂÍÒÓ̇.
Wilmot Proviœo / ÇËÎÏÓÚ èÓ‚ËÁÓ ÒÛ˘.,
‰ÓÔÓÎÌÂÌËÂ Í ·ËÎβ 1846 „Ó‰‡ Ó ÔËÒÓ‰ËÌÂÌËflı
ÁÂÏÂθ ‚Ó ‚ÂÏfl ‚ÓÈÌ˚, Ò Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÂÏ Ó ÚÓÏ, ˜ÚÓ
ÌË Ó‰Ì‡ Ëı ÚÂËÚÓËÈ, ÔËÒÓ‰ËÌÂÌÌ˚ı ‚ ıÓ‰Â
‚ÓÈÌ˚ Ò åÂÍÒËÍÓÈ Ì ·Û‰ÂÚ fl‚ÎflÚ¸Òfl ÚÂËÚÓËÂÈ
‡·ÒÚ‚‡.

200 THE AMERICANS

PorGloss.TheAmerican 1/21/04 4:21 PM Page 202

GLOSSÁRIO PORTUGUÊS
O Glossário é uma lista alfabética de muitos dos termos chaves dos capítulos, junto
com seus significados. As definições listadas no Glossário são as que se adequam
à maneira como as palavras são usadas neste livro. O Glossário indica a classe
gramatical da palavra. As seguintes abreviações são usadas:
adj. = adjetivo s. = substantivo v. = verbo

A American Expeditionary Force (AEF) /

Força Expedicionária Americana (FEA) s.
abolition / abolição s. movimento para extinguir a forças dos EUA na Primeira Guerra Mundial, lideradas
escravidão. pelo General John Pershing, que lutou pelos Aliados.
Adams-Onís Treaty / Tratado de Adams- American Federation of Labor (AFL) /
Onís s. um acordo de 1819 em que a Espanha transferiu Federação Americana do Trabalho (FAT) s.
o controle do território da Flórida para os EUA. aliança de sindicatos de comércio e indústria fundada
em 1886 nos EUA.
Adena / Adena s. uma sociedade dos Construtores
de Colinas centrada no vale do Rio Ohio e que floresceu American Indian Movement (AIM) /
de cerca de 700 A.C. a 100 D.C. Movimento Indígena Americano s. força
PORTUGUESE

militante formada em 1968 para lutar pelos direitos dos

affirmative action / ação afirmativa s.
índios americanos.
política que tenta corrigir os efeitos das antigas
discriminações através do favorecimento de grupos Americanization movement / movimento
anteriormente em desvantagem. de americanização s. programa educacional
desenhado para ajudar os imigrantes a assimilar a
Agent Orange / agente laranja s. produto
cultura americana.
químico para desfolhamento de árvores, tóxico,
espargido pelos aviões dos EUA no Vietnam, para American System / Sistema Americano s.
revelar esconderijos do vietcongue. conjunto de medidas pre-Guerra Civil desenhadas para
unificar a nação e fortalecer sua economia através de
Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) / Lei do
tarifas protetivas, um banco nacional e melhorias
Ajuste da Agricultura (AAA) s. lei sancionada em
internas tais como o desenvolvimento de um sistema

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1933 para aumentar os preços dos hortifrutigranjeiros
de transporte.
através de pagamento aos fazendeiros para que não plan-
tassem em toda sua terra, baixando desta forma a produção. Anaconda plan / Plano Anaconda s. estratégia
em três partes pela qual a União propôs-se
AIDS (acquired immune deficiency
a derrotar a Confederação na Guerra Civil.
syndrome) / AIDS(síndrome da
imunodeficiência adquirida) s. doença causada anarchist / anarquista s. pessoa que se opõe a
por virus que enfraquece o sistema imune, tornando o qualquer forma de governo.
corpo aberto a infecções e também raras formas de câncer. Anasazi / Anasazi s. grupo de índios americanos
Alamo, the / O Álamo s. missão e forte em San que viveu nos topos da mesas, nas encostas dos rochedos
Antonio, Texas, onde as forças mexicanas massacraram e nos baixos dos desfiladeiros da região dos Quatro
texanos rebeldes em 1836. Cantos (onde os atuais estados do Arizona, Novo
México, Colorado e Utah se encontram), dos anos
Alien and Sedition Acts / Leis dos
100 aos anos 1300 D.C.
Estrangeiros e de Sedição s. uma série de
quatro leis sancionadas em 1798 para reduzir o poder annex / anexar v. incorporar um território a uma
político de imigrantes recentes para os EUA. unidade política existente, como um estado ou uma nação.
Alliance for Progress / Aliança para o antebellum / anterior à guerra adj.
Progresso s. programa americano de ajuda externa pertencente ao período anterior à Guerra Civil.
dos anos 60, que fornecia assistência econômica e Antifederalist / antifederalista s. oponente de
tecnológica aos países latino-americanos. um governo central forte.
Allies / Aliados s. na Primeira Guerra Mundial, o grupo de appeasement / aplacamento s. outorga de
nações — originalmente constituído pela Grã Bretanha, França concessões feita a país hostil para manutenção da paz.
e Russia, mais tarde acrescido dos EUA, Itália e outros — que Appomattox Court House / Tribunal de
opôs-se aos Poderes Centrais. 2. na Segunda Guerra Mundial, o Appomatox s. lugar na cidade de Appomatox, na
grupo de nações — incluindo a Grã Bretanha, a União Soviética Virginia, onde Lee rendeu-se a Grant em 9 de abril de
e os Estados Unidos — que se opôs aos poderes do Eixo. 1865, pondo fim à Guerra Civil. (37°N 79°W)

202 THE AMERICANS

PorGloss.TheAmerican 1/21/04 4:21 PM Page 203

apprentice / aprendiz s. iniciante que aprende um Battle of Midway / Batalha de Midway s.

negócio ou ofício, usualmente sob a supervisão de um batalha da Segunda Guerra Mundial, no início de junho
mestre. de 1942. Os Aliados decimaram a frota japonesa em
arbitration / arbitramento s. método de Midway, uma ilha a noroeste do Havaí. Após, os EUA
resolver-se disputas em que ambos os lados submitem conseguiram tomar a ofensiva no Pacífico e iniciaram a
suas diferenças a um juiz mutuamente aprovado. sua investida contra o Japão.
armistice / armistício s. trégua ou acordo para Battle of Wounded Knee / Batalha de
terminar um conflito armado. Wounded Knee s. massacre por soldados dos EUA
de 300 índios americanos, desarmados, no Riacho
Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) /
Wounded Knee, no Dakota do Sul, em 1890.
Exército da República do Vietnam (ERVN)
s. soldados sul-vietnamitas com quem as tropas dos Beatles, the / Os Beatles s. um grupo inglês que
EUA lutaram contra o comunismo e as forças do Norte teve enorme influência na música popular dos anos 60.
durante a Guerra do Vietnam. beat movement / movimento beat
Articles of Confederation / Artigos da (beatniks) s. movimento artístico-social doa anos
Confederação s. documento adopted pelo Segundo 50, enfatizando a auto-expressão literária irrestrita e o
Congresso Continental em 1777, e finalmente aprovado não-conformismo com a cultura de massa.
pelos estados em 1781, que delineava a forma de Benin / Benin s. um reino afro-ocidental que

PORTUGUESE
governo dos novos Estados Unidos. floresceu na região do delta do Níger (no que atualmente
Ashcan school / Escola do Cinzeiro é a Nigéria) do século 14 ao 17.
(Ashcan) s. grupo de artistas do início do século 20 Berlin airlift / ponte aérea de Berlim s.
que freqüentemente pintava retratos realísticos da vida uma operação de 327 dias em que aviões americanos e
na cidade — como cortiços e cidadãos sem-teto — ingleses levaram comida e mantimentos para Berlim
fazendo jus desta forma ao seu nome. Ocidental depois que os soviéticos bloquearam a cidade
assimilation / assimilação s. a adoção, por uma em 1948.
minoria, das crenças e modo de vida da cultura Berlin Wall / Muro de Berlim s. uma parede
dominante. de concreto que separou Berlim Oriental de Berlim
Atlantic Charter / Carta do Atlântico s. uma Ocidental from 1961 to 1989, erigida pelo governo
declaração de princípios de 1941 em que os EUA e a comunista da Alemanha Oriental para evitar que seus
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

Grã Bretanha estabeleceram seus princípios para cidadãos fugissem para o ocidente.
combater os poderes do Eixo. Bessemer process / processo siderúrgico
Axis powers / poderes do Eixo s. o grupo de Bessemer s. um processo barato e eficiente para
nações — incluindo a Alemanha, Itália e Japão- que produzir o aço, desenvolvido cerca de 1850.
enfrentou os Aliados na Segunda Guerra Mundial. Bill of Rights / Declaração de Direitos e
Aztec / azteca n. um povo índio americano que Liberdades s. as primeiras dez emendas à Constituição
estabeleceu-se no Vale do México nos anos 1200 D.C. e, dos EUA, adicionadas em 1791 e consistindo de uma lista
mais tarde, desenvolveu um poderoso império. formal dos direitos e liberdades dos cidadãos.
bimetallism / bimetalismo s. uso tanto do ouro
quanto da prata como base de um sistema monetário
B nacional.
black codes / códigos negros s. leis
baby boom / baby boom s. forte aumento na
discriminatórias sancionadas através do sul pós-Guerra
taxa de natalidade dos EUA depois da Segunda Guerra
Civil, que restringia severamente as vidas dos afro-
Mundial.
americanos, proibindo atividades tais como viajar sem
Bank of the United States / Banco dos permissão, carregar armas, servir no júri, testemunhar
Estados Unidos s. quaisquer dos dois bancos contra brancos e casar com brancos.
nacionais, financiado pelo governo federal e investidores
blacklist / lista negra s. uma lista de cerca de
privados, estabelecidos pelo Congresso em 1791 e em
500 atores, escritores, produtores e diretores a quem era
1816.
proibido trabalhar em filmes de Hollywood, deviso às
Battle of the Bulge / Batalha do suas alegadas conexões com comunistas.
Bulge(Batalha das Ardenas) s. batalha de um
Black Panther / Pantera Negra s. organização
mês na Segunda Guerra Mundial, em que os Aliados
política militante afro-americana formada em 1966
conseguiram reverter a última grande ofensiva alemã da
por Huey Newton e Bobby Seale para combater a
guerra.
brutalidade policial e fornecer serviços no gueto negro.

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Black Power / Poder Negro s. slogan usado por Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka /
Stokely Carmichael nos anos 60 para encorajar orgulho Brown versus Board of Education of
e lideranças político-sociais afro-americanos. Topeka s. uma disputa jurídica na qual a Suprema
Black Tuesday / Terça-feira Negra s. nome Corte decidiu que “separadas, mas a mesma” educação
dado ao dia 29 de Outubro de 1929, quando os preços para estudantes brancos e pretos era inconstitucional.
das ações caíram violentamente. Bull Moose Party / Partido do Alce Macho
Bleeding Kansas / Kansas Sangrento s. s. nome dado ao Partido Progressista, formado para
nome aplicado ao Território do Kansas nos anos apoiar a candidatura de Theodore Roosevelt à
anteriores à Guerra Civil, quando o território era um presidência em 1912.
campo de batalha entre forças pró-escravidão e buying on margin / compra de títulos com
anti-escravidão. adiantamento financeiro s. pagar uma pequena
blitzkrieg / guerra relâmpago s. da palavra parte do preço de compra de ações e tomar emprestado
alemã significando “guerra relâmpago”, um ataque para pagar o restante.
repentino, maciço, com forças ar-terra combinadas,
pretendendo conseguir vitória rápida.
blockade / bloqueio s. o uso de navios ou tropas C
para prevenir movimento de e para um porto ou região cabinet / gabinete s. o grupo de ministros que
PORTUGUESE

controlada por uma nação hostil. servem como os principais conselheiros do presidente.
bonanza farm / fazenda da bonança s. Camp David Accords / Acordos de Camp
uma enorme fazenda na qual apenas uma espécie de David s. acordos históricos entre Israel e egito,
plantação é feita. alcançados nas negociações de Camp David em 1978.
Bonus Army / Exército dos Bônus s. grupo de capitalism / capitalismo s. sistema econômico
veteranos da Primeira Guerra Mundial e suas famílias em que cidadãos privados e corporações controlam os
que marcharam sobre Washington, D.C., em 1932, para meios de produção e os usam para fazer lucros.
exigir o pagamento imediato de um bônus que havia
carpetbagger / aventureiro político s.
sido prometido a eles pelo seu serviço militar.
nortista que mudou-se para o sul depois da Guerra Civil.
bootlegger / contrabandista s. contrabandista
cash crop / colheita lucrativa s. produção de
de bebidas alcoólicas para os EUA durante a proibição.

Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

fazenda para ser vendida a dinheiro, e não para uso
Boston Massacre / Massacre de Boston s. pessoal do fazendeiro.
embate entre soldados ingleses e colonos de Boston em
Central Powers / Poderes Centrais s. grupo
1770, na qual cinco dos colonos foram mortos. de nações — lideradas pela Alemanha, Austria-Hungria
Boston Tea Party / Festa do Chá de Boston e o Império Otomano — que opôs-se aos Aliados na
s. derramamento de 18.000 fardos de chá no porto de Primeira Guerra Mundial.
Boston pelos colonos, em 1773, para protestar contra a checks and balances / controles e pesos s.
Lei do Chá. as cláusulas da Constituição americana que evitam que
Boulder Dam / Represa de Boulder s. uma qualquer dos poderes do governo possam dominar os
represa no Rio Colorado — agora chamada Represa dois outros poderes.
Hoover — construída durante a Grande Depressão Chinese Exclusion Act / Lei de Exclusão
como parte de um programa de obras públicas que dos Chineses s. lei sancionada em 1882 que proibia
intencionava estimular os negócios e fornecer empregos. todos os chineses, exceto estudantes, professores,
Boxer Rebellion / Rebelião dos Boxers s. mercadores, turistas e oficiais do governo a entrar nos
uma rebelião de 1900 em que os membros de uma EUA.
sociedade secreta chinesa procurou libertar seu país da Chisholm Trail / Trilha Chisholm s. a principal
influência ocidental. rota de gado de San Antonio, Texas, através de
bracero / bracero s. trabalhador braçal mexicano Oklahoma, até o Kansas.
autorizado a entrar nos EUA para trabalhar por um chlorination / cloração s. método de purificação
limitado período de tempo durante a Segunda Guerra
de água através da mistura com cloro químico.
Mundial.
CIA / Agência Central de Inteligência s.
bread line / fila do pão s. uma fila de pessoas Central Intelligence Agency — agência americana
esperando por comida grátis. criada para conseguir informações secretas sobre países
brinkmanship / cortejar o perigo s. a prática estrangeiros.
de ameaçar um inimigo com uma maciça retaliação
militar por qualquer agressão.

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Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) / Corpo Compromise of 1850 / Compromisso de

Civil de Conservação s. agência estabelecida 1850 s. série de medidas congressistas que pretendia
como parte do Novo Acordo, que colocava jovens resolver os maiores desacordos entre os estados livres e
desempregados no trabalho de construção de estradas, os estados escravagistas.
desenvolvimento de parques, plantio de árvores e ajudan- Compromise of 1877 / Compromisso de
do em projetos de controle da erosão e das enchentes. 1877 s. série de medidas congressistas sob as quais
civil disobedience / desobediência civil s. os Democratas concordaram em aceitar o candidato
a recusa em obedecer aquelas leis que são consideradas Republicano Rutherford B. Hayes como presidente, mesmo
como injustas, num esforço para mudar a política tendo ele perdido a eleição no voto popular. As medidas
governamental. Henry David Thoreau escreveu sobre incluíam a retirada de tropas federais dos estados sulistas,
desobediência civil no 19º século, e a tática foi usada verbas federais para melhorar a infraestrutura dos estados
por Martin Luther King, Jr., durante a Era dos Direitos sulistas e a nomeção de um ministro sulista conservador.
Civis. concentration camp / campo de
Civil Rights Act of 1964 / Lei dos Direitos concentração s. campo de prisioneiros operado
Civis de 1964 s. lei que baniu discriminação pela Alemanha nazista, nos quais judeus e outros grupos
baseada na raça, sexo, origem nacional ou religião, em considerados inimigos de Adolf Hitler ficavam à míngua
lugares públicos e na maioria dos locais de trabalho. enquanto faziam trabalho escravo, ou eram assassinados.
Civil Rights Act of 1968 / Lei dos Direitos Confederacy / Confederação s. os Estados

PORTUGUESE
Civis de 1968 s. lei que baniu a discriminação nas Confederados da América, uma confederação formada
moradias. em 1861 pelos estados sulistas depois de sua secessão da
civil service / serviço civil s. os ramos não União.
militares da administração governamental. confederation / confederação s. uma aliança
Clayton Antitrust Act / Lei Antitruste de que permitia aos estados ou nações agirem juntos em
Clayton s. lei sancionada em 1914 que tornou illegal matéria de mútuo interesse.
certas práticas monoplistas nos negócios, e protegeu os conglomerate / conglomerado s. grande
direitos os sindicatos trabalhistas e das organizações corporação que possui inúmeras companhias menores
agrícolas. em negócios não correlatos.
Cold War / Guerra Fria s. o estado de hostilidade, Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO)
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

sem conflito militar direto, que desenvolveu-se entre os / Congresso das Organizações Industriais
Estados Unidos e a União Soviética depois da Segunda (COI) s. uma organização trabalhista expulsa da
Guerra Mundial. Federação Americana do Trabalho em 1938.
colonization / colonização s. o estabelecimento Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) /
de povoamentos remotos por uma nação matriz. Congresso da Igualdade Racial (CORE) s.
Columbian Exchange / Intercâmbio grupo interracial fundado em 1942 por James Farmer,
Colombino s. a transferência-iniciando-se com a para trabalhar contra a segregação nas cidades do norte.
primeira viagem de Colombo-de plantas, animais e conquistador / conquistador s. espanhol que
doenças entre os hemisférios Oriental e Ocidental. viajou para as Américas como explorador e conquistador
committee of correspondence / comitê de no século 16.
correspondência s. um dos grupos criados pelos conscientious objector / opositor
colonos americanos para trocar informações sobre as consciente s. pessoa que se recusa, por princípios
ameaças inglesas às suas liberdades. morais, a participar de guerras.
Committee to Reelect the President / conscription / conscrição s. o alistamento de
Comitê para Reeleger o Presidente s. cidadãos para o serviço militar.
organização formada para dirigir a campanha conservation / conservação s. manejo
presidencial de reeleição do presidente Nixon, que planejado dos resursos naturais, envolvendo a proteção
foi associada à invasão da sede do Comitê Nacional de algumas áreas selvagens e o desenvolvimento de
Democrata, fato que iniciou o escândalo de Watergate. outras áreas para o bem comum.
Common Sense / Senso Comum s. panfleto de conservative coalition / coalizão
Thomas Payne, publicado em 1776, que exigia a conservadora s. aliança de grupos direitistas
separação das colônias da Inglaterra. opostos ao grande governo formada em meados dos
communism / comunismo s. sistema político- anos 60.
econômico baseado num governo de um partido e posse consolidation / consolidação s. ato de unir ou
estatal dos bens de raiz. combinar.

MULTI-LANGUAGE GLOSSARY 205

PorGloss.TheAmerican 1/21/04 4:21 PM Page 206

consumerism / consumismo s. preocupação

com a compra de bens materiais. D
containment / contenção s. bloqueio das Dawes Act / Lei de Dawes s. Lei, sancionada
tentativas de outra nação em difundir sua influência — em 1887, que intencionava “americanizar” os índios
especialmente os esforços dos EUA em bloquear o americanos, distribuindo terras de reserva para
avanço da influência soviética durante o fim dos anos proprietários individuais.
40 e início dos anos 50. D-Day / Dia-D s. nome dado ao 6 de Junho de 1944
Contract with America / Contrato com a — o dia em que os Aliados lançaram uma invasão do
América s. documento rascunhado pelo deputado continente europeu durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial.
Newton Gingrich e assinado por mais de 300 candidatos debt peonage / escravidão de peão s.
Republicanos de 1994, estabelecendo a agenda sistema em que trabalhadores ficam sujeitos à servidão
legislativa conservadora dos Republicanos. até que paguem seus débitos.
Contras / Contras s. rebeldes nicaragüenses que Declaration of Independence / Declaração
receberam assistência da administração Reagan em seus de Independência s. documento, redigido por
esforços para derrubar o governo sandinista dos anos 80. Thomas Jefferson em 1776, em que os delegados do
convoy system / sistema de comboio s. Congresso Continental declararam as colônias
proteção contra os ataques dos U-boats (submarinos independentes da Inglaterra.
PORTUGUESE

alemães) dada aos navios mercantes, fazendo com que de facto segregation / segregação de fato
eles viajassem em grandes grupos, escoltados por navios (de facto segregation) s. separação racial
de guerra. estabelecida pela prática e pelo costume, não pela lei.
Copperhead / Copperhead s. Democrata deficit spending / financiamento dos
nortista que advogou a paz com a Confederação durante gastos públicos s. governo gastando mais dinheiro
a Guerra Civil. do que recebe em receitas.
cottage industry / indústria caseira s. de jure segregation / segregação de de
sistema de produção em que os industriais fornecem os direito (de jure segregation) s. separação racial
materiais para que os produtos sejam feitos em casa. estabelecida pela lei.
cotton gin / descaroçadora s. máquina para Democratic-Republican / Democrático-
limpar as fibras do algodão das sementes, inventada por

Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

Republicano s. partido político conhecido por seu
Eli Whitney em 1793. apoio a governos estaduais fortes, fundado por Thomas
counterculture / contracultura s. cultura dos Jefferson em 1792 em oposição ao Partido Federalista.
jovens que rejeitaram as tendências massificantes da deregulation / desregulamentação s.
sociedade americana nos anos 60, procurando criar uma diminuição das regras governamentais sobre as
sociedade alternativa baseada na paz, amor e liberdade indústrias.
individual.
détente / détente s. política flexível envolvendo
credibility gap / falta de credibilidade s. vontade de negociar e abrandamento de tensões, adotada
desconfiança pública das afirmações feitas pelo pelo presidente Richard Nixon e seu conselheiro Henry
governo. Kissinger em suas negociações com as nações
credit / crédito s. arranjo em que um comprador comunistas.
paga depois por uma compra, freqüentemente com um direct relief / alívio direto s. dinheiro ou
plano de prestações com cobrança de juros. alimentos dados diretamente pelo governo a pessoas
Crédit Mobilier / Crédit Mobilier s. companhia necessitadas.
construtora formada em 1864 pelos donos da Ferrovia division of labor / divisão do trabalho s.
União do Pacífico (Union Pacific Railroad), que a atribuição de diferentes tarefas e responsabilidades a
usaram para, fraudulentamente, extrair os lucros da diferentes grupos ou indivíduos.
ferrovia para eles mesmos.
Dixiecrat / Dixiecrat s. um dos delegados sulistas
Crusades / Cruzadas s. série de expedições que, para protestar contra a política de diereitos civis do
militares dos cristãos para o Oriente Médio, entre 1096 e presidente Truman, saiu da Convenção Democrata
1270 D.C., intencionando expulsar os muçulmanos da Nacional e formou o Partido Democrático dos Direitos
Terra Santa. Estaduais.
cult of domesticity / culto da dollar diplomacy / diplomacia do dólar s.
domesticidade s. crença de que as mulheres política americana de usar o poder econômico da nação
casadas deveriam restringir suas atividades ao seu lar para exercer influência sobre outros países.
e à sua família.

206 THE AMERICANS

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domino theory / teoria do dominó s. a idéia embargo / embargo s. banimento governamental

de que se uma nação cair sob o controle comunista, os dos negócios com uma ou mais nações.
países vizinhos também cairiam sob controle comunista. encomienda / encomienda s. sistema em que
dotcom / dotcom s. negócio relacionado ou autoridades espanholas concediam aos senhorios coloniais o
conduzido pela Internet. serviço de índios americanos como trabalhadores forçados.
double standard / padrão duplo s. conjunto enlightenment / Iluminismo s. movimento
de princípios concedendo maior liberdade sexual aos intelectual do século 18 que enfatizava o uso da razão e
homens que às mulheres. dos métodos científicos para obtenção de conhecimentos.
dove / pomba s. pessoa que se opunha à Guerra do entitlement program / programa de
Vietnam e achava que os EUA deveriam retirar-se dela. credenciamento s. programa do governo — como
Dow Jones Industrial Average / Média o Seguro Social, o Medicare ou o Medicaid — que
Industrial Dow Jones s. medida baseada garante e fornece benefícios a um grupo específico.
nos preços das ações de 30 grandes companhias, entrepreneur / empresário s. pessoa que
amplamente usada como barômetro da saúde do organiza, opera e assume os riscos de um
mercado de capitais. empreendimento de negócios.
downsize / enxugar s. demitir inúmeros environmentalist / ambientalista s. pessoa
empregados permanentes numa tentativa de tornar as que trabalha para proteger o meio-ambiente da dstruição

PORTUGUESE
operações mais eficientes e economizar dinheiro. e da poluição.
draft / alistamento s. matrícula necessária nas Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) /
forças armadas. Agência de Proteção Ambiental (EPA) s.
Dust Bowl / Círculo de Poeira s. região que agência federal estabelecida em 1970 para a regulamentação
incluía o Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, Colorado e Novo da poluição do ar e da água, lixo tóxico, pesticidas e radiação.
México, inutilizada para a agricultura pela seca e Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) / Emenda
tempestades de areia durante os anos 30. da Igualdade de Direitos (ERA) s. emenda à
Constituição americana, proposta e não aprovada, que
teria proibido qualquer discriminação governamental
E baseada em sexo.
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

Erie Canal / Canal Eriê s. via aquática artificial

Earth Day / Dia da Terra s. dia dedicado à
de 363 milhas de comprimento, conectando o Rio
educação ambiental, celebrado anualmente no 22 de
Hudson ao Lago Eriê, construída entre 1817 e 1825.
abril.
Espionage and Sedition Acts / Leis da
Economic Opportunity Act / Lei da
Espionagem e da Sedição s. duas leis sancionadas
Oportunidade Econômica s. lei sancionada em
em 1917 e 1918, que impuseram severas penalidades a
1964, fornecendo fundos para programs de juventude,
qualquer pessoa interferindo ou falando contra a
medidas antipobreza, empréstimos a pequenos negócios
participação dos EUA na Primeira Guerra Mundial.
e treinamento profissional.
excise tax / imposto de consumo s. imposto
egalitarianism / igualitarismo s. crença de que
sobre a produção, venda ou consumo de mercadorias
todas as pessoas deveriam ter direitos políticos,
produzidas dentro de um país.
econômicos, sociais e civis iguais.
executive branch / poder executivo s. o poder
Eisenhower Doctrine / Doutrina de
governamental que administra e faz cumprir as leis.
Eisenhower s. compromisso americano de defender o
Oriente Médio contra os ataques de quaisquer países comu- exoduster / exoduster s. afro-americano que
nistas, anunciada pelo presidente Eisenhower em 1957. migrou do sul para o Kansas nos anos pós-Reconstrução.
electoral college / colégio eleitoral s. grupo extortion / extorsão s. uso ilegal da posição
selecionado pelos estados para eleger o presidente e oficial de alguém para obter propriedade ou fundos.
o vice-presidente, em que o número de eleitores de
cada estado é igual ao número de seus senadores e
representantes no Congresso. F
emancipation / emancipação s. a libertação Fair Deal / Acordo Justo s. programa econômico
dos escravos. do presidente Harry S. Truman — uma extensão do
Emancipation Proclamation / Proclamação Novo Acordo de Franklin Roosevelt – que incluiu
da Emancipação s. ordem executiva emitida por medidas para aumentar o salário mínimo, para estender
Abraham Lincoln em 1° de Janeiro de 1863, libertando os a cobertura do seguro social e fornecer moradia para
escravos em todas as regiões atrás das linhas Confederadas. famílias de baixa renda.
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Family Assistance Plan / Plano de Fifteenth Amendment / Décima Quinta

Assitência Familiar s. proposta de reforma da Emenda s. emenda à Constituição americana, adotada
previdência social aprovada pela Casa dos Representantes em 1870, que proíbe a recusa aos direitos de voto às
em 1970, mas derrotada no Senado, que teria garantido pessoas baseada em sua raça ou cor ou porque tivessem
renda a beneficiários da previdência que concordassem em sido escravos anteriormente.
serem treinados para uma profissão e aceitarem trabalho. “Fifty-Four Forty or Fight!” / ”54 40 ou
Farmers’ Alliances / Alianças dos Luta!” s. slogan usado na campanha presidencial de
Agricultores s. grupos de agricultores ou de 1844, como uma convocação para a anexação pelos
simpatizantes de questões da agricultura, que enviaram EUA de todo o Território do Oregon.
palestrantes de cidade em cidade para educar o povo flapper / melindrosa s. uma das jovens mulheres
sobre problemas agriculturais e rurais. de livre-pensamento que seguia as novas modas e
fascism / fascismo s. filosofia política que advoga atitudes urbanas dos anos 20.
um governo forte, centralizado e nacionalista, chefiado flexible response / reações flexíveis s.
por um poderoso ditador. política desenvolvida durante a adminstração de
Federal Communications Commission (FCC) Kennedy, que envolvia a preparação para a variação das
/ Comissão Federal de Comunicações s. reações militares às crises internacionais mais do que
agência que regulamenta as indústrias de comunicações dos enfocar o uso de armas nucleares.
EUA, incluindo transmissões de rádio e televisão.
PORTUGUESE

Foraker Act / Lei Foraker s. legislação

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation sancionada pelo Congresso em 1900, em que os
(FDIC) / Corporação Federal de Seguro dos EUA terminaram o governo militar de Porto Rico e
Depósitos s. agência criada em 1933 para segurar as estabeleceram lá um governo civil.
contas bancárias dos indivíduos, protegendo o povo Fordney-McCumber Tariff / Tarifação
contra perdas devido a falhas dos bancos. Fordney-McCumber s. conjuntos de regulamentos
Federal Home Loan Bank Act / Lei Bancária sancionado pelo Congresso em 1922, que aumentou os
Federal da Hipoteca s. lei sancionada em 1931, impostos de importação em níveis recordes para
que baixou as taxas das hipotecas residenciais e permitiu proteger os produtores americanos contra a competição
ao agricultores refinanciar seus empréstimos e evitar a estrangeira.
execução da hipoteca. forty-niner / forty-niner s. pessoa que migrou

Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

federalism / federalismo s. sistema político em para a Califórnia em busca de riqueza depois que o ouro
que um governo nacional e unidades constituintes, tais foi descoberto lá em 1848.
como os governos estaduais, dividem o poder. Fourteen Points / Quatorze Pontos s. os
Federalists / federalistas s. partidários da princípios orientando o plano do Presidente Wilson para
Constituição e de um governo nacional forte. a paz mundial depois da Primeira Guerra Mundial.
Federalist, The / La Federalista s. série de Fourteenth Amendment / Décima Quarta
ensaios defendendo e explicando a Constituição, Emenda s. emenda à Constituição dos EUA, adotada
redigidos por Alexander Hamilton, James Madison em 1868, que deu a nacionalidade americana a todas as
e John Jay. pessoas nascidas ou naturalizadas nos EUA, incluindo
Federal Reserve System / Sistema da antigos escravos.
Reserva Federal s. sistema bancário nacional, franchise / franquia s. empresa que comprou o
estabelecido em 1913, que controla o fornecimento direito de usar o nome e os métodos de uma empresa
interno de dinheiro nos EUA e a disponibilidade de matriz, tornando-se um dentre inúmeros negócios
crédito no país. similares em diversos locais.
Federal Securities Act / Lei Federal de Freedmen’s Bureau / Escritório dos
Valores Mobiliários s. lei sancionada em 1933, Libertados s. agência federal estabelecida para
que exigia das corporações o fornecimento de ajudar ex-escravos depois da Guerra Civil.
informações completas e acuradas nas ofertas de ações. freedom rider / viajante da liberdade s. um
Federal Trade Commission (FTC) / dos ativistas dos direitos civis que viajavam nos ônibus
Comissão Federal de Comércio s. agência através do sul no início dos anos 60 para desafiar a
federal estabelecida em 1914 para ivestigar e fazer segregação.
cessar as injustas práticas de negócios. Freedom Summer / Verão da Liberdade s.
feminism / feminismo s. crença de que as um projeto de 1964 para registrar eleitores afro-
mulheres deveriam ter igualdade política, econômica americanos no Mississippi.
e social com os homens.

