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Physics Investigatory Project Step Down

The document discusses transformers, focusing on their function to convert voltages, specifically detailing step-up and step-down transformers. It covers the principles of operation, construction, efficiency, energy losses, uses, applications, and precautions related to transformers. Additionally, it includes acknowledgments and a bibliography of sources referenced in the project.

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Vansh Chaudhary
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21 views18 pages

Physics Investigatory Project Step Down

The document discusses transformers, focusing on their function to convert voltages, specifically detailing step-up and step-down transformers. It covers the principles of operation, construction, efficiency, energy losses, uses, applications, and precautions related to transformers. Additionally, it includes acknowledgments and a bibliography of sources referenced in the project.

Uploaded by

Vansh Chaudhary
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 18

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my physics mentor


MR. Braj Kishor Shukla SIR for his vital support, guidance
and encouragement, without which this project would not have
come forth. I would also like to express my gratitude to my
parents and my friends for their support during the making of this
project.
CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION
2. OBJECTIVES
3. PRINCIPLE
4. CONSTRUCTION
5. THEORY
6. EFFICIENCY
7. CIRCUIT DAIGRAM
8. ENERGY LOSSES IN
TRANSFORMER
9. USES
10. APPLICATIONS
11. PRECAUTIONS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION

TRANSFORMER
The transformer is a device used for converting a low alternating
voltage to a high alternating voltage or a high alternating voltage
into a low alternating voltage.
A transformer which increases the A.C. voltage is called a “Step
up transformer.’

A transformer which decreases the A.C. voltage is called a “Step


down transformer”
A STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER

A step-down transformer is one whose secondary voltage is less


than its primary voltage. It is designed to reduce the voltage from
the primary winding to the secondary winding. This kind of
transformer “step down” the voltage applied to it

As a step-down unit, the transformer convert high-voltage, low-


current power into low-voltage, high-current power.
PRINCIPLE

A Transformer is based on the principle of mutual induction.


According to this principle, ‘When the amount of magnetic flux
linked with a coil changing, an e.m.f. is induced in the neighboring
coil.’
CONSTRUCTION

A transformer consists of a rectangular shaft iron core made of

laminated sheets, well insulated from one another. Two coils P1 &

P2 and S1 & S2 are wound on the same core, but are well

insulated with each other. Note that the both the coils are

insulated from the core. The source of alternating e.m.f. is

connected to P1P2, the primary coil and a load resistance R is

connected to S1S2, the secondary coil through an open switch S.

Thus there can be no current through the secondary coil as long

as the switch is open.

For an ideal transformer, we assume that the resistance of the


primary & secondary winding is negligible. Further, the energy
loses due to the magnetic iron core is also negligible.
THEORY

When an alternating e.m.f. is supplied to the primary coil P1P2, an


alternating current starts flowing in it. The alternating current in
the primary coil produces a changing magnetic flux, which
induces alternating voltage in the primary as well as in the
secondary coil. In a good transformer, whole of the magnetic flux
linked with primary coil is also linked with the secondary coil,
then the induced e.m.f. induced in each turn of the secondary coil
is equal to that induced in each turn of the primary coil. Thus if Ep
and Es be the instantaneous values of the e.m.f.’s induced in the
primary coil and the secondary coil and Np and Ns are the
number of turns of the primary and secondary coils of the
transformer and

dфь / dt = rate of change of flux in each turn of the coil

At this instant, we have

Ep = -Np dфь/dt(i)

Es = -Ns dфь/dt(ii)

Since the above relations are true at every instant, so by dividing

(ii) by (i), we get


Es / Ep = - Ns / Np(iii)

As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f. induced in the

primary coil P1, so the instantaneous current in primary coil is

due to the difference (E – Ep ) in the instantaneous values of the

applied and back e.m.f. Further if Rp is the resistance of P1P2 coil,

then the instantaneous current Ip in the primary coil is given by

Ip=(E – Ep) / Rp (E – Ep) =Ip Rp

When the resistance of the primary is small, Rp Ip can be

neglected so therefore

E – Ep = 0orEp = E

Thus back e.m.f. = input e.m.f.

Hence equation (iii) can be written as

Es / Ep = Es / E = output e.m.f / input e.m.f = Ns / Np = K

Where K is constant, called turn or transformation ratio.