208 THE AMERICANS

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Freeport Doctrine / Doutrina Freeport s. a Gentlemen’s Agreement / Acordo de

idéia expressa por Stephen Douglas em 1858, que qual- Cavalheiros s. um acordo de 1907-1908 do governo
quer território poderia excluir a escravidão simplesmente japonês para limitar a emigração japonesa para os EUA.
recusando-se a sancionar leis que a suportassem. gentrification / enobrecimento s. processo de
Free-Soil Party / Partido do Solo Livre s. restaurar-se propriedades urbanas deterioradas, pela
partido político formado em 1848 para opor-se à população de classe média, que freqüentemente
expansão da escravidão no território dos EUA. resultava no deslocamento de residentes de baixa renda.
Free Speech Movement / Movimento pela Gettysburg Address / Discurso de
Liberdade de Expressão s. organização anti- Gettysburg s. famoso discurso proferido por
sistema da Nova Esquerda que iniciou em um embate de Abraham Lincoln em 1863 na consagração de um
1964 entre estudantes e administradores da Universidade cemitério nacional no local da Batalha de Gettysburg.
da Califórnia em Berkeley. ghetto / gueto s. bairro numa cidade onde uma
French and Indian War / Guerra Franco- certa minoria é pressionada ou forçada a viver.
Indígena s. conflito na América do Norte, de 1754 a GI Bill of Rights / Lei dos Direitos do GIs s.
1763, parte da luta global entre França e Grã Bretanha; nome dado à Lei do Reajuste dos Veteranos, uma lei de
terminou com a derrota da França e a transferência do 1944 que concedia benefícios financeiros e educacionais
Canadá francês para a Inglaterra. para os veteranos da Segunda Guerra Mundial.
Fugitive Slave Act / Lei do Escravo

PORTUGUESE
glasnost / abertura s. discussão aberta dos
Fugitivo s. lei sancionada como parte do problemas sociais que foi permitida na União Soviética
Compromisso de 1850, desenhada para assegurar nos anos 80.
que escravos fugitivos voltassem à escravidão.
Glass-Steagall Act / Lei Glass-Steagall s.
Fundamentalism / fundamentalismo s. lei de 1933 que estabeleceu a Corporação Federal de
movimento religioso protestante com base na crença em Seguro dos Depósitos para proteger as contas bancárias
que todos as histórias e todos os detalhes da Bíblia são dos indivíduos.
literalmente verdade.
Glorious Revolution / Revolução Gloriosa
s. a transferência da monarquia inglesa de James II para

G William e Mary em 1688-1689.

Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

gold rush / corrida do ouro s. movimento de

Gadsden Purchase / Tratado de Gadsden s. muitas pessoas para uma regiaõ em que decobriu-se
uma compra de terras pelos EUA em 1853, do México, ouro.
estabelecendo a atual fronteira EUA-México. gold standard / padrão ouro s. sistema
gag rule / lei da mordaça s. regra limitando ou monetário em que a unidade básica da moeda é definida
proibindo debates sobre um determinado tema. em termos de uma quantidade estabelecida de ouro.
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade Gone with the Wind / E o Vento Levou… s.
(GATT) / Acordo Geral de Tarifas e filme de 1939 mostrando a vida dos fazendeiros sulistas
Comércio (GATT) s. acordo internacional assinado durante a Guerra Civil — um dos filmes mais populares
primeiramente em 1947. Em 1994, os EUA e outros de todos os tempos.
países adotaram uma nova versão do GATT. Este tratado graft / concussão s. o uso ilegal de influência
baixou as barreiras comerciais tais como tarifas, e criou política para ganho pessoal.
a Organização Internacional do Comércio, que resolve
grandfather clause / claúsula dos
disputas comerciais.
antepassados s. provisão que isenta certas pessoas
genetic engineering / engenharia genética do cumprimento de uma lei baseada em circunstâncias
s. alteração da biologia molecular das células dos previamente existentes — especialmente a clásula que
organismos para criar novas variedades de bactérias, isentou os brancos dos requisitos eleitorais estritos,
plantas e animais. usados para manter afro-americanos longe das urnas.
Geneva Accords / Acordos de Genebra s. Grange / grange s. Patrons of Husbandry —
tratado de paz de 1954 que dividiu o Vietnam em organização social e educacional através da qual os
Vietnam do Norte, controlado pelos comunistas, e o agricultores tentaram combater o poder das ferrovias no
Vietnam do Sul, não comunista, até que eleiçãoes para final do século 19.
a unificação pudessem ser realizadas em 1956.
Grapes of Wrath, The / As Vinhas da Ira s.
genocide / genocídio s. deliberado e sistemático romance de John Steinbeck, publicado em 1939, que
extermínio de um grupo racial, nacional ou religioso. lida com uma família de Oklahoma que troca o Círculo
da Poeira (Dust Bowl) pela Califórnia.

MULTI-LANGUAGE GLOSSARY 209

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Great Awakening / Grande Despertar s. hierarchy / hierarquia s. ordenamento social por

reviver do sentimento religioso nas colônias americanas posição ou classe social.
durante os anos 1730 e 1750. Ho Chi Minh Trail / Trilha de Ho Chi Minh s.
Great Compromise / Grande Compromisso uma rede de trilhas que o Vietnam do Norte usava para
s. o acordo da Covenção Constitucional para o transportar mantimentos para o vietcongue no Vietnam
estabelecimento de uma legislatura nacional com duas do Sul.
casas, com todos os estados tendo igual representação Hohokam / Hohokam s. um grupo de índios
numa casa e cada estado com representação americanos que viveu nos rios Salt e Gila (no que é
proporcional à sua população na outra casa. atualmente o Arizona) de cerca de 300 A.C. a 1400 D.C.
Great Depression / Grande Depressão s. Hollywood Ten / Os Dez de Hollywood s.
período de 1929 a 1941, em que a economia dos EUA dez testemunhas da indústria cinematográfica que se
esteve em forte declínio, com milhões de Americanos recusaram a cooperar com a investigação do HUAC
desempregados. sobre a influência comunista em Hollywood.
Great Migration / Grande Migração s. Holocaust / holocausto s. o sistemático
movimento em grande escala de afro-americanos, das assassinato — ou genocídio — de judeus e outros
cidades do sul para as cidades do norte, no início do grupos na Europa, pelos nazistas, antes e durante a
século 20. Segunda Guerra Mundial.
PORTUGUESE

Great Plains / Grandes Planícies s. as vastas home rule / autonomia s. poder que tem um
pradarias que se estendem através do centro da América estado de governar seus cidadãos sem o envolvimento do
do Norte, do Texas para o norte até o Canadá, a leste das governo federal.
Montanhas Rochosas.
Homestead Act / Lei da Propriedade Rural
Great Society / Grande Sociedade s. s. lei americana sancionada em 1862 e que concedia
programa do presidente Lyndon B. Johnson para reduzir 160 acres de terra a qualquer chefe de família que
a pobreza e a injustiça racial e para promover uma intencionasse cultivá-la por um período de cinco anos;
melhor qualidade de vida nos EUA. lei cuja passagem levou um número recorde de colonos
a reclamar a propriedade privada, que anteriormente
tinha sido reservada por tratado e tradição para o uso e
H abrigo nomádico dos índios americanos; a mesma lei,

Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

fortalecida em 1889, encorajou indivíduos a exercer
habeas corpus / habeas corpus s. ordem
seus direitos à propriedade privada e desenvolver
judiciária determinando às autoridades para que levem
propriedades rurais nas vastas terras governamentais.
um prisioneiro à corte para que ela possa decidir se o
prisioneiro está sendo mantido ilegalmente preso ou não. Hopewell / Hopewell s. uma sociedade dos
Construtores de Colinas centrada no vale do Rio Ohio
Haight-Ashbury / Haight-Ashbury s. distrito
e que floresceu de cerca de 200 A.C. a 400 D.C.
de São Francisco que tornou-se a “capital” da
contracultura hippie durante os anos 60. horizontal integration / integração
horizontal s. fusão de companhias que manufaturam
Harlem Renaissance / Renascença do
produtos similares.
Harlem s. florescer da criatividade artística Afro-
Americana durante os anos 20, centrado na comunidade hot line / telefone vermelho s. uma conexão
do Harlem, em New York City. direta de comunicação telefônica estabelecida em 1963
para permitir aos líderes dos EUA e da União Soviética
hawk / falcão s. pessoa que apoiava o envolvimento
contato mútuo em tempos de crise.
dos EUA na Guerra do Vietnam e achava que os EUA
deveriam usar muito mais forças militares para vencê-la. House Un-American Activities Committee
(HUAC) / Comitê do Cogresso de
Hawley-Smoot Tariff Act / Lei Tarifária
Atividades Anti-americanas s. comitê
Hawley-Smoot s. lei sancionada em 1930 que estabe-
congressista que investigou a influência comunista
leceu a mais alta tarifa protecionista na história americana,
dentro e fora do governo dos EUA nos anos seguintes
piorando a depressão entre os EUA e o resto do mundo.
à Segunda Guerra Mundial.
H-bomb / bomba H s. a bomba de hidrogênio —
human rights / direitos humanos s. os
arma termonuclear muito mais poderosa que a bomba
direitos e liberdades, como os nomeados na Declaração
atômica.
de Independência e na Lei dos Direitos e Liberdades,
headright system / sistema headright (por aos quais todas as pessoas têm direito.
cabeça) s. política da Companhia da Virgínia, de doar
50 acres de terra para cada colono e para cada membro
da família que o acompanhasse.

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PorGloss.TheAmerican 1/21/04 4:21 PM Page 211

I initiative / iniciativa popular s. procedimento

pelo qual uma medida legislativa pode ser originada do
Immigration Act of 1965 / Lei de povo, mais do que pelos legisladores.
Imigração de 1965 s. lei que aumentou o número installment plan / plano de prestações s.
de imigrantes autorizados a se estabelecerem nos EUA. arranjo em que um comprador paga por mais tempo,
impeach / impedir v. acusar formalmente um sem ter que pagar muito dinheiro na hora da compra.
servidor público de má conduta em seu cargo. Só a interchangeable parts / peças
Câmara dos Deputados tem o poder de impedir intercambiáveis s. peças padronizadas
servidores públicos federais. que podem ser usadas em lugar uma da outra.
impeachment / impedimento s. processo de Internet / Internet s. rede mundial, originalmente
acusação da autoridade pública que transgrediu a lei. desenvolvida pelo Departamento de Defesa dos EUA,
imperialism / imperialismo s. política que que une computadores e permite quase que imediata
estende a autoridade de uma nação sobre outros países comunicação de textos, imagens e sons.
por meios econômicos, políticos ou militares. internment / internamento s. confinamento ou
impressment / recrutamento compulsório restrição de movimento, especialmente sob condições de
s. a apreensão forçada de homens para o serviço militar. guerra.
Inca / inca s. povo índio americano que cerca de Interstate Commerce Act / Lei de

PORTUGUESE
1400 A.C. criou um império alcançando quase 2500 Comércio Interestadual s. lei sancionada em
milhas ao longo da costa ocidental da América do Sul. 1887, que reestabeleceu o direito do governo federal de
supervisionar as atividades das ferrovias e criou uma
incandescent / incandescente adj. emitindo
Comissão de Comércio Interestadual de cinco membros
luz visível como resultado de calor.
para assim o fazer.
income tax / imposto de renda s. imposto
Intolerable Acts / Leis Intoleráveis s. série de
sobre a renda.
leis sancionada pelo Parlamento em 1774, para punir
indentured servant / trabalhador colonos de Massachusetts pela Festa do Chá de Boston.
contratado s. pessoa contratada por outra para
iron curtain / cortina de ferro s. frase usada
trabalhar por período limitado de tempo, freqüentemente
por Winston Churchill em 1946 para descrever uma
em troca de despesas de viagem, abrigo e manutenção.
linha imaginária que separava os países comunistas no
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

Indian Removal Act / Lei da Remoção bloco soviético da Europa Oriental dos países da Europa
Indígena s. Lei, sancionada em 1830, que forçou Ocidental.
os povos índios americanos a leste do Mississippi,
Iroquois / Iroquês s. grupo de povos índios
a mudarem-se para terras do oeste.
americanos habitando os bosques do nordeste.
Industrial Revolution / Revolução
Islam / Islam s. religião fundada na Arábia em
Industrial s. a mudança na organização social e
622 A.C. pelo profeta Maomé; seus seguidores eram
econômica que resultou da substituição de ferramentas
chamados muçulmanos.
manuais por máquinas e do desenvolvimento de
produção industrial de grande escala. isolationism / isolacionismo s. oposição a
dificuldades politico-econômicas com outros países.
Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) /
Trabalhadores Industriais do Mundo (IWW)
s. organização trabalhista para operários não-
qualificados, formada por um grupo sindicalistas e J
socialistas radicais em 1905. Japanese American Citizens League
inflation / inflação s. aumento nos preços ou (JACL) / Liga dos Cidadãos Nipo-
declínio do poder de compra causados por um aumento Americanos (JACL) s. organização que levou o
de fornecimento de dinheiro. governo dos EUA a compensar os nipo-americanos pelas
information superhighway / superauto- propriedades que perderam quando confinados durante a
estrada da informação s. rede de comunicações Segunda Guerra Mundial.
por computador unindo pessoas e instituições por todo o jazz / jazz s. estilo musical caracterizado pelo uso do
mundo, fornecendo serviços como bibliotecas, shopping, improviso.
filmes e notícias aos indivíduos. Jim Crow laws / Leis Jim Crow s. leis
INF Treaty / Tratado das Forças Nucleares de sancionadas por estados sulistas e governos locais para
Médio Alcance s. um acordo de 1987 entre os EUA e separar pessoas brancas e pretas em instalações públicas
a União Soviética que eliminou alguns sistemas de armas e e privadas.
permitiu a inspeção in loco de instalações militares.
MULTI-LANGUAGE GLOSSARY 211
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joint-stock company / sociedade por ações kinship / parentesco s. laços entre membros de
s. negócios em que os investidores juntam sua riqueza uma família.
para um propósito comum. Know-Nothing Party / Partido do Não Sabe
journeyman / artifice assalariado s. no Nada s. nome dado ao Partido Americano, formado
sistema de aprendizagem, trabalhador qualificado em 1850 para reduzir a influência política dos
empregado pelo mestre. imigrantes.
judicial branch / poder executivo s. o poder Kongo / Congo s. grupo de pequenos reinos ao
governamental que interpreta as leis e a Constituição. longo do Rio Zaire na África do centro-oeste, unidas sob
judicial review / revisão judicial s. o poder da um único líder no final dos anos 1400.
Suprema Corte em declarar inconstitucional um ato do Korean War / Guerra da Coréia s. conflito
Congresso. entre a Coréia do Sul e a Coréia do Norte que durou de
Judiciary Act of 1789 / Lei do Judiciário 1950 a 1953; os EUA, juntamente com outros países das
de 1789 s. lei que estabeleceu o sistema das cortes Nações Unidas, lutou ao lado da Coréia do Sul, e a
federais e a Suprema Corte e direcionava os apelos de China formou ao lado da Coréia do Norte.
algumas decisões de cortes estaduais para as cortes Kristallnacht / Kristallnacht s. “noite dos
federais. vidros quebrados”, nome dado à noite de 9 de novembro
Judiciary Act of 1801 / Lei do Judiciário de de 1938, quando gangues de soldados de assalto nazistas
PORTUGUESE

1801 s. lei que aumentou o número de juizes federais, atacaram os lares, negócios e sinagogas dos judeus na
permitindo ao presidente John Adams o preenchimento Alemanha.
da maioria dos novos postos com federalistas. Ku Klux Klan (KKK) / Ku Klux Klan (KKK) s.
Jungle, The / A Selva s. romance de Upton organização secreta que usou táticas terroristas numa
Sinclair, publicada em 1906, que retrata as condições tentativa de restaurar a supremacia branca nos estados
perigosas e anti-higiênicas prevalecentes na indústria sulistas depois da Guerra Civil.
dos frigoríficos de carnes daquela época. Kwakiutl / Kwakiutl s. povo índio Americano que
habitava antigamente a região costeira do noroeste da
América do Norte.
K

Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

kamikaze / camicase adj. envolvido ou
empenhado na deliberada colisão de um avião cheio de L
bombas contra um alvo militar. land grant / concessão de terras s. doação de
Kansas-Nebraska Act / Lei Kansas- terras públicas a indivíduo ou organização.
Nebraska s. uma lei de 1854 que estabelecia os Land Ordinance of 1785 / Regulamento
territórios do Kansas e do Nebraska, e dava a seus das Terras de 1785 s. lei que estabelecia um plano
residentes o direito de decidir se permitiriam ou não a para o levantamento e venda das terras de propriedade
escravidão. da federação, a oeste das Montanhas Apalaches.
Kashaya Pomo / Kashaya Pomo s. povo índio La Raza Unida / A Raça Unida s. organização
Americano que habitava antigamente as terras costeiras política latina fundada em 1970 por José Angel
pantanosas do que é hoje a Califórnia. Gutiérrez.
Kent State University / Universidade League of Nations / Liga das Nações s.
Estadual de Kent s. universidade de Ohio onde a associação de nações establecida em 1920 para
Guarda Nacional abriu fogo contra estudantes que promover a cooperação e a paz internacional.
protestavam contra a Guerra do Vietnam em 4 de maio legislative branch / poder legislativo s.
de 1970, ferindo nove e matando quatro estudantes. o poder governamental que faz as leis.
Kerner Commission / Comissão Kerner s. Lend-Lease Act / Lei do Empréstimo-
grupo apontado pelo presidente Johnson para estudar as Aluguel s. lei de 1941 que permitia aos EUA fazer
causas da violência urbana, e que recomendou a embarques de armas e mantimentos, sem pagamento
eliminação da segregação de facto na sociedade imediato, às nações que combatiam os poderes do Eixo.
americana.
Limited Test Ban Treaty / Tratado Limitado
King Philip’s War / Guerra do rei Philip s. de Banimento de Testes s. o tratado de 1963 em
conflito nos anos 1675 a 1676, entre colonos da Nova que os EUA e a União Soviética concordaram em não
Inglaterra e grupos de índios americanos aliados sob a conduzir testes de armas nucleares na atmosfera.
liderança do chefe da tribo Wampanoag, Metacom.
lineage / linhagem s. grupo de pessoas
descendentes de um ancestral comum.
212 THE AMERICANS
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long drive / condução do gado s. mass transit / transporte de massa s.

movimentação do gado através de trilhas até um ponto sistemas de transportes desenhados para movimentar
de embarque. grandes números de pessoas sobre rotas fixas.
longhorn / longhorn s. raça de bovinos robustos, master / mestre s. artesão especializado, usualmente
de chifres longos, trazidos pelos espanhóis para o um que é dono de um negócio e emprega outros.
México e adequado às condições secas do sudoeste. Maya / Maia s. povo índio americano cuja
Louisiana Purchase / Tratado da Louisiana civilização floresceu na Guatemala e na Península de
s. a compra, em 1803, pelos EUA à França, do Yucatán entre cerca de 250 e 900 D.C.
Território da Louisiana, estendendo-se desde o rio McCarthyism / macarthismo s. ataques, quase
Mississippi às Montanhas Rochosas, por 15 milhões de sempre insubstanciais, pelo Senador Joseph McCarthy e
dólares. outros, contra pessoas que se suspeitava fossem
Loyalist / legalista s. colono americano que comunistas, no início dos anos 50.
apoiava o governo inglese durante a Revolução McCulloch v. Maryland / McCulloch versus
americana. Maryland s. um caso de 1819 em que a Suprema
Lusitania / Lusitania s. navio britânico de Corte julgou que Maryland não tinha o direito de
passageiros afundado por U-Boat (submarino) alemão taxar o Banco of the United States, por conseguinte
em 1915. fortalecendo o poder do controle do governo federal

PORTUGUESE
sobre a economia.
Meat Inspection Act / Lei de Inspeção da
M Carne s. lei, sancionada em 1906, que estabeleceu
requisitos de limpeza absoluta para os frigoríficos e
mandate / mandato s. autoridade para agir que
criou um programa federal de inspeção de carne.
um servidor público eleito recebe dos seus eleitores.
Medicaid / Medicaid s. programa, estabelecido
Manhattan Project / Projeto Manhattan s.
em 1965, que fornece seguro de saúde para as pessoas
programa para o desenvolvimento de uma bomba
vivendo sob a previdência social.
atômica para uso na Segunda Guerra Mundial.
Medicare / Medicare s. programa federal,
manifest destiny / destino manifesto s.
estabelecido em 1965, que fornece seguro hospital e
crença do século 19 que os EUA iriam inevitavelmente
seguro de saúde de baixo custo para americanos com
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

expandir-se para o oeste, na direção do oceano Pacífico

mais de 65 anos.
e para dentro do território mexicano.
melting pot / cadinho s. mistura de pessoas de
Marbury v Madison / Marbury versus
diferentes culturas e raças, que se misturam
Madison s. caso de 1803 em que a Suprema Corte
abandonando suas línguas e culturas originais.
julgou que tinha o poder de abolir as leis declarando-as
inconstitucionais; este poder ficou conhecido como mercantilism / mercantilismo s. sistema
revisão judicial. econômico onde as nações procuram aumentar sua riqueza
e poder com a obtenção de grandes estoques de ouro e
market revolution / revolução do mercado
prata e estabelecendo uma balança comercial favorável.
s. principal mudança na economia dos EUA, feita pelas
pessoas que começaram a comprar e vender mercadorias Merrimack / Merrimack s. navio blindado usado
ao invés de fabricarem-nas eles mesmos para eles pelo sul na Guerra Civil.
mesmos. mestizo / mestiço (cafuso) adj. pessoa de
Marshall Plan / Plano Marshall s. program ancestralidade mista, espanhola e índia americana.
proposto pelo Secretário de Estado (Ministro das middle passage / passagem do meio s. a
Relações Exteriores) George Marshall em 1947, sob viagem que trouxe africanos escravizados para as Índias
oqual os EUA forneceriam ajuda econômica para as Ocidentais e depois para a América do Norte.
nações européias para ajudá-las na reconstrução depois midnight judge / juiz da meia-noite s. um dos
da Segunda Guerra Mundial. juízes apontados por John Adams nas últimas horas de
martial law / lei marcial s. governo temporário sua administração.
pelos militares, mais do que pela autoridade civil. militarism / militarismo s. política de manter
mass media / comunicação de massa s. forças marmadas em preparação agressiva para a guerra,
os meios de comunicação-como televisão, rádio, e seu uso como ferramenta de diplomacia.
jornais-que alcançam grandes audiências. minutemen / minutemen s. soldados patriotas
mass production / produção em massa s. a civis, logo antes e durante a Guerra Revolucionária, de
produção de mercadorias em grandes quantidades, tornada quem se exigia estarem prontos para a luta com um
possível pelo uso de maquinaria e da divisão do trabalho. aviso de um minuto.
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Mississippian / Mississippian s. a última e a NASDAQ / NASDAQ s. Sistema de Cotação

mais complexa das sociedades Construtoras de Colinas, Automática da Associação Nacional dos Revendedores
que habitaram o Mississippi e Ohio de cerca de 700 até de Valores Mobiliários — uma bolsa de valores para
1500 D.C. vendas diretas no balcão, que consiste grandemente de
Missouri Compromise / Compromisso do empresas de tecnologia.
Missouri s. série de leis sancionadas em 1820 para National Bank Act / Lei Bancária Nacional
manter o equilíbrio do poder entre estados escravagistas s. legislação sancionada em 1863 para fazer os bancos
e estados livres. mais seguros para os investidores. Suas provisos
Monitor / Monitor s. navio blindado usado pelo incluíam um sistema de bancos com carta patente
norte na Guerra Civil. federal, novos requisitos para empréstimos, e um
sistema de inspeções bancárias.
Monroe Doctrine / Doutrina de Monroe s.
política de oposição dos EUA a qualquer interferência National Energy Act / Lei Energética
européia no hemisfério ocidental, anunciada pelo Nacional s. lei sancionada durante a administração
presidente Monroe em 1823. Carter, que estabelecia impostos sobre carros
“bebedores de gasolina”, removia controles de preços
Moral Majority / Maioria Moral s. aliança
sobre o petróleo e o gás natural americanos, e fornecia
política de grupos religiosos, consistindo principalmente
créditos tributários para o desenvolvimento de fontes de
de cristãos evangélicos e fundamentalistas, ativa nos anos
energia alternativas.
PORTUGUESE

70 e 80, condenando atitudes e comportamentos liberais,

e levantando fundos para candidatos conservadores. National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) /
Lei da Recuperaçao da Indústria Nacional
Mormon / mórmon s. membros de uma igreja
s. lei sancionada em 1933 para estabelecer códigos de
fundada por Joseph Smith e seus associados em 1830.
práticas justas para as indústrias e para promover o
Morrill Acts / Leis de Morrill s. leis sancionadas crescimento industrial.
em 1862 e 1890 para ajudar a criar colégios agriculturais,
nationalism / nacionalismo s. devoção aos
através da dação de terras federais para os estados.
interesses e cultura de seu próprio país.
muckraker / muckraker s. um dos jornalistas de
National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) /
revistas, que expuseram o lado corrupto dos negócios e
Diretoria Nacional de Relações com o
da vida pública no iníco dos anos 1900.
Trabalho n. agência criada em 1935 para evitar

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Munn v. Illinois / Munn versus Illinois s. práticas trabalhistas injustas e para mediar disputas
um caso de 1877 em que a Suprema Corte manteve os entre os trabalhadores e os gerentes.
regulamentos estaduais sobre ferrovias para beneficiar
National Organization for Women (NOW) /
fazendeiros e consumidores, estabelecendo assim o
Organização Nacional de Mulheres s.
direito do governo em regulamentar a indústria privada
organização fundada em 1966 para perseguir objetivos
para servir ao interesse público.
feministas, como melhores instalações para creches,
My Lai / My Lai s. vila no norte do Vietnam do Sul oportunidades educacionais aumentadas, e fim à
onde mais de 200 civis desarmados, incluindo mulheres discriminação no emprego.
e crianças, foram massacrados por tropas dos EUA em
National Road / Estrada Nacional s. estrada
Maio de 1968.
financiada pelo governo federal, teve sua contrução
iniciada em 1811 e em 1838 estendia-se de Cumberland,

N Maryland a Vandalia, Illinois.

National Trades’ Union / União Nacional
NAACP / NAACP s. formada em 1909, a de Sindicatos s. a primeira associação nacional de
Associação Nacional para o Progresso das Pessoas sindicatos de comércio, formada em 1834.
de Cor, promovia a total igualdade racial. National Youth Administration /
NACW / NACW s. Associação Nacional de Mulheres Administração Nacional da Juventude s.
de Cor-organização de serviço social fundada em 1896. agência que fornecia ajuda e emprego aos jovens
NAFTA / NAFTA s. assinado em 1993, o Tratado de americanos durante a Grande Depressão.
Livre Comércio da América do Norte baixou tarifas e Nation of Islam / Nação do Islam s.
trouxe o México para a zona de livre-comércio grupo religioso, popularmente conhecido como os
estabelecida entre os EUA e Canadá. Muçulmanos Negros, fundado por Elijah Muhammad
napalm / napalm s. substância com base em para promover o separatismo negro e a religião islâmica.
gasolina, usada em bombas que os aviões americanos nativism / nativismo s. favorecer os interesses
lançavam no Vietnam, para queimar a selva e expor os dos indivíduos natos sobre as pessoas nascidas no
esconderijos do vietcongue. exterior.
214 THE AMERICANS
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Navigation Acts / Leis de Navegação s. série nomadic / nômade adj. que não tem residência
de leis sancionada pelo Parlamento a partir de 1651, fixa, movimentando-se de um lado para o outro de acordo
para assegurar o controle da Inglaterra sobre o comércio com as estações e a disponibilidade de comida e água.
de suas colônias americanas. “no man’s land” / ”terra de ninguém” s.
NAWSA / NAWSA s. Associação Nacional do região não-ocupada entre exércitos opostos.
Sufrágio da Mulher Americana — organização fundada nonaggression pact / pacto de não
em 1890 para pressionar em favor dos direitos eleitorais agressão s. acordo em que duas nações prometem
femininos. não ir à guerra entre si.
Nazism / nazismo s. filosofia política-baseada North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
em extremo nacionalismo, racismo e expansionismo / OTAN s. Organização do Tratado do Atlântico Norte
militarista-que Adolf Hitler pôs em prática na é uma aliança militar defensiva formada em 1949 por
Alemanha, de 1933 a 1945. dez países da Europa ocidental, os EUA e o Canadá.
neutrality / neutralidade s. recusa em tomar Northwest Ordinance of 1787 /
partido numa guerra entre outras nações. Regulamento do Noroeste de 1787 s. lei que
Neutrality Acts / Leis da Neutralidade s. estabeleceu um procedimento para a admissão de novos
série de leis sancionada em 1935 e 1936 para evitar estados na União.
vendas de armas e empréstimos às nações em guerra, nuclear family / núcleo familiar s. lar

PORTUGUESE
pelos EUA. composto de mãe, pai e seus filhos.
New Deal / Novo Acordo s. programa do doctrine of nullification / doutrina da
presidente Franklin Roosevelt para suavizar os nulificação s. oa recusa de um estado em reconhecer
problemas da Grande Depressão, focando em alívio para uma lei do Congresso que é considerada, por ele,
os necessitados recuperação econômica e reforma inconstitucional.
financeira.
Nuremberg Trials / Julgamentos de
New Deal Coalition / Coalizão do Novo Nuremberg s. procedimentos realizados em
Acordo s. aliança de diversos grupos-incluindo os Nuremberg, Alemanha, depois da Segunda Guerra
brancos sulistas, afro-americanos e trabalhadores Mundial, nos quais os líderes nazistas foram julgados
sindicalizados-que apoiava as políticas do Partido pelos seus crimes de guerra.
Democrata nos anos 30 e 40.
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

New Federalism / Novo federalismo s.

programa do presidente Richard Nixon para transferir
parte do poder do governo federal para governos
O
estaduais e locais. Office of Price Administration (OPA) /
Escritório de Administração de Preços s.
New Frontier / Nova Fronteira s. programa agência estabelecida pelo Congresso para controlar a
legislativo do presidente John F. Kennedy, que incluía inflação durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial.
propostas para fornecer cuidados médicos para os
idosos, para reconstruir áreas urbanas arruinadas, ajudar Ohio gang / a gangue de Ohio s. um grupo de
a educação, reforçar a defesa nacional. Aumentar a amigos chegados e partidários politicos do presidente
ajuda internacional e expandir o programa espacial. Warren G. Harding, a quem ele indicou para o ministério.
New Left / Nova Esquerda s. um movimento Olive Branch Petition / Petição do Galho
político dominado pela juventude nos anos 60, de Oliveira s. documento enviado pelo Segundo
representado em organizações como Estudantes por Congresso Continental ao Rei George III, propondo a
uma Sociedade Democrática e Movimento pela reconciliação entre as colônias e a Grã Bretanha.
Liberdade de Expressão. Olmec / Olmec s. povo índio americano cuja
New Right / Nova Direita s. uma aliança de civilização floresceu no que é agora o sul do México,
grupos conservadores de interesse especial, do final do no período de 1200 a 400 A.C.
século 20, preocupada com questões culturais, sociais OPEC / OPEP s. Organização dos Países Produtores
e morais. de Petróleo — associação econômica das nações
Niagara Movement / Movimento Niagara s. produtoras de petróleo, capaz de estabelecer os preços
fundado por W.E.B. Dubois em 1905, para promover a do petróleo.
educação de afro-americanos nas artes liberais. Open Door notes / notas da Porta Aberta s.
Nineteenth Amendment / Décima Nona mensagens enviadas pelo Secretário de Estado John Hay
Emenda s. uma emenda à Constituição Americana, em 1899 para a Alemanha, Rússia, Grã Bretanha, França,
adotada em 1920, que dá às mulheres o direito do voto. Itália e Japão, pedindo a estes países que não interferissem
com os direitos de comércio dos EUA na China.
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Operation Desert Storm / Operação Pentagon Papers / Papéis do Pentágono s.

Tempestade no Deserto s. uma operação militar documento com 7000 páginas — que vazou para a
de 1991 em que as forças das Nações Unidas, lideradas imprensa em 1971 através do ex-funcionário do
pelos EUA, expulsaram invasores Iraquianos do Kuwait. Ministério da Defesa, Daniel Ellsberg — revelando que
Oregon Trail / Trilha do Oregon s. uma rota o governo dos EUA não tinha sido honesto sobre suas
desde Independence, Missouri, até Oregon City, Oregon, intenções na Guerra do Vietnam.
usada pelos pioneiros viajando pelo Território do Pequot War / Guerra contra os Pequot s. um
Oregon. conflito de 1637 em que a nação Pequot lutou contra os
colonos de Massachusetts e seus aliados Narragansett.
perestroika / perestróica (reestruturação)
P s. reestruturação econômica e governamental instituída
na União Soviética nos anos 80.
Panama Canal / Canal do Panamá s. hidrovia
artificial, aberta através do Istmo do Panamá, para personal liberty laws / leis da liberdade
fazer um atalho entre os oceanos Atlântico e Pacífico, individual s. estatutos legais sancionados em nove
inaugurada em 1914. estados do norte, nos anos 1850, que proibiu a prisão de
escravos fugitivos e garantiu julgamento em tribunal do
Panic of 1837 / Pânico de 1837 s. crise
júri para eles.
financeira nos EUA em que bancos fecharam e o sistema
PORTUGUESE

de crédito entrou em colapso, resultando em muitas planned obsolescence / obsolescência

falências e alto índice de desemprego. planejada s. desenho de produtos que ficam usados
ou tornam-se obsoletos rapidamente, de maneira que
panic of 1873 / Pânico de 1873 s. série de
as pessoas sintam uma necessidade de substituí-los
falhas financeiras que desencadearam uma depressão de
freqüentemente.
cinco anos nos EUA.
plantation / plantação (plantation) s.
parity / paridade s. patamar de preços para
fazendas de grande porte em que o trabalho de escravos
produtos agrícolas, com suporte governamental, para
ou outros trabalhadores, é usado para cultivar um só tipo
manter estáveis as rendas dos fazendeiros.
de cultura, como cana de açúcar ou algodão.
Parliament / Parlamento s. o órgão legislativo da
Platt Amendment / Emenda Platt s. série
Inglaterra.
de provisõe que os EUA insistiram com Cuba para

Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

Patriots / patriotas s. colonos que apoiaram a que fizessem parte de sua Constituição, em 1901,
independência americana da Inglaterra. determinando a Cuba que não fizesse dívidas e dando
patronage / direito de nomeação s. poder que aos EUA o direito de intervir no país e o direito de
tem um servidor em cargo público de indicar pessoas — comprar ou arrendar terras para uso como estações
usualmente os que o / a ajudaram a eleger-se — para navais e de reabastecimento.
cargos no governo. Plessy v. Ferguson / Plessy versus
pay equity / eqüidade salarial s. salário padrão Ferguson s. caso de 1896 em que a Suprema Corte
de um cargo, baseado nos requisitos do cargo e não nas julgou que a separação de raças em lugares públicos era
tradicionais tabelas de remuneração que freqüentemente legal, estabelecendo assim a doutrina do “separados,
davam menores salários às mulheres. mas iguais”.
Payne-Aldrich Tariff / Tarifação Payne- political machine / máquina política s. grupo
Aldrich s. conjunto de regulamentos tributários, organizado que controla um partido político numa
sancionado pelo Congresso em 1909, que falhou na cidade e oferece serviços aos eleitores e negócios, em
significante redução de impostos sobre bens troca de apoio político e financeiro.
manufaturados. poll tax / imposto eleitoral s. imposto anual
Peace Corps / Peace Corps (Corpo da Paz) que tinha que ser pago antigamente em alguns estados
s. agência estabelecida em 1961 para fornecer sulistas, por qualquer pessoa que desejasse votar.
assistência voluntária às nações em desenvolvimento na popular sovereignty / soberania popular s.
Ásia, África e América Latina. sistema onde os residentes votam para decidir as
Pendleton Civil Service Act / Lei Pendleton questões.
do Serviço Público s. lei sancionada em 1883, Populism / populismo s. movimento político do
estabelecendo uma comissão bipartidária do serviço final do século 19 que exige que o povo tenha maior voz
público, para fazer indicações a cargos publicos baseada no governo, e procura promover os interesses de
no sistema de merecimento. agricultores e trabalhadores.

216 THE AMERICANS

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Powhatan / Powhatan s. grupo de povos índios

americanos que vivia na Virgínia oriental à época dos Q
primeiros povoamentos ingleses lá. Quakers / Quakers s. membros da Sociedade dos
price support / apoio aos preços s. Amigos, grupo religioso perseguido por suas crenças, na
manutenção dos preços em determinado patamar através Inglaterra do século 17.
da intervenção governamental. quota system / sistema de quotas s. sistema
Proclamation of 1763 / Proclamação de que estabelece limites no número de imigrantes de
1763 s. uma ordem em que os ingleses proibiram vários países que uma nação admitirá por ano.
seus colonos americanos de estabelecer-se a oeste das
Apalaches.
profiteering / especulação s. a venda de
produtos com pouca oferta a preços inflados.
R
Radical Republican / Republicano Radical
progressive movement / movimento s. um dos congressistas Republicanos que, depois da
progressivo s. movimento de reforma do início do Guerra Civil, queria destruir o poder politico dos ex-
século 20 que procurava devolver o controle do governo donos de escravos e dar aos afro-americanos cidadania
ao povo, restaurar as oportunidades econômicas e total e direito ao voto.
corrigir as injustiças na vida americana.
ratification / ratificação s. a aprovação oficial

PORTUGUESE
prohibition / proibição s. o banimento da da Constituição, ou de uma emenda, pelos estados.
fabricação, venda e posse de bebidas alcoólicas.
rationing / racionar s. restrição do direito
Prohibition / Proibição s. período de 1920-1933 das pessoas comprarem quantidades ilimitadas
durante o qual a Décima Oitava emenda, proibindo a de determinados alimentos e outras mercadorias,
fabricação e venda de álcool, estava em vigor nos EUA. freqüentemente implementada durante tempos de guerra
propaganda / propaganda s. espécie de para assegurar adequado fornecimento aos militares.
comunicação tendenciosa desenhada para influenciar Reaganomics / Reaganomics s. políticas
os pensamentos e ações das pessoas. econômicas do presidente Ronald Reagan, que eram
Proposition 187 / Proposição 187 s. focadas em cortes de orçamento e concessão de grandes
lei sancionada na Califórnia em 1994 que acabou cortes tributários para aumentar os investimentos
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

com todos os benefícios educacionais e de saúde particulares.

não-emergenciais para os imigrantes ilegais. realpolitik / realpolitik s. política externa
proprietor / proprietário s. o dono — defendida por Henry Kissinger na administração Nixon,
particularmente um daqueles a quem foi concedida a baseada considerando-se o poder de uma nação mais do
propriedade, e direitos totais sobre como governá-la, de que seus ideais ou princípios morais.
algumas das colonias inglesas na América do Norte. reapportionment / nova repartição s.
protective tariff / tarifa protecionista s. taxa remapeamento de distritos eleitorais para refletir
sobre artigos importados que intenciona proteger os mudanças na população.
negócios de um país contra a competição estrangeira. recall / anulação s. procedimento para a remoção
protectorate / protetorado s. país cujos de um servidor público de um cargo eletivo, através do
negócios são parcialmente controlados por um poder voto popular.
mais forte. Reconstruction / Reconstrução s. o período
Pueblo / Pueblo s. grupo de povos índios de reconstrução que se seguiu à Guerra Civil, durante
americanos — descendentes dos Anasazi — habitando o qual os derrotados estados Confederados foram
os desertos do sudoeste. readmitidos na União.
Pure Food and Drug Act / Lei dos Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC)
Alimentos e Drogas Puras s. lei sancionada / Corporação para Financiamento da
em 1906 para parar com a venda de alimentos e drogas Reconstrução s. agência estabelecida em 1932
contaminados e para assegurar a verdade nas etiquetas para fornecer financiamentos emergenciais a bancos,
das embalagens. companhias de seguro de vida, ferrovias e outros
Puritans / Puritanos s. membros de um grupo negócios grandes.
que queria eliminar todos os traços do ritual Católico Red Cross / Cruz Vermelha s. organização
Romano na Igreja Anglicana. internacional que fornece alívio para as pessoas em
tempo de guerra ou desastres naturais. Clara Barton
fundou a filial americana em 1881.

MULTI-LANGUAGE GLOSSARY 217

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redemption / redenção s. o termo dos Democratas Roosevelt Corollary / Corolário de

sulistas para seu retorno ao poder no sul nos anos 1870. Roosevelt s. uma extensão da Doutrina Monroe,
referendum / referendo s. procedimento pelo anunaciada pelo presidente Theodore Roosevelt em
qual uma proposta medida legislativa pode ser 1904, sob a qual os EUA reclamaram o direito de
submetida ao voto popular. proteger seus interesses econômicos através da
intervenção militar nos negócios da nações do
Reformation / Reforma s. movimento religioso
Hemisfério Ocidental.
na Europa do século 16, que cresceu pelo desejo de
reforma na Igreja Católica Romana, levando ao Rough Riders / Cavaleiros Rústicos s.
surgimento de várias igrejas Protestantes. regimento voluntário de cavalaria, comandado por
Leonard Wood e Theodore Roosevelt, que serviu na
Renaissance / Renascimento s. período da
Guerra Hispano-Americana.
história européia, de 1400 a 1600, que renovou o interesse
na cultura clássica levando a mudanças artísticas, do royal colony / colônia real s. colônia sob o
ensino e da visão do mundo, de grande alcance. controle direto do monarca inglês.
reparations / reparações s. a compensação paga rural free delivery (RFD) / entrega rural
por uma nação derrotada pelos estragos ou injúrias que grátis s. a entrega de correspondência e pacotes grátis
infligiu durante a guerra. pelo governo a casas das áreas rurais, começou em 1896.
republic / república s. governo em que os
PORTUGUESE

cidadãos detém o poder através de representantes eleitos

pelo voto. S
Republican Party / Partido Republicano s. o SALT I Treaty / Tratado SALT I s. acordo de 5
moderno partido político que foi formado em 1854 por anos entre os EUA e a União Soviética assinado em
opositores da escravidão nos territórios. 1972, que limitou o número de mísseis balísticos
republicanism / republicanismo s. a crença de intercontinetais e mísseis lançados por submarinos
que o governo deveria ser baseado no consentimento do destas nações.
povo. salutary neglect / negligência salutar s.
Republic of California / República da política inglesa de relaxamento da regulamentação
Califórnia s. nação proclamada pelos colonos em suas colônias, em troca da continuada lealdade
econômica das colônias.

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americanos na Califórnia quando declararam sua
independência do México em 1846. Sandinista / sandinista adj. que pertence a um
Republic of Texas / República do Texas grupo rebelde de esquerda que derrubou o governo
s. nação estabelecida em 1836 quando os colonos nicaragüense em 1979.
americanos da província mexicana do Tejas declararam Santa Fe Trail / Trilha de Santa Fé s. rota
e lutaram pela sua independência, também conhecida desde Independence, no Missouri, até Santa Fé, no Novo
à época como “República da Estrêla Solitária”. México, usada pelos mercadores no início e em meados
revenue sharing / divisão de receitas s. do século 19.
distribuição de receita federal aos governos estaduais e satellite nation / país satélite s. país dominado
locais, com poucas ou nenhuma restrição a como é política e economicamente por outro país.
gasto. Saturday Night Massacre / Massacre de
reverse discrimination / discriminação Sábado à Noite s. nome dado à exoneração do
reversa s. tratamento injusto dos membros de um Procurador-Geral dos EUA e à demissão de seu
grupo majoritário — por exemplo, homens brancos — substituto em Outubro de 1973, depois que eles se
resultante dos esforços em corrigir a discriminação recusaram a obedecer à ordem do presidente Nixon,
contra membros de outros grupos. de exonerar o procurador especial encarregado da
revival / reviver s. reunião religiosa desenhada para investigação do caso Watergate.
redespertar a fé através de pregação apaixonada. savanna / savana s. pradaria seca, com árvores e
rock ‘n’ roll / rock ‘n’ roll s. forma de música arbustos, achada na África sub-saariana e outras regiões
popular americana que evoluiu do ‘rhythm & blues’, tropicais ou sub-tropicais.
country, jazz, gospel e pop nos anos 50; a forma musical scalawag / scalawag s. sulista branco que juntou-
americana, caracterizada por ritmos pesados e melodias se ao Partido Republicano depois da Guerra Civil.
simples, espalhou-se mundialmente tendo impactos scientific management / gerenciamento
significativos na dança social, modas de vestuário e científico s. aplicação de princípios científicos para
expressões de protesto. aumentar a eficiência no local de trabalho.

218 THE AMERICANS

PorGloss.TheAmerican 1/21/04 4:21 PM Page 219

Scopes trial / Julgamento Scopes s. um shantytown / favela s. vizinhança em que as

sensacional caso jurídico de 1925 em que o professor de pessoas vivem em barracos temporários.
biologia John T. Scopes foi julgado por desafiar uma lei sharecropping / divisão de lucros agrícolas
do Tennessee que proibia o ensino da evolução. n. sistema em que o dono das terras dá aos agricultores
search-and-destroy mission / missão terra, sementes e ferramentas, em troca de uma parte da
buscar-e-destruir s. um ataque military de colheita produzida.
surpresa dos EUA em vilas do Vietname do Sul, Shays’s Rebellion / Rebelião de Shay
pretendendo encontrar cidadãos com ligações com s. insurreição de agricultures endividados de
o vietcongue, mas freqüentemente resultando na Massachusetts protestando contra o aumento das
destruição da vila e no deslocamento de seus habitantes. taxas estaduais em 1787.
secession / secessão s. a retirada formal de um Sherman Antitrust Act / Lei Antitruste de
estado da União. Sherman s. lei sancionada em 1890, intencionando
Second Continental Congress / Segundo prevenir a criação de monopólios, tornando ilegal
Congresso Continental s. o Congresso Continental estabelecer trustes que interferissem com o livre
reunido em Maio de 1775, aprovou a Declaração de comércio.
Independência, e serviu como a única agência de governo silent majority / maioria silenciosa s. nome
nacional durante a Guerra Revolucionária. dado pelo presidente Richard Nixon aos americanos
Second Great Awakening / Segundo

PORTUGUESE
moderados e massificados, que o apoiavam silenciosa-
Grande Despertar s. movimento religioso do mente em suas políticas para a Guerra do Vietnam.
século 19 em que a responsabilidade individual na busca sit-in / greve branca s. forma de demonstração
da salvação era enfatizada, ao mesmo tempo que a usada pelos afro-americanos para protestar contra a
necessidade de melhoria pessoal e social. discriminação, em que os participantes entravam e
sectionalism / regionalismo s. colocar o sentavam-se num negócio segregado e recusavam-se
interesse de sua região à frente dos interesses da nação a sair até que fossem atendidos.
como um todo. slave / escravo s. pessoa que se torna propriedade
Securities and Exchange Commission de outras.
(SEC) / Comissão de Valores Mobiliários s. Social Darwinism / Darwinismo Social s.
agência criada em 1934, que monitora o mercado de filosofia sócio-econômica — supostamente baseada na
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

ações e faz cumprir as leis regulamentando a venda de teoria da evolução por seleção natural do biólogo Charles
ações e títulos. Darwin — que diz que um sistema de competição
segregation / segregação s. a separação das desenfreada assegurará a vitória do mais preparado.
pessoas com base na raça. Social Gospel movement / movimento
Selective Service Act / Lei do Serviço Evangelho Social s. movimento de reforma do
Seletivo s. lei sancionada em 1917, que requer que século 19, baseado na crença que os cristãos têm a
os homens registrem-se para o serviço militar. responsabilidade de ajudar a melhorar as condições de
Seneca Falls Convention / Convenção de trabalho e de aliviar a pobreza.
Seneca Falls s. convenção sobre os direitos das Social Security Act / Lei do Seguro Social
mulheres realizada em Seneca Falls, New York, em 1848. s. lei sancionada em 1935 para fornecer ajuda aos
Separatist / separatista s. membro de um dos aposentados, aos desempregados, aos incapacitados
grupos Puritanos que, negando a possibilidade de uma físicos, e às famílias com crianças dependentes.
reforma na Igreja Anglicana, estabeleceram suas soddy / soddy s. casa construída com blocos de
próprias congregações independentes. relva.
service sector / setor de serviços s. a parte da Songhai / Songhai s. um império que no auge de
economia que fornece serviços aos consumidores, mais seu poder, nos anos 1500, controlava muito da África
do que mercadorias. ocidental.
settlement house / casa do povoado s. soup kitchen / cozinha da sopa (sopão) s.
centro comunitário fornecendo assistência aos residentes lugar onde se serve comida grátis ou de baixo custo aos
— particularmente aos imigrantes — numa vizinhança necessitados.
de favelas. Southern Christian Leadership Conference
Seventeenth Amendment / Décima Sétima (SCLC) / Conferência Sulista de Liderança
Emenda s. emenda à Constituição dos EUA, adotada Cristã s. organização formada pelo Dr.Martin Luther
em 1913, que prevê a eleição dos senadores americanos King Jr. e outros líderes, para trabalhar pelos direitos
pelo povo, não pelas legislaturas estaduais. civis através de métodos não violentos.

MULTI-LANGUAGE GLOSSARY 219

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Southern strategy / estratégia sulista s. Sugar Act / Lei do Açúcar s. lei comercial
tentativa do presidente Nixon em atrair o suporte dos sancionada pelo Parlamento em 1764, numa tentativa de
Democratas sulistas conservadores que estavam infelizes reduzir o contrabando nas colônias inglesas da América
com as políticas dessegregacionistas federais, e com a do Norte.
Suprema Corte liberal. supply-side economics / economia do
speakeasy / bar clandestino s. bar clandestino fornecedor s. a idéia de que a redução das alíquotas
onde bebidas alcoólicas eram vendidas e consumidas de impostos levará a aumento de empregos, poupança e
ilegalmente durante a Proibição. investimentos, por conseguinte a um aumento de receita
specialization / especialização s. em governamental.
agricultura, cultivo de uma ou duas espécies para venda,
em vez grande variedade de colheitas para uso pessoal.
speculation / especulação s. envolvimento em T
transações comerciais arriscadas num esforço de fazer Taino / Taino s. povo índio americano das ilhas do
rápidos ou grandes lucros. Caribe — o primeiro grupo encontrado por Colombo e
spoils system / sistema de despojos s. seus homens quando alcançaram a América.
prática que consiste em o candidato vencedor premiar Tariff of Abominations / Tarifa das
seus partidários com cargos no governo. Abominações s. nome dado por John C. Calhoun
PORTUGUESE

Square Deal / Acordo Honesto s. programa para o aumento de tarifas de 1828 que pareceu aos
do presidente Theodore Roosevelt de reformas sulistas estarem enriquecendo o norte às suas expensas.
progressivas, desenhadas para proteger as pessoas Tariff of 1816 / Tarifa de 1816 s. tarifa protecio-
comuns dos grandes negócios. nista desenhada para ajudar as indústrias americanas.
stagflation / estagflação s. condição econômica Teapot Dome scandal / Escândalo de
marcada tanto pela inflação quanto pelo alto desemprego. Teapot Dome s. arrendamento secreto de terras
Stamp Act / Lei do Selo s. lei de 1765 em que públicas ricas em óleo pelo Secretário do Interior Albert
o Parlamento estabeleceu a primeira taxação direta de B. Fall para companhias privadas, em troca de dinheiro e
mercadorias e serviços dentro das colônias britânicas da terras.
América do Norte. Telecommunications Act of 1996 / Lei das

Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

Stono Rebellion / Rebelião Stono s. Telecomunicações de 1996 s. lei sancionada
insurreição de escravos de 1739 na Carolina do Sul, em 1996, para remover as barreiras que previamente
levando a um aumento de intensidade das já duras leis haviam evitado que as companhias de comunicação
escravagistas. pudessem envolver-se em mais de um tipo de negócio
Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) / de comunicação.
Iniciativa de Defesa Estratégica s. proposto telecommute / telecomutar v. trabalhar em
sistema de defesa — popularmente conhecido como casa para uma companhia localizada em algum outro
Guerra nas Estrêlas — que intencionava proteger os lugar, usando tecnologia de comunicação como
EUA contra ataques de mísseis. computadores, Internet e máquinas de fax.
strike / greve s. parade no trabalho com a intenção telegraph / telégrafo s. mecanismo para a
de forçar um empregador a responder às exigências. transmissão via elétrica de mensagens criptografadas
Student Nonviolent Coordinating através dos fios.
Committee (SNCC) / Comitê Estudantil temperance movement / movimento da
Não-violento de Coordenação s. organização temperança s. esforço organizado para prevenir o
formada em 1960 parea coordenar greves brancas e consumo de bebidas alcoólicas.
outros protestos, e dar aos jovens afro-americanos uma tenant farming / arrendamento s. sistema em
maior participação no movimento dos direitos civis. que agricultures fornecem suas próprias ferramentas e
Students for a Democratic Society alugam terra agricultável com dinheiro.
(SDS) / Estudantes por uma Sociedade tenement / cortiço s. habitação multifamiliar
Democrática s. grupo anti-sistema da Nova urbana, usualmente superlotado e insalubre.
Esquerda, fundado em 1960, que pedia maior liberdade
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) /
e responsabilidade individuais. Autoridade do Vale do Tennessee s.
suburb / subúrbio s. cidade residencial ou corporação federal estabelecida em 1933 para construir
comunidade perto de uma cidade. represas e usinas de força na região do Vale do
suffrage / sufrágio s. direito de votar. Tennessee, para gerar eletricidade e prevenir as
enchentes também.