In a step down transformer:-

Es < E so K < 1, hence Ns < Np

IfIp=value of primary current at the same instant t

AndIs=value of sec. current at this instant, then Input power at


the instant t=Ep Ip

AndOutput power at the same instant=Es Is

If there are no losses of power in the transformer, then


Ep Ip = Es Is

Es / Ep = Ip / Is = K
EFFICIENCY
Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of output power

to the input power. i.e.

Thus in an ideal transformer, where there is no power losses, η =


1. But in actual practice, there are many power losses, therefore
the efficiency of transformer is less than one.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

ENERGY LOSSES
Following are the major sources of energy loss in a transformer:

1. Copper loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in the


copper coils of a transformer. This is due to joule heating of
conducting wires.
2. Iron loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in the iron
core of the transformer. This is due to formation of eddy
currents in iron core. It is minimized by taking laminated cores.
3. Leakage of magnetic flux occurs in spite of best
insulations. Therefore, rate of change of magnetic flux linked
with each turn of S1S2 is less than the rate of change of
magnetic flux linked with each turn of P1P2.
4. Hysteretic loss is the loss of energy due to repeated
magnetization and demagnetization of the iron core when A.C.
is fed to it.
5. Magneto striation i.e. humming noise of a transformer.

USES OF TRANSFORMER

A transformer is used in almost all A.C. operations:-


1·In voltage regulator for T.V., refrigerator, computer, air
conditioner etc.

a. In the induction furnaces.

a. A step down transformer is used for welding purposes.

a. A step down transformer is used for obtaining large current.

a. In transmission of A.C. over long distance.

APPLICATIONS
A major application of transformer is to increases voltage before
transmitting electrical energy over long distance through wires.
Wires have resistance and so dissipate electrical energy at a rate
proportional to the square of the current through the wire. By
transforming electrical power to a high-voltage (and there for
low- current) form for transmission and back again afterward,
transformers enable economical transmission of power over long
distance. Consequently, transformers have shaped the electrical
supply industry, permitting generation to be located remotely
from points of demand. All but a tiny fraction of the world’s
electrical power has passed through a series of transforms by the
time it reaches the consumer.

Transformer are also used extensively in electronic products to


step down the supply voltage to a level suitable for the low voltage
circuits they contain.

The transformer also used electrically isolates the end user from
contact with the supply voltage.

Transformer range in size from a thumbnail-sized coupling


transformer hidden inside a stage microphone to huge unit
weighing

hundreds of tons used in power stations, or to interconnect


portions of power grids. All operate on the same basic principles,
although the range of designs is wide. While new technologies
have eliminated the need for transformers in some electronic
circuits, transformers are still found in nearly all electronic
devices designed for household (“mains”)voltage.
Transformerareessentialforhigh-voltage
electricalpowertransmission,whichmakeslong-distance
transmission economically practical.

Single and audio transformer are used to couple stages of


amplifier and to match devices such as microphones and record
players to the input of the amplifiers. Audio transformer allowed
telephone circuit to carry on a two-way conservation over a single
pair of wires. A balun transformer converts a single that is
referenced to ground to a signal that has balanced voltage to
ground, such as between external cables and internal circuits.

PRECAUTIONS

1. The loss of power in the transmission lines is I2 R, where I is


strength of current and R is the resistance of wires. To reduce
the power loss, a.c. is transmitted over long distance at
extremely high voltages. This reduces I in the same ratio.
Therefore, I2R becomes negligibly low.
2. Permeability of magnetic material of transformer core must be
high.
3. Oiling in transformer provides insulation as well as cooling.

1. The transformer core must be laminated to minimize loss of


energy due to eddy currents.
2. Safety from high voltage is maintained.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

a. Physics textbook for class XII , 1st Edition NCERT (2007).

a. ConceptsofPhysics,H.C.VERMA,1STEdition, Bharti
Bhawan(1993).
b. Fundamentals of Physics , David Halliday, Robert Resnick
and Jearl walker, 7th Edition, Wiley-India(2004)
c. Practical physics for class XII, J.S.Jaiswaland Dr.Rajendra
Singh ,3rd Edition ,Laxmi Publications(2009).

Input power = Output power

η=output power / input power=Es Is / Ep Ip

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