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termination policy / política de terminação Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo / Tratado de

s. plano do governo dos EUA, anunciado em 1953, Guadalupe Hidalgo s. um tratado de 1848 termi-
para desistir da responsabilidade pelas tribos indígenas nando com a guerra entre os EUA e o México em que o
americanas através da terminação de suporte econômico México cedeu a Califórnia e o Novo México aos EUA.
federal, descontinuação do sistema de reservas e Treaty of Paris of (1783) / Tratado de Paris
redistribuição das terras tribais. de 1783 s. o tratado que terminou com a Guerra
Tet offensive / Ofensiva do Tet s. maciço Revolucionária, confirmando a independência dos EUA
ataque de surpresa pelo vietcongue sobre cidades e vilas e estabelecendo as fronteiras da nova nação.
sul-vietnamitas no início de 1968. Treaty of Paris (1898) / Tratado de Paris
Texas Revolution / Revolução Texana (1898) s. tratado terminando com a Guerra Hispano-
s. rebelião de 1836 em que o Texas ganhou sua Americana, em que a Espanha libertou Cuba, entregou
independência do México. as ilhas de Guam e Porto Rico aos EUA, e vendeu as
Thirteenth Amendment / Décima Terceira Filipinas também aos EUA por US$20 milhões.
Emenda s. emenda à Constituição americana, adotada Treaty of Tordesillas / Tratado de
em 1865, que aboliu a escravatura e a servidão involuntária. Tordesilhas s. tratado de 1494 em que a Espanha e
Three-Fifths Compromise / Compromisso Portugal concordaram em dividir as terras do Hemisfério
dos Três Quintos s. acordo da Convenção Ocidental entre eles.
Treaty of Versailles / Tratado de Versailles

PORTUGUESE
Constitucional de contar três quintos dos escravos de
uma propriedade como população, para fins de s. o tratado de paz de 1919, no fim da Primeira Guerra
representação e taxação. Mundial, que estabeleceu novas nações, fronteiras e
Tiananmen Square / Praça da Paz Celestial reparações de guerra.
s. local de demonstrações em 1989, em Beijing, China, trench warfare / guerra de trincheira s.
em que os estudantes Chineses exigiram liberdade de operações militares em que forças opostas, de ataque
expressão e maior voz no governo. e contra-ataque, o fazem de dentro de sistemas de
Tonkin Gulf Resolution / Resolução do trincheiras, e não em campo de batalha aberto.
Golfo de Tonquin s. resolução adotada pelo triangular trade / comércio triangular s.
Congresso em 1964, dando ao presidente amplos sistema de comércio transatlântico, em que mercadorias
poderes para declarar guerra ao Vietnam. e pessoas, incluindo escravos, eram trocados entre a
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

totalitarian / totalitário adj. Característica de África, Inglaterra, Europa e Índias Ocidentais, e as

um sistema político em que o governo exerce completo colônias da América do Norte.
controle sobre as vidas de seus cidadãos. Truman Doctrine / Doutrina de Truman s.
Townshend Acts / Leis de Townshend s. série política dos EUA, anunciada pelo presidente Harry S.
de leis sancionada pelo Parlamento em 1767, estabele- Truman em 1947, de prover-se ajuda econômica e
cendo impostos indiretos sobre mercadorias importadas militar às nações livres ameaçadas por oponentes
da Inglaterra pelas colônias da América do Norte. internos e / ou externos.
Trail of Tears / Trilha de Lágrimas s. as Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute /
marchas longas e penosas a que foram forçosamente Instituto Normal e Industrial Tuskegee s.
submetidos os povos Cherokee em sua remoção da fundado em 1881 e dirigido por Booker T. Washington,
Georgia para o Território Indígena em 1838-1840, com para equipar afro-americanos com habilidades de ensino
milhares de Cherokee morrendo pelo camninho. e técnicas úteis de comércio e agricultura.
transcendentalism / transcendentalismo s. two-party system / sistema bi-partidário s.
movimento literário e filosófico de 1800 que enfatizou sistema político dominado por dois partidos principais.
viver uma vida simples e celebrar a verdade achada na
natureza, e nas emoções e imaginação pessoais.
transcontinental railroad / ferrovia U
transcontinental s. linha ferroviária ligando as Uncle Tom’s Cabin / Cabana do Pai Tomás
costas americanas do Atlântico e do Pacífico, s. romance de sucesso publicado por Harriet Beecher
completada em 1869. Stowe em 1852, que retratava a escravidão como um
Treaty of Fort Laramie / Tratado do Forte grande mau moral.
Laramie s. tratado decidindo que os povos Sioux Underground Railroad / Ferrovia
iriam viver numa reserva ao longo do rio Missouri. Subterrânea s. sistema de rotas ao longo das quais
Treaty of Ghent / Tratado de Ghent s. o escravos fugitives eram ajudaados a escaper para o
tratado de 1814 que acabou com a Guerra de 1812. Canadá ou para áreas seguras em estados livres.

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United Farm Workers Organizing Vietnamization / vietnamização s. estratégia

Committee (UFWOC) / Comitê Organizador do presidente Nixon para acabar com o envolvimento
dos Lavradores Unidos s. sindicato trabalhista dos EUA na Guerra do Vietnam, que determinava a
formado em 1966 para negociar salários mais altos e gradual retirada das tropas americanas e sua substituição
melgores condições de trabalho para lavradores por forças sul-vietnamitas.
mexicano-americanos na Califórnia. Voting Rights Act of 1965 / Lei de Direitos
United Nations / Nações Unidas s. Eleitorais de 1965 s. lei que tornou mais fácil para
organização internacional de manutenção da paz à os afro-americanos registrarem-se para votar, através da
qual pertence a maioria dos países do mundo, eliminação de testes de alfabetização discriminatórios e
fundada em 1945 para promover a paz, a segurança autorizando os examinadores federais a matricular
e o desenvolvimento econômico mundiais. eleitores recusados a nível local.
urban flight / vôo urbano s. migração de
pessoas das cidades para os subúrbios vizinhos.
urbanization / urbanização s. crescimento das W
cidades. Wade-Davis Bill / Lei Wade-Davis s. projeto
urban renewal / renovação urbana s. a de lei de 1864, passado no Congresso e vetado pelo
demolição e a substituição de edifícios em áreas presidente Lincoln, que teria dado ao Congresso o
controle da Reconstrução.
PORTUGUESE

arruinadas das cidades.

urban sprawl / esparrame urbano n. o Wagner Act / Lei Wagner s. lei — também
espalhar-se não planejado e incontrolável das cidades conhecida como Lei Nacional de Relações Trabalhistas
pelas regiões circunvizinhas. — sancionada em 1935, para proteger os direitos dos
U.S.S. Maine / U.S.S. Maine s. navio de guerra trabalhadores, depois que a Suprema Corte julgou
americano que misteriosamente explodiu e afundou no a Lei Nacional da Recuperação Industrial como
porto de Havana, Cuba, em 15 de Fevereiro de 1898. inconstitucional.
U-2 incident / o incidente do U-2 s. a war-guilt clause / cláusula de culpa pela
derrubada de um avião espião dos EUA e a captura de guerra s. provisão no Tratado de Versailles em que a
seu piloto pela União Soviética em 1960. Alemanha reconhece que ela só foi a responsável pela
Primeira Guerra Mundial.

Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

utopian community / comunidade utópica
s. comunidade experimental desenhada para ser uma war hawk / falcão da guerra s. um dos
sociedade perfeita, em que seus membros poderiam membros do Congresso que favoreciam a guerra com a
viver juntos em harmonia. Inglaterra no início do século 19.
War Industries Board (WIB) / Diretoria das
Indústrias de Guerra s. agência estabelecida
V durante a Primeira Guerra Mundial para aumentar a
eficiência e desencorajar perdas nas indústrias
V-E Day / V-E Day s. nome dado ao 8 de Maio de relacionadas com a guerra.
1945, “Dia da Vitória na Europa”, em que o General
War Powers Act (WPA) / Lei dos Poderes
Eisenhower aceitou a rendição incondicional da
de Guerra s. lei sancionada em 1973 limitando o
Alemanha Nazista, marcando o fim da Segunda Guerra
direito de um presidente de enviar tropas para guerrear
Mundial na Europa.
sem consultar o Congresso.
vertical integration / integração vertical
War Production Board (WPB) / Diretoria
s. quando uma companhia assume o controle de seus
de Produção de Guerra s. agência estabelecida
fornecedores e distribuidores e sistemas de transportes,
durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial para coordenar a
para ganhar o controle total sobre a qualidade e o custo
produção de artigos militares pelas indústrias dos EUA.
de seu produto.
Warren Commission / Comissão Warren s.
Vietcong / vietcongue s. comunistas sul-
grupo chefiado pelo Juiz-Presidente Earl Warren, que
vietnamitas que, com o apoio norte-vietnamita, lutou
investigou o assassinato do presidente Kennedy e
contra o governo do Vietnam do Sul na Guerra do
concluiu que Lee Harvey Oswald foi o único
Vietnam.
responsável por ele.
Vietminh / Vietminh s. organização de comunistas
Warren Court / Corte Warren s. a Suprema
vietnamitas e outros grupos nacionalistas que lutaram
Corte durante o período em que Earl Warren era o juiz-
pela independência do Vietnam dos franceses de 1946
presidente, notável por seu ativismo nas áreas dos
a 1954.
direitos civis e da liberdade de expressão.

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Warsaw Pact / Pacto de Varsóvia s. aliança

militar formada em 1955 pela União Soviética e seus
satélites europeus orientais.
Watergate / Watergate s. escândalo resultante
da tentativa da Administração Nixon de acobertar seu
envolvimento na invasão da sede do Comitê Nacional
Democrata em 1972, no complexo de apartamentos de
Watergate em Washington, D.C.
Whig Party / Partido Whig s. partido politico
organizado em 1834 para opor-se às políticas de Andrew
Jackson.
Wilmot Proviso / Cláusula de Wilmot s.
emenda à uma lei de apropriações militares de 1846,
propondo que nenhum território adquirido na guerra
com o México seria aberto à escravidão.
Women’s Auxiliary Army Corps (WAAC) /
Corpo Auxiliar Feminino do Exército s.

PORTUGUESE
unidade do exército americano criada durante a Segunda
Guerra Mundial para habilitar mulheres a servir em
posições não-combatentes.
Woodstock / Festival de Woodstock s. um
festival de música livre que atraiu mais de 400.000
jovens a uma fazenda no norte do estado de Nova Iorque
em Agosto de 1969.
Works Progress Administration (WPA) /
Administração do Progresso nas
Indústrias s. agência estabelecida como parte do
Segundo Novo Acordo, que fornecia empregos na
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construção, indústria do vestuário, ensino, artes e outros

campos, aos desempregados.

X
XYZ Affair / o caso XYZ s. um incidente de
1797 em que oficiais franceses exigiram propina de
diplomatas dos EUA.

Y
yellow journalism / jornalismo amarelo s. o
uso de reportagens sensacionalizadas e exageradas por
jornais ou revistas, para atrair leitores.

Z
Zimmermann note / a nota Zimmermann s.
mensagem enviada em 1917 pelo ministro da relações
exteriores alemão ao embaixador alemão, propondo uma
aliança germano-mexicana e protendo ajudar o México a
recuperar o Texas, o Novo México e o Arizona, se os
EUA entrassem na Primeira Guerra Mundial.

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TXHAIS LUS HMOOB

Cov lo lus ntawm no yuav tso raws las dav tus niam ntawv los ntawm cov zaj koj
kawm lawm los, ua kev ntawd puav leej nrog sob lus txhais. Cov lus txhais ntawm
lo lus koj pom ntawd yog nws muaj ntsiab lus li nyob rau hauv phau ntawv koj
kawm. Los lus txhais muaj qhia txog feem ntawm lo lus. Cov hauv qab no yog cov
feem uas siv:
adj. = adjective (piav lo qhas nas) n. = noun (qhas nas) v. = verba (kib lib nyas)

A Allies / Phooj Ywg n. 1. nyob rau npluav Rog

Ntiaj Teb I, cov teb chaws-chiv keeb yog Askiv, Fab Kis
abolition / as-npaus-liv-sees n. kev txwv kom thiab Lav Xas, thiab tom qab ntawd Asmeska, Istaslis
tsis pub muaj qhev. thiab lwm lub teb chaws uas tawm tsam cov Zog Nruab
Nrab. 2. npluav Rog Ntiaj Teb II, cov teb chaws-Askiv,
Adams-Onís Treaty / Asdas-Ausnis Kev
Xauv Viaj, thiab Asmeskas-uas tawm tsam lawv cov
Cog Lus n. tsab ntawv cog lus thaum xyoo1819 uas
yeeb ncuab.
teb chaws Xabpees muab daim av Flauslisdas rau
Asmeska. American Expeditionary Force (AEF) /
Pawg Tub Rog Ncig Teb Chaws n. Asmeskas
Adena / Asdisnas n. ib thaj av zoo chiv nyob
pab leem, tus coj yog Nai Phoo Ntsos Phawb-seem, ua
nruab nrab hauv tus dej Ohio thiab tau muaj kwv yees li
rog nrog cov teb chaws phooj ywg nyob Yus-lauv thaum
xyoo 700 b.c. rau xyoo a.d 100.
Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb I.
affirmative action / asfermestiv ev-sees n.
American Federation of Labor (AFL) /
ib tsab cai tsim los kho txog kev sib cais ntawm pab
Koom Haum Neeg Ua Hauj Lwm Asmeska
pawg neeg yav dhau los uas coj los pab cov neeg uas
n. lub koom haum koom tes kev lag luam thiab hauj
poob qab. (sab 929, 1037).
lwm, tsim xyoo 1886.
Agent Orange / Tshuaj Ausleej n. ib cov tshuaj
American Indian Movement (AIM) / Koom
lom siv coj los tua nplooj ntoo uas Asmeska siv coj los
Haum Txhawb Qab n. lub koom haum tsim
txau nyob teb chaws Nyab Laj rau cov chaw uas kom
los tauj xub kev muaj cai rau cov neeg qhab nyob
pom cov viaj-koos tej chaw khiav nkaum.
xyoo 1968.
Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) / Tus
Americanization movement / Txhawb

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Cai Liaj Teb n. Tus cai tsim nyob xyoo 1933 los tsub
Txhim Kev Ua Neeg Meskas n. khoos kas kev
nqi rau cov khoom liaj teb uas siv coj los them cov neeg
kawm tsim los pab kom cov neeg tuaj tshiab nkag mus
ua teb kom txhob cog qoob loo rau lawv tej av, xws li
rau Asmeskas kev coj noj coj haus.
kom txo kev ua teb.
American System / Kev Cai Meskas n. Tus
HMONG

AIDS (acquired immune deficiency

txhooj ua ntej Rog Pej Xeem uas tsim los tuav lub teb
syndrome) / Ej (muaj tus xeeb ceem lub
chaws thiab txhawb kev noj kev haus kom ruaj uas yog
cev tsis muaj zog) n. ib tug kab mob uas tshwm
tsim tus cai se hla teb chaw, txhab nyiaj, thiab txhim kho
sim los ntawm tus mob vaislav uas ua kom tus neeg cov
kev thauj mus los sib cuag.
ntshav tiv thaiv kab mob tsis muaj zog, ua rau tus neeg
ntawd tau txais kev muaj mob yooj yim thiab los-sis yog Anaconda plan / Lub Tiaj Asnaskhoosdas
ib yam kab mob khees-xaws uas txawv txawv. n. tus cwj uas pawb Sib Koom tsim los tua kom yeej
pawg qab teb nyob rau npluav Rog Pej Xeem.
Alamo, the / lub Khaib Aslasmaus n. ib lub
chaw ua hauj lwm nyob Xas Asthaunis-aus, Thev-xav, anarchist n. tus neeg uas tawm tsam txhua fab kev
uas cov leem Mev-xis-kaus tua cov neeg tawm tsam tswj ntawm tseem fwv.
Thev-xav nyob rau xyoo 1836. Anasazi / Asnasxaszis n. pawg qhab uas nyob
Alien and Sedition Acts / Cai Tswj Neeg rau cov roob siab, ntav tsua, thiab cov kwj ha ntawm
Nkag Teb Chaws n. cov cai ntawm plaub tsab cai Cheeb Tsam Plaub Ceg Kaum (uas tam sim no yog Xeev
tsim nyob xyoo 1798 los txo cov neeg nkag tuaj teb Asliszausnas, Ni-aus Mev-xis kaus, Khaus-laus-las-
chaws Asmeska lub zog keeb tsim (kas moos). daus, thiab Yus thas los sib tshuam) thaum xyoo a.d.
100 txog xyoo 1300.
Alliance for Progress / Koom Haum rau
Kev Vam Meej n. khoos kas pab neeg txawv teb annex / txeeb v. kev zwm ib qho chaw kom muaj ib
chaw ntawm xyoo 1960, txhawb txhim sab kev khwv noj pawg kas moos, xws li
khwv haus thiab lwm yam rau cov teb chaws Las Tees antebellum / astesnpeloos adj. qhov muaj ua
Asmeska. ntej Rog Pej xeem.

224 THE AMERICANS

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antifederalist / tawm tsam tseem fwv nrab Battle of the Bulge / Bluav Rog ntawm
n. cov tawm tsawm tseem fwv nrab. Npawv n. Npluav rog uas sib tua tau ib lub hlis
appeasement / nyoo n. qhov kev kam los lees txo ntawm tsov rog ntiaj teb zaum II, uas tog Phooj Ywg tua
qee yam nrog yus tus yeeb ncuab kom muaj kev thaj yeeb. yeej cov Yawslasmas.
Appomattox Court House / Tsev Txiav Battle of Midway / Bluav Rog Mijves n.
Plaub Asphosmesthov n. luv nroog ze Npluav rog thaum Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb uas sib tua nyob
Asphosmesthov, Vaws-ntsis-nias, uas Lis los nyoo rau rau thaum lub Rau Hli xyoo 1942. Cov teb chaws Phooj
Nkleej thaum lub 4 hlis tim 9, xyoo 1986, uas yog Ywg txov Zwj Peem lub nkoj loj ntawm Mijves, lub kob
npluag Rog Pej Xeem tas. (37°N 79°W). nyob sab hnub poob qaum teb ntawm Hasvais. Cov teb
chaws Phooj Ywg thiaj tau sawv tua hauv hiav txwv
apprentice / xyaum n. tus neeg ua hauj lwm
Pasxisfiv txav zuj zus mus rau teb chaws Zwj Peem.
kawm kev lag luam los-sis hauj lwm, feem ntau yog
muaj tus xib fwb saib. Battle of Wounded Knee / Bluav Rog
ntawm lub dawm Vuv Nis n. cov leem
arbitration / kev txiav txim n. tus cwj kev daws
Asmeskas tua 300 tus Qhab tsis muaj phom nyob rau
teeb meem uas ob tog puav leej pom zoo kom tus neeg
ntawm lub Dawm Vuv Nis, Xeev Daskaustas Qab Teb,
txiav plaub txiav txim.
xyoo 1890.
armistice / cog lug n. tsab ntawv cog lus los tswm
Beatles, the / Pab Cov Biv Taum n. ib pab tub
kev ua rog.
Paj Nruag neeg Askiv uas muaj zog thiab nrov heev
Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) / thaum xyoo 1960.
Leem Tub Rog Teb Chaws Nyab Laj n. cov
beat movement / pawg sawv hloov n. ib cov
leem Nyab Laj Qab Teb uas leem Asmeskas nrog ua rog
neeg sawv tawm tsam thaum 1950, hais txog kev tuav
tua cov nyab laj qaum teb thaum npluav Rog Nyab Laj.
tus kheej txawv txawv thiab tsis ua raws li cov neeg.
Articles of Confederation / Tsab Cai Zwm
Benin / Besnij n. ib lub teb chaws nyob Asfliskas
n. daim ntawv, coj los siv lub rooj sab laj ntawm xab
Hnub Poob uas nyob rau ntawm lub Ncauj Dej
pha zaum ob xyoo 1777 thiab pom zoo coj los siv los
Nais-ntsaws (tam sim no yog Nais-ntsis-lias) thaum
ntawm cov xeev rau xyoo 1781, teeb txog kev tswj hwm
tiam 14 txog tiam 17.
lub teb chaws tshiab.
Berlin airlift / Dav Hlau Thauj Khoom n.
Ashcan school / Tsev Kawm Askas n. ib
qhov kev Asmeskas thiab Askiv siv 327 hnub siv dav
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

pawg neeg Asmeskas nyiam kos duab raws kev ua neej

hlau thauj khoom noj khoom siv mus rau nroog
nyob tiam 20-uas ua rau lawv muaj koob nto npe.
Bawslees hnub poob thaum Xausviaj thaiv lub nroog
assimilation / kev hloov n. cov haiv neeg tsawg xyoo 1948.
los lees txais kev ntseeg thiab kev ua lub neej ntawm
Berlin Wall / Ntsa Yeej Bawslees n. tus ntsa

HMONG
haiv neeg coob.
uas cais nroog Bawslees hnub tuaj thiab Bawslees hnub
Atlantic Charter / Tsab Cai AvLastiv n. lub poob thaum 1961 txog 1989, uas Tseem Fwv Koom Sa
niam tswv yim xyoo 1941 tshaj tawm txog Asmeskas Yawslasmas Hnub Tuaj tsa los thaiv kom nws cov pej
thiab Asvkiv los sib koom tawm tsam nkawd cov yeeb xeem txhob khiav mus rau sab Hnub Poob.
ncuab lub zog sab tod.
Bessemer process / Lub txhoj Besxesmaws
Axis powers / Lub zog sab tod n. cov teb n. ib lub txhoj uas pheej yig thiab zoo siv coj los ua
chaws – yawslasmas, Istaslis, thiab Zwj peem- uas tawm hlau, tsim tawm cheeb tsam 1850.
tsam cov teb chaws phooj ywg nyob Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb
Bill of Rights / Daim Ntawv Muaj Cai n.
zaum II.
thawj kaum nqe lus ntawm U.S. Tsab Cai Tuav Teb
Aztec / Avtes n. Ib pawg neeg Qhab uas nyob rau Chaws, sau ntxiv nyob rau xyoo 1791 thiab muaj ua ib
lub vos hav hauv Mevxiskaus xyoo 1200 a.d. thiab tom ke yog pej xeem cov cai thiab kev ywj pheej.
qab ntawd tau sawv los ua lub teb chaws muaj zog heev.
bimetallism / ob yam hlau tov n. kev siv kub
thiab nyiaj los ua kev tiag taw tsim nyiaj.

B black codes / cim dub n. cov cai tsim tawm los

tom qab Npluav Rog Pej Xeem nyob yav qab teb uas
baby boom / cov mosliab coob n. cov neeg muaj ntau yam txwv cov neeg Asflivkas Asmeska kev ua
yug coob heev tom qab Rog Ntiaj Teb zaum II. neej, xws li txwv tsis pub lawv ncig yam tsis tau ntawv
Bank of the United States / Txhab Nyiaj tso cai, nqa phom, txiav plaub, tim khawv tawm tsam
Asmeskas n. ob lub txhab nyiaj uas txhawb los dawb, thiab sib sau ua neej nrog cov dawb.
ntawm tseem fwv nrab thiab cov neeg lag luam, tsim los
ntawm xab pha, thawj lub yog xyoog 1791 thiab lub ob
yog xyoo 1816.
MULTI-LANGUAGE GLOSSARY 225
Hmong_Gloss.TheAmericans 6/7/06 7:32 AM Page 226

blacklist / daim liv dub n. daim liv npe neeg 500 Boxer Rebellion / Tsov Rog Lawj Xeeb n.
leej txog cov nuj sis, cov sau, cov tsim,thiab cov cob uas xyoo 1900 uas cov tim xyoob ntawm ntawb lub koom
txwv tsis pub lawv ua hauj lwm nyob rau kev ua yeeb haum Suav nrhiav kev ywj pheej los ntawm cov teb
yaj duab nram Hoslisvuv vim lawm muaj feem cuam chaws Sab Poob.
nrog Koom Sas. bracero / blasxawslaus n. cov neeg Mev xis kaus
Black Panthers / Tsov Dub n. lub koom haum pub nkag tuaj Asmeskas tuaj ua hauj lwm caws caij nyog
keeb tsim tawm tsam Asflivkas Asmeska tsim xyoo lub sij hawm Rog Ntiaj Teb II.
1966 los ntawm Huis Nuvtoom thiab Bov Bis Sis los bread line / kab blev n. txoj kab neeg sawv thov
tauj xub tub ceev xwm kev ua phem thiab nrhiav kev pab khoom noj dawb.
rau cov zos dub.
brinkmanship / bleejmees-sij n. kev hawv rau
Black Power / Lub Zog Dub n. los lus uas yeeb ncuab tias yuav siv leem coob mus tua yog yeeb
Stokely Carmichael siv nyob rau xyoo 1960s uas txhawb ncuab lam tuaj tsuj.
siab rau cov Asflivkas Asmeska thiab keeb tsim thiab
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka /
kev coj noj coj haus.
Blaus v. Rooj Tswj Kev Kawm hauv Topeka
Black Tuesday / Hnub Zwj Ob Dub n. lub npe n. rooj plaub xyoo 1954 uas Rooj Tswj Kev Txiav
muab rau hnub tim 29 lub 10 hli xyoo 1929 uas thaum Plaub txiav tias “sib cais tab sis sib luag” hais txog kev
cov xab toj poob qis. kawm rau dub thiab dawb ntawd tsis muaj nyob hauv
Bleeding Kansas / Khas xav Los Ntshav n. tsab cai kav teb chaws.
lub npe muab rau Ciam Av Khas xav rau cov xyoo ua Bull Moose Party / Pawg Heev Mos Lwj n.
ntej Tsov Rog Pej Xeem, lub sij hawm uas cov nyiam lub be muab rau pawg keeb tsim Progressive Party, tsim
muaj qhev thiab cov tsis nyiam cov leem sawv sib tua. los txhawb Theodore Roosevelt’s kev txeeb ua thawj
blitzkrieg / blivklig n. los ntawm lo lus pwm tsav kav teb chaws xyoo 1912.
Yawslasmas txhais tias “rog xab laim” kev sib tua tam si buying on margin / yuav ib nrab n. kev yuav
ntawd uas luaj zus dav hlau thiab tub rog uas vam kom xab toj uas yus tsuas them me-ntsis rau tus nqi thiab cov
yeej kev ua rog sai. tov ces yog qiv.
blockade / thaiv n. kev siv nkoj los sis leem los tiv
thaiv kom kev txav mus los ntawm chaw nres nkoj los
sis cheeb tsam ntawd tuav los ntawm cov teb chaws muaj C

Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

kev tsis haum xeeb.
cabinet / qhab nab lav thab bas n. pawg thawj
bonanza farm / kev ua teb zoo n. cov liaj teb
coj uas yog tus thawj ntawm cov lav thab moos tis uas
loj dav uas cog ib yam qoob nkaus xwb.
yog cov thawj sab laj ntawm thawj pwm tsav.
Bonus Army / Bausnav Leem n. ib pawg qub
HMONG

Camp David Accords / Tsab Lus Pom Zoo

leem Rog Ntiaj Teb I thiab lawv tsev neeg taug kev nyob Ntawm Khaib Desviv n. nqe lus pom zoo nyob
Washington D.C., xyoo 1932 kom tseem fwv them lawv hauv liv xwm ntawm Iv xas yees thiab Is ziv, sib thaum
cov bausnav kev ua rog uas tseem fwv tau cog lus rau haum nyob rau Khaib Tub Rog Des Viv xyoo 1978.
lawv kev mus tua rog.
capitalism / lav thib nai thee n. kev khwv noj
bootlegger / neeg tub sab n. tus neeg nyiag nqa khwv haus uas tus tib neeg thiab tuam txhab tuav kev
cawv nkag teb chaws Asmeska lub caij txwv. tsim khoom noj thiab siv coj los ua kom tsam.
Boston Massacre / Kev Sib Nyob Boston n. carpetbagger / kaspev bev nkawm n. cov
kev sib tua ntawm Askiv cov leem thiab cov neeg Boston neeg sab qaum teb tsiv mus rau sab Qab Teb tom qab
thaum 1770, uas raug tsib tug neeg tswv teb chaws tag Rog Pej Xeem.
sim neej.
cash crop / qoob muag n. tej qoob ua neeg cog
Boston Tea Party / Koom Haum Tshuaj Yej los muag tsis yog cog los rau tus kheej siv.
Boston n. kev cuam 18,000 phaus tshuaj yej rau hav
dej los ntawm cov neeg tsiv teb chaws xyoo 177 los Central Powers / Lub Zog Nrab n. cov teb
tawm tsam tus cai Tshuaj Yej. chaws-Yawslasmas, Auvrias-haas nkas lis, thiab lub teb
chaws Ovtaum mees- uas tawm tsam pawg teb chaws
Boulder Dam / Lub Dees Bauv dawj n. lub Phooj Ywg thaum npluav Rog Ntiaj Teb I.
dees nyob rau ntawm tus dej Colorado—tam sim no hu
ua lub Dees Huv vawm —yog tsim thaum teb chaws checks and balances / kuaj thiab tuav n. ib
Txom Nyem los ua ib qho khoos kas hauj lwm loom-los nqe ntawm tus Cai Tswj Teb Chaws Asmeskas los thaiv
pib kom muaj kev lag luam thiab hauj lwm. tsis pub ib pab twg muaj zog tshaj lwm pawg.

226 THE AMERICANS

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Chinese Exclusion Act / Tus Cai Cais Neeg committee of correspondence / Pawg
Suav n. tus cai, tsim xyoo 1882, tias txwv txhua tus Nrhiav Xov n. ib pawg neeg uas tsim los ntawm cov
neeg Suav tsuas tseg kiag tub kawm, xwb fwb qhia neeg Asmeskas hais txog kev sib pauv xwm txog Askiv
ntawv, neeg muag khoom, neeg ncig teb chaws, thiab kev ua phem txov lawv kev ywj pheej.
tseem fwv cov neeg ua hauj lwm nkag teb chaws. Committee to Reelect the President /
Chisholm Trail / Txoj Kev Tshivxoom n. txoj Pawg Neeg Tswj Kev Xav Tsa Thawj Pwm
kev cab nyuj tseem ceeb ntawm nroog Xa Ashaunis-aus, Tsav n. lub koom haum tsim los khiav Thawj Pwm
Thevxav, hla Ausklashausmas mus rau Askhasxas. Tsav Niv-xeem kev xav tsa 1972, uas nkag mus rau pab
chlorination / khlausleesnevsees n. kev ua Democratic Lub Hauv Paus Hauj Lwm uas tsim muaj
kom dej ntshiab uas yog tim nrog cov khesmis qhov teeb meem Watergate.
Khlauslees. Common Sense / Tswv Yim Zoo n. daim
CIA n. Lub Chaw CeevXwm Nrab-Asmeska lub chaw ntawv sau los ntawm Thomas Paine, tshwm sim xyoo
ceev xwm tseem ceeb ntawm tseem fwv txawv teb 1776, nqu hu kom cov neeg tsiv teb chaws tawg ntawm
chaws. Askiv.
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) / Koom communism / kev cai koom sas n. kev khwv
Haum Txhawb Txhim Pej Xeem n. lub koom noj khwv haus thiab keeb tsim uas tseem fwv yog tus
haum, uas yog ib feem ntawm khoos kas Tswv Yim tswv tag nrho.
Tshiab, pab kom cov hluas muas hauj lwm ua xws li kho Compromise of 1850 / Lus Sib Kho Xyoo
kev, tsim phaj, cog ntoo, thiab txhim kho tej qhov chaw 1850 n. cov lus sib ntam ua ntu zus los ntawm tseem
uas puas tsis zoo. fwv los soj ntsuam daws tej lus tsis sib haum nyob rau
civil disobedience / peb xeem tsis mloog cov xeev ywj pheej thiab cov xeev muaj qhev.
lus n. kev tsis ua raws cov cai uas pom tau tias tsis ncaj Compromise of 1877 / Lus Sib Kho
ncees kom tseem fwv hloov lawv cov cai. Heelis Desviv Xyoo 1877 n. cov lus sib tham ua ntu zus uas cov
Toslaus sau txog pej xeem tsis mloog lus thau tiam 19, Democrate pom zoo cia Rutherford B. Hayes los tw ua
thiab tus cwj ntawd yog siv los ntawm Mavtees thawj pwm tsav txawm hais tias nws tsis sib cov suab
Luvtawm Khees lub caij Pej Xeem Muaj Cai. neeg nyiam. Cov lus soj ntsuam no yog thim cov tub rog
Civil Rights Act of 1964 / Tsab Cai Pej tawm ntawm cov Xeev Qab teb, pab nyiaj mus txhim
Xeem xyoo 1964 n. tus cai txwv tsis pub cais ib kho lawv kev ua hauj lwm, thiab tsa kom muaj ib tug
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

tug neeg twg vim nws cev nqaij daim tawv, poj niam thawj sab laj uas yog cov neeg sab qab teb.
txiv neej, haiv, lo sis kev cai teev hawm raws tej chaw concentration camp / yeej kau neeg n. ib
loomthiab chaw ua haujlwm thoob plaws. lub yeej kaw neeg raug txim uas cov Navzis Yawslasmas
Civil Rights Act of 1968 / Tsab Cai Pej tsim los kaw cov neeg Ntsuv thiab lwm haiv neeg uas

HMONG
Xeem xyoo 1968 n. tus cai txwv tsis pub cais txog lawv xav tias yog yeeb ncuab ntawm Adolf Hilter kom
vaj tse. tuag tshaib thiab cia ua qhev los sis tua pov tseg.
civil service / hauj lwm pej xeem n. cag hauj Confederacy / Khoo feb daws lev see n.
lwm ntawm tseem fwv uas tsis yog tsoom tub rog. cov xeev Khoo feb daws lev ntawm Asmeskas, lub koom
haum khoo feb daws lev see tsim xyoo 1861los ntawm
Clayton Antitrust Act / Klheteem Tsab Cai
cov xeev sab Qab teb tom qab lawv sib rau cov sab
Kav n. tus lij choj, tsim xyoo 1914, uas teem meem
Qaum teb.
tias tsis pub ib yamlag luam twg kav tag nrho thiab tiv
thaiv cov koom haum neeg hauj lwm thiab koom haum confederation / kev sib zwm n. kev phooj ywg
ua teb. tso cai rau cov xeev los sis teb chaws los sib zwm ua ke
daws tej teeb meem saws daws txhawj txog ib yam.
Cold War / Rog Txias n. tus xeeb ceem sib chim,
tsis siv tub rog, uas muaj tshwm sim ntawm Asmeskas conglomerate / tuam txhaj kev lag luam n.
thiab Xauv Viaj tom qab Rog Ntiaj Teb II. cov tuam txhab lag luam loj uas tuav ntawv lub tuam
txhab lag luam me ua ntau yam kev lag luam tsis sib
colonization / kev mus kav lwm teb chaws
thooj.
n. kev tawm mus kav lwm qhov av los ntawm lub
teb loj. Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO)
/ Xab Pha Kev Hauj Lwm n. lub koom ua hauj
Columbian Exchange / Khauloosbav Kev
lwm uas raug ncaws tawm hauv Koom Haum Neeg Ua
Sib Pauv n. kev nqa -pib txij Khauloosbav thawj
Hauj Lwm Asmesk xyoo 1938.
nplua kev ncig ntiaj teb-ntawm tej nrog tsuag, tsiaj,
thiab kab mob ntawm sab ntuj hnoob poob thiab sab ntuj
hnub tuaj.

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Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) / Xab counterculture / tig tsim kev cai tshiab n.
Pha Vaj Huam Sib Luag n. lub koom haum tsa cov kev cai cov hluas uas tsis pom zoo nrog kev cais
tawm los ntawm cov peb hom neeg xyoo 1942 los Asmeskas thaum 1960s, lawv tig los nrhiav lwm txoj kev
ntawm yawg James Farmer los ua hauj lwm tawm tsam taug yog siv kev thay yeeb, hlub, thiab tus kheej kev ywj
kev sib cais nyob cov nroog sab Qaum Teb. pheej ua lub hauv paus.
conquistador / tus neeg tsuj n. tus neeg xab credibility gap / kev ntseeg khoob n. pej
pees ncig tuaj mus rau cov teb chaws Asmeskas yam li xeem kev tsis ntseeg tseem fwv cov lus tshaj tawm.
tus soj ntsuam thiab tsuj teb chaw tiam 16. credit / klhesdij n. kev yuav khoom uas tus neeg
conscientious objector / tus tawm tsam n. yuav mam them tom qab rau cov khoom nws yuav, feem
tus neeg tawm tsam, raws qhov yog cai, mus koom nrog ntau yog ua hli thiab xyoo them uas tsuam paj nrog.
kev ua tsov rog. Crédit Mobilier / Cov txav Khlesdim n. lub
conscription / kee n. kev kee pej xeem mus koos pas nis ua kev tsim xyoo 1864 los ntawm cov tswv
ua rog. txoj kev ciav hlau Union Pacific, uas siv txoj kev cia
conservation / kev ceev n. kev vas pheem cawm hlau los ntxias kom lawv tsam rau lawv tus kheej.
khoom hav zoo, muaj feem cuam txog tiv thaiv tej tsiaj Crusades / Klhus-xej n. cov xwm txheej tub rog
qus thiab tsim kho lwm qhov kom zoo rau sawv daws. Khlivxabtias ntuav dav rau sab teb chaws Hnub tuaj
conservative coalition / kev sib koom tes Nruab Nrab cheeb tsam a.d. 1096 thiab 1270, lom txwm
ceev n. lub koom haum tsim thaum nrab xyoo 1960s ntiab kom cov muv-xas-lees tawm ntawm Daim Av
ntawm pawg sab xis los tawm tsam tseem fwv hauv paus Xeeb.
hauj lwm loj. cult of domesticity / kev ntseeg sab hauv
consolidation / kev zwm n. kev muab coj los sib n. qhov kev ntseeg hais tias tus poj niam muaj txiv
koom los sis ua ib ke. lawm tsuas ua hauj lwm tu vaj tsev thiab menyuam xwb.
consumerism / kev siv n. kev vwm txog kev
yuav khoom.
containment / kev hwj n. kev thaiv kom lwm
D
lub teb chaws txhob ntuav nws lub zog – ib yam li Dawes Act / Dos Tus Cai n. tus lij choj, tsim
Asmeskas kev thaiv kom Xauv Viaj txhob ntuav lub sij xyoo 1887, npaj siab los ua kom cov Qhab coj li neeg

Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

hawm 1940s thiab 1950s. “Asmeskas” uas faib lawv cov av kom muaj tswv.
Contract with America / Cog Lus nrog D-Day / hnub D-Day n. lub npe muab rau hnub
Asmeskas n. tsab ntawv sau los ntawm tus Sawv tim 6 lub 6 hli, xyoo 1944—hnub uas cov teb chaws
Cev Niv Nkeesliv thiab suam npe coob tshaj 300 tus Phooj Ywg sawv txeeb av Yub-laum thaum Rog Ntiaj
HMONG

Republican sib tw xyoo 1994, teeb Republican lub kom Teb II.
tswj luag hauj. debt peonage / qhev them nqi n. tus lab npoj
Contras / Khoos-rhas n. cov Neeg Tawm Tsam uas cov neeg ua hauj lwm raws li qhov nws tshuav nqi.
Nivkaslaskuas tau txais kev pab los ntawm Tseem Fwv Declaration of Independence / Kev Tshaj
Reagan sawv los tshem Tseem fwv Xasdisnivtas thaum Kev Ywj Pheej n. tsab ntawv, sau los ntawm
1980s. Thomas Jefferson xyoo 1776, uas cov neeg sawv cev
convoy system / lav thib npoj n. kev tiv thaiv hauv xab pha thaj vij tshaj tawm tias cov khaulausnis tau
cov neeg lag luam los ntawm lub nkoj-U—Yawslasmas txais kev ywj pheej los ntawm Askiv.
lub nkoj qab thu—tua los ntawm qhov kev muaj nkoj de facto segregation / kev sib cais muaj
mus ua ke ua ib npoj uas siv nkoj tua rog siab xyuas. tseeb n. kev sib cais tshwm sim los ntawm tij neeg
Copperhead / Tob hau tooj n. Pab Democrat txoj kev coj thiab xeeb ceem, tsis yog los ntawm lij choj.
Sab Qaum teb uas nrhiav kev thaj yeeb nrog cov Qab deficit spending / siv tshaj n. tseem fwv siv
Teb sij hawm Tsov Rog Pej Xeem. nyiaj tshaj cov nyiaj nws tau los.
cottage industry / kev ua paj n. lab npoj uas de jure segregation / sib cais raws lij choj
kev ua khoom uas cov tuam txhab lag luam muab n. kev cais tib neeg tshwm los ntawm lij choj.
khoom rau neeg coj los ua hauv tsev. Democratic-Republican / Dismausklav-
cotton gin / lub tshuab paj n. lub tshuab siv coj Lisphasnplivkas n. koom haum keeb tsim paub zoo
los tshem cov noob tawm ntawm cov paj, Eli Whitney los ntawm kev txhawb ntawm tseem fwv xeev, tsam tsim
tsim yog tus tsim xyoo 1793. los ntawm Thomas Jefferson xyoo 1792 sawv tawm tsam
pab Fesdawslausliv.
deregulation / tsis tswj n. kev tseem fwv nrab
txo kev tswj soj ntsuam kev ua hauj lwm.
228 THE AMERICANS
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détente / des teeb tes n. tus cai ywj, muaj feem Economic Opportunity Act / Cai Tsam
txog kev txaus siab los sib tham thiab txog tej qhov kev Thawj Sib Luag n. tus lij choj, tsim xyoo 1964,
kub, lees txais los ntawm Thawj Pwm Tsav Lis Tshaj uas muab nyiaj tuaj pab cov khoos kas tub-ntxhais hluas,
Niv xeem thiab nws tus neeg sab laj Hee lis Khi-xees- tawm tsam kev txom nyem, qiv nyiaj rau cov lag luam
ntsaws txog nkawd tej kev sib tham nrog cov teb chaws me, thiab kawm hauj lwm.
koom sas. egalitarianism / vaj huam sib luag n. qhov
direct relief / paj ncaj nraim n. kev muab nyiaj kev ntseeg tias txhua tus yuav tsum muaj vaj huam sib
los sis khoom noj mus rau cov neeg txom nyem los luag txog sab keeb tsim, xemthabkiv, xam khoos, thiab
ntawm tseem fwv. cai pej xeem.
division of labor / faib hauj lwm n. kev faib Eisenhower Doctrine / Lav Thib
hauj lwm txawv mus rau tus neeg txawv los sis pawg Aisxeeshausvawm n. Asmeskas muab siab rau
neeg txawv. tiv thaiv sab Hnub Tuaj Nruab Nrab yog tias lub teb
Dixiecrat / Divxisklhev n. ib tug neeg sawv cev chaws koom sas twg lam tua, Thawj Pwm Tsav Dwight
Qab teb nws, tawm tsam Thawj Pwm Tsav Rhub-meem D. Eissenhower tshaj tawm xyoo 1957.
tus caij pej xeem, khiav tawm hauv Dismausklhav lub electoral college / kev xaiv raws pawg n.
Rooj Sab laj xyoo 1948 thiab tsim pab States’ Rights pawg neeg xaiv los ntawm xeev mus xaiv thawj thiab
Democratic Party. lwm thawj pwm tsav, uas ib lub xeev twg cov suab ntawd
dollar diplomacy / thuj nyiaj n. Asmeskas tus muaj raws lis cov naj npawb sawv cev cov tim xyoob
caij siv Asmeskas lub zog nyiaj mus yuam lwm lub teb xab pha siab thiab tim xyoob sawv cev xab pha qis mus
chaws. nyob hauv xab pha.
domino theory / lub tswv yim dosmisnaus emancipation / tso dim n. tso qhev dim.
n. lub tswv yim tias yog ib lub teb chaws poob rau Emancipation Proclamation / Tsab Ntawv
koom sab tes lawm, cov teb chaws ib ncig ntawd puav Tshaj Tso Tawm n. daim ntawv tshaj tawm uas
leej poob rau koom sas tes ib yam. Av-nplas has Leeb-kheem tso tawm hnub tim 1 lub 1 hlis
dotcom / dov khoos n. kev lag luam uas nyob rau xyoo 1863, tso cov qhev txhua tus kom dim nyob rau
ees-taws-nem. txoj kab cov xeev khoos feb daws lej.
double standard / ob tog ib yam n. lub niam embargo / txwv n. tseem fwv kev txwv kev lag
tswv yim uas muab kev plees kev yi rau txiv neej ntau luam nrog ib los sis ntau lub teb chaws.
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

tshaj poj niam. encomienda / evkausmiabdas n. tus lab npoj

dove / dauj n. tus neeg nws tawm tsam Rog Nyab uas Xab-pees tso cai rau cov neeg khaulausnias kom siv
Laj thiab ntseeg tias Asmeskas yuav tsum thim rov qab. cov qhab coj los ua qhev.
Enlightenment / Pom kev deb n. cov kev txawj

HMONG
Dow Jones Industrial Average / Daus
Ntsoos Kev Lag Luam n. tus cwj ntsuas cov nqi tiam 18 uas siv txiaj ntsim thiab vib thab nyas xaj los ua
xab toj ntawm 30 lub koos pas nis, siv heev coj los txoj kev nrhiav kev txawj.
ntsuas xab toj kev ua hauj lwm. entitlement program / khoos kas pab n.
downsize / txo v. tso ib co neeg ua hauj lwm tawm khoos kas tseem fwv-xws li Xaus Saus Xis khis lis tis,
uas ua kom lub koos pas nis ua hauj lwm tau zoo thiab Mesdiskhes los sis Mesdiskhej-tias muaj kev pab rau
txuag nyiaj. cov neeg tsim nyog tau kev pab.
draft / kee n. raug kee mus ua tub rog. entrepreneur / tub luam n. tus neeg zwm, khiav,
thiab xia’j txog kev ua luam.
Dust Bowl / Lub Tais Av n. cheeb tsam, xam
Thev xav, Ausklashausmas, Khasxav, Khaulauslasdaus environmentalist / tus neeg saiv ib ncig n.
thiab Nis-aus Mev-xis-kaus, uas ua rau kev ua teb tsis tus neeg ua hauj lwm los tiv thaiv tej dej, av, xyoob, ntoo
zoo vim qhuav thiab cov hmoov av ntau thaum xyoo thiab huab cua kom tsis txhob puas tsuaj.
1930s. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) /
Koom Haum Tiv Thaiv Ib Ncig n. lub koom
haum nrab tsim xyoo 1970 los tswj tej dej thiab huab
E cua, tshuaj tua kab, thiab lav-dias.
Earth Day / Hnub Ntiaj Teb n. ib hnub uas cim Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) / Hloov
tseg kom sawv daws kawm txog tej chaw ib ncig, nqaum Kev Vaj Huam Sib Luag n. nqe lus xab nawm
nruas txhua xyoo nyob rau hnub tim 22 lub 4 hlis. thiab cov lus hloov uas plam nyob hauv tsav cai kav teb
chaws Asmeskas uas txwv kom tseem fwv txwv txog
kev tsis sib txig txog ntawm poj niam txiv neej.

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Hmong_Gloss.TheAmericans 6/7/06 7:32 AM Page 230

Erie Canal / Kwj Deg Eslim n. ntus dej uas ntev Federal Home Loan Bank Act / Txhab Qiv
363 mile ntev uas txuas tus dej Hav-xeem rau lub pas dej Nyiaj Tseem Fwv Nrab n. tus lij choj, tsim xyoo
Ejlim, tsim xyoo 1817 thiab 1825. 1931, los txo nqi tsev kom qi thiab tso cai rau cov neeg
Espionage and Sedition Acts / Kev Muag ua teb qiv dua nyiaj tshiab los zam kom txhob raug ywv.
Xov thiab Ntxias n. ob tug lij choj, tsim xyoo federalism / febdauslauslivxees n. tus keeb
1917 thiab 1918, los rau txim nyhav heev rau cov neeg tsim uas tseem fwv nrab thiab xeev thiab cov pej xeem
muag xov los sis tawm suab tawm tsam Asmeskas kev sawv daws tuav zog kav teb chaws.
mus koom Rog Ntiaj Teb I. Federalists / Cov Txhawb Tseem Fwv Nrab
excise tax / se evxaij n. tus se rau cov khoom n. cov txhawb tus Cai Tswj teb chaws thiab tseev fwv
tsim, muag, los sis noj cov cov khoom uas tsim nyob rau Nrab.
hauv teb chaws. Federalist, The / Tus Txhawb Tseem Fwv
executive branch / ceg khiav hauj lwm n. Nrab n. cov ntawv uas sau los tiv thaiv thiab piav txog
ceg ntawm tseem fwv uas khiav hauj lwm thiab siv cov tus Caij Tswj Teb Chaws, sau los ntawm Alexander
lij choj. Hamilton, James Madison, thiab John Jay.
exoduster / cov khiav tawm n. Cov Asflivkas Federal Reserve System / Tseem Fwv Nrab
Asmeska khiav tawm nram qab teb mus rau Khasxav Kev Ceev Nyiaj n. lab npoj txhab nyiaj, tsim xyoo
tom qab kev txhimb kho teb chaws. 1913, los tuav Asmeskas cov nyiaj thiab teb chaws tej
extortion / yuam n. kev siv yus lub yeej huam los khles-dim.
yuam txeeb lwm tus li ntiag tug liaj teb los sis nyiaj Federal Securities Act / Tseem Fwv Nrab
txiag. Kev Muaj Xab toj n. tus lij choj, tsim xyoo 1933,
kom cov koos pas nis yuav tsum qhia kom tag txog lawv
tej ntaub ntawv, xwm, thiab kev muag xab toj.
F Federal Trade Commission (FTC) / Tseem
Fwv Nrab Kev Lag Luam n. lub koom haum
Fair Deal / Kev Pom Zoo Ua Ncaj n.
tseem fwv nrab tsim xyoo 1914 los tshuaj thiab cheem
Thawj Pwm Tsav Harry S. Truman tus khoos kas
kev ua lag luam tsis ncaj ncees.
xemthabkiv—yog Franklin Roosevelt tus khoos kas
Tswv Yim Tshiab—uas yog nce nqi zog, tshaj kev pab feminism / xeeb ceem poj niam n. qhov kev
ntseeg tias poj niam yuav tsum muaj vaj huam sib luag

Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

Xaus Saus Xiskhislistim, thiab tsim vaj tse rau cov neeg
txom nyem. ib yam txiv neej hais txog xemthabkiv, keeb tsim, thiab
kev sib sau.
Family Assistance Plan / Khoos Kas Pab
Tsev Neeg n. kev txhim kho khoos kas ves-fes, pom Fifteenth Amendment / Nqe Lus Hloov 15
n. qhov kev hloov tsab Cai Tswj Teb Chaws, siv xyoo
HMONG

zoo los ntawm lub xab pha qis xyoo 1970 tab sis swb
saum Xab pha siab, tias tsev yuav tau txais nyiaj rau cov 1870, txwv tsis pub mus tso suab xaiv tsa vim nws yog
neeg kam mus kawm nrhiav hauj lwm. neeg txawv, cev nqai daim tawv, los sis yad dhau los
lawv yog qhev.
Farmers’ Alliances / Koom Haum Neeg ua
Teb n. cov neeg ua teb, los sis cov hlub tshua cov neeg “Fifty-Four Forty or Fight!” / “Tsib Caug
ua teb tej teeb meem, cov uas xa ntawv mus rau lub Plaub Plaub Caug los sis Xub” n. los lus siv
nroog rau lub nroog qhia txog cov neeg ua teb thiab neeg tham 1844 kev txeeb suab ntawm cov thawj pwm tsav
yaj sab tej teeb meem. nqua hu kom Asmeskas mus txeeb ciam av Oregon.
fascism / favxiv n. lub tswv yim keeb tsim uas hais flapper / flevpawm n. ib tug ntawm cov ntxhais
txog kev tuav teb chaws txhua fab nyob rau ntawm tseem hluas uas qhuas cov fev-sees tshiab thiab xeeb ceem
fwv nrab uas tswj los ntawm tus tuav txhua fab kev tswj neeg nrog xyoo 1920s.
hwm. flexible response / lus teb yooj yim n. tus
Federal Communications Commission cai, tsim lub sij hawm Kennedy kav, uas muaj feem
(FCC) / Rooj Tswj Kev Txuas Lus Tseem cuam txog txhua yam kev teb txog kev siv tub txog yog
Fwv Nrab n. lub koom haum uas tswj Asmeskas cov thaum hais txog teeb meem txawv teb chaws kom txhob
kev sib txuas txhua fab, puav leej xam tv thiab xov tooj pheej xav txog kev siv plasmasnoos.
cua. Foraker Acts / Tus Cai Fauslevkawm n. tus
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation cai xab pha pom zoo xyoo 1900, uas Asmeskas tsum kev
(FDIC) / Tuam Txhab Pov Hwm Nyiaj Txiag siv tub rog kav Puerto Rico thiab tsim kom muaj tseem
Tseem Fwv Nrab n. lub koom haum xyoo 1933 los fwv pej xeem los kav.
tuav pov hwm cov neeg tej nyiaj txiag thaum muaj neeg
nyiag los sis txhab nyiaj poob lag luam.

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Fordney-McCumber Tariff / Tus Se Fauv nis Fugitive Slave Act / Tsav Cai Qhev Khiav
Mevkhabnpaws n. ib nkawm cai, xab pha tsim Nkaum n. tus cai tsim xyoo 1850, yog hais tias yog
xyoo 1922, tsub se rau cov khoom nkag teb chaws los tiv cov qhev khiav dim ntawd yuav tsum txhom rov qab mus
thaiv Asmeskas cov lag luag. rau txim.
forty-niner / plaub caug cuaj n. ib tug neeg tsiv Fundamentalism / Kev Ntseeg Qhov Tseeb
mus rau California mus nrhiav kev nplua nuj tom qab n. cov pawg ntseeg Tawm Tsam uas ntseeg tias txhua
nrhiav tau kub xyoo 1848. zaj lus nyob hauv phau Vaj Lug Kub muaj tseeb
Fourteen Points / Kaum Plaub Cuv n. cov tag nrho.
nqe lus tseem ceeb uas ua Thawj Pwm Tsav Woodrow
Wilson tus pheem rau ntiaj teb kev thaj yeeb tom qab
Rog Ntiaj Teb I. G
Fourteenth Amendment / Nqe Lus Hloov Gadsden Purchase / Yuav Nkevdees n. qhov
Kaum Plaub n. qhov kev hloov ntawm Asmeskas kev Asmeskas yuav av ntawm Mevxiskaus xyoo 1853,
tsab cai tswj teb chaws, siv xyoo 1868, uas ua kom txhua uas nim no yog ciam teb Asmeskas thiab Mevxiskaus.
tus neeg yug los sis hloov haiv hauv teb chaws
gag rule / tus cai muaj cas kas n. tus cai cas
Asmeskas—xam tag nrho cov qub qhev—yog neeg
kav los sis tiv thaiv kev sib cav rau cov teeb meem.
ntawm teb chaws thiab lav pab kas kev tiv thaiv sib luag
raws tus lij choj. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
(GATT) / Kev Pom Zoo rau Se thiab Lag
franchise / khw txuas n. cov kev luag luam uas
Luam n. kev pom zoo ntawm cov teb chaws uas thawj
yuav koos pas nis lub npe thiab cwj kev lag luam, xws li
zaug xee xyoo 1947. Xyoo 1994, Asmeskas thiab lwm
los ua ib tug tswv cuab nyob lwm qhov chaw.
teb chaws tau txais tus cwj tshiab ntawm GATT. Qhov
Freedmen’s Bureau / Koom Haum Neeg kev pom zoo zaum no los daws teeb meem lag luam,
Ywj Pheej n. tseem fwv nrab lub koom haum tsim xws li, se nkag teb chaws, thiab tsim lub koom haum
los pab cov qhev tom qab Rog Pej Xeem. Lag Luam Ntiaj Teb, los daws teeb meem lag luam tsis
freedom rider / caij tsheb ywj pheej n. ib tug sib haum.
ntawm cov neeg ua hauj lwm nrhiav kev ywj pheej caij genetic engineering / kev tsim noob n. kev
npav thoob yav Qab teb puag thaum 1960 los twv kev hloov cov noob ntawm tej khoom lub xes uas tsim kom
sib cais tsis ncaj ncees. muaj ntau yam kab mob, ntoo thiab tsiaj.
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

Freedom Summer / Caij Sov Ywj Pheej n. Geneva Accords / Kev Cog Lus hauv Tuam
qhov khoos kas los sau cov Asmeskas Dub npe pov suab Ceeb Ntsis Nis Vas n. Tsab ntawv cog lus thaj
xyoo 1964 hauv xeev Mississippi. yeeb xyoo 1954 uas fabi Nab Laj ua ob lub teb chaws
Freeport Doctrine / Lub Tswv Yim uas Kom Sas-kav sab qaum teb thiab cov tsis yog Koom

HMONG
Flisphauj n. lub tswv yim, Stephen Douglas hais Sas kav Qab Teb txog thaum kev sib zwm xaiv tsa yuav
tawm xyoo 1858, qhov chaws tog los tau siv coj los cais muaj nyob xyoo 1956.
cov qhev yam yooj yim tsuas yog tsim tsab cai los genocide / txov haiv n. lom txwm tua kom ib
txhawb xwb. haiv neeg los sis pawg neeg twg tu noob.
Free-Soil Party / Pab Av Dawb n. ib pawg Gentlemen’s Agreement / Txiv Neeg Yawg
keeb tsim tsim xyoo 1848 los tawm tsam txwv tsis pub Cov Lus Cog n. tsab lus cog xyoo 1907-1908 ntawm
qhev nkag tuaj av Asmeskas. tseem fwv Zwj Peem txwv cov neeg zwj peem tsiv mus
Free Speech Movement / Kev Txav Kev Asmeskas Teb.
Hais Lus Ywj Pheeej n. lub koom haum Sab Laug gentrification / txhim kho n. kev txhim kho tej
tsim xyoo 1964 uas cov tub kawm ntawv thiab cov Tswj vaj tse nyob hauv plauv nroog los ntawm cov neeg nrab,
Tsev Kawm nyob ntawm Mabhamvibthabnyaslais uas feem ntau ua rau cov neeg txom nyem tsis muaj
Kaslisfaunias Bawvlis. chaw nyob.
French and Indian War / Rog Qhab thiab Gettysburg Address / Cov lus ntawm lub
Fab Kis n. Kev tsis sib haum xeeb nyob Asmeskas Zos Nkev tis n. zaj lus muaj koob nto npe uas
Qaum Teb, txij thaum 1754 txog 1763, yog ib feem Av-nplas has Leeb Kheem hais thaum lub 11 hlis xyoo
ntawm kev sib txeeb ntiaj teb ntawm Fab Kis thiab Askiv 1863, ntawm lub tiaj toj ntxas nyob rau ntawm lub tshav
uas txog kawg Fab Kis swb thiab thiaj muab Kasnasdas rog zos Nkevtisnpawm.
rau Askiv. ghetto / zej zos n. cov zej zos nyob hauv nroog uas
cov neeg tsawg raug yuam mus nyob.

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GI Bill of Rights / Tsab Cai GI n. lub npe muab Great Plains / Tiaj Nrag Loj n. lub tiag nrag
rau cov Tub Rog Tsab Cai Servicemen’s Readjustment puam khab nyob rau ntu Asmeskas Qaum Teb nruab
Act, tsab cai thaum xyoo 1944 teem tseg kom pab nyiaj nrab, ntawm Thev-xav mus rau Kasnasdas, sab hnub tuaj
txiag thiab kev kawm rau cov leem Rog Ntiaj Teb II. ntawm Roob Pob Zeb.
glasnost / nklavnov n. kev tso cai rau sawv daws Great Society / Xam Khoos Zoo n. Thawm
sib tham txog teeb meem nyob rau teb chaws Xauv Viaj Pwm Tsav Lyndon B. Johnson khoos kas pab neeg txom
thaum 1980s. nyem thiab kev tsis ncaj ncees kom sawv daws muaj vaj
Glass-Steagall Act / Tsab Cai Nklav- huam sib luag nyob teb chaws Asmeskas.
Xabtisnkas n. tsab cai xyoo 1933 uas tsim lub
Txhab Tuav Pov Hwm los pov hwm neeg cov nyiaj hauv
txhab nyiaj. H
Glorious Revolution / Kev Pab Tib Vav Kaj habeas corpus / hasnpis khaus pav n. yog
Lug n. Kev hloov Vaj Ntxwv Askiv ntawm James II zaj lus txib ntawm xam txiav plaub kom tseem fwv coj
mus rau William thiab Mary xyoo 1688-1689. tus neeg raug txim mus hais seb tus neeg txaus txim
gold rush / tsiv raws kub n. kev tsiv neeg mus ntawd puas raug txhom raws cai lij choj.
rau cov chaw uas nrhiav pom muaj kub. Haight-Ashbury / Cheeb Tsam Haij-Av
gold standard / kub tseem n. tus lab npauv npaws li n. qhov chaw nyob Xas Flas uas yog lub
nyiaj txiag uas siv kub los ua lub hauv paus xws li xyuas “tuam ceeb” rau cov neeg hiv pim qhov chaws sib txoos
seb muaj kub ntau npaum li cas. xyoo 1960.
Gone with the Wind / Mus Raws Suab Cua Harlem Renaissance / Tsim Tsa Haslees n.
n. zaj yeeb yam xyoo 1939 hais txog ib tug tswv teb ib qho duab paj ntawm cov Asmeskas-Dub tsim cheeb
nyob sab Qab Teb lub sij hawm Rog Pej Xeem-yog ib zaj tsam 1920s, nyob rau ntawm lub zos Haslees hauv
uas neeg nyiam tshaj plaws. Nroog Nis Yoj.
graft / phav phuaj n. kev siv keeb tsim los nias hawk / liaj n. cov neeg uas txhawb Asmekas kev ua
kom tus kheej tsam. rog Nyab Laj tias Asmeskas yuav tsum siv leem kom
grandfather clause / nqe lus zam n. nqe lus coob thiaj yeej.
uas zam qee tus neeg kom dim tej li choj raws li cov Hawley-Smoot Tariff Act / Tus Cai Nkag

Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

txiaj ntsim muaj dhau los lawm—piv txwv zaj lus rau Teb Chaws Hoslis-Xabmuj n. tus lij choj, tsim
cov dawb sab qab teb zam rau lawv txwv tsis pub cov xyoo 1930, los pab tiv thaiv Asmeskas cov se siab tshaj
Asmeskas Dub mus pov suab. plaws raws li keeb kwm Asmeskas, ua rau Asmeskas
Grange / Nkleeg n. Pab Txiv Neej Yawg—lub thiab txawv teb chaws txom nyem ntxiv.
HMONG

koom haum uas cov neeg ua teb sawv los tua nrog cov H-bomb / Foob Pob-H n. lub foob pob cua—yog
neeg ua kev ciav hlau thaum yad lig tiam 19. ib lub foob pob tawsmausnusklias muaj zog tshaj lub
Grapes of Wrath, The / Phau Ntawv Txiv foob pob plasmasnoos astosmiv.
Nklej n. phau ntawv dab neeg sau los ntawm John headright system / lab npom tob hau n. lub
Steinbeck, luam xyoo 1939, hais txog ib tsev neeg nyob Koos pas ni Vawsntsisnias tus cai muab 50 evkawj av
Ausklashausmas uas tsiv mus rau Kaslisfausnias. rau cov neeg uas nrog nws.
Great Awakening / Kev Tsim Tseem Ceeb hierarchy / theem n. lub xam khoos uas raws
n. kev tsm ntawm kev cai dab qhuas neeg Asmeskas theem.
cheeb tsham 1730 thiab 1750. Ho Chi Minh Trail / Kev Haus Cis Mees n.
Great Compromise / Lus Sib Kho Tseem txoj kab uas Nyab Laj Qaum Teb siv thauj khoom mus
Ceeb n. Tus Cai Tswj Teb chaws pom zoo tsim ob lub rau cov Viaj Koo nyob Qab Teb.
tsev tsim cai, txhua lub xeev muaj cov sawv cev sib luag Hohokam / Haushauskas n. Cov Qhab uas nyob
hauv ib lub tsev thiab ib lub xeev twg muaj cov sawv cev rau ntawm lub kwj hav Ntsev thiab Dej Nkis las (tam
pej xeem raws nws lub xeev nyob rau lwm lub tsev. sim no yog Xeev Asliszausnas) puam thaum 300 b.c.
Great Depression / Npluav Kev Txom txog a.d. 1400.
Nyem n. lub caij, puag thaum 1929-1940, uas Hollywood Ten / Kaum Leej Hoslisvuv n.
Asmeskas kev khwv noj khwv haus poob qis heev thiab kaum tus tim khawv ntawm cov koos pas nis yeeb yaj
Neeg Asmeskas poob hauj lwm tag. duab tsis kam muab kev koom tes rau HUAC kev tshuaj
Great Migration / Kev Tsiv Coob n. cov neeg txog Koom Sas kev txhawb nyob Hoslisvuv.
Asmeskas Dub tsiv yav Qab Teb mus rau cov nroog sab
Qaum Teb yav ntxov thaum tiam 20.

232 THE AMERICANS

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Holocaust / Tua Neeg Coob n. tus lab npoj tuag Inca / Cov Eeb Kam n. ib haiv Qhab Asmeskas
neeg—los sis txov kom tu noob—ntawm cov Ntsuv puag thaum cheeb tsam a.d. 1400 uas muaj lub teb
thiab lwm pawg neeg nyob Yuslauv los ntawm cov chaws dav txog 2,500 miles raws sab hnub poob hauv
Nasxis ua ntej thiab sij hawm Rog Ntiaj Teb II. Asmeskas Qab Teb.
home rule / cai tsev n. xeev lub yeej huam kav incandescent / ci adj. pom nws ci / cig thaum
nws cov pej xeem uas tseem fwv nrab tsis muaj feem raug kub heev.
cuam. income tax / se n. cov se los ntawm cov nyiaj
Homestead Act / Tus Cai Tsev n. Asmeskas tus khwv tau los.
Lij Choj tsim xyoo 1862, tias muab 160 ev kawj av sab indentured servant / cov qhev them n. tus
hnub poob rau txhua tus pej xeem los sis cov txiv tsev neeg ua hauj lwm rau lwm tus ib ntus raws li lus cog
thiab nws yuav ua teb mus kom tsib lub xyoo; tus cai uas tseg, tus neeg ntawd them nws nqi mus ncig, tsev, thiab
ua rau cov neeg Asmeskas mus txeeb av ua nws ntiag lwm yam.
tug ntau los ntawm cov Qhab uas nyob tsis txum tim; tib
Indian Removal Act / Tsab Cai Tsiv Qhab n.
tug cai rov muab coj los kho kom zoo thiab muaj zog
tus lij choj, tsim xyoo 1830, los yuam cov Qhab tawm
heev ntxiv xyoo 1889 kom txhua leej txhua tus yij
hauv Mississipi sab hnub tuaj mus rau sab Hnub Poob.
meem siv lawv tus cai thiab siv tseem fwv cov av kom
ntau ntxiv. Industrial Revolution / Kev Ntxeev kev ua
hauj lwm n. kev hloov kev khwv noj khwv haus uas
Hopewell / Qhov-hov n. lub Roob chiv nyob
hloov los ntawm kev siv tes ua mus siv tshuab ua kom
hauv vos hav Dej Aushaisaus thiab zoo heev txij thaum
tau ntau.
200 b.c. txog a.d. 400.
Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) /
horizontal integration / sib tav toj n. cov
Neeg Ua Hauj Lwm Hoo Cav Hauv Ntiaj
koos pas nis ua khoom sib xws sib zwm.
Teb n. lub koom haum neeg ua hauj lwm, tsim los
hot line / txoj kab ceev n. txoj kev sib txuas lus ntawm ib cov neeg yub-niam thiab xaus saus liv xyoo
xyoo 1963 tsim los tso cai kom cov Thawj coj Asmeskas 1905.
thiab Xauvviaj sib tham lub sij hawm muaj teeb meem.
inflation / nyiaj fawb n. kev nyiaj poob nqi.
House Un-American Activities Committee
information superhighway / xwm kev loj
(HUAC) / Pawg Soj Cov Neeg Tsis yog
ceev n. kev sib txuas lus siv koos pis tawj txuas neeg
Asmeskas n. pawg xab pha los tshuaj soj Koom Sas
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

thoob ntiaj teb, kom sawv daws tau txais kev pab xws li,
kev txhawb sab hauv thiab sab nraud tseem fwv
txhab ntawv, kav khw, yeeb yaj duab, thiab xwm.
Asmeskas nyob cov xyoo tom qab Rog Ntiaj Teb II.
INF Treaty / Kev Cog Lus INF n. Qhov Kev Cog
human rights / neeg txoj cai n. kev muaj cai
Lus Cov Nus Klhias Nrab—tsab ntawv cog lus ntawm
thiab ywj pheeh, raws li cov uas teem tseg hauv Tsab

HMONG
Asmeskas thiab Xauv Viaj kom los txov ib co riam
Ntawv Tshaj Kev Ywj Pheej thiab Nqe Lus Muaj Cai,
phom thiab kom tso cai muaj kev tshuaj ntsuam.
uas txhua leej txhua tus muaj cai txais.
initiative / pib n. tus caj meem uas cov cai pib los
ntawm pej xeem tsis yog cov neeg tsim lij choj.
I installment plan / them ua ntu n. kev them ua
ntu uas tus yuav maj mam them, uas tsis siv nyiaj ntau
Immigration Act of 1965 / Tsab Cai Nkag coj los yuav lub sij hawm thaum nws yuav.
Teb Chaws xyoo 1965 n. tsab cai tso cai pub
neeg nkag tuab nyob Asmeskas kom coob. interchangeable parts / cov khoom sib
pauv tau n. cov khoom uas siv coj los hloov lwm
impeach / ncaws tawm v. rau txim ncaws nom qhov tau.
tswv uas tsis ncaj. Lub Xab Pha qis muaj lub cai ncaws
tseem fwv nrab tawm. Internet / Eestawsnej n. qhov kev sib txuas thoob
ntiaj teb, thaum xub thawj tsim los ntawm Asmeskas
impeachment / kev ncaws tawm n. tus caj Rooj Thaiv Teb Chaws, uas cov koos pis tawj sib txuas
meem uas liam tseem fwv txog nws qhov kev tsis zoo. tau thiab tham tau tam sid tsis hais ntawv, duab, thiab
imperialism / caij tsuj n. tus cai uas ib lub teb suab.
chaws siv nws lub zog mus tsuj lwm lub teb chaws uas internment / caws n. kaw los sis tsis pub txav,
siv kev noj haus, keeb tsim los sis tub rog. tshwj xeeb tshaj yog lub caij muaj tsov rog.
impressments / txhom n. kev txhom / ntes cov Interstate Commerce Act / Tus Cai Luam
txiv neej mus uas tub rog. Hla Xeev n. tus lij choj, tsim xyoo 1887, hais tias
tseem fwv nrab muaj cai soj ntsuam cov hauj lwm kev
ciav hlau thiab tsim muaj tsib tug tim xyoob Luam Hla
Xeev Soj Ntsuam los ua cov hauj lwm no.
MULTI-LANGUAGE GLOSSARY 233
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Intolerable Acts / Tus Cai Tsis Ntev n. cov lij

choj tsim los ntawm Xab pha xyoo 1774 los rau txim K
cov neeg Massachusset rau pab neeg Nchuav Tshuaj Yej kamikaze / kasmiskem adj. cov dav hlauv ntim
hauv Bov xab toom. foob pob puv nkaus tuaj mus tuag yeeb ncuab cov chaw.
iron curtain / daim ntaub hlau n. zaj lus Kansas-Nebraska Act / Tus Cai Khasxav-
Winston Churchill siv xyoo 1946 hais txog txoj kab kem Nesnplavxaskaj n. tus lij choj, tsim xyoo 1854, los
cov teb chaws Koom Sas nyob sab av Xauv viaj sab kos ciam teb ntawm Khasxav thiab Nesnplavxaskas
hnub tuaj tawm ntwm cov teb chaws sab Hnub Poob thiab muab cai rau cov pej xeem txiav txim txog tso cai
hauv Yub laum. kom muaj qhev los tsis tso.
Iroquois / Aislauskis n. ib pawg neeg ntawm cov Kashaya Pomo / Qhab Kasashasyas
Qhab Asmeskas uas xeeb txawm rau cov hav zoo sab Phausmaus n. cov Qhab ib txwm nyob sab av ntug
Hnub Tuaj Qaum Teb. hiav txwv tam sim no yog Kaslisfaunias.
Islam / Ivxaslas n. yam kev cai dab qhuas tsim Kent State University /
hauv Aslasnpias xyoo a.d. 622 los ntawm tus saub Mabhamvibthabnyaslais Kheej n. lub tsev
Maushamam; cov ntseeg nws hu ua Muvxaslees. kawm qib siab nyob xeev Ohio uas cov Leem tua cov tub
isolationism / kev cais n. kev tsis sib haum txog ntxhais kawm ntawv sawv tawm tsam Rog Nyab Laj
keeb tsim thiab kev khwv noj haus nrog lwm teb chaws. hnub tim 4 lub 5 hlis xyoo 1970, raug mob 9 leeg thiab
tuag 10 leej.
Kerner Commission / Cov kasmabkas
J Khawsnaws n. ib pawg neeg uas Thawj Pwm Tsav
Japanese American Citizens League Johnson los soj ntsuam txog teeb meem hauv nroog
(JACL) / Koom Haum Zwj Peem Asmeskas thiab nrhiav txoj kev los rhuav tshem txog cov kev sib
n. lub koom haum uas nias kom tseem fwv Asmeskas cais Asmeskas lub neej.
them cov neeg zwj peem tej vaj tsev uas ploj thiab poob King Philip’s War / Vaj Ntxwv Fisliv Npluav
thaum lawv raug kaw sij haum Rog Ntiaj Teb II. Rog n. cov teeb meem, xyoo 1675-1676, cov neeg
jazz / ntsev n. ib yam suab paj nruag muaj tus yeeb Askiv tsiv teb chaws thiab cov Qhab uas yawg
yam los ntawm kev yus tsim. Vampasnauv tus thawj thiab nws yog cov Qhab
mevtaskoos tus thawj.

Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

Jim Crow laws / Lij Choj Ntsees Khlaus n.
tus lij choj tsim los ntawm cov xeev Qab teb thiab tseem kinship / tsev neeg n. kev sib txheeb ntawm tsev
fwv cheeb tsam los cais cov dub thiab cov dawb raws tej neeg cov tswv cuab.
chaw loom. Know-Nothing Party / Phav Tsis Paub Dab-
tsi n. lub npe tis rau pab keeb tsim Asmeska, tsim
HMONG

joint-stock companies / koos pas nis koom

xab toj n. cov luam uas cov neeg nplua nuj tso lawv xyoo 1850 los hais txog cov neeg nkag teb chaws kev
cov nyiaj ua ib pob los ua luam. muaj zog.
journeyman / neeg taug kev n. nyob ntawm Kongo / Koos Nkaus n. cov menyuam teb chaws
kev xyaum hauj lwm, tus neeg txawj ntiav los ntawm tus uas nyob raws tus dej Zasyej nyob sab Asflivkas Hnub
los pav. Poob Nruab Nrab, los sib zwm ua ib ke xyoo 1400s.
judicial branch / ceg ncaj ncees n. ceg ntawm Korean War / Rog Kaus Lim n. rog ntawm
tseem fwv uas txhais lij choj thiab Cai Kav Teb Chaws. Kaum Lim Qab Teb thiab Qaum Teb, pib xyoo 1950
txog 1953, uas Asmeskas thiab lwm lub teb chaws UN,
judicial review / ceg ncaj ncees tshuaj pab sab Qab Teb thiab Suav pab sab Qaum Teb.
xyuas n. lub Xam Theem Siab lub zog tshaj tias xab
phas tsab cai tsis raws tus Cai Kav Teb Chaws. Kristallnacht / Klivtausnav n. “hmo iav tawg,”
lub npe muab rau hmo tim 9 lub 11 hlis, 1938, uas cov
Judiciary Act of 1789 / Tus Cai Ncaj Ncees laib Navzis tsoo cov Ntsus tej vaj tse, lag luam thiab tsev
xyoo 1789 n. tus lij choj uas tsim lub xam tseem teev ntuj nyob Yawslasmas.
fwv nrab thiab Xam Siab los saib txog cov xam hauv
xeev kev txiav txim. Ku Klux Klan (KKK) / Khus Klav Klees
(KKK) n. lub koom hauv tsis muaj neeg paub siv cov
Judiciary Act of 1801 / Tus Cai Ncaj Ncees tsim kev kub ntxhov tias los kho neeg dawb qhov kev
xyoo 1801 n. tus lij choj kom ntxiv cov neeg phib paub tshaj sab Qab Teb tom qab Rog Pej Xeem.
phaj xam, tso cai rau Thawj Pwm Tsav John Adams
nrhiav cov phib phaj xam. Kwakiutl / Khuaskiavtaum n. cov Qhab uas ib
txwm nyob sab Hnub Poob Qaum Teb ntawm Asmeskas
Jungle, The / Hav Zoov n. phau dab neeg Upton Qaum Teb.
Sinclair sau, luam tawm xyoo 1906, piav txog kev tsis
nyab xeeb txog kev kev qhwv nqaij lub caij ntawd.
234 THE AMERICANS
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L manifest destiny / qhov kev ntseeg n. kev

ntseeg thaum tiam 19—tias Ameskas yuav ntuav loj zuj
land grant / pub av n. muab av loom pub pej zus mus rau hiav txwv pasxisfiv thiab ciam av
xeem. Mevxiskaus.
Land Ordinance of 1785 / Tsab Cai Av xyoo Marbury v. Madison / Mesnpauslis v.
1785 n. tus lij choj tsim los soj ntsuam av thiab muag Mesdisxeem n. rooj plaub xyoo 1803 uas xam
cov av tseem fwv nrab yog tus tswv nyob ntawm lub txheej siab txiav txim tias lawv muaj lub zog rhuav
Roob Asphaslaschias. tshem cov cai lawv pom tias siv tsis tau; lub zog no paub
zoo tom qab no tias yog ceg soj ntsuas lij choj.
La Raza Unida / Las Laszas Yusnisdas n. lub
koom haum Keeb tsim Mev tsim xyoo 1970 yawg José market revolution / kev txhim kho lag
Angel Gutiérrez yog tus tsim tsa. luam n. kev hloov ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm
Asmeskas kev nrhiav noj nrhiav haus yog neeg pib ua
League of Nations / Xab pha teb chaws n.
qoob loo los muag tsis yog ua los rau lawv tus kheej
lub koom haum ntawm cov teb chaws tsim xyoo 1920
xwb.
los txhawb txog kev koom tes ntawm cov teb chaws
thiab nrhiav kev thaj yeeb. Marshall Plan / Mavsaum Lub Tswv Yim n.
ib khoos kas, lub tswv yim los ntawm Ntsauj Mavsaum
legislative branch / cag tsim cai n. ib ceg
xyoo 1947, tias Asmeskas pab khoom noj khoom siv rau
ntawm tseem fwv uas tsim lij choj.
cov teb chaws Yuslauv tom qab Rog Ntiaj Teb II.
Lend-Lease Act / Tus Cai Qiv Xauj n. tus lij
martial law / cai tub rog n. cov cai tub rog siv
choj, tsim xyoo 1941, tso cai rau Asmeskas xa riam
tswj tsis yog pej xeem tswj.
phom thiab lwm yam khoom siv mus rau cov teb chaws
lub zog sab tov, ua ntej mam them tom qab. mass media / cov xwm txhua yam n. txoj kev
sib txuas lus—xws li tv, ntawv xov xwm, thiab xov tooj
Limited Test Ban Treaty / Cog Lus Txo Kev
cua—ncav cuag neeg coob.
Sim n. kev cog lus xyoo 1963 tias Asmeskas thiab
Xauv Viaj pom zoo tsis sim nus klhias saum ntuj. mass production / tsim tau ntau n. ua tau
qoob loo ntau, ua tau ntau los nawm kev siv tshuab thiab
lineage / txoj kab n. caj ceg uas yog los ntawm ib
faib hauj lwm.
ceg poj yawm txwv txoob.
mass transit / thauj coob n. qhov lab npauj tsim
long drive / cab mus deb n. kev cab nyuj mus
los thauj neeg coob rau cov kev uas twb ua tau lawm.
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

rau qhov chaws thauj.

master / xib fwb n. tus kws txawj, feem ntau yog
longhorn / kub ntev n. cov nyuj muaj plaub, kuv
tus tswv lag luam thiab ntiav lwm tus neeg ua hauj lwm
ntev heev uas neeg Xabpees coj tuaj rau Mev teb thiab
rau nws.
nws nyob rau rau cov thaj chaw qhuav nyob rau sab

HMONG
Hnub Poob Qab Teb. Maya / Masyas n. cov Qhab uas lawv kev vam meej
muaj loj hlob nyob teb chaws Nkuas-tes-mas-las thiab
Louisiana Purchase / Muas Luszisasnas n.
tus kaum av Yuskastas cheeb tsam li ntawm a.d. 250
xyoo 1803 Asmeskas muas Fab Kis qhov av
thiab 900.
Luszisasnas—pib tom dej Mississipi mus txog rau tom
Roob Pob Zeb—tus nqi $15 lab. McCarthyism / Meskavtisibzeem n. cov lus
liam, feem ntau tsis muaj tseeb, los ntawm yawg Senator
Loyalists / ncaj ncees n. cov neeg askiv tsiv teb
Joseph McCarthy thiab lwm tus uas xoom xaim tias nws
chaws uas txhawb tseem fwv Askiv thaum Asmeskas
yog Koom sas thaum 1950s.
Tawm Tsam.
McCulloch v. Maryland / Mevkhublaus v.
Lusitania / Luszistasnias n. Askiv lub nkoj thauj
Meslislees n. rooj plaub xyoo 1819 uas xaj txheej
neeg uas Yawslasmas lub nkoj-U tua tog xyoo 1915.
siab txiav txim tias xeev Meslislees tsis muaj cai sau se
lub tuam txhab nyiaj Asmeskas, yog li ntawd thiaj ua rau

M tseem fwv nrab muaj zog txhim kho kam noj kev hauv
zoo ntxiv.
mandate / teem n. nqe lus hais tias cov nom tswv Meat Inspection Act / Tus Cais Kuaj Nqaij
raug xaiv ntawd yuav tsum txais cov neeg uas pov suab n. tus lij choj, tsim xyoo 1906, tias cov nqaij uas qhwv
rau nws. yuav tsum huv thiab thiaj tsim muaj tseem fwv nrab
Manhattan Project / Khoos Kas khoos kas muaj nqaij.
Mashavtam n. Asmeskas khoos kas tsim foob pob Medicaid / Mesdiskej n. ib khoos kas, tsim xyoo
plasmasnoos coj los siv thaum Rog Ntiaj Teb II. 1965, uas nrhiav pab kas phais rau cov neeg noj nyiaj
luam.

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Medicare / Mesdiskes n. khoos kas tseem fwv muckraker / MavKlevkawm n. ib phau ntawv
nrab, tsim xyoo 1965, uas pab pab kas phais rau cov xov xwm qhib txog kev tsis ncaj ncees ntawm lag luam
neeg Asmeskas muaj hnub nyoog 65 xyoos rod saud thiab kev ua nom tswv ntawm cov xyoo 1900s.
thiab tau nyiaj tsawg. Munn v. Illinois / Moos v. Islisnois n. rooj
melting pot / lub lauj kaub n. qhob ntau haiv plaub thaum 1877 uas Xam txheej siab txiav txim xeev
neeg thiab ntaum yam kev cai dab qhuas los nkag ua ib muaj cai ua kev tsheb ciav hlau rau cov neeg ua liaj teb,
ke uas tso lawv tej kev cai thiab lus pov tseg. xws li tsim tus cai tias tseem fwv muaj cai tswj khoom
mercantilism / mawskastislizeem n. tus lab ntiag tug rau txiaj ntsim pej xeem.
npom xem thab kiv uas cov teb chaws nrhiav kom lawv My Lai / Mais Lais n. lub zos nyob Nyab Laj Qab
muaj nyiaj nplua nuj tshaj thiab kom lawv kev lag luam Teb uas muaj cov poj niam menyuam nyab laj tsis muaj
mus zoo raws siab nyiam. phom raug tua los ntawm tug rog Asmeska thaum 5 hlis
Merrimack / Mawslimev n. Lub nkoj hlau uas xyoo 1968.
cov Qab Teb siv thaum ua Rog Pej Xeem.
mestizo / mestiszaus adj. NeeXabpees thiab
Qhab tsuam tsoov. N
middle passage / txoj kab nruab nrab n. NAACP n. lub Koom Haum Cov Neeg Dub Vam
txoj kev uas coj cov qhev Asflivkas mus rau Eesdis Meej—tsim tsa xyoo 1909 los txhawb kom muaj vaj
Hnub Poob thiab tom qab ntawd mus rau Asmeskas huam sib luag.
Qaum Teb. NACW n. Lub Koom Haum Poj Niam Dub—lub
midnight judge / tus phib phaj xam tag koom haum sib pab tsim tsa xyoo 1896.
hmo n. ib tug phib phaj xam John Adams tsa hnub NAFTA n. Nqe Lus Pom Zoo Ua Luam Dawb
kawg ntawm nws qhov kev khiav hauj lwm. Asmeskas Qaum Teb—tsab kev cog lus xyoo 1993 kom
militarism / kev siv tub rog n. tus cai tsim tub txo se hla teb chaws qis thiab coj Mevxiskaus los koom
rog ceev los npaj ua rog thiab siv los sib cog phooj ywg. nrog qhov kev lag luam nrog Kasnasdas thiab Asmeskas.
minutemen / cov neeg nasthi n. cov tub rog napalm / naspas n. cov roj siv los ua cov foob pob
pej xeem ua ntej thiab sij hawm Rog Pej Xeem, cog lus Asmeskas pov rau Nyab Laj Teb los hlawv tej nroj tsuag
npaj tuaj pab thaum lawv tau txais kiag cov lus txib. kom pom cov Viaj Koos tej chaws nkaum.

Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

Mississippian / Neeg Mississispi n. qhov NASDAQ / Navxasdas n. lub Chaw Twv Xab Toj
chaw zoo thiab cov nyom tshaj plaws thiab qhov kawg, thiab Qhia Nqi Xab Toj—chaw muag xab toj uas muaj
nyob rau ntawm lub vos hav Ohio thiab Mississipi puam ntau lub koos pas nis sib koom.
thaum a.d. 700 txog rau 1500s. National Bank Act / Tus Cai Txhab Nyiaj n.
HMONG

Missouri Compromise / Lus Sib Kho tus cai tsim xyoo 1863 ua kom cov neeg nqis peev nyab
Mivzauslis n. cov lus pom zoo xab pha pom zoo xeeb. Nws muaj ib nqe hais txog tseem fwv nrab tso cai
xyoo 1820-1821 los tuav kom lub zog sib luag txog cov rau lawv qhib txhab nyiaj, qhov kev txais nyiaj tshiab
xeev muaj qhev thiab cov xeev tsis muaj qhev. thiab muaj tus cwj soj ntsuam cov txhab nyiaj.
Monitor / Tsom Kwm n. lub nkoj hlau cov Qaum National Energy Act / Tus Cai Zog n. tus lij
Teb siv thaum Rog Pej Xeem. choj, tsim sij hawm Pwm Tsav Khav Tawj los tswj, tsim
Monroe Doctrine / Mooslaus kev Ntseeg n. tus se rau cov “tsheb loj”, tshem kev tuav Asmeskas cov
Asmeskas tus cai tawm tsam cov teb chaws Yulauv kev nqi roj thiab nkev, thiab muab khles-dem se rau cov koos
cuam tshuam txog sab ntuj Hnub Poob tej hauj lwm, pas nis tshawb lwm yam zog.
Thawj Pwm Tsav Mooslaus tshaj tawm xyoo 1823. National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) /
Moral Majority / Xeemlabtha Feem Ntau n. Tus Cai Rov Kho Uv Xam Hab Kas n. tus lij
keeb tsim koom nrog pawg xamxabnam, feem ntau yog choj tsim xyoo 1933 los tsim cov lab hav kev ncaj ncees
cov klhisxabtias, uas sib zog koom kas moos thaum cov rau cov koos pas nis uv xam hab kas kom lawv loj hlob
xyoo 1970s thiab 1980s, tsis txaus siab cov liberal tus huam vam.
yam ntxwv thiab xeeb ceem thiab nrhiav tau nyiaj ntau nationalism / haiv neeg n. kev cog tus kheej rau
rau cov conservative. nws haiv neeg kev cai thiab ntiag tug.
Mormons / Cov Mauv Meem n. cov tim xyoob National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) /
ntawm lub tshawj uas Joseph Smith thiab nws cov phooj Rooj Tswj Kev Ua Hauj Lwm n. lub koom haum
ywg tsim xyoo 1830. tsim xyoo 1935 los tiv thaiv kev tsis ncaj ncees txog kev
Morrill Acts / Tus Cai Mauslis n. tus lij choj ua hauj lwm thiab dawb teeb meem ntawm cov tswj
tsim xyoo 1862 thiab 1890 los pab tsim lub kev kawm thiab cov neeg ua hauj lwm.
qib siab txog liaj teb thiab muab av pub rau cov xeev.
236 THE AMERICANS
Hmong_Gloss.TheAmericans 6/7/06 7:32 AM Page 237

National Organization for Women (NOW) / New Federalism / Lub Tswv Yim Tseem
Koom Haum Rau Poj Niam n. lub koom haum Fwv Nrab n. Thawj Pwm Tsav Liv-tshaj Nivxam cov
tsim tsa xyoo 1966 los caum poj niam lub hom phiaj, khoos kas uas rov muab ib txhia zog tseem fwv nrab pov
xws li kom muaj chaw zov menyuam zoo, txhawb txhim rau xeev thiab tseem fwv cheeb tsam.
kev kawm, thiab rhuav tshem kev cais ntawm dej num New Frontier / Ntug Ciam Tshiab n. Thawj
tsis ncaj ncees. Pwm Tsav John F. Kennedy cov khoos kas, uas tsim cov
National Road / Kev Haiv n. cov kev tseem fwv mesdiskhaus los pab cov laus, txhim kho tej nroog uas
nrab ua tus nqes peev pib xyoo 1811 thiab txog thaum puas puas, pab kev kawm, txhawb txhim kev tiv thaiv
1838 ntuav tawm hauv Khasnpawslees, Meslislees mus haiv thiab nthuav khoos kas saum ntuj.
rau Veesdaslias, Illinois. New Left / Cov Sab Laug Tshiab n. cov hluas
National Trades’ Union / Koom Haum Lag nias keeb tsim thaum 1960, los ntawm cov hluas rau
Luam n. thawj lub koom haum lag luag hauv haiv, Dismausklhastiv thiab Pawg Tawm Suab Ywj Pheej.
tsim xyoo 1834. New Right / Cov Sab Xis n. cov pag pawg
National Youth Administration / Rooj Tswj txhawj txog kev cai, teeb meem xam khoos thiab
Tub Ntxhais Hluas n. lub koom haum pab cov tub ximlabthas ntawm yav lig tiam 20.
ntxhais hluas thiab nrhiav hauj lwm lub sij hawm teb Niagara Movement / Kev Txav Nais As
chaws Txom Nyem. Nkas Las n. tsim tsa los ntawm W.E.B. Du Bois xyoo
Nation of Islam / Haiv Neeg Ivxaslees n. ib 1905 los txhawb kev kawm rau Asmeskas dub.
pawg neeg coj kev cai, saws daws paub zoo tias yog cov Nineteenth Amendment / Nqe Hloov Kaum
Muvxaslees Dub, tsim los ntawm Elisntsas Mushasmam Cuaj n. kev hloov ntawm tus Caij Tswj Teb Chaws
los txhawb txhim kom dub cais tawm thiab kev cai Asmeskas, siv xyoo 1920, cia poj niam muaj cai pov
Ivxaslas. suab.
nativism / neeg xeeb txawm n. qhov kev Nomadic / Tsiv adj. Nyob tsis tsheej ib qho, tsiv ib
nyiam cov neeg xeeb txawm tshaj cov neeg yug txawv qho rau ib qho raws caij thiab raws kev ua noj ua haus.
teb chaws.
“no man’s land” / “tsis yog leej twg tug”
Navigation Acts / Tus Cai Tsiv n. cov cai tsim n. qhov chaw tus muaj neeg nyob uas ob tog sib txeeb.
tawm hauv xab pha, pib txij 1651, los txhawb Askiv tej
nonaggression pact / kev pom zoo tsis sib
kev tuav cov lawv kev lag luag nyob Asmeskas.
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

zog n. qhov kev pom zoo tias ob lub teb chaws tsis
NAWSA n. Lub Koom Haum Muaj Suab Poj Niam txhob sib tua.
Asmeskas—lub koom haum tsim tsa xyoo 1890 los hais
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
kom poj niam muaj cai pov suab.
/ Lub Koom Haum Qaum Avleestiv n. cov teb
Nazism / Nasxisibxeem n. lub tswv yim keeb

HMONG
chaws sib koom tub rog tsim xyoo 1949 los ntawm kaum
tsim—sib zog heev txog haiv, cais, thiab nthuav zog tub lub teb chaws sab Yus lauv hnub Poob, Asmeskas thiab
rog—uas Asdaus Hivlawj siv coj los tswj teb chaws Kasnasdas.
Yawslasmas thaum 1933 txog 1945.
Northwest Ordinance of 1787 / Tus Cai
neutrality / kev nyob nruab nrab n. kev tsis Hnub Poob Qaum Teb xyoo 1787 n. tus lij
kam tuaj sab thaum lwm lub teb chaws muaj rog. choj tsim los txais lwm lub xeev nkag los rau lub
Neutrality Acts / Tus Cai Nyob Nruab Nrab Yub-niam.
n. cov lij choj tsim xyoo 1935 thiab 1936 los tiv thaiv nuclear family / tsev neeg nis-klhias n.
Asmeskas kev muag riam phom rau cov teb chaws tsev neeg uas xam niam, txiv, thiab nkawv cov
ua rog. menyuam xwb.
New Deal / Tswv Yim Tshiab n. Thawj Pwm nullification / tsis lees n. thaum xeev tsis lees tus
Tsav Franklin Roosevelt cov khoos kas los rhuav tshem cai xab pha pom zoo uas nws xav tias tsis raug chua
teeb meem thaum teb chaws txom nyem, tsom kwm txog raws Cai Tshwj Teb Chaws.
cov neeg txom nyem, txhawb txhim xemthabkiv, thiab
Nuremberg trials / Txoj Kev
txhim khom fab nyiaj txiag.
Nusleesnpawm n. kev hais plaub nyob
New Deal Coalition / Pawg Sib Koom Tswv Nusleesnpawm, Yawslasmas, tom qab Rog Ntiaj Teb II,
Yim Tshiab n. cov neeg ntau pab pawg—puav leej uas Nasxis cov thawj raug txiav txim.
xam cov Dawb Qab Teb, Dub, thiab koom haum neeg
hauj lwm—txhawb txog Pab Dismauskhlastiv cov cai
thiab tswv yim thaum 1930 thiab 1940s.

MULTI-LANGUAGE GLOSSARY 237

Hmong_Gloss.TheAmericans 6/7/06 7:32 AM Page 238

O patronage / txhawb n. tus neeg muaj zog tsa neeg

los ua hauj lwm—feem ntau yog cov uas txhawb nws
Office of Price Administration (OPA) / kom nws raug xaiv—ua nom ua tswv.
Chaw Tswj Nqi n. lub koom haum xab pha tsim los pay equity / them sib luag n. kev them nyiaj rau
tuav nyiaj fawb thaum Rog Ntiaj Teb II. tus neeg ua hauj lwm raws nws tes hauj lwm tsis yog
Ohio gang / Laib Ohio n. pawg neeg thiab phooj raws li yav dhau los tias seb nws yog poj niam ces them
ywg uas txhawb thawm Pwm tsav Hav-deem uas nws tsa tsawg dua txiv neej.
los tuav hauj lwm. Payne-Aldrich Tariff / Se Phees-Avliv n.
Olive Branch Petition / Daim Ntawv Ausliv cov cai se, xab pha tsim xyoo 1909, uas pab tsis tau cov
n. tsab ntawv xa mus rau Vaj Ntxwv Ntsaug III, los khoom uas tshuab tsim.
ntawm xab pha thab vij saum ob hais txog kev rov los Peace Corps / Koom Haum Thaj Yeeb n. lub
sib haum xeeb ntawm Asmeskas thiab Askiv. koom haum tsim xyoo 1961 los nrhiav kev pab rau cov
Olmec / Ausmem n. cov Qhab lub neej vam meej teb chaws txom nyem nyob sab Esxias, Asflivkas thiab
heev nyob rau thaum 1200-400 b.c. uas tasm sim no yog Lastees Asmeskas.
Mevxiskaus Qab Teb. Pendleton Civil Service Act / Tus Cai Pej
OPEC / Ausphem n. lub Koom haum Cov Teb Xeem Pheedaustoos n. tus lij choj, tsim xyoo
Chaws Muag Roj Tawm—lub koom haum txog cov teb 1883, tias tsim kom muaj ob pab neeg tswj pej xeem los
chaws tsim roj thiab teeb tus nqi roj. soj ntsuam kev ua hauj lwm rau tseem fwv raws tus neeg
kev txawj.
Open Door notes / Daim Ntawv Qhib Qhov
Rooj n. cov xov xa mus rau Yawslasmas, Lavxias, Pentagon Papers / Phees tas nkoos cov
Askiv, Fab Kis, Istaslis thiab Zwj Peem hais kom lawv ntawv n. tsab ntawv muaj 7,000 sab—plam mus rau
tsis txhob cuam tshuam Asmeskas kev ua luam nrog cov tub sau xwm tes xyoo 1971 los ntawm tus neeg ua
Suav los ntawm Thawj Tsav Xwm Txawv Teb Chaws hauj lwm rau Tsev Tiv Thaiv Teb Chaws Devnyaum
John Hay xyoo 1899. Esbawm—qhia tais tseem fwv Asmeskas tsis tseeb txog
nws qhov kev ua rog nyob Nyab Laj Teb.
Operation Desert Storm / Cuav Daj Cua
Dub Tiaj Suab Puam n. npluav rog xyoo 1991 uas Pequot War / Rog Pheskom n. npluav rog xyoo
UN cov tub rog, uas Asmeskas ua tus thawj, ncaws Islav 1637 uas haiv neeg Pheskom tua nrog cov neeg tsiv teb
tawm hauv teb chaws Khus Vej. chaws nyob Khosnestiskam thiab lawv cov phooj ywg

Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

Naslasnkasxem.
Oregon Trail / Txoj Kev Auslisnkees n. txoj
kev ntawm kev Ywj Pheej, Mivzauslis mus rau Nroog perestroika / peslesrausibkas n. kev txhim
Auslisnkees, Auslisnkees, thawj cov neeg tsiv mus rau kho xemthabkiv thiab tseem fwv hauv teb chaws Xauv
ciam av Auslisnkees. Viaj thaum 1980s.
HMONG

personal liberty laws / tus lij choj tus

kheej kev ywj pheej n. tus cai, 9 lub xeev sab
P Qaum Teb pom zoo siv tau thaum 1850s, tias txwv tsis
pub kaw cov qhev khiav dim thiab lav pab kas kev txiav
Panama Canal / Kwj Phasnasmas n. ntus av txim kom ncaj rau cov qhev khiav nkaum.
tho txiav qhov av Phasnasmas kom tshab ob lub hiav
planned obsolescence / tus pheem ua kom
txwv Avlastiv thiab Pasxisfiv xyoo 1914.
puas n. tsim cov khoom siv uas puas zoo los sis tas
panic of 1837 / kev ntshai ntawm xyoo hnub nyoog zoo, ua li ntawd neeg thiaj xav nrhiav qhov
1837 n. qhov teeb meem Asmeskas cov nyiaj txiag los hloov lawv cov khoom xwm yeem.
uas muaj ntau lub txhab nyiaj raug kaw thiab ua rau neeg
plantation / teb dav n. daim teb dav uas siv qhev
poob hauj lwm coob.
los sis lwm yam neeg ua hauj lwm los cog qoob loo xws
panic of 1873 / kev ntshai ntawm xyoo li kab tsib los sis paj.
1873 n. cov teeb meem nyiaj txog poob qis ua ntus
Platt Amendment / Plej Qhov Kev Hloov n.
zus uas ua rau Asmeska txom nyem tau tsib lub xyoos.
cov lus npaj ua hais tias, xyoo 1901, Asmeskas muab
parity / ntsuas nyiaj n. tseem fwv txhawb tus nqi Kisnpas los ntxiv rau nws tus Caij Tswj Teb Chaws, ua
rau cov khoom liaj teb, txhob txwm ua kom cov neeg ua kom Khisnpas thiaj tsis tshuav nqi thiab cia Asmeskas
teb tau nyiaj xwm yeem. muaj cai cuam tshuam txog kev xauj los yuav av
Parliament / Xab Pha n. lub chaw tsim cai ntawm Khisnpas ua chaws nres nkoj thiab chaw sam roj.
Askiv.
Patriots / Ncaj Ncees n. cov Asmeskas uas
txhawb kom Asmeskas tau txais kev ywj pheej los
ntawm Askiv.
238 THE AMERICANS
Hmong_Gloss.TheAmericans 6/7/06 7:32 AM Page 239

Plessy v. Ferguson / Plhevxim v. protective tariff / thaiv se rau khoom nkag

Fawsnkisxees n. rooj plaub thaum 1896 uas Xam teb chaws n. tus se tsub rau cov khoom nkag teb
txheej Siab txiav txim tias kev cais tig neeg nyob cov chaws yog los tiv thaiv yus haiv neeg tej lag luam los
chaw loom yog raws kev raws cai, raws li tus cwj “sib ntawm neeg txawv teb chaws kev sib tw.
cai tab sis sib txig”. protectorate / raug kav n. lub teb chaws uas nws
political machine / lub tshuab keeb tsim tej hauj lwm raug kav los ntawm lwm lub teb chaws uas
n. ib pawg neeg uas tuav ib pab keeb tsim hauv ib lub muaj zog dua nws.
nroog thiab nrhiav kev pab rau cov pej xeem thiab lag Pueblo / Phub Nplaus n. ib pawg neeg Qhab—
luam los pawv kom lawv tau tuav keeb tsim thiab nyiaj poj koob yawm txwv yog cov Asnasxaszis—xeeb txawm
txiag txhawb. rau lub tiaj suab puam sab Hnub Poob Qab Teb.
poll tax / se suab n. cov se thawm xyoo yav dhau Pure Food and Drug Act / Tus Cai Tshuaj
los uas leej twg xav mus pov suab yuav tsum raug them thiab Khoom Noj Zoo n. tus lij choj tsim xyoo
rau ib txhia xeev nyob qab teb. 1906 los cheem tsis pub muag tej khoom noj thiab tshuaj
popular sovereignty / kev tswj tus kheej uas tsis huv thiab kom los tus cim kom meej thiab tseeb.
n. lab npoj uas cov neeg txiav txim txog lawv tej teeb Puritans / Pheulistas n. cov tim xyoob uas xav
meem hauv lawv zej zog. tshem txhua yam txog Kastausliv kev teev haum hauv
Populism / Raws neeg n. cov keeb tsim thaum Askiv cov tshawj.
tiam 19 hais txog tias kom pej xeem muaj suab ntau hais
txog tseem fwv kev tswj hwm thiab nrhiav kev pab rau
pej xeem neeg ua liaj teb thiab cov neeg ua hauj lwm.
Powhatan / Cov Qhab Paushatas n. cov Qhab
Q
Quakers / Khuavkawm n. cov tim xyoob ntawm
uas nyob rau sab hnub tuaj ntawm xeev Vaws ntsis nias
Pawg Phooj Ywg, pawg kev cai ntseeg uas raug teem
thaum thawj pab neeg Askiv tuaj txeem.
txim thaum tiam 17 nyob teb chaws Askiv.
price support / txhawb nqi n. kev tuav nqi
quota system / Lab npoj khaustas n. tus lab
khoom los ntawm tseem fwv kev tshuaj ntsuam.
npoj uas teem tseg tias ib xyoos twg yuav pub neeg nkag
Proclamation of 1763 / Tsab Ntawv Tshaj teb chaws tuaj lwm teb chaws tuaj pes tsawg leej.
xyoo 1763 n. tsab ntawv txib uas Askiv txwv tsis
pub lawv cov neeg Asmeskas txeem mus rau sab hnub
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

poob ntawm Roob Asphaslaschias.

profiteering / tsam n. kev muag tus nqi siab heev
R
rau cov khoom uas tsis tshuas muaj lawm. Radical Republican / Cov Lisphasnplivkas
Heev n. ib tug ntawm cov sawv cev Lisphasnplivkas,

HMONG
progressive movement / txav nrhiav kev tom qag Rog Pej Xeem, xav rhuav tshem lub zog ntawm
vam meej n. qhov kev txhim kho yad ntxho nyob cov qub tsev qhev thiab muab haiv rau Asmeskas dub
tiam 20 uas los nrhiav kom kev tswj fwm no rov tig los thiab muaj cai pov suab txaus nkaus.
rau pej xeem tuav, nrhiav kev noj haus, thiab txhim kho
ratification / pom zoo n. tseem fwv pom zoo tus
kev tsis ncaj ncees rau neeg Asmeskas.
Cai Tswj Teb Chaws, los sis hloov mentsis, los ntawm
prohibition / txwv n. qhov kev txwv tsis pub ua, cov xeev.
muag thiab muaj dej cawv.
rationing / av-tas n. kev txwv tib neeg kev muaj
Prohibition / txwv n. Lub tsam thawm txij thaum cai kom yuav khoom raws li teem tseg xwb yog nyob rau
1920-1933 uas tus Nqe Lus 18 txwv tsis pub ua thiab lub caij ua rog thiaj ua rau tub rog muaj khoom txaus.
muag caw khaws siv nyob rau teb chaws Asmeskas.
Reaganomics / Livnkees tus xem thab kiv
propaganda / lus ntxias n. cov lus tsim los txuas n. tus cai xem thab kiv ntawm Pwm Tsav Lis Nkees,
thiab hais los rub thiab hloov neeg kev xav thiab lawv uas yog tsom kwm txog kev txiav kev pab thiab txo se
tes hauj lwm. kom cov neeg muaj nyiaj thiaj nqis peev ntau ua luam.
Proposition 187 / Nqe Lus 187 n. tsab cai pom realpolitik / keebtsim tseeb n. tus nais-nyaus
zoo siv hauv Kaslifausnias xyoo 1994 ua rhuav tshem bais txawv teb chaws uas Henry Kissinger hais thaum
txhua yam kev kawm thiab kev kho mob rau cov neeg Nivxeev Qhov Kev Tswj, raws raws li yus teb chaws lub
nkag teb chaws tsis raws cai. zog tsis yog nws lub tswv yim los sis lub tswv yim kev
proprietor / tus kheej n. tus tswv—tshwj xeeb zoo.
tshaj yog rau cov ua tswv ntawm, tuav tag nrho, tej thaj reapportionment / kev kos ciam n. kev kos
chawm ntawm cov Askiv nyob Asmeskas Qaum Teb. ciam rau cheeb tsam kev xaiv tsaw raws pej xeem.

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Hmong_Gloss.TheAmericans 6/7/06 7:32 AM Page 240

recall / rov hu n. tus txheej txheem kev ncaws nom reverse discrimination / kev cais rov qab
tswv tawm raws kev xaiv los ntawm pej xeem. n. kev tsis ncaj ncees rau cov neeg coob—piv txwv, cov
Reconstruction / Kho Dua n. kev txhim kho neeg dawb—tshwm sim los ntawm kev maj mam kho
tom qab Rog Pej Xeem, uas cov xeev Qab Teb nkag los kev tsis ncaj ncees rau lwm pab neeg.
zwm rau cov Qaum Teb. revival / rov sawv n. qhov kev cai dab qhuas tsim
Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) los tsa tej kev ntseeg los ntawm kev qhuab qhia los
/ Koos Pas Nis Pab Nyiaj Txhim Kho n. lub ntawm lub siab.
koom haum tsim xyoo 1932 los pab nyiaj rau txhab rock ’n’ roll / roj ‘thiab’ dov n. ib hom suab paj
nyiaj, pab kas phais, kev ciav hlau thiab lwm hom lag nruag neeg nyiam thaum 1950 hloov los ntawm lwm
luam loj. yam suab paj nruag yaj sab, nroog, ntsev, thiab xab-rees;
Red Cross / Tus Khaub Lig Liab n. lub koom Asmeskas lub sub paj nruag muaj tus yam ntxwv lub
haum hlab teb chaws muab kev pab rau tib neeg lub sij suab nyhav thiab chas vab yooj yim uas nthuav dav thooj
hawm muaj tsov rog los sis teeb meem thasmasxaj. ntiaj teb uas muaj feem cuam tshuam txog tib neeg kev
Klaslas Bavtoom tsim ces nyob Asmeskas xyoo 1881. seev cev, ris tsho, thiab kev tawm tsam.
redemption / dim n. Cov Dismausklav Qab Teb Roosevelt Corollary / Lausxisvev Cov Lus
los lus hais txog lawv kev rov sawv los tuav zog sab qab n. qhov ntuav txuas Moos Laus lub Tswv yim, Thawj
teb thaum 1870. Pwm Tsav Lausxis vev tshaj tawm xyoo 1904, tias
Asmeskas muaj cai tiv thaiv nws tej xemthabkiv cov teb
referendum / kev xaiv n. tus cwj uas tawm cai
chaws sab hnub poob.
tso rau pej xeem xaiv.
Rough Riders / Cov Neeg Heev n. cov tub
Reformation / Txhim Kho n. kev txhim kho dab
rog, tswj los ntawm Leonard Wood thiab Theodore
qhuas thaum tiam 16-nyob Yus lauv, xav khiav tawm
Roosevelt, thaum rog Asmeskas thiab Xabpees.
ntawm cvo Tshawj Kas Taus Liv thiab los tsim ntau
pawg Tawm Tsam. royal colony / vaj ntxwv thooj av n. qhov av
uas vaj ntxwv saib xyuas.
Renaissance / Rov Sawv Dua n. lub tsam thawj
nyob keeb kwm Yus lauv, puag thaum 1400 txog 1600, rural free delivery (RFD) / xa dawb rau yaj
saws daws tig rov nyiam kev cai qub mus deb-uas ua rau sab n. tseem fwv kev xa ntawv thiab khoom mus rau
muaj kev hloov txog teej tug, kev kawm, thiab tswv yim cov tsev nyob yaj sab dawb, pib xyoo 1896.
ntawm ntiaj teb.

Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

reparations / them rov qab n. Lub teb chaws
sib rog them rov qab rau lub teb chaws yeej qhov nws S
tsim kev kub ntxhov. SALT I Treaty / Lus pom zoo NTSEV I n. cov
HMONG

republic / xam thas lab nas n. kev tswj hwm lus pom zoo tsib xyoos ntawm Asmesks thiab Xauv
uas pej xeem kav los ntawm kev xaiv tsav tus sawv cev. Viaj, xee xyoo 1972, tias kom cov teb chaws tsuas sim
Republican Party / Phav Lisphasnplivkas lawv cov cob luaj kom muaj cas kav.
n. phav kas moos tsim tsam xyoo 1854 los ntawm cov salutary neglect / lav tsis saib n. Askiv tus
tawm tsam kev muaj qhev. nab nyaus bais xoob cai rau nws cov av uas nws kav
republicanism / phav lisphasnplivkas n. kom cov neeg ua zoo rau nws.
qhov kev ntseeg tias tseem fwv yuav tsum ua raws li pej Sandinista / Xasdasnivtas adj. yog cov neeg
xeem pom zoo. tawm tsam uas ncaws tseem fwv Niskaslaskuas xyoo
Republic of California / Teb Chaws 1979.
Kaslisfausnias n. lub teb chaws cov neeg Santa Fe Trail / Txoj Kev Xas Tas Fes n. txoj
Asmeskas tshaj lawv kev ywj pheej los ntawm kev mus rau Ywj Pheej, Mivxauslis, mus rau Xasrasfes,
Mevxiskaus xyoo 1846. Nis Mevxiskaus, cov neeg lag luam siv thaum 1800s.
Republic of Texas / Teb Chaws Thesxav n. satellite nation / hav neeg xabteslaij n. lub
lub teb chaws tsim xyoo 1836 hauv Asmeskas lub xeev teb chaws uas nws tej keeb tsim thiab xem thab kiv nyob
Thescas tshaj kev ywj pheej thiab nrog Mevxiskaus sib hauv qab ntawm lwm teb chaws.
tua, lub sij hawm ntawd puav leej paub tias yog “Lub Saturday Night Massacre / Hmo Tua n. lub
Teb Chaws Hnub Qub Twm Zeej” npe tis rau tus thawm Asyaskas kev tawm hauj lwm
revenue sharing / kev faib nyiaj n. kev faib thiab laij nws tus lwm thawj twm hauj lwm lub 10 hli
nyiaj ntawm tseem fwv nrab mus rau xeev thiab tseem xyoo 1973, tom qab nkawv tsis kam ua raws li Nivxam
fwv cheeb tsam uas tsis muaj kev txwv dab tsi ntau. cov lus txib los ncaws tus asyaskas phibxej uas tshuaj
teeb meem Qhov-rooj Dej.

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savanna / xasvasnas n. cov av tiaj suab puam settlement house / lub tsev nkaum n. lub
muaj qho tsob ntoo thiab puam khab, nrhiav pom nyob tsev hauv zej zog uas muab kev pab rau neeg—tshwj
Xashaslas thiab lwm qhov av ntuj nag. xeeb tshaj plaws yog cov neeg tsiv teb chaws—nyob rau
scalawag / xabkaslasvas n. cov Asmeskas dawb cheeb tsam neeg txom nyem.
qab teb koom nrog phav kas moos Lisphasnplivkas tom Seventeenth Amendment / Nqe Lus hloov
qab Rog Pej Xeem. 17 n. kev hloov tsab cai Tswj Teb Chaws, siv xyoo
scientific management / kev tswj 1913, tias kev xaiv tus Asmeskas tus Xabpha Siab los
vibthabnyasxaj n. kev siv vibthabnyasxaj lub tswv ntawm pej xeem tsis yog los ntawm cov neeg sawv cev
yim los txhim kho kev ua hauj lwm. hauv xeev.
Scopes trial / Xabkauj Rooj Plaub n. ib rooj shantytown / lub tsev tsa n. cov zej zog uas yus
plaub xyoo 1925 uas coj tus xib fwb qhia biology los tsa los nyob.
hais vim nws twv tus lij choj nyob xeev Tenenessee uas sharecropping / faib qoob loos n. tus lab
txwv tsis pub qhia kev hloov. npom uas tswv teb muab av, noob thiab cuab yeej pub
search-and-destroy mission / nrhiav-thiab- rau cov neeg ua teb los them rau tej qoob loo uas lawv
txov n. Asmeskas cov tub rog mos ib lub zos nyob pab cog.
Nyab Laj Qab Teb, txhob txwm tua kom cov pej xeem Shays’s Rebellion / Ses Cov Neeg Tawm
muaj feem nrog Viaj koos kom tag tab sis qhov teeb Tsam n. cov tswv teb sawv tawm tsam tseem fwv
meem yog ua rau tej zej zog puas tsuaj thiab cov neeg ib Masxastshusxem cov se xyoo 1787.
txwm nyob ntawd raug tawm. Sherman Antitrust / Saws Mees Tus Cai
secession / thau n. kev thaum raws tha kas tawm Txwv kav lag luam n. tus lij choj, tsim xyoo 1890,
ntawm yub niam. los pab tiv thaiv los txwv tsis pub ib qhov lag luam twg
Second Continental Congress / Xab phas kav tag nrho thiab leeg twg lam tsim kev lag luam li
Thab vij Zaum Ob n. kev sib tham Xab phas Thaj ntawd nws yog ib qho txhaum cai.
Vij thaum 5 hlis xyoo 1775, pom zoo tshaj kev Ywj silent majority / cov feem coob ntsiag to
Pheej, thiab tsuas yog ib lub koom haum tseem fwv lub n. lub npe tis los ntawm Thawj Pwm Tsav Liv Tshaj
tsam thawj Rog Tawm Tsam. Niv xeem rau cov tsis nruj heev, cov neeg Asmeskas ua
Second Great Awakening / Kev Tsim Zaum twj ywm txhawb nws tus nas nyaus bais rog Nyab Laj.
Ob n. kev cai dab qhuas tiam 19 uas txhawb txhim kom sit-in / zaum n. ib yam kev tawm tsam uas
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

txog tus kheej kev txoj kev dim ua ke nrog rau kev txhim Asmeskas Dub siv los tawm tsam kev tsis ncaj ncees,
kho lub neej. uas cov neeg tawm tsam zaum rau ntawm tej chaw lag
sectionalism / kev cais n. qhov kev uas muab luam yog tsis tau txais kev pab lawv yeej tsis sawv.
yus cheeb tsam chaw saib siab tshaj yus haiv neeg tag slave / qhev n. tus neeg uas yog lwm tus li ntiag tug.

HMONG
nrho. Social Darwinism / Xamkhoos Davveem n.
Securities and Exchange Commission lub tswv yim xemthabkiv thiab xam khoos—uas yog
(SEC) / Rooj Tswj Kev Sib Pauv Lag Luam Charles Darwin zaj tswv yim tias tej xyoob ntoo hloov—
n. lub koom haum, tsim xyoo 1934, los tsom kwm lag tus lab npoj uas hais tias leej twg muaj zog tus ntawd
luam xab toj thiab tswj kev cai muag xab toj thiab npas. yeej los sis ciaj.
segregation / cais n. kev cais neeg raws nws haiv. Social Gospel movement / Xamkhoos
Selective Service Act / Tus Cai Xaiv Tub Suab Nkauj n. kev txhim kho tiam 19 raws kev
Rog n. tus cai, tsim xyoo 1917, tias txhua tuus txiv ntseeg ntawm xamxabnam Klhiv uas muaj txoj hauj
neej yuav tsum sau npe ua tub rog. lwm los pab txhim kho kev ua hauj lwm thiab daws kev
txom nyem.
Seneca Falls Convention / Rooj Sab Laj
Nyob Dej Tsaws Tsag Xesneskas n. poj niam Social Security Act / Tus Cais Xaus Saus
lub rooj sab laj nyob dej tsaws tsag Xesneskas, New Xis Khis Lis Tis n. tus lij choj tsim xyoo 1935 los
York, xyoo 1848. nrhiav kev pab rau cov neeg so hauj lwm, tsis muaj hauj
lwm, cov neeg xiam oob qhab, thiab cov tsev neeg txom
Separatist / Cov Neeg Tawm Tsam n. ib tug
nyem muaj menyuam me.
tim xyoob ntawm cov Phislibthas uas, tsis kam hloov
hauv hom Tshawj ntawm Askiv, los tsim lawv ib pawg soddy / xov dis n. lub tsev siv nyom cuav los ua.
ntseeg tshiab. Songhai / Xoos hais n. lub teb chaws uas, muaj
service sector / seem pab n. seem ntawm tus zog heev thaum 1500s, kav sab Asflivkas Hnub Poob.
xemthabkiv uas nrhiav kev pab rau neeg tsis yog khoom. soup kitchen / chaw kua zaub n. qhov chaw
muaj khoom noj pub los sis muag rau cov neeg txom
nyem.

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Southern Christian Leadership Conference suburb / nroog me n. cov zos los sis nroog me
(SCLC) / Cov Thawj Coj Khliv-xab-tias Qab nyob ncig nroog loj.
Teb n. lub koom tsim xyoo 1957 los ntawm Mavtees suffrage / cai pov suab n. tib neeg tus cai
Luvtawm Khees, thiab lwm cov thawj coj los lis dej num pov suab.
txog pej xeem txoj cai thiab kev txav tsis ntuag roj
Sugar Act / Tus Cai Suab Thaj n. tus cai lag
ntshav.
luag tsim xyoo 1764 los txo kom kev nyiag khoom nkag
Southern strategy / Lub Tswv Yim Qab Teb Askiv cov av nyob Asmeskas Qaum Teb.
n. Thawj Pwm Tsav Niv xeem lub tswv yim ua kom cov
supply-side economics / sab muaj khoom
Dismauskhlav Qab Teb txhawb uas tsis txaus siab rau
n. lub tswv yim hais tias kev txo se yuav coj mus rau
lub tswv yim sib cais rau tseem fwv nrab thiab cov phib
kev muaj hauj lwm, txuag nyiaj, thiab nqis peev, thiab
phaj xam libbawslaus txhawb nws.
yog li ntawd tseem fwv thiaj muaj nyiaj .
speakeasy / haislus yooj yim n. qhov chaw
muag thiab haus dej cawv txhaum cai thaum txwv.
specialization / ib hom n. kev ua teb, tsuas cog
ib los sis ob hom qoob muag tsis yog tias txhua yam rau
T
yuw siv. Taino / Taisnaus n. cov Qhab nyob rau cov kob
Khaslinpees—thawj pab neeg uas Khlivtausfawj ntsib
speculation / xam pom n. kev raus tes rau lag
thaum lawv tuaj txog Asmeskas.
luam uas txaus ntshai uas xav kom tsam ntau los sis sai.
Tariff of Abominations / Tus Cai
spoils system / lub lab boj tub sab n. txoj
Avnpausmaisnevsees n. Lub npe se John C.
kev uas tus neeg tw ua nom yeej lawm nws yuav muab
Calhoun muab rau tus se xyoo 1828 uas cov Qab Teb xav
hauj lwm tseem fwv rau cov neeg txhawb nws.
tias lawv them kom cov Qaum Teb muaj kev vam meej.
Square Deal / Qhov Tswv Yim Plaub Fab n.
Tariff of 1816 / Se khoom nkag teb chaws
Thawj Pwm Tsav Theodore Roosevelt qhov khoos kas
xyoo 1816 n. tus se tsim los pab tiv thaiv Asmeskas
txhim kho uas los tiv thaiv cov neeg txom nyem toj tab
kev lag luag.
cov lag luam loj.
Teapot Dome scandal / Teeb Meem Tsev
stagflation / xabtevflevsee n. lub caij
Tshuaj Yej n. tus Les Qham Kab Xua Phais nais
xemthabkiv poob qis thiab tsis muaj hauj lwm. Albert B. Fall nyiag xauj roj thiab av loom mus rau cov

Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

Stamp Act / Tus Cai Xab-tees n. tus lij choj koos pas nis kom lawv muab nyiaj thiab av los pauv
xyoo 1765 uas Xabpha tsim tus cai se rau cov khoom noj rau nws.
khoom siv nyob hauv Askiv cov av ntawm Asmeskas Telecommunications Act of 1996 / Tus Cai
Qaum Teb. Kev Sib Txuas Lus xyoo 1996 n. tus lij choj
HMONG

Stono Rebellion / Xabtausnau Tawm tsim xyoo 1996 los tshem cov lus uas thaiv cov koos pas
Tsam n. cov qhev kev tawm tsam xyoo 1739 nyob nis los ua luam tsis tshaj ib yam kev lag luam txog kev
Khaslauslaiv nam Qab Teb, ua rau cov cai qhev haj yam sib txuas lus.
nruj ntxiv. telecommute / ua hauj lwm nyob deb v. ua
Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) / Lub hauj lwm rau koos pas nis nyob hauv tsev los sis lwm
Tswv Yim Tiv Thaiv n. lub tswv yim kev tiv qhov chaw, uas siv thevnoslosntsis xws li koos pis tawj,
thaiv—sawv daws paub zoo tias yog Rog Hnub Qub— Internet, thiab tshuab fev.
tsim los tiv thaiv Asmeskas tsam lwm teb chaws ho tua telegraph / thauslablej n. lub tshuab siv fai fab
cob luaj tuaj. los xa ib cov lab hav xa xov los ntawm nws cov xov.
strike / tawm tsam n. kev tsum tsis ua hauj lwm temperance movement / kev txwv n. kev sib
uas yuam kom tus tswv ua raws lis cov neeg ua hauj lwm koom los txwv kev haus dej cawv.
cov lus.
tenant farming / xauj teb n. tus lab npoj uas cov
Student Nonviolent Coordinating neeg ua teb siv lawm tej cuab yeej thiab noob tsuas yog
Committee (SNCC) / Pawg Tub Kawm Kev xauj av los ua lawv tej qoob loos muag kom tau nyiaj.
Sib Sau n. lub koom haum tsim xyoo 1960 los zaum
tawmt sam thiab lwm yam kom cov hluas dub muaj tenement / cov neeg xauj n. cov tsev muaj ntau
feem cuam txog pej xeem txoj cai. yim nyob hauv nroog, feem ntau ti thiab tsis huv.
Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) / Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) / Tseem
Tub Kawm rau Pabxasthibpabtais n. pawg Fwv Vos Hav Thesnisxis n. lub koom haum
sawv los tawm tsam Pawg Sab Laug, tsim xyoo 1960, hu tseem fwv nrab tsim xyoo 1933 los ua lub dees thiab zog
tus kheej tias yog pab Ywj pheej thiab lav phiv xauj. hluav taws xob nyob rau cheeb tsam Vos Hav Thesnisxis
coj los tsim hluav taws xob thiab los thaiv kom dej tsis
txhob nyab.
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termination policy / tus nas nyaus bais Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo / Lus Cog
tsum n. Tseem Fwv Asmeskas tus pheem, tshaj tawm Ntawm Nkuasdasluvpes Hisdasnkaus n.
xyoo 1953, tias yuav tsis lees yug Qhab xws li txiav kev cov lus cog tseg thaum 1848 uas rog Asmeskas thiab
pab txhua fab thiab muab lawv tej av faib. Mevxiskaus xaus, Mevxiskaus swb Kaslifausnias thiab
Tet offensive / Kev Tua n. kev uas cov Viaj-koos Nis Mevxiskaus rau Asmeskas.
kev tuaj tua loj heev yam tsis ceev faj nyob Nyab Laj Treaty of Paris (1783) / Lus Cog ntawm
Qab Teb cov nroog xyoo 1968. Paslis (1783) n. cov lus cog xaus npluav Rog Pej
Texas Revolution / Thevxav Kev Tawm Xeem, hais tseeb txog Asmeskas kev ywj pheej thiab
Tsam n. xyoo 1836 kev tawm tsam nyob Thevxav uas kos ciam teb ntawm lub teb chaws tshiab.
Thevxav yeej kev ywj pheej los ntawm Mevxiskaus. Treaty of Paris (1898) / Lus Cog ntawm
Thirteenth Amendment / Kev Hloov Zaum Paslis (1898) n. cov lus xaus rog Asmeskas thiab
Kaum Peb n. kev hloov tsab Cai Tswj Teb Chaws, Xabpees, uas Xabpees tso Khisbas, muab cov kob
siv xyoo 1865, rhuav tshem kev muaj qhev thiab kev Nkuas thiab Phistauslivkaus rau Asmeskas, thiab muag
raug yuam ua hauj lwm los them nqi. Fislivpees rau Asmeskas $20 lab.
Three-Fifths Compromise / Qhov Kev Sib Treaty of Tordesillas / Lus Cog ntawm
Tham Peb-Tsib n. Tus Cai Tswj Teb Chaws pom Thausdesxiblas n. cov lus cog xyoo 1494 uas
zoo kom suav 3 feem 5 ntawm cov qhev kom muaj tus Xabpees thiab Phaustusnkaus pom zoo los muab sab
sawv cev thiab kev sau se. ntuj Hnub Poob faib rau nkawv ob leeg.
Tiananmen Square / Tiaj Thiasnajmeem n. Treaty of Versailles / Lus Cog ntawm
qhov chaw sawv tawm tsam xyoo 1989 nyob Pej Ceeb, Vawsxais n. cov lug cog xyoo 1919 uas xaus npluv
Tsoob Kuj, uas cov tub kawm suav hais kom tseem fwv Rog Ntiaj Teb I, uas tsim cov teb chaws tshiab thiab
suav muab kev hais lus ywj pheej kom ntau txog kev ciam teb chaws tshaib thiab them nqi tsov rog.
tswj hwm. trench warfare / rog qhov taub n. kev ua
Tonkin Gulf Resolution / Tsab Lus Txog rog uas yeeb ncuab cov leem tua siv kwj hoob tsis yog
Toos-keem n. tus cai xab pha coj los siv xyoo 1964, tshav rog.
tso cai rau thawj Pwm Tsav Muaj Vaj Huam dav txog triangular trade / luam peb ceg xab xeeb
kev ua rog nyob Nyab laj Teb. kaum n. kev ua luam hlav hiav txwv Avlastiv muag
totalitarian / kav tuag nthi adj. tus yam ntxwv khoom thiab neeg xws li qhev, uas sib pauv los ntawm
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

kas moos uas tseem fwv kav tag nrho txhua fab ntawm Asflivkas, Askiv, Yus lauv, Eesdiv Hnub Poob thiab cov
nws tej pej xeem lub neej txoj sia. av Asmeskas Qaum Teb.
Townshend Acts / Tus Cai Toojsee n. cov cai Truman Doctrine / Tswv Yim Rhus Meem n.
xab pha tsim xyoo 1767, tsim cov se rau tej khoom nkag Asmeskas tus nab nyaus bais, Thawj Pwm Tsav Harry

HMONG
teb chaws tuaj Askiv tuaj mus rau nws cov av nyob Truman tshaj tawm xyoo 1947, pab sab xemthabkiv
Asmeskas Qaum Teb. thiab riam phom rau cov teb chaw ywj pheej uas raug
hwv tsis haiv sab hauv sab nraud.
Trail of Tears / Ntu Kev Kua Muag n. cov
Qhab Tshislauskis raug yuam kom tsiv tawm hauv Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute /
Ntsaus-ntsias mus rau Qhab ciam av xyoo 1838-1840, Thavkisntsis Chaw Uvxamhabkas n. tsim
uas txhiab txhiab tus qhab tau tuag raws txoj kev. xyoo 1881, Booker T. Washington yog tus coj, los cob
qhia kom Asmeskas dub kom lawv muaj divploosmas
transcendentalism / kev hlav raws tiam
thiab muaj kev txawj txog sab lag luam thiab ua liaj teb.
n. lub tswv yim thiab tej ntaub ntawv txav puag xyoo
1800s hais txog kev nyob yooj yim thiab nqaum nruas two-party system / tus lab npov ob phav
txog kev nrhiav pom tej nroj tsuag thiab tib neeg kas moos n. tus lab npoj kas moos uas ob phav kas
kev xav. moos yog cov khoo.
transcontinental railroad / kev ciav hlau
hla teb chaws n. koj kev cia hlau hla hiav txwv
Avlastiv rau Pasxisfiv ntawm teb chaws Asmeskas, tiav U
rau xyoo 1869. Uncle Tom’s Cabin / Hlob Thoos Lub Tsev
Treaty of Fort Laramie / Kev Cog Lus n. phau ntawv dab neeg muag zoo tshaj plawm ntawm
ntawm Khaib Laslasmis n. cov lus pom zoo cog Harriet Beecher Stowe, lua, tawm xyoo 1852, qhia tias
tseg kom cov Qhab Xuv nyob raws cov chaw ceev rau kev muaj qhev yog ib yam kev phem tshaj plaws.
lawv raws tus dej Mixauslis.
Treaty of Ghent / Lus Cog ntawm Nkees n.
cov lus cog tseg thaum 1814 as npluav rog 1812 tas.

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Underground Railroad / Kev Tsheb Ciav Vietminh / Viejmees n. Lub koom haum cov
Hlau Hauv Qab Av n. cov kev qhev khiav tawm Nyab Laj Koom Sas thiab lwm cov pab pawg thaum
mus rau Kasnasdas los sis cov chaw nyab xeeb hauv teb 1946 thiab 1954 tua kom Nyab Laj tau txais kev ywj
chaws Asmeskas. pheej los ntawm Fab Kis.
United Farm Workers Organizing Vietnamization / Viajnasmaiszevsees n.
Committee (UFWOC) / Pawg Koom Txoos thawj Pwm Tsav Nivxam tus cwj kawg Asmeskas kev
Neeg Ua Hauj Lwm Liaj Teb n. lub koom haum raus tes rau Rog Nyab Laj, maj mam thau tub rog
neeg ua hauj lwm tsim xyoo 1966 los nrhiav kev nce Asmeskas thiab siv tub rog Nyab Laj Qab Teb los hloov.
nyiaj thiab hais kom cov chaw ua hauj lwm zoo thiab Voting Rights Act of 1965 / Tus Cai Muaj
huv rau cov neeg Mexican-American ua teb nyob Cai Tso Suab xyoo 1965 n. tus lij choj uas tso
kaslisfaunias. cai yooj yim rau Asmeskas Dub mus sau npe pov suab
United Nations (UN) / Koom Haum Ntiaj uas tshem tus kev tw paub ntawv thiab tso cai rau tseem
Teb n. lub koom haum saib kev thaj yeeb uas yuav fwv nrab sau npe rau cov neeg uas tseem fwv cheeb
luag txhua lub teb chaws zwm ua tim xyoob, tsim xyoo tsam tsis sau.
1945 los txhawb kev thaj yeeb, kev ruaj ntseg, thiab
txhawb txhim xem thab kiv.
urban flight / Khiav Nroog n. neeg tsiv tawm
hauv nroog mus rau cov menyuam zos ib ncig.
W
Wade-Davis Bill / Tus Cai Vej-Desviv n. tsab
urbanization / nroog loj n. kev nthuav dav cai, xab pha pom zoo xyoo 1864 thiab cuam pov tseg los
ntawm cov nroog. ntawm Pwm Tsav Leebkheem, tso cai rau xab pha tuav
urban renewal / kho nroog n. rhuav thiab hloov kev txhim kho.
cov tsev puas puas nyob hauv plawv nroog. Wagner Act / Vev Nawm Tus Cai n. tus lij
urban sprawl / nroog nthuav dav n. kev choj—puav leej paub tias yog Tus Cai Neeg Ua Hauj
nthuav dav ntawm nroog mus rau cov cheeb tsam ib ncig Lwm—kho dua xyoo 1935 los tiv thaiv cov neeg ua hauj
nroog yam tswj tsis tau thiab tsis npaj. lwm cov cai tom qab Xam Txheej Siab tshaj tias tus cais
USS Maine / Lub Nkoj Maine n. Asmeskas lub Kev Kho Haiv Uvxamhabkas tus raug chua raws tus Cai
nkoj tua rog uas tawg thiab tog yam tsis paub nyob Tswj Teb Chaws.
ntawm chaw nres nkoj Hasvasnas, Khisnpas, thaum war-guilt clause / nqe lus txhaum rog n.

Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

hnub tim 15 lub 2 hlis, xyoo 1898. ib nqe lus ntawm tsab ntawv Cog Lus Vawsxais uas
U-2 incident / teeb meem dav hlau U-2 n. Yawslasmas lees tias nws ib leeg nkaus xwb las phij xauj
Asmeskas lub dav hlau poob thiab nws cov tub tsav raug rau Rog Ntiaj Teb I.
Xauv Viaj txhom xyoo 1960. war hawk / rog liaj n. ib tug tim xyoob ntawm
HMONG

utopian community / kev kaj siab hauv Xab pha pom zoo ua rog nrog Askiv yav ntxov thaum
zej zos n. kev sim txog kev ua neej yam zoo tshaj tiam 19.
plaws, uas nws cov tim xyoob sawv daws nyob yam kaj War Industries Board (WIB) / Rooj Tswj
siab lug. Khoom Tsov Rog n. lub koom haum tsim thaum
Rog Ntiaj Teb I los xyuas tej qub khoom tsov rog kom
muab siv muaj fij xws.
V War Powers Act (WPA) n. a law enacted in 1973,
limiting a president’s right to send troops into battle
V-E Day / Hnub V-E n. lub npe tis rau hnub tim
without consulting Congress.
8 lub 5 hlis, 1945, “Victory in Europe Day” uas Nai
phoo Aisxeeshaus-vawm lees txais kev swb ntawm cov War Production Board (WPB) / Rooj Tswj
Naszis Yawslasmas uas cim txog hnub xaus ntawm Rog Cuab Yeej Ua Rog n. lub koom haum tsim thaum
Ntiaj Teb II nyob Yus lauv. Rog Ntiaj Teb II los xyuas kev tsim khoom ua rog rau
tub rog.
vertical integration / kev sib xyaws n. lub
koos pas nis tuav tag nrho nws cov khoom thiab xa khoo Warren Commission / Kav Xwm Vovleem
thiab xa khoo kom tuav tau cov nqi ntawm nws cov n. pawg neeg, tus thawj yog Thawj Phib phaj xam
khoom. Vovleem, los tshuaj xyuas kev tua Thawj Pwm Tsav
Khesnesdis thiab pom zoo xabluv tias yawg Lis Hasvis
Vietcong / Viajkoos n. Cov Nyab Laj Qab Teb,
Ovxabvom nws ib leeg lav phij xauj xwb.
uas Nyab Laj Qaum Teb txhawb, tua nrog tseem fwv
Nyab Laj Qab Teb thaum Rog Nyab Laj.

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Warren Court / Xam Vovleem n. lub Xam

Txheej Tshiab lub caij Aws Vovleem ua tus thawj, cim Z
tau tias nws los khiav hauj lwm rau sab cai pej xeem Zimmermann note / Zibmawsmees cov
thiab hais lus ywj pheej. ntawv n. tsab xov Yawslasmas tus Pwm Tsav Kam
Warsaw Pact / Lus Cog Nyob Vovxaum n. Txawv Teb Chaws xa mus rau nws tus thuj nyob
cov teb chaws sab Yus lauv hnub tuaj thiab Xauv Viaj Mevxiskaus txog kev cog phooj ywg nrog Mevxiskaus
cog phooj ywg ua kev thiab zwm tub rog ua ke lox sib thiab cog lus yuav pab Mevxiskaus txeeb kom tau xeev
pab ntawd tsim xyoo 1955. Thevxav, Nis Mevxiskaus, thiab Aslizausnas yog
Watergate / Qhov Rooj Dej n. cov teeb meem Asmeskas raus tes nrog Rog Ntiaj Teb I.
sawv tawm los ntawm Nivxam lom txwm npog txog
qhov nws nkag mus rau hauv Phav Dismausklhav Luag
Hauv Paus Hauj lwm nyob ntawm lub Asphavmees Qhor
Rooj Dej.
Whig Party / Phav Kasmoos Viv n. phav kas
moos tsim xyoo 1834 los tawm tsam Eesnrus Ntsevxeem
cov nab nyaus bais.
Wilmot Proviso / Vivmaus Kev Pom Zoo n.
cov lus kho rau tsab cai tug rog xyoo 1846, hais tawm
tias cov av txeeb tau los ntawm Mevxiskaus yuav tsis
pub cia muaj qhev.
Women’s Auxiliary Army Corps (WAAC) /
Poj Niam Koom Haum Txhawb Tug Rog n.
ib pawg ntawm Asmeskas cov koos thav tsim thaum Rog
Ntiaj Teb II cia poj niam ua leem mus pab rau cov hauj
lwm tsis sib tua.
Woodstock / Koob Tsheej Vuv Xab Toj n.
lub kooj tsheej suab paj nruag dawb uas muaj neeg tuaj
koom coob tshaj 400,000 tus nyob ntawm ib daim teb
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

hauv Nis Yoj thaum lub 8 hli xyoo 1969.

Works Progress Administration (WPA) /
Rooj Tsav Xwm Kev Txhim Kho n. lub koom
haum, yog ib feem ntawm Khoos kas Txhim Kho Tshiab

HMONG
thib Ob, uas pab cov neeg poob hauj lwm kom tau hauj
lwm rau sab kev ua vaj tse los sis kev, ntaub xov, qhia
ntawv, thiab lwm yam.

X
XYZ Affair / Hauj Lwm XYZ n. cov teeb meem
xyoo 1797 ib tug nom Fab Kis kom Asmeskas ib tug
nom muab nyiaj xiab nws.

Y
yellow journalism / sau xwm daj n. kev siv
cov lus tsis tsim nyog los sis hais tshaj tshaj los ntawm
tej ntawv xov xwm kom muaj neeg nyiam nyeem.

MULTI-LANGUAGE GLOSSARY 245